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THE JOHN SCOTT MEDAL ROBERT FOX Lecturer in the History of Science, University of Lancaster, England

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THE JOHN SCOTT MEDAL ROBERT FOX Lecturer in the History of Science, University of Lancaster, England THE JOHN SCOTT MEDAL ROBERT FOX Lecturer in the History of Science, University of Lancaster, England THEDISTINCTION of the names which are added than for work which we should now consider year by year to the already impressive list of genuinely scientific. The fact that men such as recipients of the John Scott Medal is ample evi- George Westinghouse and Thomas Edisori were dence that this large copper medal and the accom- among the recipients in this earlier period does panying monetary prize constitute one of the most little to conceal generally low standards and a important honors which American science has to certain narrowness on the part of the admiriistra- offer. The awards, which usually number some tors of the award in their interpretation of what four or five a year at the present time, are made constituted a “useful invention.” In this, of by the Board of Directors of City Trusts of course, the administrators were acting against the Philadelphia, acting on the recommendations of background of the strong utilitarian traditions a special advisory committee, and they go to men which were prevalent in American science in the and women who, by their inventions, have con- eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries arid it tributed in some outstanding way to “the com- is only natural, therefore, that with the dying of fort, welfare and happiness” of mankind. Today these traditions the character of the John Scott the official requirement that the work so honored Medal and premium should have changed also. should fall into the category of “invention” places That the changes have been for the better is beyond little restriction on choice and it has certainly not dispute, yet in the process the origins and initial prevented many scientists whose “inventions” purpose of the award have become quite obscured, have also had the greatest theoretical significance and it is niy intention in this paper to try to re- from becoming John Scott meda1ists.l This, construct something of the award’s early history, however, has not always been the case and it as a contribution to our understanding of the may come as something of a surprise to know roots of present-day American science. To be that until some fifty years ago. i.e., for roughly reminded, as we shall be here, that these roots the first hundred years of its existence, the medal were often humble is not perhaps unsalutary. was essentially a reward for “gadgeteering” rather John Scott himself is a biographer’s nightmare. He published neither books nor papers and refer- 1Among the most notable of these is the late Lord ences to him are few and brief. That he was a Florey, who received a Scott Medal in 1965 for his con- tributions to the discovery of penicillin. It was Lord pharmacist and that he spent a good deal of his Florey who first drew my attention to John Scott and life in Edinburgh are beyond dispute, however. I am indebted both to him for the interest he subse- In the annual Edinburgh street directories he ap- quently showed in the work and to The Queen’s College, peared for the first time in the issue for 177-l- Oxford, Lvhere Lord Florey was Provost and where, as 1775,3 styled as “druggist” and with his address Clifford Norton Research Fellow in the History of Sci- ence, I wrote this paper. I wish to express my gratitude given simply as “near the infirmary.” Thereafter to Lady Florey for her kind cooperation in arranging his name was included without a break for thirty for her husband‘s medal to be photographed and to Mr. years.4 Always he appeared as “druggist,” S. Buckingham of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, who took the photo- ?This term was used by Scott himself Lvhen he estab- graphs. My thanks are also due to Dr. Whitfield, J. lished the award. See below, p. 418. Bell, Jr,, Librarian of the American Philosophical So- 3 Williamson’s Directory, for the City of Edid~itr,qlz. ciety, Dr. J. S. Hepburn, Archives Researcher at the Canongate, Leith and suburbs, froin the 25th May 1774, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Mrs. Mary H. Lakie to 25th May 1775 (Edinburgh, 1774). The possibility of the Scottish Department of the Pharmaceutical So- that Scott was in business before 1774 cannot be ruled ciety of Great Britain, Mr. C. P. Finlayson, Keeper of out, since only one previous issue of the directory had Manuscripts at the Edinburgh University Library, and been published, in 1773, and the absence of Scott’s name Mrs. Ruth J. Armour, Assistant Secretary to the Board from this may simply reflect the incompleteness of rec- of Directors of City Trusts, Philadelphia, all of whom ords at the start of Williamson’s new venture. have provided both information and advice which have 4 The Edinburgh street directories covering this period been invaluable. are successively that of Williamson (cited in n. 3), PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, VOL. 112, NO. 6, DECEXBER, 1968 416 VOL. 112, KO. 6, 19681 THE JOHN SCOTT AIEDAL 417’ “apothecary and druggist,” or “chymist,” but physician Andrew Duncan, writing in the journal from 1779 his address was given successively as Medical Commentaries,s which he edited, de- College Street, “foot Robertson’s close,” and Col- scribed some chemical experiments which Scott lege Wynd, all of which were close not only to had been “in the practice of shewing in his course the Royal Infirmary but also to the university, of Pharmacy for several years past” and which then at the height of its fame and enjoying an in- he (Scott) had used to good effect in his pharma- ternational reputation. Eventually, about 1796, ceutical work, notably in the treatment of venereal Scott moved to 2 St. Patrick’s Square, the ad- diseases. The fact that he was known to a man dress associated with him in all documents relat- of the eminence of Duncan, who had already ing to the medal fund, and about the middle of earned a considerable reputation as an indepen- 1801 his address changed yet again, this time to dent lecturer and who was later to become presi- Richmond Street.5 Why he should have moved dent of the Edinburgh College of Physicians so frequently is not known, but the nature of his and to occupy a chair of medicine at Edinburgh moves strongly suggests the increasing prosperity University,O can in itself be taken as evidence of of his business. In March, 1788, he had been a certain distinction on Scott’s part, but of the able to invest a considerable sum of money with course in question no other details have survived. the city of Edinburgh and it was natural that It is not improbable, however, that the lectures a man of such means as this should decide to were given at the Public Dispensary in Edin- leave the cramped and decaying “Old Town,” burgh, later the Royal Public Dispensary, ;t where his earlier addresses are all to be found, charitable institution where treatment was given and move out to the newer and more elegant St. free of charge to patients whose illnesses did not Patrick’s Square and Richmond Street on the warrant their being admitted to the Royal In- south side of the city.’ In an Edinburgh which firmary. The Dispensary lo had been founded by in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth cen- Duncan in 1776 and it was thereafter managed tupies underwent unprecedented expansion both by him in his capacity as senior physician, so that to the north and to the south of the “Old Town” Scott may well have been among those other such a move would have been a wholly typical unnamed “physicians” who are known to have one for any successful businessman. attended without salary and who gave lectures We are fortunate in being able to throw at “on such singular and important cases as occur” l1 least some light on Scott’s activities during this to students of medicine, as a means of raising period of residence in Edinburgh. In 1780 the funds for the institution. After 1804 Scott’s name did not appear again Thomas Aitchison’s The Edithcrgh and Leith Directory, Donovan and Co.’s Edinburgh and Leith Directory, and in the Edinburgh street directories and there is The Post-Ofice Atinual Directory . [for] Ediiiburgh at least some reason to believe that about that aitd Leith, all published in Edinburgh. time he left Edinburgh for London. We know, 5 In Aitchison’s directory for 1801-1802 Scott’s name appears, on p. 59, in a list of residents “who have moved for example, that the first part of his lYill,12 dated since Whitsunday 1801.” His address is here given as Richmond Street, although in the main body of the di- 8 Medical Commentaries . collected and published rectory, on p. 180, he is still shown as residing in St. by Andrew Duncan, M.D. 7 (1780) : pp. 363-366. In Patrick‘s Square. the second edition of the Medical Commentaries, pub- 6 Of this investment we know only the date mentioned lished in 1783, the reference to Scott’s experiments ap- in the text and the fact that its total value, presumably pears on pp. 410-413. It was Dr. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., including accumulated interest, was 51,440 at the time of who kindly drew my attention to this passage. Scott’s death in 1815. The information appears in the 9 For details of Duncan see the article on him in the inventory of Scott’s estate cited in n.
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