Module 4: Putting the Pieces Together
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Biology 152 – Brain/Spinal Cord/Ear/Eye Objectives
Biology 152 – Brain/Spinal Cord/Ear/Eye Objectives Items will be identified on a sheep's brain dissection, human brain models, sagittal/coronal sections of human brains in plastic, ear and eye models, and an eye dissection. You will need to learn a proper function for each listed item for the practical. BRAIN REGIONS – learn their names, position in the brain, and functions Meninges – protective tissue layers around the brain and spinal cord Dura mater strong mother, collagenous layer with dural sinuses, protects brain and allows reabsorption of CSF into blood stream Arachnoid arachnoid villi “pooch” into dural sinus to allow CSF loss to blood, holds membrane CSF and allows circulation around brain/spine Pia mater weak mother, holds shape of brain and allows diffusion of nutrients and wastes between tissues and CSF Cerebrum – two hemispheres where all conscious thought occurs L/R Hemispheres dual hard drives that control behavior and store all memory Cerebral cortex thin gray matter (nonmyelinated) layer that stores information Frontal lobe site of voluntary motor control, behavior, and intelligence Parietal lobe site of gustatory (taste) storage, special sense/navigation ability Temporal lobe site of olfactory and auditory memory storage Occipital lobe site of visual memory storage Precentral gyrus primary motor cortex router connecting frontal lobe to muscles Postcentral gyrus primary somatosensory router connecting senses to posterior brain regions Central sulcus low spot in cerebrum dividing all motor from all sensory areas Gyri/sulci -
Axis Scientific Skull with Muscle Origins and Insertions A-108851
Axis Scientific Skull with Muscle Origins and Insertions A-108851 *Muscle Origins = RED Anterior View Occipital Bone Posterior View *Muscle Insertions = BLUE Posterior Cerebral Artery Frontal Bone Basilar Artery Pontine Arteries Parietal Bone Nasal Bone Temporal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporalis Parietal Bone Occipitofrontalis Occipital Bone Lacrimal Bone Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Temporalis Semispinalis Capitis Temporal Bone Corrugator Supercilii Splenius Capitis Longissimus Capitis Orbicularis Oculi Obliquus Capitis Superior Temporal Basilar Artery Bone Procerus Rectis Capitis C1 Posterior Major Vertebral Artery Levator Labii Superioris C2 Alaeque Nasi Rectis Capitis Posterior Minor Sphenoid Levator Labii Superioris Posterior Digastric Zygomatic Bone Bone C3 Nasalis (Transverse Part) Rectis Capitis C4 Masseter Lateralis Spinal Nerve Zygomaticus Major C5 Zygomatic Medial Pterygoid Bone Zygomaticus Minor C6 Temporalis Mylohyoid C7 Mandible Levator Anguli Oris Vomer Nasalis (Alar Part) Spinal Nerve Spinal Cord Maxilla Orbicularis Oris Depressor Septi Nasi Masseter Medial Superior Masseter Mandible Orbicularis Oris Constrictor Pterygoid Inferior View Styloglossus Platysma Mylohyoid Depressor Stylohyoid Anguli Oris Anterior Stylopharyngeus Spinal Nerve Depressor Digastric Labii Inferioris Posterior Geniohyoid Digastric Vertebral Artery Mentalis Rectis Capitis Genioglossus Lateralis Rectis Capitis Buccinator Mandible Posterior Major Rectis Capitis Posterior Minor Frontal Bone Corrugator Supercilii Orbicularis Oculi Lacrimal Bone Depressor -
Questions on Human Anatomy
Standard Medical Text-books. ROBERTS’ PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. The Theory and Practice of Medicine. By Frederick T. Roberts, m.d. Third edi- tion. Octavo. Price, cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00 Recommended at University of Pennsylvania. Long Island College Hospital, Yale and Harvard Colleges, Bishop’s College, Montreal; Uni- versity of Michigan, and over twenty other medical schools. MEIGS & PEPPER ON CHILDREN. A Practical Treatise on Diseases of Children. By J. Forsyth Meigs, m.d., and William Pepper, m.d. 7th edition. 8vo. Price, cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00 Recommended at thirty-five of the principal medical colleges in the United States, including Bellevue Hospital, New York, University of Pennsylvania, and Long Island College Hospital. BIDDLE’S MATERIA MEDICA. Materia Medica, for the Use of Students and Physicians. By the late Prof. John B Biddle, m.d., Professor of Materia Medica in Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia. The Eighth edition. Octavo. Price, cloth, $4.00 Recommended in colleges in all parts of the UnitedStates. BYFORD ON WOMEN. The Diseases and Accidents Incident to Women. By Wm. H. Byford, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Chicago Medical College. Third edition, revised. 164 illus. Price, cloth, $5.00; leather, $6.00 “ Being particularly of use where questions of etiology and general treatment are concerned.”—American Journal of Obstetrics. CAZEAUX’S GREAT WORK ON OBSTETRICS. A practical Text-book on Midwifery. The most complete book now before the profession. Sixth edition, illus. Price, cloth, $6.00 ; leather, $7.00 Recommended at nearly fifty medical schools in the United States. -
Neuromuscular Organisation of Mammalian Extraocular Muscles
Rapporter fra Høgskolen i Buskerud nr. 36 RAPPORT RAPPORT Neuromuscular organisation of mammalian extraocular muscles Inga-Britt Kjellevold Haugen (M.Phil) Rapporter fra Høgskolen i Buskerud Nr. 36 Neuromuscular organisation of mammalian extraocular muscles Inga-Britt Kjellevold Haugen (M.Phil) Kongsberg 2002 HiBus publikasjoner kan kopieres fritt og videreformidles til andre interesserte uten avgift. En forutsetning er at navn på utgiver og forfatter(e) angis - og angis korrekt. Det må ikke foretas endringer i verket. ISBN 82-91116-52-0 ISSN 0807-4488 2 CONTENTS 1. PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 4 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................. 5 3. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 6 4. LITERATURE REVIEW OF MAMMALIAN EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES .................... 10 4.1 MUSCLE HISTOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 14 4.1.1 Ultrastructure and physiology ............................................................................................. 14 4.1.2 Fibre classification and distribution .................................................................................... 21 4.1.3 Motor innervation ............................................................................................................... -
Surgical Anatomy of the Upper Eyelid Relating to Upper Blepharoplasty Or Blepharoptosis Surgery
Review Article http://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.2013.46.2.93 pISSN 2093-3665 eISSN 2093-3673 Surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid relating to upper blepharoplasty or blepharoptosis surgery Kun Hwang Department of Plastic Surgery and Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 Project, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea Abstract: Eyelid anatomy, including thickness measurements, was examined in numerous age groups. The thickest part of the upper eyelid is just below the eyebrow (1.127±238 μm), and the thinnest near the ciliary margin (320±49 μm). The thickness of skin at 7 mm above the eyelashes was 860±305 μm. The results revealed no significant differences among the age groups. Fast fibers (87.8±3.7%) occupied a significantly larger portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) than nonfast fibers (12.2±3.7%). The frontalis muscle passed through and was inserted into the bundles of the OOM on the superior border of the eyebrow at the middle and medial portions of the upper eyelid. Laterally, the frontalis muscle inserted about 0.5 cm below the superior border of the eyebrow. Fast fibers occupied a significantly larger portion of the OOM than did non-fast fibers. The oculomotor nerve ends that extend forward to the distal third of the levator muscle are exposed and vulnerable to local anesthetics and may be numbed during blepharoplasty. The orbital septum consists of 2 layers. The outer layer of loose connective tissue descends to interdigitate with the levator aponeurosis and disperses inferiorly. The inner layer follows the outer layer, then reflects and continues posteriorly with the levator sheath. -
Head & Neck Muscle Table
Robert Frysztak, PhD. Structure of the Human Body Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine HEAD‐NECK MUSCLE TABLE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT DISTAL ATTACHMENT MUSCLE INNERVATION MAIN ACTIONS BLOOD SUPPLY MUSCLE GROUP (ORIGIN) (INSERTION) Anterior floor of orbit lateral to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Abducts, elevates, and laterally Inferior oblique Lateral sclera deep to lateral rectus Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular nasolacrimal canal division rotates eyeball Inferior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Depresses, adducts, and laterally Inferior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division rotates eyeball Lateral aspect of eyeball, posterior to Lateral rectus Common tendinous ring Abducent nerve (CN VI) Abducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction Medial aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Medial rectus Common tendinous ring Adducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division Passes through trochlea, attaches to Body of sphenoid (above optic foramen), Abducts, depresses, and medially Superior oblique superior sclera between superior and Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular medial to origin of superior rectus rotates eyeball lateral recti Superior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), superior Elevates, adducts, and medially Superior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular the corneoscleral junction division -
Blepharoplasty
Blepharoplasty Bobby Tajudeen Brow position • medial brow as having its medial origin at the level of a vertical line drawn to the nasal alar-facial junction • lateral extent of the brow should reach a point on a line drawn from the nasal alar-facial junction through the lateral canthus of the eye • brow should arch superiorly, well above the supraorbital rim, with the highest point lying at the lateral limbus • Less arched in men • midpupillary line and the inferior brow border should be approximately 2.5 cm. The distance from the superior border of the brow to the anterior hairline should be 5 cm Eyelid aesthetics • The highest point of the upper eyelid is at the medial limbus, and the lowest point of the lower eyelid is at the lateral limbus. • Sharp canthal angles should exist, especially at the lateral canthus. • The upper eyelid orbicularis muscle should be smooth and flat, and the upper eyelid crease should be crisp. The upper lid crease should lie between 8 and 12 mm from the lid margin in the Caucasian patient. • The upper lid margin should cover 1 to 2 mm of the superior limbus, and the lower lid margin should lie at the inferior limbus or 1 mm below the inferior limbus • The lower eyelid should closely appose the globe without any drooping of the lid away from the globe (ectropion) or in toward the globe (entropion) Lid laxity and excess • A pinch test helps determine the degree of excess lid skin that is present. The snap test helps determine the degree of lower lid laxity and is useful in preoperative planning Evaluation • -
1 Extraocular Muscle Anatomy and Innervation
BLBK403-c01 BLBK403-Rowe December 14, 2011 7:18 Trim: 244mm×172mm Char Count= SECTION I COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1 BLBK403-c01 BLBK403-Rowe December 14, 2011 7:18 Trim: 244mm×172mm Char Count= 2 BLBK403-c01 BLBK403-Rowe December 14, 2011 7:18 Trim: 244mm×172mm Char Count= Extraocular Muscle Anatomy 1 and Innervation This chapter outlines the anatomy of the extraocular muscles and their innervation and associated cranial nerves (II, V, VII and VIII). There are four rectus and two oblique muscles attached to each eye. The rectus muscles originate from the Annulus of Zinn, which encircles the optic foramen and medial portion of the superior orbital fissure (Fig. 1.1). These muscles pass forward in the orbit and gradually diverge to form the orbital muscle cone. By means of a tendon, the muscles insert into the sclera anterior to the rotation centre of the globe (Fig. 1.2). The extraocular muscles are striated muscles. They contain slow fibres, which produce a graded contracture on the exterior surface, and fast fibres, which produce rapid movements on the interior surface adjacent to the globe. The slow fibres con- tain a high content of mitochondria and oxidative enzymes. The fast fibres contain high amounts of glycogen and glycolytic enzymes and less oxidative enzymes than the slow fibres. The global layer of the extraocular muscles contains palisade end- ings in the myotendonous junctions, which are believed to act as sensory receptors. Signals from the palisade endings passing to the central nervous system may serve to maintain muscle tension (Ruskell 1999, Donaldson 2000). -
Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures
Rhoton Yoshioka Atlas of the Facial Nerve Unique Atlas Opens Window and Related Structures Into Facial Nerve Anatomy… Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures and Related Nerve Facial of the Atlas “His meticulous methods of anatomical dissection and microsurgical techniques helped transform the primitive specialty of neurosurgery into the magnificent surgical discipline that it is today.”— Nobutaka Yoshioka American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Albert L. Rhoton, Jr. Nobutaka Yoshioka, MD, PhD and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., MD have created an anatomical atlas of astounding precision. An unparalleled teaching tool, this atlas opens a unique window into the anatomical intricacies of complex facial nerves and related structures. An internationally renowned author, educator, brain anatomist, and neurosurgeon, Dr. Rhoton is regarded by colleagues as one of the fathers of modern microscopic neurosurgery. Dr. Yoshioka, an esteemed craniofacial reconstructive surgeon in Japan, mastered this precise dissection technique while undertaking a fellowship at Dr. Rhoton’s microanatomy lab, writing in the preface that within such precision images lies potential for surgical innovation. Special Features • Exquisite color photographs, prepared from carefully dissected latex injected cadavers, reveal anatomy layer by layer with remarkable detail and clarity • An added highlight, 3-D versions of these extraordinary images, are available online in the Thieme MediaCenter • Major sections include intracranial region and skull, upper facial and midfacial region, and lower facial and posterolateral neck region Organized by region, each layered dissection elucidates specific nerves and structures with pinpoint accuracy, providing the clinician with in-depth anatomical insights. Precise clinical explanations accompany each photograph. In tandem, the images and text provide an excellent foundation for understanding the nerves and structures impacted by neurosurgical-related pathologies as well as other conditions and injuries. -
Appendix B: Muscles of the Speech Production Mechanism
Appendix B: Muscles of the Speech Production Mechanism I. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION A. MUSCLES OF INHALATION (muscles that enlarge the thoracic cavity) 1. Diaphragm Attachments: The diaphragm originates in a number of places: the lower tip of the sternum; the first 3 or 4 lumbar vertebrae and the lower borders and inner surfaces of the cartilages of ribs 7 - 12. All fibers insert into a central tendon (aponeurosis of the diaphragm). Function: Contraction of the diaphragm draws the central tendon down and forward, which enlarges the thoracic cavity vertically. It can also elevate to some extent the lower ribs. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. 2. External Intercostals Attachments: The external intercostals run from the lip on the lower border of each rib inferiorly and medially to the upper border of the rib immediately below. Function: These muscles may have several functions. They serve to strengthen the thoracic wall so that it doesn't bulge between the ribs. They provide a checking action to counteract relaxation pressure. Because of the direction of attachment of their fibers, the external intercostals can raise the thoracic cage for inhalation. 3. Pectoralis Major Attachments: This muscle attaches on the anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle, the sternum and costal cartilages 1-6 or 7. All fibers come together and insert at the greater tubercle of the humerus. Function: Pectoralis major is primarily an abductor of the arm. It can, however, serve as a supplemental (or compensatory) muscle of inhalation, raising the rib cage and sternum. (In other words, breathing by raising and lowering the arms!) It is mentioned here chiefly because it is encountered in the dissection. -
Anatomy of the Periorbital Region Review Article Anatomia Da Região Periorbital
RevSurgicalV5N3Inglês_RevistaSurgical&CosmeticDermatol 21/01/14 17:54 Página 245 245 Anatomy of the periorbital region Review article Anatomia da região periorbital Authors: Eliandre Costa Palermo1 ABSTRACT A careful study of the anatomy of the orbit is very important for dermatologists, even for those who do not perform major surgical procedures. This is due to the high complexity of the structures involved in the dermatological procedures performed in this region. A 1 Dermatologist Physician, Lato sensu post- detailed knowledge of facial anatomy is what differentiates a qualified professional— graduate diploma in Dermatologic Surgery from the Faculdade de Medician whether in performing minimally invasive procedures (such as botulinum toxin and der- do ABC - Santo André (SP), Brazil mal fillings) or in conducting excisions of skin lesions—thereby avoiding complications and ensuring the best results, both aesthetically and correctively. The present review article focuses on the anatomy of the orbit and palpebral region and on the important structures related to the execution of dermatological procedures. Keywords: eyelids; anatomy; skin. RESU MO Um estudo cuidadoso da anatomia da órbita é muito importante para os dermatologistas, mesmo para os que não realizam grandes procedimentos cirúrgicos, devido à elevada complexidade de estruturas envolvidas nos procedimentos dermatológicos realizados nesta região. O conhecimento detalhado da anatomia facial é o que diferencia o profissional qualificado, seja na realização de procedimentos mini- mamente invasivos, como toxina botulínica e preenchimentos, seja nas exéreses de lesões dermatoló- Correspondence: Dr. Eliandre Costa Palermo gicas, evitando complicações e assegurando os melhores resultados, tanto estéticos quanto corretivos. Av. São Gualter, 615 Trataremos neste artigo da revisão da anatomia da região órbito-palpebral e das estruturas importan- Cep: 05455 000 Alto de Pinheiros—São tes correlacionadas à realização dos procedimentos dermatológicos. -
Double-Bellied Superior Rectus Muscle
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (2019) 41:713–715 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-019-02211-0 ANATOMIC VARIATIONS Double-bellied superior rectus muscle Satheesha B. Nayak1 · Surekha D. Shetty1 · Naveen Kumar1 · Ashwini P. Aithal1 Received: 3 September 2018 / Accepted: 23 February 2019 / Published online: 7 March 2019 © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Congenital variations of extraocular muscles are rare. We report a double-bellied superior rectus muscle, observed in an adult male cadaver aged 70 years. The superior rectus muscle had two equal-sized bellies, which took separate origins from the common tendinous ring and united to form a common belly 1 cm before the insertion. Due to the duplication, the muscle extended laterally beyond the levator palpebrae superioris. Both its bellies were supplied by oculomotor nerve. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on doubling of the belly of the superior rectus muscle. Keywords Extraocular · Orbit · Superior rectus muscle · Eye movement · Strabismus Introduction Case report Voluntary movements of the eyeball are performed by six During dissection classes for the first-year medical students, extraocular muscles, namely superior rectus muscle, the we observed a unique variation in the right orbit of an adult inferior rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, lateral rectus male cadaver aged 70 years. The cadaver was donated to the muscle, superior oblique muscle, and inferior oblique mus- department for teaching and research purpose. No history of cles. Variations of these muscles can result in restrictions of strabismus or visual defects is available. The variation was movements of eyeball, causing strabismus.