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Cross- : A Glossary

Algorithm Journalism: Also known by the name of automated journalism, this Confirmation : the cognitive bias is the case in which are generated by leading people to discuss with like- robot and computer programs. minded others, or to select Applications and consequences of robot sources consistent with their are hard to understand, at the ideas. The fragmentation of channels moment. brought by the Web is giving new strength to this process.

Big Data: the archive of data produced by both algorithms and users, stored in Creative commons: “A Creative private companies’ servers. On the Commons (CC) license is one of several opposite, we define small data the public copyright licenses that enable the amount of information that a user can free distribution of an otherwise actually control. copyrighted "work". A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build Bubble: the information bubble is an upon a work that they (the author) have information homogeneous environment, created” [From Wikipedia]. due to two main factors. On the one hand, people only select information sources consistent with their own ideas; on the : Also referred to as other hand, algorithms selectively offer data-driven journalism, is a new kind of personalized searches, based on the users’ journalism based on the extraction and previous experiences. Given that public the analysis of a huge amount of data, opinion would require an open debate, rather than on the coverage of single how to face the bubble problem is a main events. Data gathering, data cleaning, issue for . For instance, leftist data verification and British The Guardian are usually considered to be its main launched a “Burst your Bubble” section, aspects. Ideally, data journalism should in which they propose a selection of detect some fundamental patterns in the articles from right-wing [see evolution of social systems; practically E. Pariser, The Filter Bubble, 2011]. speaking, it is a very challenging perspective, with a very few real applications. : the reporting of the events - usually live events - by common people, made possible by the Data Visualization: it is the visual diffusion of smartphones, Wi-Fi and representation of data, by means of high-speed connections. , tabs, or maps. In all Western countries, it is highly appreciated by readers, though it requires advanced Debunking: the operation by which an skills - and good software. expert can detect a , by showing the correct version of the events, or the scientific explanation of a phenomenon. : also labeled cyber- prove the debunking to have a journalism, digital journalism or new little effect on most people, due to media journalism, it is actually the most confirmation bias and polarization generic definition of journalism in digital tendencies. era, with a weak analytical utility.

Digital Media Ethics: as a matter of Cross-media: “This concept describes fact, its main issue is how to apply or production where two classical principles of deontology and or more media platforms are involved in ethics, typical of the journalism as a an integrated way. The essence is profession, to all people involved in whether the different media platforms citizen or networked journalism. talk to each other” [I. J. Erdal, 2008, from WP1 Report]. Disintermediation: the process by which, due to the availability of Cross-media Journalism: the ubiquitous and two-way media, people production of news destined to can produce or consume news without simultaneously spread through different depending on the mediation of platforms (YouTube, press, , press institutional players and professional agencies, and so on). journalists. On the other hand, political leaders easily take advantage of this process, by directly addressing their Crowdsourcing Journalism: given followers on Facebook, bypassing the the two-way nature of the Web, mediation of journalists. journalists can involve in their investigations a crowd of users and collaborators. Actually, “crowdsourcing is Echo chamber: it is a Web environment increasingly used in professional – a Facebook page, a community, and so journalism. Journalists are able to on – in which people are only exposed to crowdsource information from the crowd information sources they have chosen in typically by fact checking the information, advance. Limiting the experience to an and then using the information they've echo chamber (i.e. racist pages for racist gathered in their articles as they see fit. people) can pave the way to polarization The leading daily newspaper in Sweden and radicalization. has successfully used crowdsourcing in investigating the home loan interest rates in the country in 2013-2014, resulting to Fact checking: ideally, this is a main over 50,000 submissions” [from task for journalists, requiring the direct Wikipedia]. check of the events (historical documents, material evidences, original law texts, court sentences) in order to limit the spread of fake news.

Mobile Journalism: strictly speaking, Fake news: in Western countries, it is it is the practice of finding, packaging and for sure the most urgent issue in spreading the news by using a single journalism studies, dealing with the ease device, the smartphone. with which fake news – which are hardly a new phenomenon per se - can spread in social media. Network Society: the new state of industrial society, which “can be defined as a social formation with an Free Press Index: it is the most used infrastructure of social and media report about freedom of press and speech networks enabling its prime mode of in 180 countries, yearly released by organization at all levels (individual, Reporters Without Borders group/organizational and societal). [https://rsf.org/en/ranking]. Increasingly, these networks link all units or parts of this formation (individuals, groups and organizations)” [I. Van Dijk, : the mix of technical skills The Network Society, 2006] and tools needed for data visualization (also named graphic design). Networked Journalism: the overall condition of current information arena, News-making: the production of news where journalists are no longer the only according to the specific criteria due to players, but they have to cooperate or professional routines, political choices, compete with influencers, bloggers, and filtering operations. citizen journalists, and political leaders’ social media accounts. In other words, it requires “a diffused Influencer: basically, it is an opinion capacity to record information, share it, leader using one or more social media and distribute it. In a world in which accounts (Instagram, Twitter, or information and communication are Facebook), who is supposed to be highly organized around the , the notion competent in a specific field. There are no of the isolated working alone, universal influencers, but only specialist whether toiling at his desk in a influencers: for fashion, trends, politics, or reporting from a crime scene or a food, high-tech, videogames, and so on. disaster, is obsolete” [B. Van der Haak, To some extent, they are the main Networked Journalism, 2012]. challenge for the profession of journalism. Opinion leader: a common person who is highly exposed to media messages, and Misinformation: while therefore he/she plays a fundamental role refers to ignorance, or the lack of correct in the spread of information. The opinion information, by misinformation we refer leader has a central position in his/her to the deliberate production of rumors social network, and the other members of and fake news. the community will seek advice from this person, with respect to specific issues

(again, there are no omniscient opinion We can say that in the case of cross-media leaders, while there is usually an opinion we have different channels for the spread leader for each given issue). Social of the same story; in the case of trans- proved the opinion-leader to media, which is mostly a production play a powerful role in shaping other issue, we have one “story world” but people’s opinion [From E. Katz, P. many stories, forms or spin-offs dedicated Lazarsfeld, Personal influence, 1955] to different market sectors, like in the Star Wars expanded universe [K. Moloney, Transmedia Journalism, 2017]. Photo-Journalism: a journalistic account based, and not simply accompanied by, photographic Unpaid Labor: in a critical perspective, documentation. Ideally, photo-journalism it is the labor of people working for free, would require both technical skills, and a without any remuneration, for posting clear theoretical understanding of how videos on YouTube, spreading or images work (the so-called visual commenting news on You Reporter, and ). so on. Also defined as free labor or unwaged labor, it is supposed to be a main cause of the rising unemployment Platform: is the current name for the rate in the field of journalism and in most powerful players of the Web cultural industries at large. ecosystem. We basically distinguish architectural platforms (Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, Apple) and Video-Journalism: a journalistic sectorial platforms, dedicated to specific account based, and not simply issues: Spotify, Airbnb, TripAdvisor, or accompanied by, video documentation. You Reporter and Huffington Post in the Ideally, video-journalism would require case of journalism [J. Van Dijck, T. Poell, both technical skills, and a clear M. De Waal, The Platform Society, 2018]. theoretical understanding of how images work (the so-called visual culture). In any case, videos are very often the most Polarization: as an effect of selective popular – and clicked – part in a Web exposition, confirmation bias and the rise page. of digital bubble, public debate is going through a polarization stage. The exposition to unilateral and partial Web 2.0: according to this popular, information sources, in fact, leads to the even though imprecise definition, the radicalization of one’s ideological Web 2.0 is characterized by the diffusion positions [see C. Sunstein, #Republic, of User-Generated Contents (UGC), while 2017]. in the case of the Web 1.0 the user was mostly a reader, rather than a producer [see T. O’Reilly, What is Web 2.0?, 2005]. Transmedia: the difference between transmedia and cross-media is very tiny.