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A Comparative Genomic Study of Attenuated and Virulent Strains of Babesia Bigemina
pathogens Communication A Comparative Genomic Study of Attenuated and Virulent Strains of Babesia bigemina Bernardo Sachman-Ruiz 1 , Luis Lozano 2, José J. Lira 1, Grecia Martínez 1 , Carmen Rojas 1 , J. Antonio Álvarez 1 and Julio V. Figueroa 1,* 1 CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec, Morelos 62550, Mexico; [email protected] (B.S.-R.); [email protected] (J.J.L.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (C.R.); [email protected] (J.A.Á.) 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP565-A Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: fi[email protected]; Tel.: +52-777-320-5544 Abstract: Cattle babesiosis is a socio-economically important tick-borne disease caused by Apicom- plexa protozoa of the genus Babesia that are obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. The pathogenicity of Babesia parasites for cattle is determined by the interaction with the host immune system and the presence of the parasite’s virulence genes. A Babesia bigemina strain that has been maintained under a microaerophilic stationary phase in in vitro culture conditions for several years in the laboratory lost virulence for the bovine host and the capacity for being transmitted by the tick vector. In this study, we compared the virulome of the in vitro culture attenuated Babesia bigemina strain (S) and the virulent tick transmitted parental Mexican B. bigemina strain (M). Preliminary results obtained by using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) showed that out of 27 virulence genes described Citation: Sachman-Ruiz, B.; Lozano, and analyzed in the B. -
(Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1
J. Phycol. 40, 341–350 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03129.x EARLY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DINOFLAGELLATES AND APICOMPLEXANS (ALVEOLATA) AS INFERRED FROM HSP90 AND ACTIN PHYLOGENIES1 Brian S. Leander2 and Patrick J. Keeling Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Three extremely diverse groups of unicellular The Alveolata is one of the most biologically diverse eukaryotes comprise the Alveolata: ciliates, dino- supergroups of eukaryotic microorganisms, consisting flagellates, and apicomplexans. The vast phenotypic of ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and several distances between the three groups along with the minor lineages. Although molecular phylogenies un- enigmatic distribution of plastids and the economic equivocally support the monophyly of alveolates, and medical importance of several representative members of the group share only a few derived species (e.g. Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Perkinsus, and morphological features, such as distinctive patterns of Pfiesteria) have stimulated a great deal of specula- cortical vesicles (syn. alveoli or amphiesmal vesicles) tion on the early evolutionary history of alveolates. subtending the plasma membrane and presumptive A robust phylogenetic framework for alveolate pinocytotic structures, called ‘‘micropores’’ (Cavalier- diversity will provide the context necessary for Smith 1993, Siddall et al. 1997, Patterson -
National Program Assessment, Animal Health: 2000-2004
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 10-5-2004 National Program Assessment, Animal Health: 2000-2004 Cyril G. Gay United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Program Staff, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, and the Animal Studies Commons Gay, Cyril G., "National Program Assessment, Animal Health: 2000-2004" (2004). Publications from USDA- ARS / UNL Faculty. 1529. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1529 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. U.S. government work. Not subject to copyright. National Program Assessment Animal Health 2000-2004 National Program Assessments are conducted every five-years through the organization of one or more workshop. Workshops allow the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) to periodically update the vision and rationale of each National Program and assess the relevancy, effectiveness, and responsiveness of ARS research. The National Program Staff (NPS) at ARS organizes National Program Workshops to facilitate the review and simultaneously provide an opportunity for customers, stakeholders, and partners to assess the progress made through the National Program and provide input for future modifications to the National Program or the National Program’s research agenda. -
Review Article Diversity of Eukaryotic Translational Initiation Factor Eif4e in Protists
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Comparative and Functional Genomics Volume 2012, Article ID 134839, 21 pages doi:10.1155/2012/134839 Review Article Diversity of Eukaryotic Translational Initiation Factor eIF4E in Protists Rosemary Jagus,1 Tsvetan R. Bachvaroff,2 Bhavesh Joshi,3 and Allen R. Place1 1 Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA 2 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA 3 BridgePath Scientific, 4841 International Boulevard, Suite 105, Frederick, MD 21703, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Rosemary Jagus, [email protected] Received 26 January 2012; Accepted 9 April 2012 Academic Editor: Thomas Preiss Copyright © 2012 Rosemary Jagus et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The greatest diversity of eukaryotic species is within the microbial eukaryotes, the protists, with plants and fungi/metazoa representing just two of the estimated seventy five lineages of eukaryotes. Protists are a diverse group characterized by unusual genome features and a wide range of genome sizes from 8.2 Mb in the apicomplexan parasite Babesia bovis to 112,000-220,050 Mb in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans. Protists possess numerous cellular, molecular and biochemical traits not observed in “text-book” model organisms. These features challenge some of the concepts and assumptions about the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Like multicellular eukaryotes, many protists encode multiple eIF4Es, but few functional studies have been undertaken except in parasitic species. -
Training Manual for Veterinary Staff on Immunisation Against East Coast Fever
TRAINING MANUAL FOR VETERINARY STAFF ON IMMUNISATION AGAINST EAST COAST FEVER By S.K.Mbogo, D. P.Kariuki, N.McHardy and R. Payne Revised and updated by: S.G. Ndungu, F. D. Wesonga, M. O. Olum and M. W. Maichomo September 2016 Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization Training Manual for Veterinary Staff on Immunisation Against East Coast Fever 1 This publication has been supported by GALVmed with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and UK aid from the UK Government. GALVmed, BMGF and the UK Government do not make any warranties or presentations, expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy on safety of the use of its content and shall not be deemed responsible for any liability related to the practices described in this manual. 2 Training Manual for Veterinary Staff on Immunisation Against East Coast Fever Contents Introduction 5 1. What is East Coast Fever? 6 The life cycle of T. Parva in the vector tick, R. Appendiculatus 6 Stages of the ECF syndrome 9 Questions on East Coast Fever 11 2. Transmission of ECF – the role of the tick 12 Questions on ticks and East Coast Fever 16 3 Immunity to East Coast Fever 17 Questions on immunity to East Coast Fever 19 4 Buffalo – derived theileriosis – “corridor disease”. 20 Questions on corridor disease 21 5. Other tick-borne diseases 22 5.1 Anaplasmosis 22 Other tick –borne disease 24 Questions on anaplasmosis 24 5.2 Babesiosis 25 5.3 Heartwater 28 Questions on heartwater 30 5.4 Other tick-borne diseases 31 Questions on “minor” tick-borne diseases 32 6 The ECFiM system of -
Seroprevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Neospora Caninum, Toxoplasma Gondii and Besnoitia Besnoiti Infections in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis)
animals Article Seroprevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia besnoiti Infections in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Lavinia Ciuca, Giuliano Borriello , Antonio Bosco, Luigi D’Andrea * , Giuseppe Cringoli, Paolo Ciaramella, Maria Paola Maurelli, Antonio Di Loria , Laura Rinaldi and Jacopo Guccione Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (M.P.M.); [email protected] (A.D.L.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (J.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 February 2020; Accepted: 19 March 2020; Published: 22 March 2020 Simple Summary: Over the recent years, increasing demand for buffalo products and consequently expanding its productivity has generated concerns regarding diseases that reduce fertility or cause abortion but the attention has been focused mostly on infectious diseases. Thus, exploration on the capacity of parasitic pathogens in relation to reproductive losses in this species are needed. This was the first study investigating, simultaneously, the role and changes induced by Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia besnoiti in water buffaloes in southern Italy. The outcome of this study revealed a high exposure of water buffaloes to both N. caninum and T. gondii, whereas all the animals resulted negative to B. besnoiti. The mono-infection with N. caninum seems mainly associated with abortion and presence of retained foetal membranes, while mono-infection with T. -
Neospora Caninum Is a Coccidian Parasite That Was Identified As a Species in 1988
Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite that was identified as a species in 1988. Prior to this, it was misclassified as Toxoplasma gondii due to structural similarities.[1] The genome sequence of Neospora caninum has been determined by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the University of Liverpool. Neospora caninum is an important cause of spontaneous abortion in infected livestock. Life cycle and transmission Neospora caninum has a heteroxenous life cycle, with the sexually reproductive stage occurring in the intestine of a definitive host. Until recently, the only known definitive host was the domestic dog.[3] New research has determined that other canids such as coyotes (Canis latrans), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and Australian dingos (Canis lupus dingo) are also definitive hosts.[4][5][6] Oocysts passed in the feces of the definitive host, such as canines or canids, are ingested by an intermediate host, such as cattle. After ingestion of an oocyst, motile and rapidly dividing tachyzoites are released. These tachyzoites disseminate throughout the host, and in response to the host immune response, differentiate into bradyzoites, which form cysts in muscle and tissue. Formation of these cysts results in chronic infection of the intermediate host. Ingestion of infected intermediate host tissue by the definitive host completes the life cycle. A second route of transmission is the congenital transmission from mother to offspring.[7] Transplacental transmission (passage from mother to offspring during pregnancy) has also been shown to occur in dogs, cats, sheep and cattle. If the intermediate host acquires the disease during pregnancy, it activates these cysts, and active infection often causes spontaneous abortion.[7] In addition, if the aborted fetus and membranes are then eaten by the definitive host, they cause further infection and the cycle is complete. -
Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: a Review
pathogens Review Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina 1,2,* , Mohd Rosly Shaari 3, Nur Mahiza Md Isa 1, Mokrish Ajat 4, Mohd Zamri-Saad 5 and Hazilawati Hamzah 1,* 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria 3 Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.A.A.); [email protected] (H.H.); Tel.: +60-11-352-01215 (O.A.A.); +60-19-284-6897 (H.H.) Received: 2 May 2020; Accepted: 16 July 2020; Published: 25 August 2020 Abstract: Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. -
Neospora Caninum and Bovine Neosporosis
RVC OPEN ACCESS REPOSITORY – COPYRIGHT NOTICE This is the peer-reviewed, manuscript version of an article published in Journal of Comparative Pathology. The version of record is available from the journal site: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.08.001. © 2017. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The full details of the published version of the article are as follows: TITLE: Neospora caninum and Bovine Neosporosis: Current Vaccine Research AUTHORS: V.Marugan-Hernandez JOURNAL: Journal of Comparative Pathology PUBLISHER: Elsevier PUBLICATION DATE: September 2017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.08.001 Neospora caninum and bovine neosporosis: current situation in vaccine research Virginia Marugan-Hernandez The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK Summary Neospora caninum, a tissue-cyst-forming parasite, is the causative agent of bovine neosporosis. It is considered to be one of the most important transmissible causes of reproductive failure in cattle; abortion and neonatal mortality result in significant economic losses within the cattle industry worldwide. The balance between acute (mediated by the tachyzoite stage) and persistent (mediated by the bradyzoite stage) phases of the infection is influenced by the immune-status of the animal, and for pregnant cows (the intermediate host) is critical for transplacental (vertical) transmission of the parasite and associated disease outcomes. The horizontal route from the definitive host, the dog, occurs via oocyst ingestion (with sporozoites within) and plays a minor but important role in transmission of the infection in cattle. -
Bovine Theileriosis
EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 125 BOVINE THEILERIOSIS ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Bovine Tick-borne Lymphoproliferati Yes Parvaquone In houses ve diseases, (Parvexon) Tick control characterized by Buparvaquone fever, leucopenia (Butalex) in zoos and/or anaemia Tick control Fact sheet compiled by Last update J. Brandt, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, February 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium D. Geysen, Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium Susceptible animal groups Theileria parva: cattle, African Buffalo* (Syncerus caffer) and Waterbuck (Kobus defassa). T.annulata: cattle, yak (Bos gruniens) and waterbuffalo* (Bubalus bubalis). T.mutans: cattle* and buffalo*. T.taurotragi: cattle, sheep, goat and eland (Taurotragus oryx- natural host). T.velifera: cattle* and buffalo*. T.orientalis/buffeli: cattle * = usually benign Causative organism Several species belonging to the phylum of the Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Theileriidae Pathogenic species are T.parva ( according to the strain: East Coast Fever, Corridor Disease, Buffalo Disease, January Disease, Turning Sickness). T.annulata (Tropical theileriosis, Mediterranean theileriosis). T.taurotragi (Turning Sickness). Other species, i.a. T.mutans, T.orientalis/buffeli, T.velifera are considered to be less or non pathogenic. Zoonotic potential Theileria species of cattle have no zoonotic potential unlike Theileria (Babesia) microti, an American species in rodents which can infect humans Distribution Buffalo and cattle associated T.parva occurs in Eastern and Southern Africa (from S.Sudan to S.Zimbabwe). T.annulata in N.Africa, Sudan, Erithrea, Mediterranean Europe, S. Russia, Near & Middle East, India, China and Central Asia. -
A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY of MALARIAL PARASITES RECOVERED from CYTOCHROME B GENE SEQUENCES
J. Parasitol., 88(5), 2002, pp. 972±978 q American Society of Parasitologists 2002 A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF MALARIAL PARASITES RECOVERED FROM CYTOCHROME b GENE SEQUENCES Susan L. Perkins* and Jos. J. Schall Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: A phylogeny of haemosporidian parasites (phylum Apicomplexa, family Plasmodiidae) was recovered using mito- chondrial cytochrome b gene sequences from 52 species in 4 genera (Plasmodium, Hepatocystis, Haemoproteus, and Leucocy- tozoon), including parasite species infecting mammals, birds, and reptiles from over a wide geographic range. Leucocytozoon species emerged as an appropriate out-group for the other malarial parasites. Both parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses produced similar phylogenetic trees. Life-history traits and parasite morphology, traditionally used as taxonomic characters, are largely phylogenetically uninformative. The Plasmodium and Hepatocystis species of mammalian hosts form 1 well-supported clade, and the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus species of birds and lizards form a second. Within this second clade, the relation- ships between taxa are more complex. Although jackknife support is weak, the Plasmodium of birds may form 1 clade and the Haemoproteus of birds another clade, but the parasites of lizards fall into several clusters, suggesting a more ancient and complex evolutionary history. The parasites currently placed within the genus Haemoproteus may not be monophyletic. Plasmodium falciparum of humans was not derived from an avian malarial ancestor and, except for its close sister species, P. reichenowi,is only distantly related to haemospordian parasites of all other mammals. Plasmodium is paraphyletic with respect to 2 other genera of malarial parasites, Haemoproteus and Hepatocystis. -
Equine Piroplasmosis
EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 119 EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE ? & CONTROL AFFECTED Equines Tick-borne Acute, subacute Sometimes Babesiosis: In houses or chronic disease fatal, in Imidocarb Tick control characterised by particular in (Imizol, erythrolysis: fever, acute T.equi Carbesia, in zoos progressive infections. Forray) Tick control anaemia, icterus, When Dimenazene haemoglobinuria haemoglobinuria diaceturate (in advanced develops, (Berenil) stages). prognosis is Theileriosis: poor. Buparvaquone (Butalex) Fact sheet compiled by Last update J. Brandt, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, February 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by D. Geysen, Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium Susceptible animal groups Horse (Equus caballus), donkey (Equus asinus), mule, zebra (Equus zebra) and Przewalski (Equus przewalskii), likely all Equus spp. are susceptible to equine piroplasmosis or biliary fever. Causative organism Babesia caballi: belonging to the phylum of the Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Babesiidae; Theileria equi, formerly known as Babesia equi or Nutallia equi, apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida, family Theileriidae. Babesia canis has been demonstrated by molecular diagnosis in apparently asymptomatic horses. A single case of Babesia bovis and two cases of Babesia bigemina have been detected in horses by a quantitative PCR. Zoonotic potential Equine piroplasmoses are specific for Equus spp. yet there are some reports of T.equi in asymptomatic dogs. Distribution Widespread: B.caballi occurs in southern Europe, Russia, Asia, Africa, South and Central America and the southern states of the US. T.equi has a more extended geographical distribution and even in tropical regions it occurs more frequent than B.caballi, also in the Mediterranean basin, Switzerland and the SW of France.