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Sudan Page 1 of 168 Sudan Page 1 of 168 CIVILIAN DEVASTATION Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan PREFACE This report is based on a visit to southern Sudan and Sudanese refugee camps in Kenya and Uganda from late June to late July 1993 by a delegation from Human Rights Watch/Africa (HRW/Africa, formerly Africa Watch) consisting of Jemera Rone, counsel to Human Rights Watch, and John Prendergast, a consultant to HRW/Africa. The delegation visited the towns of Nasir, Ayod, Waat, Kongor, Lafon, Nimule, Aswa, and Atepi in southern Sudan, and refugee camps in Uganda and Kenya, and interviewed about 200 victims of the war and other witnesses to the violence. Interviews were also conducted in London, Cairo, Nairobi and Washington, D.C. HRW/Africa sought to visit Khartoum and other locations in government-controlled Sudan, but was denied permission- -at the same time that the government was announcing to the world that everyone was free to "come and see for yourselves." The government initially granted Ms. Rone a visa and agreed on a date for the visit in June 1993. At the last minute, the government asked to defer the visit until July, and then cancelled that visit as well, also at the last minute, without any mention of a future date. The Sudan Embassy in Washington, D.C. even announced in its U.S. publication that HRW/Africa was about to visit. Since it cancelled the July 1993 visit, the government has abstained from any contact with HRW/Africa. In contrast, HRW/Africa encountered few problems entering the areas of Sudan controlled by the two rebel factions. HRW/Africa met and discussed its human rights concerns with several people in the leadership of SPLA-Nasir/United. Such high-level meetings were not granted by SPLA-Torit, however. This report is based primarily on the field work of Jemera Rone and John Prendergast. It is based on eyewitness reports where possible, although the eyewitnesses are generally not identified for safety reasons. Because of the preference for first-hand accounts, this is not an exhaustive account of violations during the war in 1991-93. For instance, the tragic situation in the Nuba mountains in south Kordofan is not covered in this report, but was reported in our publication "Sudan: Eradicating the Nuba" (September 9, 1992). The information in this report, however, is fairly representative of the types of abuses that occur throughout the south in the war. The report was written by Jemera Rone with the help of John Prendergast and edited by Karen Sorensen, research associate of HRW/Africa. HRW/Africa would like to acknowledge with thanks the informed comments of Dr. Douglas H. Johnson of St. Anthony's College, Oxford, England and Dr. Andrew N. M. Mawson of Amnesty International, London, England, on the draft report. We are grateful for the assistance of many others who have asked to remain anonymous. GLOSSARY Anya-Nya the southern Sudanese rebel army of the first civil war, 1955-72 Anya-Nya II rebel south Sudanese forces who, together with former members of the Sudanese army, formed the SPLA in 1983; also, some of those forces that defected from the SPLA later in 1983 and became a militia force of Nuer in file://I:\TMP1ck9iu0i8t.htm 03/03/2004 Sudan Page 2 of 168 Upper Nile province supported by the Sudanese government; several Anya-Nya II groups over the years were wooed back to the SPLA EEC European Economic Community Hunger Triangle A name adopted by relief organizations in 1993 for the area defined by Kongor, Ayod, and Waat, in Upper Nile province, where hunger was especially acute ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross Murahallin Arab tribal militias NGO Nongovernmental Organization NIF National Islamic Front, the militant Islamic political party which came to power in 1989 after a military coup overthrew the elected government Nuba The African people living in south Kordofan's Nuba Mountains; some are Muslims, some Christians, and some practice traditional African religions OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, within U.S. Agency for International Development OLS Operation Lifeline Sudan, a joint United Nations/NGO relief operation for internally displaced and famine and war victims in Sudan which began operations in 1989.It serves territory controlled by the government and by the SPLA. Much of its work in southern Sudan is through cross-border operations conducted by OLS' Southern sector based in Nairobi. PDF Popular Defence Force, a government-sponsored militia RASS Relief Association of Southern Sudan, the relief wing of SPLA-Nasir Red Army SPLA military unit composed of minors SPLA the Sudanese rebel army formed in 1983 headed by Commander-in-Chief John Garang; in 1991 it split into two factions SPLA-Nasir the faction of the SPLA that broke away from John Garang's leadership in August 1991, led by Riek Machar and based in Nasir, Upper Nile SPLA-Nasir/United same as SPLA/United, used here to refer to the rebel movement led by Riek Machar after March 27, 1993 SPLA-United the name that SPLA-Nasir and other SPLA dissidents adopted after they united on March 27, 1993 SPLA-Torit the faction of SPLA that, after the August 1991 division, remained under the leadership of John Garang, based in Torit, Eastern Equatoria province, until that town fell to the government in July 1992; also known as SPLA- Mainstream file://I:\TMP1ck9iu0i8t.htm 03/03/2004 Sudan Page 3 of 168 SPLM Sudan People's Liberation Movement, the political organization of the Sudanese rebels formed in 1983, of which John Garang is chairman SRRA Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Association, relief wing of the SPLA-Torit Triple A camps displaced persons camps in Ame, Aswa and Atepi created in 1992 in Eastern Equatoria and evacuated in 1994 due to government military advances UNDP United Nations Development Program UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund White Army An informal local self-organized defense force of Nuer in Upper Nile province, also called "Decbor" WFP World Food Program I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The civil war that has raged in southern Sudan since 1983 has claimed the lives of some 1.3 million persons, southern civilians.1 The specific causes of death vary--victims either have been targeted, or they have fallen in indiscriminate fire, or they have been stripped of their assets and displaced, such that they have died of starvation and disease. All the parties to the conflict are responsible for these deaths, including the government and the rebels of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A, hereafter SPLA), who in 1991 split into two factions, SPLA-Torit and the breakaway SPLA-Nasir. All parties have waged war in total disregard of the welfare of the civilian population and in violation of almost every rule of war applicable in an internal armed conflict.2 Sudan is internationally recognized as an economic basket case.3 In the underdeveloped south, war, flood, drought, disease, and mismanagement have rendered useless ordinary survival strategies and made millions wholly or partially dependent on emergency food assistance provided by the United Nations (U.N.) and foreign agencies--that is, when the government or rebels do not prevent the civilian population from receiving this relief. Sudan, with approximately twenty-five million people in nearly one million square miles, occupies the largest land area of any country in Africa.4 The southern third of Sudan, which occupies a larger land area than many neighboring countries, such as Uganda, had a pre-war population of some five to six million. The population of southern Sudan is now estimated at four and a half million. The U.N. estimates that the population declined 1.9 percent in the year of 1993, and that the excess mortality in that year alone was 220,000. This report makes it clear, through one horrifying testimony after another, just how such a large toll could have been reached. Among the abuses committed by the government in the southern conflict, documented in greater detail in prior HRW/Africa reports but also included here, are: · indiscriminate aerial bombardment of southern population centers; · scorched earth tactics against villages around garrison towns, burning and looting the villages and killing, displacing file://I:\TMP1ck9iu0i8t.htm 03/03/2004 Sudan Page 4 of 168 or capturing civilians; · use of torture, disappearance and summary execution, particularly against residents of garrison towns in order to quash civic opposition to government policies, such civic opposition in Juba to the mandatory use of Arabic in what had been English-language schools, and forcible conversion to Islam; · restriction of movement of the civilian residents of garrison towns--in Juba, forbidding them from leaving even in times of food scarcity--and placement of land mines and military patrols on the exit routes to enforce the ban on movement; · killing civilians, pillage of civilian cattle and grain and burning of homes by tribal militias armed by persons and political parties aligned with the government to carry on its counterinsurgency war on the cheap and to "drain the sea" of tribes deemed supportive of the SPLA; · cruel and inhuman prison conditions; · lack of due process; · abducting women and children; and · severe restrictions on relief efforts by international and U.N. agencies, and impunity given to army officers and others who profiteer on relief food. Among the abuses committed by the two SPLA factions are: · indiscriminate attacks on civilians living in the territory of the other SPLA faction;
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