THE JOHN SCOTT MEDAL ROBERT FOX Lecturer in the History of Science, University of Lancaster, England

THEDISTINCTION of the names which are added than for work which we should now consider year by year to the already impressive list of genuinely scientific. The fact that men such as recipients of the John Scott Medal is ample evi- George Westinghouse and Thomas Edisori were dence that this large copper medal and the accom- among the recipients in this earlier period does panying monetary prize constitute one of the most little to conceal generally low standards and a important honors which American science has to certain narrowness on the part of the admiriistra- offer. The awards, which usually number some tors of the award in their interpretation of what four or five a year at the present time, are made constituted a “useful invention.” In this, of by the Board of Directors of City Trusts of course, the administrators were acting against the Philadelphia, acting on the recommendations of background of the strong utilitarian traditions a special advisory committee, and they go to men which were prevalent in American science in the and women who, by their inventions, have con- eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries arid it tributed in some outstanding way to “the com- is only natural, therefore, that with the dying of fort, welfare and happiness” of mankind. Today these traditions the character of the John Scott the official requirement that the work so honored Medal and premium should have changed also. should fall into the category of “invention” places That the changes have been for the better is beyond little restriction on choice and it has certainly not dispute, yet in the process the origins and initial prevented many scientists whose “inventions” purpose of the award have become quite obscured, have also had the greatest theoretical significance and it is niy intention in this paper to try to re- from becoming John Scott meda1ists.l This, construct something of the award’s early history, however, has not always been the case and it as a contribution to our understanding of the may come as something of a surprise to know roots of present-day American science. To be that until some fifty years ago. i.e., for roughly reminded, as we shall be here, that these roots the first hundred years of its existence, the medal were often humble is not perhaps unsalutary. was essentially a reward for “gadgeteering” rather John Scott himself is a biographer’s nightmare. He published neither books nor papers and refer- 1Among the most notable of these is the late Lord ences to him are few and brief. That he was a Florey, who received a Scott Medal in 1965 for his con- tributions to the discovery of penicillin. It was Lord pharmacist and that he spent a good deal of his Florey who first drew my attention to John Scott and life in Edinburgh are beyond dispute, however. I am indebted both to him for the interest he subse- In the annual Edinburgh street directories he ap- quently showed in the work and to The Queen’s College, peared for the first time in the issue for 177-l- Oxford, Lvhere Lord Florey was Provost and where, as 1775,3 styled as “druggist” and with his address Clifford Norton Research Fellow in the History of Sci- ence, I wrote this paper. I wish to express my gratitude given simply as “near the infirmary.” Thereafter to Lady Florey for her kind cooperation in arranging his name was included without a break for thirty for her husband‘s medal to be photographed and to Mr. years.4 Always he appeared as “druggist,” S. Buckingham of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, who took the photo- ?This term was used by Scott himself Lvhen he estab- graphs. My thanks are also due to Dr. Whitfield, J. lished the award. See below, p. 418. Bell, Jr,, Librarian of the American Philosophical So- 3 Williamson’s Directory, for the City of Edid~itr,qlz. ciety, Dr. J. S. Hepburn, Archives Researcher at the Canongate, Leith and suburbs, froin the 25th May 1774, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Mrs. Mary H. Lakie to 25th May 1775 (Edinburgh, 1774). The possibility of the Scottish Department of the Pharmaceutical So- that Scott was in business before 1774 cannot be ruled ciety of Great Britain, Mr. C. P. Finlayson, Keeper of out, since only one previous issue of the directory had Manuscripts at the Edinburgh University Library, and been published, in 1773, and the absence of Scott’s name Mrs. Ruth J. Armour, Assistant Secretary to the Board from this may simply reflect the incompleteness of rec- of Directors of City Trusts, Philadelphia, all of whom ords at the start of Williamson’s new venture. have provided both information and advice which have 4 The Edinburgh street directories covering this period been invaluable. are successively that of Williamson (cited in n. 3),

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, VOL. 112, NO. 6, DECEXBER, 1968 416 VOL. 112, KO. 6, 19681 THE JOHN SCOTT AIEDAL 417’

“apothecary and druggist,” or “chymist,” but physician Andrew Duncan, writing in the journal from 1779 his address was given successively as Medical Commentaries,s which he edited, de- College Street, “foot Robertson’s close,” and Col- scribed some chemical experiments which Scott lege Wynd, all of which were close not only to had been “in the practice of shewing in his course the Royal Infirmary but also to the university, of Pharmacy for several years past” and which then at the height of its fame and enjoying an in- he (Scott) had used to good effect in his pharma- ternational reputation. Eventually, about 1796, ceutical work, notably in the treatment of venereal Scott moved to 2 St. Patrick’s Square, the ad- diseases. The fact that he was known to a man dress associated with him in all documents relat- of the eminence of Duncan, who had already ing to the medal fund, and about the middle of earned a considerable reputation as an indepen- 1801 his address changed yet again, this time to dent lecturer and who was later to become presi- Richmond Street.5 Why he should have moved dent of the Edinburgh College of Physicians so frequently is not known, but the nature of his and to occupy a chair of medicine at Edinburgh moves strongly suggests the increasing prosperity University,O can in itself be taken as evidence of of his business. In March, 1788, he had been a certain distinction on Scott’s part, but of the able to invest a considerable sum of money with course in question no other details have survived. the city of Edinburgh and it was natural that It is not improbable, however, that the lectures a man of such means as this should decide to were given at the Public Dispensary in Edin- leave the cramped and decaying “Old Town,” burgh, later the Royal Public Dispensary, ;t where his earlier addresses are all to be found, charitable institution where treatment was given and move out to the newer and more elegant St. free of charge to patients whose illnesses did not Patrick’s Square and Richmond Street on the warrant their being admitted to the Royal In- south side of the city.’ In an Edinburgh which firmary. The Dispensary lo had been founded by in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth cen- Duncan in 1776 and it was thereafter managed tupies underwent unprecedented expansion both by him in his capacity as senior physician, so that to the north and to the south of the “Old Town” Scott may well have been among those other such a move would have been a wholly typical unnamed “physicians” who are known to have one for any successful businessman. attended without salary and who gave lectures We are fortunate in being able to throw at “on such singular and important cases as occur” l1 least some light on Scott’s activities during this to students of medicine, as a means of raising period of residence in Edinburgh. In 1780 the funds for the institution. After 1804 Scott’s name did not appear again Thomas Aitchison’s The Edithcrgh and Leith Directory, Donovan and Co.’s Edinburgh and Leith Directory, and in the Edinburgh street directories and there is The Post-Ofice Atinual Directory . . . [for] Ediiiburgh at least some reason to believe that about that aitd Leith, all published in Edinburgh. time he left Edinburgh for London. We know, 5 In Aitchison’s directory for 1801-1802 Scott’s name appears, on p. 59, in a list of residents “who have moved for example, that the first part of his lYill,12 dated since Whitsunday 1801.” His address is here given as Richmond Street, although in the main body of the di- 8 Medical Commentaries . . . collected and published rectory, on p. 180, he is still shown as residing in St. by Andrew Duncan, M.D. 7 (1780) : pp. 363-366. In Patrick‘s Square. the second edition of the Medical Commentaries, pub- 6 Of this investment we know only the date mentioned lished in 1783, the reference to Scott’s experiments ap- in the text and the fact that its total value, presumably pears on pp. 410-413. It was Dr. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., including accumulated interest, was 51,440 at the time of who kindly drew my attention to this passage. Scott’s death in 1815. The information appears in the 9 For details of Duncan see the article on him in the inventory of Scott’s estate cited in n. 12. Dictionary of National Biography. 7 Despite its proximity to the university and the emi- 10 For a contemporary account of the Dispensary see nence of some of its residents in the eighteenth century H. Arnot, The History of Edinburgh (Edinburgh & (on which see J. Grant, Cassell‘s Old and New Edin- London, 1779), pp. 552-555. burgh (3 vols., London, n.d.) 2: pp. 253-255), College Ibid., p. 553. See also ibid., p. 40411. Wynd, where Scott spent most of his years in the “Old l2 The Will itself has not been traced, but a copy, to Town,” was far from attractive. Among those who left which is attached an inventory of Scott’s estate, is in it to move southwards in the 1770’s was the family of the Records Office, Register House, Edinburgh, bound as the infant Walter Scott (see the Macmillan “Library Corn. Edin. Itiventories, 2nd ser., 21 : ff. 405-410. The of English Classics” edition of J. G. Lockhart, Memoirs copy, dated 6 February, 1816, was made when Scott’s of Sir Walter Scott (5 vols., London, 1900) 1: pp. 63- executor, Samuel Paterson, presented the Will for “con- 64). firmation” at the Sheriff’s Office for the Sheriffdom of 418 ROBERT FOX [PROC.AMEK. PHIL. SOC.

2 October, 1809, was written in London and in Even if Scott did spend the last years of his it Scott stated that his wife, Euphemia Torrence, life in London, his connections with Edinburgh to whom he left all his plate and furniture to- remained strong. In one of the last codicils to gether with a f 100 annuity, was then living with his Will Scott chose to refer to himself as “late her sister “opposite the Archers hall” l3 in Edin- Chemist in Edinburgh”18 and it was a close burgh. Such a statement suggests that his visit Edinburgh friend, Samuel Paterson, living at to London was not a brief one and subsequent nearby Dalkeith but formerly a cloth merchant small bequests to two London friends tend to con- in the city, who acted as his sole executor, having firm that he resided for some appreciable time been appointed by him in June, 1814. It was in in the city. Why Scott should have chosen to Edinburgh also that codicils to his original Lon- part from his “dear . . , highly esteemed and don IVill were added in March, 1811, June, 1813 much beloved wife,” as he called Euphemia in and in June and September 1814.19 The codicil the Will, must remain a mystery, but it was in of 9 June, 1813, is of special interest for our London that he died on 18 August, 1815.14 How purpose, containing as it does the following or even where Scott spent the last ten years of passage : his life is thus far from certain, but if London I John Scott late Chemist in Edinburgh do leave was in fact his home during this period, it is to the Corporation of Philadelphia who are entrusted tempting to wonder whether he may have been wf. the management of Dr Franklin’s Legacy the sum the same John Scott who practiced as “chemist of Three thousand Dollars of my property in the and druggist” at 193 Strand (from 1806 to 1808) American three per cents to be applied to the same purposes as Df Franklin’s Legacy, and I also leave and at 278 Oxford Street (from 1809).15 The Four thousand Dollars from the same fund my prop- fact that the Oxford Street premises were rated erty in the three per cents the interest of which is in Scott’s name as late as 1817 l6 cannot in itself to be laid out in premiums to ingenious men or rule out this possibility, since delays in the amend- women who make useful inventions no premium to exceed Twenty Dollars along with which shall be ment of rate books were by no means uncommon given a copper medal wt this inscription-To the at this tin1e.l’ most deserving. On 2 April, 1816, with the formality of “con- Edinburgh. The procedure of “confirmation” was neces- sary before the terms of the Will could be put into firmation” completed,20 Paterson obtained power effect and, once it was completed, the original document of attorney to put into effect those parts of the would normally have been returned to the executor in m7ill which related to the American bequests 21 order to enable him to carry out his duties. I am grate- and he designated James Ronaldson, formerly of ful to Mrs. Mary H. Lakie for locating this important document. Edinburgh but now a prominent citizen in Phila- 13 Archers’ Hall, the imposing headquarters of the delphia,22 to be responsible for transferring the Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland, Royal Company of $7,000 of stock to the corporation of Philadelphia Archers, was and still is in Buccleuch Street, very close on the condition that it was used in accordance to St. Patrick’s Square. A Miss Torrence, presumably Scott’s sister-in-law, appears in the street directories at with Scott’s wishes. the address mentioned by Scott from 1807 until 1819. Although it is the passage in the iYil1 relating 14 This is the date given in the document cited in note to the establishment of the medal and premium 12, but the obituary announcements in The Scots Maga- which is of special interest in this paper, the be- zine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany 77 (1815) : p. quest of $3,000 of stock to be used for the same 875, in The Edinburgh Evening Courant, no. 16290 (6 November, 1815) and in The Edinburgh Weekly Journal purposes as Benjamin Franklin’s legacy deserves 18 (8 November, 1815) : p. 377, all refer to Scott as some mention also, if only for the light which it having died in London on 19 August, 1815. 16 The addresses and dates are from the relevant issues 18 He is so described in all obituary announcements. of The Post Ofice Annual Directory for London. See n. 14 for references. 16From information kindly supplied by Mr. A. F. 19The codicils are also to be found in the document Osborn, Head of the Reference Division of the West- cited in n. 12. minster Public Libraries, London, who has charge of the 20 See n. 12. rate books for the area. 21 Extracts from the Wills, Deeds, ctc. creating the 17 Similar considerations may account for the fact that several trusts held by the City of Philadelphia (Phila- the name of this Scott was still included in the London delphia, 1919), pp. 37-38. Post Office directory for 1817 and even in Thomas 22 On Ronaldson see M. Tait, “James Ronaldson, Underhill’s Triennial Dirczfory of London, Westminster Baker, Typefounder, Philanthropist, and his Connexions . . . for the years 18-3-3-23-21 (London, n.d. but probably in and around Edinburgh,” The Book of the Old Edin- 1821). burgh Club 28 (1953) : pp. 44-50. VOL. 112, NO. 6, 19681 THE JOHN SCOTT AIEDAL 419 throws on the principles underlying Scott’s of their own homes, irrespective of their trades philanthropy. The purposes of the Franklin or professions and free of any requirement con- legacy to which Scott referred were laid down by cerning the completion of an apprenticeship or Franklin in a codicil to his Will dated 23 June, training in Philadel~hia.~~ 1789.23 Here Franklin stipulated that the sums Why Scott should have chosen an American of $1,000 which he left to each of the townships city to administer his bequest is not known. of Boston and Philadelphia should be used to However, since the stock bequeathed had been establish funds from which loans were to be purchased as early as December, 1797,‘6 we may made, at an interest of 5 per cent, to “such be sure that his interest in America was of long young married artificers, under the age of twenty- standing. It is quite possible that, along with five years, as have served an apprenticeship in so many others in Britain at the time, Scott the said town, and faithfully fulfilled the duties simply found himself in sympathy with the ideals required in their indentures, so as to obtain a of American republicanism and that he saw his nc- good moral character from at least two respec- tion as a way of giving tangible expression to table citizens . . . ,” the object of the loan being his beliefs. But a more immediate contact with to help such young men in setting up their own America cannot be ruled out. For example, businesses. It should be noted that the loans Scott may well have known something of Phila- were intended in no way as a vehicle for charity delphia at first hand from James R~naldson,~~ but rather as a reward for work well done, in who visited the American city in 1791 and who which respect the bequest was wholly consistent resided there permanently from 1794, making with Franklin’s philosophy, in which the ideals his name with a prosperous typefounding busi- of thrift and industry figured so pr~minently.~~ness, among numerous other activities, and Scott, we must assume, shared at least some of eventually, in 1824, becoming the first president Franklin’s convictions on this matter, but the fact of the newly founded Franklin Institute. The that he left the whole of the residue of his estate fact that Ronaldson was apparently known to to be divided between the Charity Workhouse Scott’s close friend Samuel Paterson 28 makes this and the Royal Infirmary, both in Edinburgh, more than a remote possibility. One other pos- suggests that he was somewhat more charitable sible contact with Philadelphia, although less than Franklin in his attitude to the poor and in- likely, deserves mention also. This is that Scott digent. Unfortunately, neither Scott’s loan fund may have had friends among the many young nor Franklin’s has entirely fulfilled the aims for men who, especially in the two decades preceding which it was established. Even during the nine- the War of Independence, came from America to teenth century there were many years in which study medicine and related subjects at the uni- no applications at all were made to either fund versity in Edinburgh. Indeed, he may even have and a combination of the increasing availability been the John Scott of Alloa in Clackmannan- of financial assistance from other sources and the shire who attended William Cullen’s course on decreasing number of men who were able to meet chemistry in 1762-1763 and 1763-1764 and in the conditions of eligibility laid down by Frank- whose class for the latter year were two Phila- lin has meant that in recent years dramatic modi- delphians, James Tapscott and Thomas Ruston.’” fications in the terms of the bequests have had to be made. As a result of these modifications 25 It was one of the conditions of Franklin’s bequest, good use is again being made of the funds and and hence also of Scott’s, that after a hundred years loans are now used primarily to assist young men had elapsed a certain proportion of the capital accumu- lated in the fund should be spent on public works. With and women, up to the age of 39, with the purchase the money so allocated from the John Scott Loan Fund the city of Philadelphia built a bandstand in Reyburn 23 Franklin’s will and codicil have been reproduced so Plaza. often that it is hardly necessary to give a reference, but 26 The details appear in the inventory cited in n. 12. a particularly accessible source is J. Bigelow (ed.), “On p. 49 of her article on Ronaldson (see n. 22) The Life of Benjamin. Franklin, Written by Himself Miss Tait refers to Scott as “a friend of [Ronaldson’s] (3rd ed., 3 vols., Philadelphia, 1893) 3: pp. 470439, Edinburgh days,” but no evidence for this statement is where the relevant passage in the codicil appears on pp. given. 480-485. 28 See above, p. 418. 24Franklin expresses his views on this subject with *$ The names and places of origin are given in Cullen’s particular clarity in The Way to Wealth or poor Richard own hand in a list headed “Students in the College of improved, consulted by me in the Paris edition of 1795. Chemistry.” In this list, Xvhich is in a notebook now 420 ROBERT FOX [PROC. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

If this was in fact the case, it would give us a the $20 laid down by Scott, the modest standard much needed clue concerning the date of Scott’s of the work submitted for the awards is hardly birth, fixing it in all probability some time in the surprising32 and it was not until 1919-1921, mid-1740’s. This, however, can be no more than when the Directors of City Trusts received the conjecture, although it would be consistent with authority of the Court to modify the original con- the chronology of Scott’s later life. ditions, that the John Scott Medal began to as- It is disappointing to have to leave Scott’s sume its present status. The procedure whereby biography in this state and small consolation to entrants had to submit their inventions for con- know that, by comparison with his life, the his- sideration by the Committee on Science and the tory of the awards made under his bequest is Arts was abandoned and replaced by the current extremely well documented. From the time the practice of offering the award to men and women first medal and premium were presented in 1822 nominated by an advisory committee which was, the list of recipients appears to be complete. and still is, appointed by the Directors of City Originally, by an ordinance of the city of Phila- Trusts. An even more important modification, delphia dated 22 November, 1821,30 the medalists however, was the raising of the upper limit on were nominated on the city’s behalf hy a com- the premium to $2,000,33the limit in force today, mittee of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting and there can be no doubt that it was principally Agriculture, but on 27 February, 1834, this duty as a result of this innovation that the whole na- was transferred to the Franklin Institute,31 whose ture of the award changed. Quite suddenly it Committee on Science and the Arts continued to became international in character, as is shown by make the necessary recommendations on the basis the fact that Marie Curie and Sir J. J. Thomson of inventions submitted to it until 1919, in the were among the recipients in 1921 and 1923 re- first place to the city authorities and from 1869 spectively, and although the utilitarian element to the newly instituted Board of Directors of was by no means eliminated, it was the funda- City Trusts, a body of twelve citizens appointed mental scientific research leading to useful appli- by the Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas to cations which came increasingly to be recog- give their services without compensation of any nized. Since the reorganization of 1919-1921 kind. In the period to 1919, 499 awards were few changes have taken place. The special ad- made, usually for devices of limited application visory committee has had no difficulty in main- and simple basic principles rather than for work taining a consistently high standard and hence which involved fundamental discoveries, either in in establishing the Scott Medal as an award of theory or in technique, on the part of the inven- international standing. tor, Xaturally the devices became increasingly Scott himself would probably have viewed these sophisticated over the years and they did reflect developments with a mixture of astonishment and, scientific advances of a more theoretical nature, above all, pride. Yet it is hard to believe that notably in electricity, but there can be no avoiding the humble, if pro~perous,~~Edinburgh pliarma- the fact that it was “gadgeteering” which was cist would have been wholly at ease among the being rewarded, whether the award was for “an leading men of science who receive his medal easy garden weeder” (as in 1822) or for a “loco- today. His real sympathies, we may be sure, motive stoker” (as in 1915). Since the size of would have lain rather with those men and women the premium, even in 1919, was still limited to of more ordinary attainments who submitted their inventions in the hope of receiving some small preserved in the Edinburgh University Library (MS material reward and recognition during the first Da.3), Cullen entered the names of all the students who attended his course in chemistry from 1755 until 1765. hundred years of the medal’s existence. Unlike his American contemporaries, this Scott, whose only other medical course was in anatomy, did not 3’At least in the early years of the “Franklin Insti- graduate. His signature appears on the page from the tute” period the shortage of good applicants for awards university’s matriculation record reproduced in Whitfield from the medal fund appears to have been a matter for J. Bell, Jr., “Some American Students of ‘That Shining concern. See Jow. Franklin Ittst. n.s., 15 (1835) : p. Oracle of Physic,’ Dr. Iliilliam Cullen of Edinburgh, 178 and ibid. 24 (1839) : p. 313. 1755-1766,” Proc. Anter. Philos. SOL.94 (1950) : p. 278. 33 A modification made possible by the fact that the 30 First Anmtal Report of the Directors of City Trusts prize fund had now grown to $100,000. ,(Philadelphia, 1871), pp. 74-75. 34According to the inventory cited in n. 12 the value 3lIbid., p. 75. See also Jotir. Fraiiklix Imt., n.s., 15 of Scott’s estate, excluding his American stock, exceeded (1835) : p. 177. f2,832 at the time of his death.

422 ROBERT FOX [PROC.AMER. PHIL. SOC.

1828 1836 XXIV. To Francis H. Smith, of Baltimore, for an A. Prutzman-Door Lock. improvement in Musical Glasses, by which a piece of 1837 music can be played on any key, according to their ar- Elmer & Little-Chronometer. rangement. These glasses are adapted to church music, F. Mahan-Measure Case Ruler, Stereotyping. and are actually in use in a church at Harrisburgh-a 1838 Medal and Twenty Dollars. E. W. Bean-Ascertaining Latitude. XXV. To Owen Corr, of Chambersburgh, Pennsyl- 1839 vania, for an apparatus to butt and joint Shingles. It L. C. Denison-Corn Sheller. gives a straight edge with one cut-a Medal and Twenty T. S. Ridgeway, Jr.-Transit Theodolite. Dollars. T. Wood-Fountain Pen. 1829 1840 XXVI. To Franklin Kelsey, of Middletown, Connecti- I. Babbitt-Axle Boxes for Railway Cars. cut, for a Washing Machine-a Medal and Twenty Dol- W.Jenks-Fire Arms. lars. J. S. Kite-Safety Beam. XXVII. To Amos Larcum, of Albany, New York, Merrick & Towne-Boring Machine. for a Washing Machine-a Medal and Twenty Dollars. I-I. M. Kaglee-Flat Bar or Edge Rail for Railroad XXVIII. To James Russel, of New York, for a Bell- Curves. Index, which prevents the necessity of hanging a bell C. Olds-Planting Machine. for each apartment in the bar-room of a hotel, or in the F. Peale-Coining Presses at the U. S. hlint, Phila- kitchen or servants’ hall of a private dwelling-a Medal delphia. and Twenty Dollars. J. Rhoads-Map for the Blind. 1830 mr. Strickland-Substitution of Lime for Salt for Pre- XXIX. To Henry Aikin, of Drawcut, Massachusetts, serving Ships. for a Knife to split Leather Straps, for the use of work- S. E. Winslow-Pivot Scale Beam. ers in leather-a Medal and Twenty Dollars. 1841 R. B. Forten-Telescope. XXX. To Ebenezer Whiting, of Bershire, Tioga Richardson-Door Spring. county, New York, for a Saw-set-a Medal and Twenty J. Saxton-Reflecting Pyrometer. Dollars. 1842 1831 L. Anderson-File Cutting. XXXI. To T. H. Smith, of Baltimore, for a Drill to I. Babbitt-Soft Metal Boxes. sow Cotton seed, corn, and other grains-a Medal and A. Calderhead-Looms. Twenty Dollars. iV. E. Grimes-Smut Machine. XXXII. To Joseph Jennings, of Sew York, for a T. Hill-Occultator. House Warmer and Cooking Apparatus combined-a 1843 Medal and Twenty Dollars. Alfred C. Jones-Shaft Couplings. XXXIII. To Jonas P. Fairlamb and Miller Dunot, of 1847 Wilmington, Delaware, for a Water Cracker and Biscuit Zebulon Parker--Water Wheel. Machine-a Medal and Twenty Dollars. 1848 1832 Sabin \V. Colton-Locks. XXXIV. To Dr. Barrabino, of Philadelphia, for an A. G. Heckrotte-Car Coupling. Improved Stomach Pump-a Medal and Twenty Dollars. B. F. Palmer-Artificial Leg. XXXV. To Samuel D. Breed, of Philadelphia, for a H. S. Stellwagon-Sounding Apparatus. mode of Cementing Gum Elastic or Caoutchouc to 1849 Leather-a Medal and Twenty Dollars. M. Villeroi-Telescope. 1833 1850 C. Carnell-Brick Machine. XXXVI. To Adam Brooks, of Scituate, Massachu- 1851 setts, for a Machine, by which Silk can be wound off Mi. C. Grimes-Water Gauge for Steam Boilers. from cocoons, and then formed into Sewing Silk, by 1852 one operation-a Medal and Twenty Dollars. K. Goddard-Carriage Axle. XXXVII. To John Stephens, of Philadelphia, for an L. H. Parsons-Scale Measure. Improved Door Lock, by which one bolt answers the 1853 end of a latch bolt-a Medal and Twenty Dollars. J. Dilks-ifrater Gauges. G. Faber-Magnetic Water Gauge. Awards Made by the Franklipt Institute, P. N. Receveur-Rose Engine (Lathe). 1835-1 91 8 J. Senneff-Metallic Heddles. 1854 1835 J. Atkins-Self-Raking Automaton Reaper and Mower. N. Bassett-Compasses. R. Bates-Instrument for the Cure of Stammering. W. A. Burt-Variation Compass. J. McMahan-Stereotype. T. Ewbank-Lead Pipes. C. D. Thum-I7arnish Brushes. A. Holcomb-Reflecting Telescope. 1856 John McMullen-Machine for Knitting Stockings. LV. Chauvenet-Great Circle Protractor. P. Tyler-Shifting Gauge Cock. J. D. Dale-Wood Moulding hlachine. VOL. 112, KO. 6, 19681 THE JOHN SC :OTT JIEDAL 423

1858 1884 J. B. Francis-Tooth Extractor. Joseph Bennor-Siphon Trap. 1859 John M. Burrell 8: C. E. Metzler-Railway Signal Lan- J. IV. Fawkes-Steam Plow. tern. 1860 G. M. Eldridge-Electro Magnetic Protector for Elec- E. S. Ritchie-Improved Rhumkorff Coil. trical Instruments. 1868 P. E. Jay-Automatic Anti-Freezing Valve. J. H. Richardson-Improved Signal Lantern. C. J. H. LVoodbury-Testing Electric Light Mains. 1871 1885 Thomas Shaw-Gunpowder Pile Driver. C. Chabot-Shoe Sewing Machine (Also Cresson 1873 Medal). J. H. Irwin-Lantern. C. Chabot-Sole Channelling Machine. IVilliam ll'harton, Jr.-Safety Railway Switch. C. Chabot-Sole Edge Turning Machine. 1874 John Henry Doerr 8: IYilliam H. IYigmore-Sleeping F. S. Baldwin-Calculating Machine. Car. C. Chambers-Book Folding and Pasting Machine. Morris L. Orum-Lock. G. Il'estinghouse, Jr.-Railway Car Brake. Frederick Siemens-Regenerative Gas Burner. 1875 Orlands 1%'.Spratt-Mercury Seal Trap. J. G. Baker-Pressure Blower. I. Townsend-Tent Slip. J. IY. 8: Tatham B. Brittin-Safety Catch for Elevators. S. \%'ills-Journal Bearing and Car Axle-Box. Cyrus Carleton 8: Charles H. Wilcox-Automatic Tension 1886 and Improvements in Sewing Machines. Edw. A. Callahan, Patrick B. Delany (Also Cresson J. A. Davis-Vertical Feed for Sewing Machines. Medal) 8: Paul LaCour-Improvements in Syn- Carlos Gliddens, C. Latham Sholes & Samuel ITr. Soule chronous Multiplex Telegraphy. -Typewriter. C. Chabot-Forming Bevelled Rims on Watch Cases. E. A. Goodes-Sewing Machine. P. J. Grau-Feed M'ater Purifier and Heater. R. B. Goodyear-Harness Motion for Power Looms. F. V. Greene-Extracting Oil and Albuminoid Matter R. B. Goodyear-Shuttle Box Operating Mechanism. from Corn. H. R. Heyl--Wire Fastened Paper Boxes. M. 1%'.Hall-Duplex Steam Pump. Hutchins & Mabbitt-Tilting Chair. L. Moser-Bohemian Glassware. J. Morton Poole 8: Co.-Invention for Grinding Metallic L. J. Phelps-Induction Telegraph. Calendar Rolls. Phoenix Iron Company-Automatic Cut-Off Steam En- J. E. Prunty-Relief Valve. gine. P. H. 8: F. M. Roots-Rotary Pressure Blower. Pratt & \Vhitney Company-System of Interchangeable T. J. Rorer-Improved Belting. Cut Gears. C. Tyson-Machine to Unite Uppers to the Soles of H. T. Yaryan-System of Evaporation in Vacuo. Boots and Shoes. 1887 G. \I'ale 8: Co.-The College Lantern. H. Bilgram-Bevel Gear Cutter (Also Cresson Medal). 1876 Eugene H. 8: Alfred H Cowles-Electric Smelting C. Chambers-Brick Machine. Furnace. Morris L. Orum-Mandrel for Bending Metal Pipes. D. Hallock-Weighing Scales. 1877 F. E. Ives-Isochromatic Photography. G. L. H. Behrns & A. Bremar-Aspirator for Mill L. J. Marcy-Improvements in the Magic Lantern. Stones. L. H. Spellier-Electric Clock. G. B. Grant-Calculating Machine. 1888 Thomas Shaw-Spiral Exhqust Nozzle. Cyclostyle Company-Cjclostyle. 1878 John Gates-Lubricator. R. Dutton 8: Co.-Mowing Machine. C. J. Hexamer-Preventing and Extinguishing Explo- IVilliam Farr Goodwin-Xew Mechanical Movement. sive Fires in Grinding Mills. D. I(. Miller-Self-Locking Padlock. I. S. Hyatt-Pure Water System. C. Seymour-Balance for Pulleys, Fly Wheels, etc. A. E. Outerbridge, Jr.-Carbonizing Fabrics and Obtain- 1882 ing Castings therefrom. H. Bilgram-Gearing for Metal Planers. W. K. Woodruff-System of Keying for Machinery. B. H. Kemble-Wheel Hubs. G. W. Ziegler-Trestles and Scaffolding System. 1883 1889 H. Ashford-Boat Attaching and Detaching Apparatus. R. Abt-System of Mountain Railways. J. Beecher-Hollow Handled Cutlery. J. Atkinson-Gas Engine. Blodgett Bros.-Electric Signal Clock. H. Y. Castner-Manufacture of Sodium and Potassium. Hugo Brehmer & Henry Rand Heyl--Wire Book Sewing T. A. Edison-Mimeograph. Machine. C. H. Koyl-Parabolic Semaphore. H. G. Eckstein-Feed Water Heater. R. L. Maddox-Substitution of Gelatin for Collodion in T. Hall-Typewriter. Photography. A. Nacke-Screw Cutting Attachment. A. A. Marks-Artificial Limbs. Pratt & Whitney Co.-Taps and Gauges. 0. Mergenthaler-Linotype. Thomas Shaw-Friction Buffer. T. Shaw-Instrument for Testing Ignitible Gases in H. Whitall-Planisphere. Mines. 424 ROBERT FOX [PROC.AMEK. PHIL. SOC.

C. A. Teal-Portable Hoist. D. W. Field & John E. SDencer-The SDencer DamDer Elihu Thomson-Electric Welding. Regulator. 0. C. White-Adjustable Extension Movement in Ball S. H. LaRue-Improved Stove for Soft or Bituminous and Socket Joints ; with protest against award. Coal. 1890 1894 W. H. Bristol-Recording Pressure Gauge. E. G. Acheson-“Carborundum.” W. L. Burton-Electric Heater. W. C. Bramwell-Feeding Machine for Fibrous Material. A. C. Chenoweth-Electric Conduits. D. Branson, R. D. Thornburgh, J. E. Fuller & J. E. C. J. Ehbets-Colts New Navy Revolver. Starr-Refrigeration Process. D. E. Felt-Comptometer. C. J. Cleborne-Bedstead. A. Lopex de HareElectric Sea Compass ; Automatic Joseph N. Dunham & John McKemmil-Metallic Draw- Electric Log Line. ing Rolls. J. Hellings-Mail Bag Fastening. J. B. Edson-Pressure Recording Gauge. A. E. Hobson-Hydraulic Shaping Press. George F. Machlet & E. P. Reichhelm-System of Pro- F. E. Ives-Projecting Lantern and Appurtenances. ducing Fuel Gas. J. Lowe-Spinning Mule. LV. F. C. Morsell-Application of Complementary Color J. S. MacCoy-Pneumatic Tool. Designs and Crystal Patterns. C. McIntire-Electric Wire Connectors. C. Payen-Chloride Electrical Storage Battery. Luzerne Merket & Almer Thomas-Tempered Copper. N. W. Perry-Method of Series of Electric Traction. J. G. Meyers-Improved Mausoleum. F. Pontrichet-Black Print Process. “Heliographic T. A. Richards-Ruling Machine. Paper.” W.H. Ridgway-Balanced Crane. William D. & Samuel Priestman-The Priestman En- J. B. Root-“Spiral Weld” Tubing. gine. T. Van Kannel-Storm Door. Sigmund Riefler-Mercurial Compensation Pendulum of J. E. Wootten-Locomotive and Boiler. Sigmund Riefler. 1891 F. S. Shuman-Wired Glass. W. Andersoti-System of Water Purification. C. Spiro-Barlock Typewriter. Wallace H. Dodge-System of Rope Transmission. R. H. Tweddell-System of Applying Hydraulic Power R. P. Garrod-Annunciators. to Mechanical Work. G. M. Goetz-Goetz-Mitchell System of Anchoring H. P. Wiedig-Chemical Fire Extinguisher. Beams. J. T. Wilkin-System of Generating and Forming Cy- Sir Robert Hadfield-Manganese Steel. cloidal Surfaces. J. B. Hannay & Alfred Shedlock-Lucigen. A. J. Wurts-Lightning Arresters and Non-Arcing Edward Hart-Acid Container. Metal. W. Hart-Hoisting Machines. 1895 E. H. Johnson-Interior Electrical House Conduit. Albert J. Bates-Corliss Engine. Francis LeClere-Toothed Gear Wheel. Clayton Beadle, Edward J. Bevan, Charles F. Cross- A. J. Mason-Washer Punching Machine. Cellulose Products. A. D. Pentz-Boring and Milling Engine. A. Goldstein-Pneumatic Fire Alarm Telegraph System. F. A. Roeder & A. Springer-Torsion Balance. William Jandus-Incandescent Arc Lamp. J. G. Speidel-Hoisting Machines. Thomas H. Stackhouse-The Diagraph. C. Stahlberg-Time Dating Stamp. Peter W. Willins-Steam Engine. S. M. Vauclain-Truck Wheel Centres. 1896 C. D. Williams-Revolving Show Window. S. M. Balzer-Device for Backing Off and Forming 1892 Milling Cutters. T. R. Almond-Angular Coupling. \V. T. Carroll-Non-Metallic Bearings. J. Bennor-Knitting Machine. A. Crehore & G. 0. Squier-Polarizing Photo-Chrono- G. D. Burton-Electrical Forging. graph. G. S. Clark-Device for Safety Vaults. G. B. Grant-Calculating Machine. J. Emerson-Power Scale. Edward P. Hopkins-Electric Arc Lamp. Fred L. Fuller & George H. Griswald-Cash Register A. L. Johnston-Bonding Joint for Electric Railways. and Indicator. Edwin D. McCracken-Insulated Electrical Conductors. C. L. Gibbons-Improvement in Street Railway Con- M. Marsden-Corn-Pitch Cellulose. struction. Edward Milliau-Apparatus for Analyzing Fats and J. R. Juncs-Method of Axle Rolling. Oils. Charles M. Lungren-Incandescent Gas Lamp. H. S. Printiss-Automatic Calendar. J. Richards-Solder for Aluminum. Ezra McClellan-Anti-Siphon Vent. S. 1897 Eugene Meylan & Camille S. Reckniewski-Electric T. R. Almond-Flexible Tube. Meter. E. Berliner-“Gramophone.” Ephriam Shay-Patent Geared Locomotive. E. Brown-Pyrometers. 3393 W. S. Burroughs (American Arithmometer Company) F. R. Baldwin-Boiler Tube Cleaner. -Calculating Machine. W. Berkefeld-Germ Proof Water Filter. G. B. Durkee & John F. Golding-Expanded Metal. H. L. Bridgman-Automatic Ore Sampler. Francis LeClere-Black Printing Process. VOL. 112, NO. 6, 19681 THE JOHN SCOTT 1IEDAL 425

M. & L. E. Levy-Screens for Photo-Mechanical En- H. Dock-The Rivett-Dock Thread Tool. graving. Alfred J. Gillespie-Voting Machine. Henry G. Morris & Pedro G. Salmon-Automobile A. L. Hahl-Pneumatic Clock. Vehicle (Electrobat). Robert B. Haines, Jr.-Automatic Micrometer Rolling- A. E. Outerbridge, Jr.-Investigations in the Molecular Mill Plate Gauge. Physics of Cast Iron. F. A. Humphrey-Sawing Machine and Guide. W. R. Webster-Observations on the Relations between S. L. Kneass-Improvements on Injectors. the Chemical Constitution and Ultimate Strength R. D. Mershon-Station Potential Indicator or Com- of Steel. pensator. John N. Williams-Typewriting Machine. Everett F. Morse-Drive Chains. 1898 J. Richards-Balance for Testing White Metal Alloys. Andre Blonde1 8: Spiridion Paarowdaki-Holophane P. W. Shimer-Combustion Crucible. Globes. Elihu Thomson-Constant Electric Current Arc Light Frederick N. Connet & LValter W. Jackson (Clemens Transformer. Hirschel received Cresson Medal)-Venturi Meter. 1902 Daniel M. Cooper-Time Recorder. Andrew J. Bradley-Stencil Machine. Lt. B. W. Dunn-Testing Machine for Measuring In- Geo. M. A. Claud, Geo. A. Hess & Edmund Fouche- tensities of Impulsive Forces. Process of Storing Explosive Gases. J. W. Hyatt-Roller Bearings. Wm. J. Hammer-Long Distance Phonographic and H. C. Mueller-Process of and Apparatus for Manu- Telephonic Sound Experiments between New York facturing Mosaics. and Philadelphia. Frank Reddaway-Camel Hair Belting. Henry 0. Herman-Star Ventilator. H. L. Sayen-Improvement in Roentgen-Ray Tubes. J. D. Ihlder, A. C. Smith, August Sundh & Sidney Otis M. L. Severy-Severy Impression Process. -Electric Elevator. Alfred Steinbart & Edward Uehling-Pneumatic Pyrom- H. W. Leonard-System of Motor Control. eter. Wilfred Lewis, Harris Tabor & E. Mumford-Molding H. Willmunder-Swivel Loom. Machines. 1899 P. M. Lincoln-Synchronism Indicator. B. C. Batcheller-Pneumatic Dispatch Tube Apparatus. F. M. Rites-Governor System. E. R. Fellows-Machine and Cutter for Generating Gear William S. Schellenbach-System of Gearing. Teeth. L. Stieringer-Improvements in the Art of Electric Robert T. Fisher-Book and Letter Typewriter. Illumination. A. V. Groupe-Braiding Machine. E. M. & Sydney B. Walsh-Method of Making Large Morris Moskowitz-Improved System of Car Lighting. Objects from Pieces of Adventurine. A. Sexton-Slide Rule (Omnimetre). Charles Wirt-Rheostat. Alfred Steinbart & Edward Uehling-Gas Composimeter. 1903 1900 H. J. Burger-Photo-Polychrome Printing Process. Chichester A. Bell & Summer Tainter (T. H. Mac- W. A. Cross-Cross Horizontal Folding Door. donald received Certificate of Merit)-Apparatus Joseph S. Duncan-Addressograph. for Recording Sound. Arthur W. McCurdy-Apparatus for Developing Photo- Reinhold Hakewessel & E. C. Henn-Automatic Screw graphic Roll Films. and Metal Working Machine. L. B. Mellor-Device for Measuring and Recording the N. M. Hopkins-Pneumatic Cushioning of Water Pipes. Variable Diameter of Tubes. James Hough & Samuel Laughlin-Drawing Tables. E. F. Morse-Heat Gage. George A. Lowry-Cotton Baling Machine. J. Sachs-Enclosed Fuse Protective Devices. Magnus Swenson (American Cotton Co. received Cres- C. M. Taylor, Jr.--Adsorption Process for Eutter Mak- son Medal)-Round Lap Bale System. ing. 1904 W. B. Wait-The Kleidograph, a Machine for Tangi- ble Writing for Touch Reading. J. A. Brill-Convertible Cars, “Eureka” hiaxiinuni Trac- tion Truck. 1901 Amos E. Burrows-Feed-Water Regulator. E. G. Acheson-Artificial Graphite. Pearl T. & C. H. Campbell-Reconstructed Milk. J. B. Adt-Tobacco Machines. W. A. Doble-Tangential Water Wheel. C. F. Albert-Improvements in Musical Instruments. J. M. Dodge-Storage Structure for Coal and Analogous American Prismatic Light Company-Light Projecting Material. Glass. Zachary T. Furbish-Ratchet Tools. Arthur F. Bardwell-Votometer. J. A. Heany-Enclosed Arc Lamp. Thomas W. Blakey & William Courtenay-Reconstructed F. E. Ives-Parallax Stereogram. Granite. Evans W. Jones-Under-Feed Mechanical Stoker. George C. Blickensderfer-Typewriting Machine. J. W. Lattig-Automatic Electric Semaphore Signal. Thomas Carney, H. Cook, J. H. & H. G. Patterson- H. V. von Z. Loss-Manufacture of Solid Steel Railway Cash Registers. Wheels by Hydraulic Forging with Subsequent Roll- J. D. Darling-Electrical Production of Metals and ing. Nitric Acid from Fused Nitrates. Lee C. Moore-Wire Testing Machine. Edward J. Dobbins & George Moffatt-Light Projecting H. B. Nichols & C. B. Voynow-Cast Zinc Joint for Rail Glasses. Bonding. ROBERT FOX [PKOC. AMEK. PHIL. SOC.

Horace See-Hydro-Pneumatic Ash Ejector. 1912 F. Shuman-Concrete Pile for Foundations. H. C. Alger-Liquid Measurer. S. S. Wheeler-Small Electric Buzz Fan. Sherard Cowper-Coles-Process of Depositing Metals 1905 on Metallic Surfaces and Product. L. W.Do\\ nes-Fireproof Insulated IYire. M. A. McKee-Process of Treating Printing Plates. Byron E. Eldred-Process for Flame Regulation. 1913 Dr. P. Frazer-Quantitative Colorimetry. A. Higgins & C. Jacobs-Alundum Refractories. Howard T. Hallowell-Shaft-Hangers. 1914 F. E. Ives-Sew Form of Replica of Rowland Diffrac- C. S. Batdorf-Coin Counting and Wrapping Machine. tion Grating. Albert0 Cerasoli & H. A. Humphrey-The~. Humphrey David T. Kurtz-Improved Cap Screws and Bolts. Pump. Nernst Lamp Company-Incandescent Lamp. C. E. Guillaume--Allov Invar. E. Parkinson-Knitting Machine. .4. Atwater Kent-Unisparker, Ignition System. Prof. L. F. Rondinella-Photo Printing Machine. E. A. Sperry-Gyroscopic Compass. W. A. Rosenhaum-Automatic Hydraulic Letter COPY--. A4.Spielman-Cloth Cutting Machine. ing Press. 1915 J. B. Semple-Shell Torch or Tracer. H. N. Anderson-Gear Rolling Machines. Dr. B. Walter-Schaltung. an Electric Switch. H. E. Goldberg & J. C. Wahl--Adding Machine. A. Wehnelt-Interrupter -for Induction Machines. H. 11’. Hardinge-Conical Pebble Mill. 1906 Clement F. Street-Locomotive Stoker. John 31. Bronning (Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Mfg. Com- 1916 pany received Longstreth Medal)-Automatic Pis- Carl E. Akeley-Cement Gun. tols. John V. K. Dorr-Hydrometallurgical Apparatus. A. C. Chenou eth-Steel Concrete Foundation Piles. Hans Hanson & Frederick A. Hart-Combined Calculat- W. C. Heraeus-Fused Quartz Mercury Lamp. ing and Typewriting Machine. Frederick Palmer, J. R. Reynolds 8r J. P. Tirrell-En- 1917 gine Stop and Speed Limit System. Thomas Bilyeu (Internatimal Money Machine Company C. J. Reed-Speed-Jack. received Longstreth Medal)-International Money M. E. Schmidt-Moving Platforms. Machine. 1907 Thomas A. McCall & J. H. Pillings-Automatic Type- C. Engelhard-Heraeus LeChatelier Pyrometer. writer (Received Longstreth Medal with Hooven, Herman Frahm-Speed Indicator, Frequency Teller and Owens, Rentschler Company). Revolution Counter. Max Ulrich Schoop-Schoop Metal Spraying Process. F. E. Ives-A Kew Color Meter. Alfred Rishworth Tattersall-The “Midget” Marvel C. E. Sargent-Complete Expansion Gas Engine. Flour Mill. L. H. Walter-Detection of Electrical Oscillations. Lucien I. Yeomans-Method of Machine Construction. Prof. R. 11- \\’ood-Diffraction Color Photographs. 1918 1908 Conrad d’Huc Dressler-Dressler Tunnel Kiln. TV. I. Ballentine-Process of Testing the Hardness and Frank P. Fahy-The Fahy Permeameter. Density of Metals and Other Materials. Ernest J. Sweetland-Sweetland Filter Press. J. Reagan-Improvements in Grate Bars. B. Talbot-Improvements in the Manufacturing of Steel. Awards Made by the Advisory Conztizittee to the 1909 Directors of City Tritsts of Philadelphia, E. A. Colby-Electric Furnace for Melting Metals. 19-30-1968 Gustav Dietz-High Speed Photographic Between-Lens Shutter 1920 H. Ellis-Combined Calculating and Writing Machine. James Hartness, M.E., President, Jones and Lamson H. A. Herr-Liquid Extracting by Hydraulics Auto- Machine Company. Invention of High Powered matically. Machine Tools. Major R. Jevell, Timothy B. Powers & John F. Kelly- Edward C. Kandall, Ph.D., Biochemist, Biayo Founda- Telelectric Piano Player. tion. Researches on Thyroxin. D. McFarlan Moore-The Moore Light. Charles E. Kenneth Mees, D.Sc., Director, Research Matthais Pfatischer-Improvement in Variable Speed Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company. Researches Motors. on the Structure of Photographic Images. A4.F. Shore-Scleroscope. Hideyo Xoguchi, M.D., Pathologist, Rockefeller Insti- F. J. Wetzel-Automatic Mechanical Stoker. tute. Researches on the Cause and Prevention of C. F. Jenkins-Motion Picture Apparatus. Yellow Fever. 1910 1921 Leo H. Baekeland-Bakelite. Marie Skladowska Curie, Professor in the Faculty of L. D. Lovekin-Device for Relieving Forces due to In- Science at Paris. Discovery of Radium and the ertia and Weight of Valve Gears. Determination of its Radioactive Properties. J. W. Reno-Escalator, Inclined Elevator. 1922 A. A. Tirrill-Voltage Regulator. William Duane, Ph.D., Professor of Biophysics, Har- A. Welin-Life Saving Appliances on Board Ships. vard University. Distinguished for his Researches 1911 in Radio-Activity and of the Physics of Radium B. A. Behrend-High Speed Electric Generators. and of the X-Rays. VOL. 112, NO. 6, 19681 THE JOHN SCOTT JIEDAL 427

Thomas Osborne, Ph.D., Research Chemist, Connecticut Anatomy, Cornell Medical College. Devices for Agricultural Experiment Station. Fundamental the micro-dissection of living cells. Studies on the Constitution of the Vegetable Pro- OrvilIe Wright, Inventor. Development of Flying Ma- teins. chines. Reginald A. Fessenden, Consulting Engineer, Submarine 1926 Signaling Company. Distinguished for Invention of Ralph Earle, Educator and Engineer. 14” Naval Rail- a Reception Scheme ior Continuous Wave Teleg- way Gun Mounts and of Mine Barrage across the raphy as distinguished from the Damped or Spark North Sea, used in World War. System used by Marconi. Gustaf W. Elman, Physicist, Bell Telephone Labora- Elwood Haynes, B.S., President, Haynes Automobile tories. Permalloy and Its Application in Trans- Company. Produced an Alloy consisting of prac- mission of Messages, tically Pure Nickel and Pure Chromium; also alloy Harvey C. Hayes, Ph.D., Research Physicist, Bureau of named “Stellite.” First to discover “Stainless Engineering, U.S.N. Sonic Depth Finder and Other Steel.” Submarine Signalling Devices. 1923 1927 Arthur L. Day, Ph.D., Sc.B., Director, Geophysical Dr. Alfranio do Amaral, Director, Antivenin Institute Laboratory, Carnegie Institute of Washington. Noted of America. Preparation of Antivenins. for the Organization of the Geophysical Laboratory Alfred F. Hess, M.D., Clinical Professor of Children’s of the Carnegie Institution. Also specially dis- Diseases, Columbia University. Method of Produc- tinguished for his development in this country of ing a Vitamin Factor in Food by Ultraviolet Light. fine Optical Glass, formerly derived only from Ger- Herbert E. Ives, Physicist, Bell Telephone Laboratories. many. Electrical Telephotography and Television. C. J. Eijkman, M.D., Professor of Hygiene, University Strickland L. Kneass, Engineer, William Sellers and of Utrecht, Holland. First produced experimentally Company, Inc. Exhaust Steam Injector. a disease like beri-beri by feeding polished rice to Dewey DeForest Knowles, Physicist, Westinghouse chickens. This work has been applied to man and Electric & Mfg. Co. Research Laboratories. Grid has called attention to an unrecognized element in Glow Tube. food and started the study of dietary disease. Peyton Rous, M.D., Pathologist, Rockefeller Institute. Francis William Aston, M.A., DSc., F.R.S., Fellow of Devices and Development of a Filtration Technique Trinity College, Cambridge, England. Distinguished for separation from Tumor Cells a Substance pro- for his Development of the Mass-Spectrography and ducing Sarcomain Fowls. the use of it in the study of Isotopes. 1928 Sir Joseph John Thomson, O.M., F.R.S., LL.D., Ph.D., Herbert M. Evans, M.D., Professor of Anatomy, Uni- D.Sc., Master of Trinity College and Professor of versity of California. Anti-Sterility Vitamin. Experimental Physics, Cambridge, England. His Thomas C. McBride, Mechanical Engineer, Worthington most distinguished work consists of the Development Pump and Machinery Corp. Locomotive Feed of the Physics of the Electron and the Identification Water Heater. of it as the Atom of Negative Electricity. William T. Bovie, M.D., Professor of Biophysics, 1924 Northwestern University Medical School. Develop- Frederick G. Banting, M.D., Physiologist. Researches ment of an Electro-Surgical Apparatus. leading to a Potent Extract of the Pancreas-Insulin. Harold D. Arnold, Ph.D., Physicist, Bell Telephone William W. Coblentz, Ph.D., Physicist, Bureau of Stan- Laboratories. Development of the Three-Electrode dards, Washington. Thermopiles and Radiometers High Vacuum Thermionic Tube. for Measuring Stellar radiation. 1929 Elmer Verner McCollum, Ph.D., Sc.D., Professor of Lee DeForest, Electrical Engineer. Audio used in Radio. Biochemistry, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Carbon P. Dubbs, Chemical Engineer. Process for Eco- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. nomically Producing Gasoline on a Large Scale. Researches on Vitamins. Allan Bartram Field, Consulting Electrical Engineer, Ralph Modjeski, D.Eng., Civil Engineer, New York. Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Mathematical Skill and Success in building of large bridges. Paper on Eddy Currents in Large Slot-Wound Con- 1925 ductors. William G. Mousekeeper, E.E., Research Physicist, Constantin Levaditi, M.D., and Robert Sazerac, M.D., Western Electric Co., New York. Method of seal- Pasteur Institute. Joint Discovery oi the Use of ing through glass metals having widely different Bismuth in the Treatment of Syphilis. expansion coefficients. Known as ‘Copper glass Thomas A. Edison. Numerous Inventions. seal” and is gas tight. 1930 Charles H. Morton, Inventor and Engineer, Worcester, None Mass. Development of grinding and invention of 1931 apparatus for precision grinding. Guglielmo Marconi, Inventor. Wireless Telegraphy. Ross G. Harrison, Ph.D., M.D., Professor of Com- Samuel M. Vauclain, Mechanical Engineer. Manifold parative Anatomy, Yale University. Method of Improvements in Steam Locomotive. Tissue Culture, etc. Robert M. Temple, Inventor. Benjamin Franklin Dough Marshall A. Barber, Ph.D., Expert in Malaria Research, Mixing and Kneading Machine. U. S. Dept. Public Health, Memphis, Tenn., and Albert H. Emery, Inventor. A Mechanical Device for Robert Chambers, Ph.D., Professor of Microscopic Testing Materials. 428 ROBERT FOX [PKOC. AMEK. PHIL. SOC

Orville S. Peters, Inventor. Electric Telemeter, a Re- James Ewing, M.D., Director of Memorial Hospital for cording Device for Noting the Stresses in Bridge Cancer and Allied Diseases, N. Y. Pioneer work Members, etc. in classifying tumors, which discovery has been of Albert Kingsbury, Engineer. Thrust Bearing for use incalculable value in the treatment of malignant in ships and heavy machinery. growths. Herbert T. Herr, Engineer. Miscellaneous Inventions 1937 and Discoveries in the Field of Reduction Gearing Dr. Evarts A. Graham, School of Medicine, Washington used in connection with the Turbo-Electric Drive ; University. Application of the X-Ray in the treat- for the Air-Brake for Checking Speed of trains; ment of the gall bladder. for Improvements in Steam Turbine and Internal Dr. W. D. Coolidge, Director, Research Laboratory, Combustion Engine. General Electric Company. Application of New Philip Drinker and Louis A. Shaw, Staff, Harvard Principle in X-Ray Tubes. School of Public Health. Apparatus for adminis- Di. Irving Langmuir, Research Laboratory, General tration of Artificial Respiration. Electric Company. Physical-Chemical discoveries Juan de la Cierva and Harold F. Pitcairn, Engineers. resulting in improved incandescent lamps. Invention of the Autogiro, its improvement and de- 1938 velopment as a propelling and stabilizing force for Wendell M. Stanley, M.D., Associate Member, Division ‘heavier than air’ craft, and its introduction into of Plant Physiology, Rockefeller Institute for Medi- America. cal Research. Isolation of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Willis H. Carrier, Engineer. Apparatus for Air Con- in Crystalline Form. ditioning. Edwin H. Land, Research Engineer, Polaroid Corpora- 1932 tion. Invention of a Substance designated “Pola- Edward G. Budd, Engineer and Industrialist. A Novel roid.’’ Method of Welding, designated Shot Welding, of 1939 stainless steel, and its fabrication into structural None members of very light weight and high sustaining 1940 power. None George H. Emerson, Mechanical Engineer. Water Tube 1941 Fire Box Boilers for Steam Locomotive. Owen H. Wangensteen, M.D., Professor of Surgery, W. L. R. Emmet, Consulting Engineer, General Electric University of Minnesota. Development of Syphon- Company. Mercury Vapor Boiler and its practical age Treatment of Intestinal Obstruction. application for power purposes. 1942 Dr. Joseph Slepian, Consulting Research Engineer, Major Edwin H. Armstrong, Electrical Engineer, Colum- Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Discoveries in bia University. Work in Frequency Modulation in the Field of Deionization of Gases and Fundamental Radio. and Outstanding Inventions involving these dis- Dr. Robert R. Williams, Chemist. Work on Thiamin coveries. (vitamin Bl). 1933 Vice Admiral Samuel Murray Robinson, Engineer, Naval Dr. Frank Conrad, Engineer. Application of Short Bureau of Ships. Outstanding work in Warship Wave Radio. Design and Construction. George Richards Minot, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Dr. Arthur Hoyt Taylor, Engineer, Naval Research Harvard University. Liver Cure in Pernicious Ane- Laboratory. Important researches in Application of mia. Radio to Naval Purposes. C. R. Nesson, H. L. Galson, H. C. Heller, H. K. Stein- 1943 feld, Engineers. Production of the De la l‘ergne Walter E. Dandy, M.D., Johns Hopkins University. Air Conditioning Apparatus. Development of Ventriculography. 1934 Pr. Vannevar Bush, Head of Office of Scientific Re- Dr. Robert F. Mehl, Director of Metals Research Lab- search and Development, Washington, and Prof. oratory, Carnegie Institute of Technology. Radiog- Samuel H. Caldwell, Massachusetts Institute of raphy of Metals. Technology. Development of the Differential An- Dr. A. Newton Richards, Professor of Pharmacology, alyzer. University of Pennsylvania, The Function of the John C. Garand, Chief Engineer Ordnance, Springfield Kidneys. (Mass.) Armory. Invention of the U. S. Rifle Cal. Dr. Nikola Tesla, Engineer. Polyphase System of Gen- .30 M1. erating, Transmitting, Distributing and Utilizing Chevalier Jackson, M.D., Honorary Professor of Bron- Electricity. cho-Esophagology, Temple University. Devising 1935 Instruments and Methods Useful in Bronchoscopy. None 1936 Dr. Richard E. Shope, Research Worker, Rockefeller Institute. Discovery of the Complex Etiology of Charles F. Kettering, Engineer, General Motors Cor- poration. Invention of the First Electrical-Mechani- Swine Influenza. Invention of the cal Self Starter for use in connection with auto- Dr. Otto Stader, Veterinary Surgeon. mobiles. Reduction and Fixation Bone Splint. George S. Kelley, Mechanical Engineer. Invention of 1944 the Kelley Dust Trap used in the Prevention of Sir Alexander Fleming, Kt., Professor of Bacteriology, Silicosis. University of London. Discovery of Penicillin. VOL. 112, NO. 6, 19681 THE JOHN SCOTT MEDAL 429

1945 Dr. John H. Gibbon, Jr., Professor of Surgery and Di- Dr. Lyle D. Goodhue, Chemist, U. S. Dept. of Agricul- rector of Surgical Research, Jefferson Medical Col- ture, and Captain William ri. Sullivan, Jr., Ento- lege of Philadelphia. Invention of the Heart-Lung mologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Invention of Apparatus. Aerosol Insecticides. 1954 Dr. Edwin J. Cohn, Dept. of Chemistry, Harvard Medi- Dr. Robley C. Williams, Professor of Biophysics, Uni- cal School. Methods of Yielding Separated Blood versity of California. Invention of a method of de- Proteins of Therapeutic Value. positing thin metal films by thermal evaporation Dr. Ernest W. Goodpasture, Professor of Pathology, which has found practical application in mirror Vanderbilt University, Growth of Viruses in Chick coatings for astronomy and in electron microscopy. Embryos. Professor Vincent du Vigneaud, Professor of Biochem- Dr. William E. Doering and Dr. Robert B. Woodward, istry, Cornell University Medical College. For the Research Laboratory, Polaroid Corporation. Total synthesis of the important posterior pituitary hor- Synthesis of Quinine. mone, oxytocin. Dr. George H. Shull, Profesor Emeritus of Genetics, Mr. Marvin Camras, Research Physicist, Armour Re- Princeton University, Origination of Hybrid Corn. search Foundation of Illinois Institute of Technol- 1946 ogy. Invention of the method and means of obtain- Dr. DonaM W. Kerst, Professor of Physics, University ing distortion-free magnetic recording through high of Illinois. The Betatron or Induction Electron Ac- frequency bias. celerator. 1947 Professor John Bardeen, Professor of Physics & Elec- Dr. Florence B. Seibert, Associate Professor of Bio- trical Engineering, University of Illinois, and Dr. chemistry, The Henry Phipps Institute. Develop- Walter H. Brattain, Physicist, Bell Telephone Lab- ment of the Purified Protein Derivative of Tuber- oratories. Invention of the transistor. culin. Mr. Igor I. Sikorsky, Engineering Manager, Sikorsky 1948 Aircraft, Div. of United Aircraft Corp. Invention Dr. Merle A. Tuve, Director, Carnegie Institution of of the first practically useful single sustaining rotor Washington. Development of Proximity Fuze. helicopter. Prof. Morris S. Kharasch, Professor of Chemistry, Mr. John B. Powers, Staff, Dept. of Agriculture, Uni- University of Chicago. Development of Organic versity of California. Invention of a color sorter Mercurial Seed Disinfectants. for fruits and vegetables. 1949 1955 Frank W. Caldwell, Director of Research, United Air- Mr. Edgar S. McFadden, Agronomist, Agricultural Ex- craft Corp. Development of Controllable Pitch periment Station, Texas A. & M. Origination and Propeller. development of the first rust-resistant bread wheat. Harry T. Bennett, Chief Chemist, Mid Continental Dr. Harry F. Olson, Director of the Acoustical and Petroleum Corp. Stabilization of Cracked Gasoline. Electro-mechanical Research Laboratory, RCA Dr. LeRoy G. Story, Associated with Swift & Company. Laboratories, Radio Corporation of America. In- Stabilization of Cracked Gasoline. vention of the velocity microphone. Dr. Charles Glen King, Scientific Director, The Nutri- Professor Jesse W. Beams, Francis Henry Smith Pro- tion Foundation, Inc. Isolation and Identification of f essor and Chairman, Department of Physics, Uni- Vitamin C. versity of Virginia. Inventions in the field of cen- Dr, Selman A. Waksman, Professor of Microbiology, trifugation and particularly for his invention of the Rutgers University. Discovery and Development of magnetically supported centrifuge. Streptomycin. 1956 1950 None Dr. Daniel Swern, Supervisor, Animal Fats Section, 1951 Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A. For the Dr. James F. Couch, Chemist in Charge of Tobacco Sec- invention and subsequent development of epoxidized tion, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Invention of a fatty compounds which are used as stabilizing plas- process for the extraction of rutin from buckwheat. ticizers for Vinyl Plastics. Dr. Roy J. Plunkett, General Superintendent, Organic G. L. Pearson, Physicist, D. M. Chapin, Electrical En- Chemicals Dept., E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. gineer, and C. S. Fuller, Chemist, Bell Telephone Invention of Polytetrafluoroethylene. Laboratories. Invention of the Bell Solar Battery. 1952 1957 Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Professor of Chemistry, Univer- Jonas E. Salk, M.D., Professor of Bacteriology, Uni- sity of California. Discovery and invention of the versity of Pittsburgh. Invention of the Salk Polio- Transuranium Elements-Plutonium, Americium, myelitis vaccine. Curium, Berkelium and Californium. Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle, K.B.E., C.B., F.R.S., Dr. Louis Alvarez, Professor of Physics, University of Aeronautical Engineer. Invention of the first prac- California. Invention of the Ground Control Ap- proach Radar Landing System. tical Turbo-Jet Engine. 1953 Dr. Glenn W. Burton, Principal Geneticist, Georgia Eugene T. Houdry, Inventor and Scientist. Inventions Coastal Plan Experiment Station, University of in the Catalytic Cracking Process for the Refining Georgia College of Agriculture. Invention of of Petroleum. Coastal Bermuda Grass. 430 ROBERT FOX [I’KOC. AMEK. PHIL. SOC.

1958 Professor R. L. Wain, University of London. Invention Eric L. Holmes, Consulting & Research Chemist, and of a group of weed killers known as “Butyric” weed Basil A. Adams, Chemist. Invention of the first killers. practical synthetic ion exchange resins and their Professor Oliver H. Lowry, Washington University (St. application, Louis). Invention of a method of isolating, prepar- Renato Dulbecco, M.D., Professor, Dept. of Bio- ing, weighing and chemically studying single nerve chemistry, California Inst. of Technology. Inven- cells and sub cellular particles. tion of a method of production of plaques with ani- Provost Charles H. Townes, Massachusetts Institute of mal cells. Technology. Invention of the Maser. Dr. Wise Burroughs, Professor of Animal Husbandry, 1964 Iowa State College. Invention of Estrogen Usage Mr. Hal 0. Anger, University of California, Berkeley. in cattle and sheep ieeds. Invention of the Positron Scintillation Camera. A. J. P. Martin, F.R.S., Chemical Consultant. Inven- Professor John C. Sheehan, Massachusetts Institute of tions in chromatography and particularly vapor Technology. Invention of the Total Synthesis of phase chromatography. Penicillin and certain analogues of Penicillin. 1959 Mr. Chester W. Carlson, New York. Invention of the Prof. John T. Randall, F.R.S.. Wheatstone Professor of Xerox process. Physics, King’s College, University of London, and Professor H. A. Schachman, University of California, Dr. Henry A. H. Boot, S.R.D.E., Baldock, Hertford- Berkeley. Invention of the Split Beam, Automatic, shire, England. Invention of the Cavity Magnetron. Photo-electric Absorption Optical System ior the Dr. Dean A. Lyon. Self-employed Physicist. Invention Ultra Centrifuge. of Dicumarol and of the method of extraction. 1965 Dr. Karl P. Link, Professor, Dept. of Biochemistry, Professor Alexander Kolin, University of California. University of Wisconsin. Invention of method of Invention of the Electro Magnetic Flow Meter. producing the first practically useful optical coating Sir Howard Florey, London, England. Inventive devel- for the reduction of light reflection. opment and establishment of Penicillin as a Thera- 1960 peutic Agent in Medicine. Wallace H. Coulter, Head oi electronic equipment firm. Dr. John Guthrie and Mr. Wilson A. Reeves, New Invention of the Coulter fine particle counter and Orleans, La. Invention of the Tetrakis (Hydroxy- size analyzer. methyl) Phosphonium Chloride Process for Flame Prof. Frank A. Forward, Head of Mining and Metal- Proofing Cellulosic Textiles. lurgy Dept., Univ. of British Columbia. Invention Dr. Frank T. McClure, Johns Hopkins University, Md. of the Forward process for extracting nickel and Invention of the Satellite Doppler Navigation Sys- other metals from ore concentrates. tem. F. C. Williams, O.B.E., DSc., D.Phil., M.I.E.E., F.R.S., 1966 Electrical Engineering Laboratories, University of Dr. Romald E. Bowles, Bowles Engineering Corp., Silver Manchester, England. Invention of the super re- Springs, Md., Mr. Billy M. Horton, Director, Harry generative responder and other inventions in the Diamond Laboratory, Washington, D. C., and Mr. radar responder field. Raymond W. Warren, Harry Diamond Laboratory, 1961 Washington, D. C. Invention of Fluid Amplifiers. Dr. E. F. Knipling, Director, Entomology Research Di- Dr. Jean Hoerni, Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp., vision, U.S.D.A., Maryland, and Dr. R. C. Bushland, Mountain View, Calif. Invention of the Planar Investigations Leader, Livestock Insects Investiga- Process-a method of achieving true dimensional tions, U.S.D.A., Texas. Invention of a method of surface passivation of semiconductor devices as an eradicating screw worms and other destructive in- integral part of the basic manufacturing process. sects by eliminating reproduction through the rear- 1967 ing and release of sufficient sterile male flies. Paul M. Zoll, M.D., Associate Professor of Clinical J. Presper Eckert, Jr., Remington Rand Univac, Blue Medicine, Medical School of Harvard University, Bell, Pa., and Dr. John U-.Mauchley, President, Cambridge, Mass. Invention of the Heart Pace- Mauchley Associates, Ambler, Pa. Invention of the maker. first large scale electronic computer. Professor Humberto Fernindez-Morin, Professor of 1962 Biophysics, University of Chicago, 111. Invention of J. W. Sparke, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Hants, the Diamond Knife. England. Invention of the RAE Visual Glide Path Professor Edwin T. Mertz and Dr. Oliver E. Nelson, Indicator. Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Uni- Dr. Horst Bickel, Professor of Pediatrics, Universitats- versity, Lafayette, Ind. Invention of the First High Kinderklinik, Marburg, Germany, Professor John Quality Protein Corn. Gerrard, Professor of Pediatrics, University of 1968 Saskatchewan, Canada, and Miss Evelyn Hickmans, Professor Edward W. Davis, #l Kent Lane, Silver Bay, Castlecroft Gardens, Wolverhampton, England. In- Minn. Inventions Leading to the Econonlic Re- vention of a method of controlling Phenylketonuria. covery of Iron from Taconite Ore. 1963 Christopher S. Cockerell, 13 Ardnave Crescent, Bassett, Professor Guilio riatta, University of Milan. Invention Southampton, Hampshire, England. Invention of of a process for making stereo regular (or isotactic) the “Ground Effects Machine” known as the Hover- hydrocarbon Polymers. craft.