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Medieval Deviant Burials from Bulgaria

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Medieval Deviant Burials from Bulgaria Petar Parvanov MEDIEVAL DEVIANT BURIALS FROM BULGARIA TH TH (7 – 14 CENTURIES) MA Thesis in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Central European University CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2016 MEDIEVAL DEVIANT BURIALS FROM BULGARIA TH TH (7 – 14 CENTURIES) by Petar Parvanov (Bulgaria) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest Month YYYY MEDIEVAL DEVIANT BURIALS FROM BULGARIA TH TH (7 – 14 CENTURIES) by Petar Parvanov (Bulgaria) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2016 MEDIEVAL DEVIANT BURIALS FROM BULGARIA TH TH (7 – 14 CENTURIES) by Petar Parvanov (Bulgaria) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2016 I, the undersigned, Petar Parvanov, candidate for the MA degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person‘s or institution‘s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 19 May 2016 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection Abstract The thesis is dealing with the archaeologically known medieval deviant burials from the territory of Bulgaria. The deviant burials have long received the attention of archaeologist, but this is the first systematic collection of the evidence from the Bulgarian lands. The study examines the characteristics of mass graves, prone (face-down) burials, fixation of the body, decapitations and mutilations in long-term perspective. Various elements of the phenomenon are discussed, including chronology, spatial distribution, associated grave goods and correlation between the deviant burial practices. Special attention is paid to the interpretative issues of the deviant burial rites. The traditional explanation as anti-transfiguration or anti-vampire rite is critically evaluated and more balanced interpretations are offered. Their significance as material manifestations of legal culture and social complexity are particularly emphasized. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements First of all, I am thankful to my supervisor Jozsef Laszlovszky for his assistance and influential advice not only on the present work, but throughout my studies. I thank Alice Choyke for her valuable comments and belief in my abilities. I‘m in debt also to Zsuzsa Reed and her efforts to improve my text. I am obliged to Andrew Reynolds from the Institute of Archaeology at UCL for his comments and cooperation. Another big thank you goes to Elena Vasileva, Katja Melamed and Andrey Aladzov from the National Archaeological Institute with Museum and Grigor Boykov from the University of Sofia. The assistance of Tsvetozar Yotov from the Museum of Sofia and Yuri Pulchev from the Center for Underwater Archaeology in Sozopol is much appreciated. I wish to thank Paige Richmond and Rob Sharp for their insightful critique on various parts of the thesis, as well as for their friendship. Particularly grateful I am to Miso Petrovic, Dan- Alexandru Savoaia, Ivan Markis, Milica Vujnovic, Matea Laginja, Lovro Kralj, Sanja Stulic, Bojana Vasiljevic, and many others. I wish to extend my gratitude to Dragomir Mladenov, Metodi Petkov, Sava Stefanov, Alexandar Damyanov, Vladislav Vasilev, Dragostin Tsekov, Ignat Timofeev, Amira al-Madami, Katerina Pitova, and Isabelle Yordanova. They did their best to distract me from my responsibilities and I CEU eTD Collection appreciate it. As always, special praise goes to Ina Hristova. Finally, I want to thank my parents Ivan and Vanina and my wonderful sister Savina. All that I am, I owe to them. ii For the players CEU eTD Collection iii Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................6 Chapter 1 – Methodological Considerations ................................................................................3 Chapter 2 – History of Research ..................................................................................................7 Chapter 3 – The Ultimate Deviant Rite? Medieval Mass Graves in Bulgaria ............................. 23 Chapter 4 – Deviant Burial Rites in Individual Graves .............................................................. 39 Chapter 5 – Outsiders in Death: Spatial Aspects of Deviant Burials........................................... 72 Chapter 6 – Narratives of Deviance: Interpreting the Burial Record .......................................... 89 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 111 References ............................................................................................................................. 116 Catalogue ................................................................................................................................ 132 Appendix A............................................................................................................................. 153 Appendix B ............................................................................................................................. 166 CEU eTD Collection iv List of Abbreviations AOP Археологически открития и разкопки [Archaeological Discoveries and Excavations] CEU eTD Collection v Introduction An early medieval prone burial of a girl from San Calocero in Albenga, Italy. A 14th century seated burial of hanged and decapitated post mortem missionary from Bolgar in Tatarstan, Russia. A late medieval mass grave of supposed plague victims from Paris. This short list of recent finds accumulates and reflects the growing awareness that funerary archaeology needs to tackle the unusual and go beyond its normativity (just like its subject of study does). What is deviant burial and why it occurs are questions that have been part of archaeological thinking longer than we may assume. Nevertheless, the interest of such special cases where the deceased received noticeable differential treatment is just now forming systematic approach towards them. Comprehensive understanding of such varied archaeological record will enhance our perspectives on human behavior across time and space on different levels from invisible long-term processes to individual agency and experience. Recently the theme of deviant burials was reappraised in European archaeology, sometimes creating very heated debate over it. The present situation demonstrated perfectly that the deviant burials were not only sparsely discussed in historiography, but the approach towards them lacks appropriate methodology and theoretical comprehension of this widespread phenomenon. The thesis shall introduce the deviant burial rites in CEU eTD Collection medieval times from the territory of Bulgaria into the wider scholarly discussion by examining unpublished data in consistent manner or reconsidering marginalized finds. The chronological framework for this work will include diachronic perspective on the pagan period of the Bulgar state on the Lower Danube and the following Christian period until 6 the end of the fourteenth century. The geographical scale will be limited to the territory of modern day Bulgaria for the sake of feasibility. The diachronic regional perspective will not only examine its development, but enables the comparison on wider geographical scale with areas of diverse social and cultural characteristics as well. The archaeological evidence will be the very core of the thesis. Additionally, anthropological data and observations will be drawn to support the analysis of the funerary contexts. Written historical accounts will also be occasionally used to contextualize the material remains. The thesis will elaborate on the following research questions: 1. How deviant burials appear in the national archaeology? 2. What spatial relationships exist in relation to deviant burials? 3. Can we trace the existence of continuity between deviant burials from the pagan and
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