The Medicinal Plant Market of Borjomi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus

Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 16(1), January 2017, pp. 25-34

Plants in the spa – the medicinal plant market of Borjomi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus

Bussmann Rainer W1*, Paniagua Zambrana, Narel Y2, Sikharulidze, Shalva3, Kikvidze, Zaal4, Kikodze, David3, Tchelidze, David, Batsatsashvili, Ketevan3, Hart & Robbie E1 1William L Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166- 0299, USA; 2Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología-UMSA, Campus Universitario, Cota Cota Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia; 3Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Botanikuri St. 1, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia; 44-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, 5, Cholokasvili Ave. 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Received 24 June 2016, revised 14 July 2016

As part of a larger ethnobotanical inventory of Skartvelo (Republic of Georgia) we studied the medicinal plant market in Borjomi Spa since 2013. All of the venders in Borjomi featured the same set of medicinal plant mixtures, and essentially no plants were sold separately. Overall, the same 17 distinct mixtures were sold by all venders. Plants, according to the venders, were collected by them in the wider surroundings of Borjomi, and all mixtures were prepared at home. Although the preparations of medicinal plant mixtures in Borjomi seemed very controlled and standardized, the separation of all mixtures into their respective ingredients revealed that most mixtures either contained contaminants, and/or lacked ingredients claimed to be included. This study underlines that in many cases natural remedies sold in markets can be problematic, and that great care should be taken before using any medicine, whether allopathic or complimentary. Linguistic explanations for all plant names and indications are given.

Keywords: Caucasus, Markets, Medicinal plants, Standardization, Contaminants, Linguistic ethnobotany

IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K 36/00, A47F 5/00, A47F 7/00, A47F 9/00, E04H 1/12

Borjomi (Georgian: ბორჯომი) is small resort town a commodity. In 1854 Borjomi was exporting 1,350 in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of South-central bottles which by 1905 had grown to 320,000 and by Georgia. Borjomi is situated in the North western part the 1980s to 400 million, as the water found its way to 5 of Samtskhe-Javakhetiin the Borjomi Gorge on the the farthest corners of Soviet Union . Today, the 6 eastern edge of the Borjomi-Kharagauli National bottled water is famous worldwide . Park, covered with coniferous and deciduous forests. The town is at the relatively low elevation of 810-850 m Materials and methods above sea level, amid the lesser Caucasus (Fig. 1). Ethnobotanical interviews The waters of Borjomi have been famous for their Fieldwork was conducted in Borjomi in July- curative effects for centuries. Archaeological August 2013, July-August 2014, and September- materials suggest the medical uses of mineral waters October 2015. Interviews using semi-structured in Borjomi, as elsewhere in Georgia, dating back at questionnaires were conducted with all participating least to the classical period, and perhaps much medicinal plant venders (6) at their respective market earlier1,2. In the 1830s, the springs at Borjomi were stands, after obtaining their oral prior informed rediscovered on the banks of the Borjomka Riverby consent. All venders were male, and in their 50s and Tsarist soldiers3. The waters of Borjomi quickly grew 60s. All interviews were carried out in by native more well-known over the next twenty years, and a speakers in Georgian and then translated into English. bottling plant and spa buildings were constructed4. As Samples of all products were bought, and the content the tourism infrastructure increased and the number of separated at the National Herbarium of Georgia for identification.Plant material was identified using the visitors grew, so did the value of the Borjomi water as 7,8,9 —————— Flora of Georgia , as well as Herbarium vouchers *Corresponding author for verification. All material was deposited in the 26 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Fig.1—Study area (based on United Nations, modified). National Herbarium of Georgia. The nomenclature of all species follows www.tropicos.org, under APGIII10.

Results All of the venders in Borjomi featured the same set of medicinal plant mixtures, and essentially no plants were sold separately. All plant stands advertised both in Georgian and Russian, reflecting the tradition of Borjomi as a spa and tourist destination, with a large Russian speaking clientele (Fig. 2A). The medicinal plant mixtures were always sold in standardized packages that contained overall 40 species of plants, and included a short Georgian and/or Russian description of the respective indications (Fig. 2B). Fig. 2—Plant markets in Borjomi. A./B. Plant stands. C. Mixture Overall, the same 17 distinct mixtures were sold by 3 fresh from a package. D. Mixture 3 separated into ingredients. all venders. Plants, according to the venders, were indicated below (LF=leaf; ST=stem; FL=Flower; collected by them in the wider surroundings of RT=Root) and we note where the packages contain Borjomi, and all mixtures were prepared at home. few or very few of the identified ingredients relative Every vender could provide an exact ingredient list in to other ingredients. Georgian and Russian for all preparations, in some cases including Latin plant names (Fig. 2C). Every Mixture 1: Kidneys – [თირკმლის - thirkmli - for preparation was sold with detailed instructions as how kidneys - Georgian; дляпочек - dlya pochek - for kidneys - Russian]. to prepare the remedy, what dosage to take, and for how long to continue treatment. In case of the one Species claimed on the label and included in the potentially highly toxic mixture (#17, containing only mixture:1. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. root of Helleborus sp.) the indications covered a (Lamiaceae) (LF); 2. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) whole page. An overview of the content of all Spreng. (Ericaceae) (LF, few); 3. Zea mays L. mixtures is given below. (Poaceae) (stigmata); 4. Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaeae) (FL, FR); 5. Pyrethrum sp. Plant mixtures (Asteraceae) (FL); 6. Bidens tripartita L. (Asteraceae) The 17 plant mixtures sold in Borjomi are given (FL, very few). 7. Equisetum sp. (ST). below, with enumarion enumeration of the ingredients following the numbering on the original packages. Species claimed on the label but not included in Venders reported that the order indicated the the package: 8 .Polygonum aviculare L. importance of the ingredients, from most to least (Polygonaceae) (LF); 9. Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (Amaranthaceae) (LF). important. For each mixture, we identify ingredients claimed on the label, but not included in the package Contaminants: Helichrysum sp. (Asteraceae) and ingredients present in the package, but not (FL); Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) (SEED 1); included on the label (contaminents). Plant organs are Cichoriumintybus L. (Asteraceae) (ST few) BUSSMANN et al.: MEDICINAL PLANT MARKET, BORJOMI, GEORGIA (CAUCASUS) 27

Mixture 2: Prostate [პროსტატა - prostata - Species claimed on the label and included in the Georgian; простата - prostata -Russian]. mixture:1. Glycyrrhiza glabra (ST, main ingredient); 2. Tussilago farfara (FL, LF). Species claimed on the label and included in the mixture:1. Orthosiphon stamineus (LF); 2. Species claimed on the label but not included in Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LF); 3. Zea mays (stigmata); the package: 3. Plantago major (LF); 4. Eucalyptus 4. Hypericum perforatum (FL, FR); 5. Pyrethrum sp. globulus (LF); 5. Origanum vulgare (LF); 6. Inula (FL); 6. Bidens tripartita (FL, very few); 7. helenium (FL, LF); 7. Tilia sp. (FL). Equisetum sp. (ST). Contaminants: A few small unidentifiable leaves Species claimed on the label but not included in and branches the package: 8. Polygonum aviculare (LF); 9. Aerva Mixture 6: For gastric ulcer [კუჭისწყლულისთვის lanata (LF). - kuchis tsklulistvis - for gastric ulcer - Georgian]. Mixture 3: Liver and gall bladder Species claimed on the label and included in the [ღვიძლისდანაღვლის - ghvidzlis da nagvlis - for mixture:2. Origanum vulgare (LF); 3. Pyrethrum sp. liver and bile - Georgian;дляпечениижелч - dlya (FL); 4. Calendula officinalis (FL); 5. Quercus sp. pecheni i zhelch - for liver and bile - Russian]. (Fagaceae) (BK).

Species claimed on the label and included in the Species claimed on the label but not included in mixture:1. Helichrysum sp. (FL); 3. Origanum the package: 1. Hypericum perforatum (FL, LF); 6. vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) (LF, FL, ST, few); 4. Plantago major (LF); 7. Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae) (LF). Pyrethrum sp. (FL); 5. Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) (FL, very few); 6. Cichorium intybus Mixture 7: Against allergies [ალერგიის - alergiis (ST); 7. Hypericum perforatum (FL, ST); 8. Mentha x - against allergies - Georgian]. piperita L. (Lamiaceae),(LF, few); 9. Achillea Species claimed on the label and included in the millefolium L. (Asteraceae) (FL); 10. Sorbus boissieri mixture: 1. Bidens tripartita (LF, ST); 2. Pyrethrum C.K. Schneid.(Rosaceae) (FR). sp. (FL, little). Species claimed on the label but not included in the package: 2. Chelidonium majus L. Species included in the mixture but not claimed (Papaveraceae) (FL, ST, LF). on the label: Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) (FL, main ingredient). Contaminants: Equisetum sp. (LF 2). Species claimed on the label but not included in Mixture 4: Bronchitis [ბრონქიტი - bronqiti - the package: 3. Chelidonium majus (FL, LF); 4. Zea bronchitis - Georgian; бронхит - bronkhit - bronchitis mays (stigmata). - Russian]. Mixture 8: Neurosis [ნევროზი - nevrozi - for Species claimed on the label and included in the neurisis - Georgian] mixture:1. Glycyrrhiza glabra Torr. (Fabaceae) (ST); Species claimed on the label and included in the 3. Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) (LF, little); 4. mixture: 1. Valeriana sp. (Caprifoliaceae) (RT); 5. Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) (LF); 5. Mentha x piperita L. (Lamiaceae) (FL); 6. Crataegus Origanum vulgare (FL); 6. Inula helenium L. sp. (Rosaceae) (FR). (Asteraceae) (LF, few); 7. Tilia sp. (Malvaceae) (FL). Species included in the mixture but not claimed Species claimed on the label but not included in the on the label: Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. (FL, package: 2. Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae) (FL, LF) LF, main ingredient).

Contaminants: Sorbus boissieri C.K. Schneid. Species claimed on the label but not included in (FR); (LF, few) the package: 2. Origanum vulgare (LF); 3. Tussilago farfara (FL, LF); 4. Pyrethrum sp. (FL) Mixture 5: Bronchial asthma [ბრონქიალურიასთმა - bronqialuri asthma - bronchial asthma - Georgian] - Mixture 9: Against diarrhea [კუჭისშემკვრელი - this is not “the same” as “bronchtis” in mixture 4. kuchis shemkvreli - tying the stomach -Georgian]. 28 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Species claimed on the label and included in the Species claimed on the label but not included in mixture: 1. Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) (LF, the mixture:1. Bidens tripartita (FL, LF); 2. FR (few) but species is Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.; Hippophaë rhamnoides L. (Eleagnaceae) (LF);6. 2. Quercus sp. (BK); 3. Pyrethrum sp. (FL). Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) (LF).

Species included in the mixture but not claimed Mixture 14: Dry colitis [მშრალიკოლიტი - on the label: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. mshrali koliti - dry colitis - Georgian]. (Brassicaceae) (FL, FR); Leonurus quinquelobatus (FL, LF). Species claimed on the label and included in the mixture:1. Cassia acutifolia Delile (Fabaceae) (LF); 2. Species claimed on the label but not included in Pyrethrum sp. (FL); 3. Sorbus boissieri C.K. the package: 4. Plantago major (LF); 5. Origanum Schneid.(FR); 5. Leonurus quinquelobatus (FL, LF little). vulgare (LF). Species claimed on the label but not included in Mixture 10: Blood thinning (reducing prothrombin the package: 4. Plantago major (LF). level) [სისხლისგამათხელებელი (პროტრომბინი) - siskhlis gamatkhelebeli (protrombini) - blood Mixture 15: Gum and throat treatment thinning (prothrombin)- Georgian]. [ღრძილებისდაყელისსამკურნალონაკრები - ghrdzilebis da kelis samkurnalo nakrebi - Composition Species claimed on the label and included in the for gum and throat treatment - Georgian]. mixture: 1. Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) (LF);2. Morus alba L. (Moraceae) (LF); 3.Citrus x Species claimed on the label and included in the limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) (FR peel). mixture:1. Quercus sp. (BK); 4. Pyrethrum sp. (FL).

Mixture 11: Against hemorrhoids [ბუასილის - Species claimed on the label but not included in buasilis - against hemorrhoids - Georgian]. the package: 2. Plantago major (LF); 3. Salvia sp. (LF); 5. Calendula officinalis (FL). Species claimed on the label and included in the mixture: 1. Pyrethrum sp. (FL, LF); 3. Plantago major Species included, but not quoted on the label: Hypericum perforatum Eucalyptus globulus (FR, LF main ingredient). (FL, 1); 4. (FL, ST, many). Mixture 16: Against smoking Species claimed on the label but not included in the package: 2. Quercus sp. (BK). Species claimed on the label and included in the

Contaminants: Poaceae (LF) (1); Snail (shell 1) mixture: Plantago major (LF) alcohol (vendor shows Plantago major as ingredient). Mixture 12: Diabetes [ - diabeti - დიაბეტი Mixture 17: “Recognized as the most effective diabetes -Georgian]. plant by international traditional medicine; cleans and Species claimed on the label and included in the renovates cells in the organism; is used to clean entire mixture:1. Vaccinium myrtillus (LF, FR (few) but organism (from toxins, waist, radioactive elements, species is Vaccinium arctostaphylos); 2. Cydonia oblonga heavy metals); expels salts; reduces sugar content in (LF, few); 3. Morus alba (LF, few); 4. Pyrethrum sp. blood; crushes stones; helps paralysis and joints pain; (FL); 5. Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) (FR pod). improves heart functions and circulation; cures Contaminants: Some unidentifiable stems; bronchitis; gastritis, ulcer, polyps; ovary chronic Cichorium intybus (ST 1); Valeriana sp. (RT 3). inflammation; hemorrhoids, colitis; calms neural system and psychic disorders; enhances hair growth; Mixture 13: Against hair loss and dandruff stops bleeding from gum; brings metabolism in order; [თმისცვენისდაქერტლისგასაქრობი - thmis tsvenis infallible medicine for losing weight”. da qertlis gasaqrobi - against hair loss and dandruff - Georgian]. Species claimed on the label and included in the mixture: Helleborus sp. (Ranunculaceae) (RT) Species claimed on the label and included in the “Forbidden to give to breast feeding mothers, mixture:3. Quercus sp. (BK); 4. Pyrethrum sp. pregnant women, after gall bladder surgery and heart (FL);5. Calendula officinalis (FL). attacks.”

BUSSMANN et al.: MEDICINAL PLANT MARKET, BORJOMI, GEORGIA (CAUCASUS) 29

The texts from various sellers were identical. Some Okr. – Okribian; Psh. – Pshavian; Rch. – Rachian; claimed that Helleborus was poisonous but the roots Smkh. – Somkhitian; Svn. – Svanetian; Tsh. – less so, and it was safe to use if collected in autumn. Tushetian; Zm.Im. – Zemo [Upper] Imeretian; Venders complained that the plant was difficult to Zm.Rch. – Zemo [Upper] Rachian collect due to a very strong root system. Explanation for the transliteration of some Recipes for treatment Georgian sounds Recipes 1. (for mixtures 1-10, 12-15) The following letters / letter combinations express Preparation and usage: “Take one tablespoon of different sounds when given in regular and bold font: the plant composition, put into an enamelled pot, pour ch –ჩ; ch – ჭ; k – კ; k – ყ; ts –ც ; ts – წ 200 ml of boiling water on, cover the pot and wrap it up for 2 hrs. Then pass the liquid through a sieve and Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae)– Yarrow, take warm 3 times a day in a coffee cup, 30 min prior [ფარსმანდუკი (pharsmanduki). ფარსმანდუკი to having meals. The treatment course duration is 21 (pharsmanduki) is the main Georgian name for days.Wish you health and long life!” Achillea millefolium, butalso A. micrantha, A. nobilis, and other species of Achillea; Kkh. and Psh. Recipes 2. (only for mixture 11) Preparation and usage: “Rule 1: Pour 250 ml of მელიკუდა (melikuda), მელისკუდა (meliskuda); room temperature water on one tablespoon of plant Kzk. თავყვითელა (thavkvithela); Khvs. ციცასკუდა mixture, boil for 15 min, cool for 45 min, filter, take 2 (tsitsaskuda); Mt. მელიგუნდა (meligunda); Mkhv. tablespoons twice a day. Rule 2: Take 3 tablespoons მკერვალა (mkervala), საჭრელა (sachrela); Tsh. of the plant mixture, pour 2 L of boiling water on it წყლულისბალახი (tsklulis balakhi – wound herb); and boil for 15 min, then cool for 20 min. Filter and Mskh./Jvkh./Adj. ყვავისკუდა (kvaviskuda), ყვავიკუდა take a sitting bath for 15 min in the evening before (kvavkuda), (kvakuda), going to bed. Treatment course duration is 1 month. ყვაკუდა ჩიჩქვისბალახი Wish you health and long life!” (chichqvis balakhi); Rch./Im. კრავიკუდა (kravikuda), ქორიკუდა (qorikuda); Lchkh. თაგვიკუდა Recipes 3. (only for mixture 16) (thagvikuda); Ing. წყილი-ბალახ (tskili-balakh); Svn. Preparation and usage: “Put one drop of the (mughmuril)9]. mixture on a sugar cube and have it dissolve on your მუღმურილ tongue every time you feel the need to smoke. Repeat Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (Amaranthaceae) until you quit.” 9 [პოლ-პალა(pol-pala). The species is not included in ]. Recipes 4. (only for mixture 17) Preparation and dosage: “Put ¼ of very small Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Ericaceae)– spoon (“mustard spoon”) Helleborus in previously Bear Berry - [დათვისკენკრა (dathvis kenkra); the boiled and cooled 50 ml water. At 5.00 am next same name is mentioned by Makashvili9]. morning stir well and take all. Wait at least 4 hrs Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) Absinth - till breakfast. The best result is achieved after [აბზინდა(abzinda). აბზინდა(abzinda) is the main three treatments of one month long each with a Georgian name for Artemisia absinthium; Tsh. one-month pause between them. Wish you health and კატათკუდა(katathkuda); Psh. აბზინთა (abzintha); long life!” Khvs. (abzinta); Zm.Rch. აბზინტა სიმჭლისბალახი Notes on vernacular names (simchlis balakhi – mchle means “lacking obesity 11 Abbreviations for Georgian dialects (meat); thin (animal, sometimes said of a human)” , Adj. – Adjarian; Chn. – Chanetian; Djvkh. – Mkhv. ყარტიმყრალაი (kartimkralai), აფსინდი Djavaketian; Ertso – Ertso-Tianetian; Gr.Kkh. – Gare (aphsindi)12,13 cited by Makashvili9, Mgr. აბზინდე [Outer] Kakhetian; Gur. – Gurian; Im. – Imeretian; (abzinde)9]. Ing. – Ingiloian; Khvs. – Khevsuretian; Kkh. – Bidens tripartita L. (Asteraceae) [ Kakhetian; Krt. – Kartlian; Kv.Rch. – Kvemo ორკბილა [Lower] Rachian; Kzk. – Kizikian; Lchkh. – (orkbila). ორკბილა (orkbila) is the main Georgian name Lechkhumian; Mgr. – Megrelian; Mkhv. – for Bidens tripartita, Kkh. იჭი (ichi); Kv.Im./Rch. Mokhevian; Mskh. – Meskhetian; Mt. – Mthiuletian; წიპარკა (tsiparka), მამლიყივილა (mamlikivila), 30 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

ფისარუა (phisarua), ქიფსარუა (qipsarua), ფისავარა კვინელი (kvineli); Mt./Tsh./Im./Rch./Lchkh. (phisavara); Gur. კანაფურა (kanaphura), ხოზიკა კუნელა (kunela); Im. კუმელა (kumela); Gur. (khozika); Chn. ცქიფილა (tsqipila); Mgr. მაკიფია კურკანტელა (kurkantela); Mskh./Gur./Adj. ლიცვი (makiphia), მალაკიფაmalakipha), მალიკიფა (malikipha), (litsvi); Ing. კნოლ (knol); Mgr. ქუნცი (quntsi), უჩაბაწკარია (ucha batskaria), ბაწკარია (batskaria)9. ხინჭკი (khinchki), ეშმაკიშმათრახი (eshmakish 9 Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) Calendula - mathrakhi); Svn. ცაანცი (tsaantsi), ცანცი (tsäntsi) ],

[გულყვითელა (gulkvithela). გულყვითელა Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) Quince - (gulkvithela), ნარგიზელა (nargizela), are the main [კომშისფოთოლი (komshis photholi - Cydonia Georgian names for Calendula officinalis; Krt./Kkh. oblonga leaves). კომში (komshi) is the main ნარგიზი (nargizi), კვირისტავა (kviristava), Georgian name for Cydonia oblonga; West 9 ტასოყვავილი (tasokvavili), ხლაკნია (khlaknia) ]. Georgiaბია (bia); Ing. ბიაი (bia”); Chn. ჰაივა 9 Cassia acutifolia Delile (Fabaceae)Cassia - (haiva) ].

[სინამაქისფოთოლი (sinamaqis photholi - Cassia Equisetum sp. Horsetail - [შვიტა (shvita). შვიტა acutifolia leaves). სინამაქისხე (sinamaqis khe) is (shvita), is the main Georgian name for Equisetum the main Georgian name for Cassia acutifolia, sp.; Krt. მუხლა (mukhla), ნაწყვეტა (natskveta); 9, 14, 15 ფუთფუთა (phuthputha) ]. Kkh./Im. - (“tskhenis-dzua”), - ცხენის ძუა ჯორის Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae) Greater ძუა (dzhoris-dzua); Khvs. ბორბალა (borbala); Celansine - [ქრისტესისხლა (qristesiskhla). Mkhv. ტრიალა (triala); Mskh. თოფისახოცელა ქრისტესისხლა (qristesiskhla) the main Georgian (thopisakhotsela - gun brush); Rch./Lchkh./Im. names for Chelidonium majus; Khvs. სისხლა- დათვიფანჩარი (dathvipanchari), ვირიძუა (viridzua), ბალახი (siskhla-balakhi);Kzk. ყორისყაყაჩო (koris მონაძუა (monadzua); Zm.Im. ცხენის-ძუა (tskhenis- kakacho); Rch./Lchkh. ცხენისოფა”tskhenisopha); dzua); Ing. ყირხბუღუმ (kirkh bughum); Ach. Ach. ქარცეცხლა (qartsetskhla); საყვითლო ნაძვაბალახა (nadzvabalakha); Mgr. თუნთიშიჭემი (sakvitlo); Ing. სურსულაიწამალ (sürsülai tsamal); (tuntishi chemi), დემიშიჭემი (demishi chemi), 9 Mgr. ნაწიფუ (natsiphu), ნაწიფი (natsiphi), მაჭყვადური (machkvaduri); Svn. ბ’ზ’გლდ (b’z’gld) ].

ჯაშიზისხირი (dzhashi ziskhiri); Svn. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) მ’ღფიმელილდ (m’ghphi melild), Eucalyptus - [ევკალიპტი (evkalipti). The same ჭედიშმელილდ (chedish melild)9]. name is mentioned by Makashvili9].

Cichorium intybus [ვარდკაჭკაჭა (vardkachkacha). Glycyrrhiza glabra Torr. (Fabaceae) Sweetroot - ვარდკაჭაჭა (vardkachacha) is the main Georgian [ძირტკბილა (dzirtkbila). ძირტკბილა (dzirtkbila) name for Cichorium intybus; Krt./Kkh. ულეწელა is the main Georgian name for Glycyrrhiza glabra; 9 (uletsela);Ertso ღორთკაჭაჭა (ghorthkachacha); Kzk. სატკბურა (djorisqusla) ].

Rch./Lchkh. ულეწავა (uletsava); Ing. არდ (ard); Helichrysum sp. Strawflower - [უკვდავა Mgr. ტატალი (tatali); მწვანესვიტი (mtsvane sviti); (ukvdava). ნეგო (nego),უკვდავა (ukvdava) are the Svn. ულეწუაი (uletsuay)9]. main Georgian names for Helichrysum sp.; Mskh.

Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) Lemon - ლაწუნა (latsuna),მთისნეგო (mthis nego), სვარნა (svarna)9]. [ლიმონისქერქი (limonis qerqi - Lemon peel). ჩვეულებრივილიმონი (chveulebrivi limoni) is the Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaeae) St. main Georgian name for Citrus limon9, ლიმო Johns Worth - [კრაზანა (krazana). კრაზანა (krazana) (limo)9,12,13]. is the main Georgian name for Hypericum sp.; Krt. ტრაზანა (trazana); Psh. ჩაისყვავილი(chais kvavili); Crataegus sp. Hawthorn - [კუნელი (kuneli). Khvs. უჟმურისბალახი (uzhmuris balakhi; uzhmuri კუნელი (kuneli) is the main Georgian name for - a bad tempered person, a nightmare demonic Crataegus sp.; Krt. სკუნელი (skuneli); Kzk. creature, disease, aches in the body cased by catching BUSSMANN et al.: MEDICINAL PLANT MARKET, BORJOMI, GEORGIA (CAUCASUS) 31

cold16, ჩაისყვავილი (chais kvavili); Mkhv. chai); Lchkh. თავყვავილა (thavkvavila); Mskh. კაკლისჩაი (kaklis chai); Mt. უჟმურაი (uzhmurai); ლეილაღა (leilagha), მარნიჭი (marnichi), მარმიჭი Mskh./Jvkh. ნეგო (nego); Lchkh./Im. თავცეცხლა (marmichi); Zm.Rch. ჩაისპიტნა (chais pitna); Adj. (“avtsetskhla); Kv.Im. კერეჟანა (kerezhana); ისხანი (iskhani), ჩაიოთი (chaiothi)9]. Gur./Im. ცოცხობე (tsotskhobe); Chn./Mgr. 9 Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Lamiaceae) მჟუაშიოსური (mzhuashi osuri) ]. [ (thirkmlis chai). The same name is თირკმლისჩაი 9 Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae) Elcampane - mentioned by Makashvili ].

[ძირტკბილა (kulmukho). ძირტკბილა (kulmukho) Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) Bean - is the main Georgian name for Inula helenium, Psh. [ლობიოსჩენჩო (lobios chencho - bean pod skin). ლუხუმა (lukhuma); Kkh./Khvs./Lchkh. კურმუხო ჩვეულებრივილობიო (chveulebrivi lobio) is the main (kurmukho); Adj. ანდუზა (anduza); Ing. ანდუზ Georgian name for Phaseolus vulgaris; Kkh.ლობიო (“anduz”); Mgr. კუმუხო (kumukho), კუმუხა (lobio), ლებუა (lebua); Mt./Mkhv./Psh./Khvs./Tsh. (kumukha)9] ლებიო (lebio); Gur. ლობიე (lobie), ლობიეი (lobiei); Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. (Lamiaceae) Ing. ფაყლაი (phaklai); Chn. ლობია (lobia); Mgr./Svn. Motherwort - [შავბალახა (shavbalakha). შავბალახა ლებია (lebia)9]. (“shavbalakha”) is the main Georgian names for Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) Plantain - Leonurus quinquelobatus; Kkh.ნაწყენისბალახი [მრავალძარღვა (mravaldzarghva). მრავალძარღვა (natskenis balakhi); Djvkh. კანაფა-ბალახა (mravaldzarghva) is the main Georgian name for (kanapha-balakha), ძაღლა-ჭინჭარი (dzaghla- 9 Plantago major; chinchari), ძაღლჭინჭარი (dzaghlchinchari) ]. Krt./Kkh./Mskh./Djvkh. (lavadzarghva); ლავაძარღვა Mentha x piperita L. (Lamiaceae) Peppermint - Mkhv./Mt./Psh./Khvs.ლავარძაღა (lavardzagha), [პიტნა (pitna). ბაღისპიტნა (bagis pitna) is the main ცხრაძარღვა (tskhradzarghva); Khvs. მოგზაურა Georgian name for Mentha piperita; Mgr. პიტინე (mogzaura); Kv.Im. ბამბაძარღვა (bambadzarghva); (pitine)9]. Gur. ძარღვა-ძარღვა (dzarghva-dzarghva); Adj. (berazarghva); Ing. Morus alba L. (Moraceae) Mulberry - ბერაძარღვა საჰყიზიფოთოლ (sahkizi phothol); Chn. (balazaghi), [თუთისფოთოლი (thuthis photholi - Morus alba ბალაზაღი (shqvithdamai); Mgr. leaves). თუთა (thutha), თუთისხე (thuthis khe) is შქვითდამაი მაჯარღვია the main Georgian name for Morus alba; Krt. (madjarghvia), მაჯარღვალაია (madjarghvalaia), ფურცლითუთა (phurtslithutha); Krt./Kkh. მჭადა მაჯერღვაია (madjerghvaia); Svn. მ’ძაარღვოოლ (mchada), ფურცელი (furtseli) – the latter used for (m’dzaarghvool), მუხვტელ (mukhvtel), მაჯარღოლ male (not fruit-bearing) trees; Kkh. მრეში (mreshi) – for (madjarghol), შვარაშბალე (shvaräsh bale), 9 brownish mulberry; Kzk. ჯალღა (djalgha) – white მუდრუწა (mudrutsa) ]. grafted mulberry; Im./Rch./Lchkh. ბჟოლა (bzhola); Okr. Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) Pigweed ჯორაბჟოლა (djorabzhola); Gur./Adj./Chn./Mgr. - [მატიტელა (matitela). ჩვეულებრივიმატიტელა ბჟოლი (bzholi); Adj. ჟოლი (zholi); Ing. მამალგაჰრაი (chveulebrivi matitela), is the main Georgian name (mamal gahray) – the latter used for male (not fruit- for Polygonum aviculare; Krt. მამალიმატიტელა bearing) trees, ჟალღა (zhalgha); Chn. მჟოლი (mamali matitela), ჩიტიპურა (chitipura) (Borjomi (mzholi); Mgr. მჟოლი(mzholi), ჯამპი (djampi), area); Mkhv. ნაყრაი (nakrai), ღორისნაყრაი (ghoris 9 ჯაპი (djapi) ]. nakrai); Tsh. ჭიმჭიკი (chimchiki); Rch./Lchkh.

Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) Oregano - თიათერია (thiatheria); Gur. მატანტალაი [თავშავა (thavshava). თავშავა (thavshava) is the (matantalai), კერდა (kerda); Kv.Im./Ing. მატატელა main Georgian name for Origanum vulgare; Krt. (matatela); Mgr. გვერიშილაკარტი (gverishi შავბალახა (shavbalakha);Mkhv. ოსურიჩაი (osuri lakarti), კამპეტი (kampeti); Svn. ადმეკ (admek)9]. 32 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Pyrethrum sp. (Asteraceae) [გვირილა (gvirila). (pirbamba), ხავერდა (khaverda) (vill. Kvishkheti); გვირილა (gvirila) is the main Georgian name for Mkhv./Mt. თეთრიბუარა (thethri buara); Psh. Pyrethrum sp.; Krt. ზიზილა (zizila); Mkhv. აბზინდა ვირისბუარა (viris buara), ტერფაბუერა (abzinda); Mskh./Jvkh. ჩიჩაგი (chichagi); Mt./Rch. (terphabuera), თავყვითელა (thavkvithela); Khvs. კაკული (kakuli)9]. Matricaria chamomilla does not ცხენისტერფა (tskhenisterpha); Tsh. დათვთბუერა naturally grow in Georgia and it does not have (dathvthbuera); Gr.Kkh. ტირიფი (tiriphi); Ertso a Georgian name, but Asteraceae with heads დათვისტერფა (dathvisterpha); Smkh. კრუხისპალო like Matricaria are called gvirila (s.l.)9 uses gviril” (krukhis palo); Adj. გულბამბა (gulbamba), პირბამბა (s.l.) for Matricaria sp. and identifies gvirila (s.str.) (pirbamba); Okr. - (bamba-balakhi), as Pyrethrum sp. It is unknown, whether plants ბამბა ბალახი under the name gvirila were traditionally used ჯორისფეხა (djorisphekha); Rch. ოფა (opha); Zm.Im. in Georgia as a medicinal plant or used after ბამბიპირა (bambipira); Im. ბამბა-ბალახი (bamba- introduction of Matricaria chamomilla as a substitute balakhi); Lchkh. ჯორტოფა (djortopha), for Pyrethrum sp. ჯორტოფილა (djortophila); Gr.Kkh./Zm.Rch.

ჯორისტერფა (djoristerpha); Mgr. ხოსარი (khosqari); Quercus sp. (Fagaceae) Oak - [მუხისქერქი Svn. მ’ჭშდვარილ (m’chshdväri”), ჯორტერფაი (mukhis qerqi -oak bark). (mukha) is the main მუხა (djorterphay)9]. Georgian name for Quercus sp.; Kv.Im./Adj.რკო (rko); Chn. ჭკონი (chkoni); Mgr. ჭყონი (chkoni); Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) Stinging nettle - Svn. ჯირა (djîra), ჯირა (djira), ჯიჰრა (djihra)9]. [ჭინჭარი (chinchari). ჯინჭარი (djinchari), ჭინჭარი (chjinchari)are the main Georgian names Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae) Wild Sage - [ სალბი for Urtica urens L.and U. dioica; Mkhv.ჭახიანა (salbi). სალბი (salbi) is the main Georgian name for (chakhiana) - for Urtica urens, Ing. ჟინჭარ Salvia sp.; S. splendens Sellow ex Wied.-Neuw. (zhinchar); Chn. დინჭკიჯი (dinchkidji), დინჭყიჯი ბაღისსალბი (baghis salbi); S. officinalis L. 9 (dinchkidji); Mgr. ჭუჭელია (chuchelia), ჭუჭელე სამკუნრალოსალბი (samkurnalo salbi) ]. 9 (chuchele); Svn. მერხელ (merkhel) ]. Sorbusboissieri C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae) Rowan Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) but identified - [ჭნავი (chnavi). Mskh./Rch./Lchkh./Im./Gur. ჭნავი as Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. Blueberry - (chnavi); Mkhv./Mt. წორო (tsoro), მწორო (mtsoro); [მოცვისფოთოლი (motsvis photholi -Vaccinium Adj. მჭკნავი (mchknavi”; Mt./Rch. მჭნავი leaves), მოცვი(motsvi)isthe principal name for (mchnavi); Lchkh. გოგლანდი (goglandi); Mgr. Vaccinium myrtillus9; Georgian names of ამჩვაშა (amchvasha), ჩვახა (chvakha), ჭვახა V.arctostaphylos: მაღალიმოცვი (maghali motsvi), 9 (chvakha); Svn. გოგლანდ (gogländ) . კავკასიურიმოცვი (kavkasiuri motsvi); Kv.Krt.

მოცხარი (motskhari); Mt. მაცილა (matsila); West Tilia sp. (Malvaceae) Basswood - [ცაცხვი Georgia მოცვი (“motsvi”); Lchkh. მომცვი (tsatskhvi). ცაცხვი (tsatskhvi) is the main Georgian (momtsvi); Okr. ტყის-ჩაი (tkis-cha); Chn. ანცერა name for Tilia sp.; Mkhv. მაჭი (machi); Ing. ცაცხ (antsera), ცანაკო (tsanako), ცხანაკო (tskhanako); (tsatskh); Chn. დუცხუ (dutskhu), კავაღი (kavaghi); Mgr. ბაჭა (bacha), მაცურზენე (matsurzene), Mgr. ცხაცხუ (tskhatskhu), ცაცხუ (tsatskhu), მელიშიაშიჯა (melishiashi dja), ჯაშმელიშია ცხაცხვი (tskhatskhvi); Svn. ზესხრა (zeskhra), 9 9 (djashmelishia), ცინყა (tsinka) ]. (tsatskhv), (phacha) ]. ცაცხვ ფაჩა

Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae) Coltsfoot - Zea mays L. (Poaceae) Maize - [სიმინდისულვაში [ვირისტერფა (viristerpha). ვირისტერფა (simindis ulvashi). (სიმინდი (simindi), is the main (viristerpha) is the main Georgian name for Tussilago Georgian name for Z. mays; Ing. სმინდ (smind); farfara; Kzk. ჯორისქუსლა (djorisqusla), პირბამბა Chn.ლაზუტი (lazuti); ლაუზტი (lauzti); Mgr. ლატი BUSSMANN et al.: MEDICINAL PLANT MARKET, BORJOMI, GEORGIA (CAUCASUS) 33

(lati), ლასტი (lasti), ლაიტი (laiti), ლაზუტი (lazuti), conducted the fieldwork, RHE conducted the main სიმიდი (simidi); Svn. „სიმინდ“ (simind)9]. statistical analysis; RBU, NYPZ and RHE analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; all authors read, Discussion corrected and approved the manuscript. As found in other areas17-20 all species sold in Borjomi were sourced from the wild. Although the References 1 Gambashidze I & Gogochuri G, Archaeological preparations of medicinal plant mixtures in Borjomi Investigations at Site IV-338, KP199, Sakire Village, Borjomi seem very controlled and standardized, the separation District. White paper, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of of all mixtures into their respective ingredients Archaeology of the Georgian National Museum, 2007. revealed a different picture (Fig. 2D). The only 2 Karaia I, Archaeological and other Medical Materials from mixtures that actually contained only the ingredients Georgian Museums, Res Hist Med, 1 (2) (2012) 25-36. 3 AC. Georgia's legendary mineral water, The Economist, claimed on the venders’ plant lists were mixtures 10, February 19th, 2007. 16 and 17, all of which only contained 1-2 4 Bagdavadze L, Beon O, Hrkal Z, Laurendon P, Puyoo S & ingredients. All other mixtures either lacked Santrucek J, Effects of groundwater exploitation on the ingredients (mixtures 2, 6, 13, 14), or both lacked Borjomi mineral water reservoir in Georgia, Environ Geol, 54 (2008) 1301–1311. ingredients and contained various contaminants 5 IDS Borjomi International 2016. Trademark History. (mixtures 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15). In some http://www.borjomi.com/int_en/history/tm.php. Accessed 15 cases (mixtures 7, 8, 15), the contaminants were in June 2016. fact the main ingredients in the mixture (Table 1). 6 Nasmyth P, Walking in the Caucasus. IB Tauris, 2006.

This problem was very similar to results from 7 Flora of Georgia Committee. Flora of Georgia Vol.1-8. markets in Latin America21,22 (Bussmann et al. 2013, („საქართველოსფლორა“, ტ. I-VIII. 1941-1952). Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1941-1952. 2015). The simple fact that plants seem to be sold in 8 Flora of Georgia Committee. Flora of Georgia, Vol.1-16. very standardized mixtures turned out to be no („საქართველოსფლორა“, ტ. I-XVI. 1971-2011). guarantee for their composition, nor did it avoid Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1971-2011. toxicity, common to many species sold in public 9 Makashvili A, Botanical Dictionary. Plant Names, 3rd edn, 23 Tbilisi, 1991. markets . 10 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of Conclusion flowering plants: APG III, Bot J Linn Soc, 161 (1) (2009) Our results indicate that even in case of only a few 105-121. plant species, prepared in supposedly standardized 11 Chikobava A, Chanetian-Megrelian-Georgian Comparative mixtures, used for a few very clearly circumscribed Dictionary. Tbilisi, 1938. applications, patients run a considerable risk when 12 Orbeliani SS, Georgian Dictionary. Tbilisi, 1928. purchasing their remedies in the market. The possible 13 Orbeliani SS, Georgian Dictionary. Tbilisi, 1949. side effects in this case are the more serious because 14 Kotetishvili L, a.Medicine in Ancient Georgia, “Tsigni Saakomoi” (“A Medical Book”). Tbilisi, 1938. some diseases, like diabetes (Mixture 12) need to be 15 Kotetishvili L, b. Medicine in Ancient Georgia, “Iadigar treated long term, and as such the patients are Daudi” (“A Collection by David Batonishvili”), Tbilisi, ingesting possibly toxic remedies over a long period 1938 of time. Much more control, and a much more 16 Eristavi R, Brief Georgian-Russian-Latin Dictionary, Tbilisi, stringent identification of the material sold in public 1884. markets, and entering the global supply chain via 17 Bussmann RW, Sharon D, Vandebroek I, Jones A & Revene Z, Health for sale: The medicinal plant markets in Trujillo and Internet sales, would be needed. Chiclayo, Northern Peru, J Ethnobiol Ethnobiomed, 3 (2007)37. Acknowledgment 18 Bussmann RW, Sharon D & Ly J, From garden to market? The authors thank all participants for their The cultivation of native and introduced medicinal plant generous hospitality and friendship. We are hopeful species in Cajamarca, Peru and implications habitat that this and sub-sequent work in the area will help conservation, Ethnobot Res Appl, 6 (2008) 351-361. 19 Bussmann RW & Sharon D, Markets, Healers, Vendors, the communities meet their needs and aspirations. Collectors, – the sustainability of medicinal plant use in

Northern Peru, Mt Res Dev, 29 (2) (2009) 128-134. Author contributions 20 Bussmann RW, Paniagua-ZambranaNY, Sikharulidze S, RWB, NYPZ, SS, ZK, DK, DT and KB designed Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Jinjikhadze T, Shanshiashvili T, the study; RWB, NYPZ, SS, ZK, DT and KB Chelidze D, Batsatsashvili K & Bakanidze N, Wine, Beer, 34 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY 2017

Snuff, Medicine and loss of diversity – Ethnobotanical the market – classification and dosage of species used as travels in the Georgian Caucasus, Ethnobot Res Appl, 12 anti-diabetics in Lima, Peru, J Ethnobiol Ethnobiomed, 9 (2014) 237-313. (2013)37. 21 Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY & Moya Huanca AL, 23 Bussmann RW, Malca G, Glenn A, Sharon D, Nilsen B, Dangerous confusion – “Cola de Caballo” – Horsetail, in the Parris B, Dubose D, Ruiz D, Saleda J, Martinez M, Carillo L, markets of La Paz, Bolivia, Econ Bot, 69 (2015) 89-93. Walker K, Kuhlman A & Townesmith A, Toxicity of 22 Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY, Rivas Chamorro M, medicinal plants used in Northern Peru, J Ethnopharmacol, Molina Moreira N & Cuadros Negri ML, Olivera L. Peril in 137 (2011) 121-140.