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The Influence of Old Norse on the English Language
Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS AND KIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF OLD NORSE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS E KIDS: A INFLUÊNCIA DO NÓRDICO ANTIGO NA LÍNGUA INGLESA Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars1 Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands, outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet, all these examples are from Old Norse, the Norsemen’s language. However, the Norse influence on English is underestimated as the Norsemen are viewed as barbaric, violent pirates. Also, the Norman occupation of England and the Great Vowel Shift have obscured the Old Norse influence. These topics, plus the Viking Age, the Scandinavian presence in England, as well as the Old Norse linguistic influence on English and the supposed French influence of the Norman invasion will be described. The research for this etymological article was executed through a descriptive- qualitative approach. Concluded is that the Norsemen have intensively influenced English due to their military supremacy and their abilities to adaptation. Even the French-Norman French language has left marks on English. Nowadays, English is a lingua franca, leading to borrowings from English to many languages, which is often considered as invasive. But, English itself has borrowed from other languages, maintaining its proper character. Hence, it is hoped that this article may contribute to a greater acknowledgement of the Norse influence on English and undermine the scepticism towards the English language as every language has its importance. Keywords: Old Norse Loanwords, English Language, Viking Age, Etymology. Resumo: O que têm palavras inglesas comuns como husbands, outlaws e kids e a frase they are weak a ver com os Nórdicos? Todos esses exemplos são do nórdico antigo, a língua dos escandinavos. -
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi………………………………………
CBÜ SOSYAL BİLİMLER DERGİSİ Cilt:13, Sayı:3, Eylül 2015 Geliş Tarihi: 11.06.2015 Doi Number: 10.18026/cbusos.32235 Kabul Tarihi: 25.06.2015 RECONSTRUCTING THE HERO: REPRESENTATION OF LOYALTY IN LATE ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE Şafak NEDİCEYUVA1 ABSTRACT Danish attacks on the British Isles in the 9th century had considerable political consequences for the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms reigning independently at the time. ‘The Great Heathen Army’, as the Anglo-Saxon called it, began a series of invasions in Britain and their advance was unstoppable until all Anglo-Saxon kingdoms but Wessex were conquered. Emerging as the rulers of only surviving Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Alfred and the subsequent monarchs of Wessex began a slow process of unifying the subjugated Anglo-Saxons under their banner and they desired to be acknowledged as the kings of England, rather than Wessex. By adapting traditional heroic values to contemporary political needs, literary works of this period similarly attempt to channel former tribal loyalties towards the monarch and propagandize absolute devotion to the survival and construction of ‘England’. This article discusses the ideological role literature played in late Anglo-Saxon era during the formation of England. Keywords: Anglo-Saxon, Viking, hero, heroic code, military organization. KAHRAMANIN YENİDEN KURGULANIŞI: GEÇ DÖNEM ANGLOSAKSON EDEBİYATI’NDA SADAKATİN TEMSİLİ ÖZ Dokuzuncu yüzyılda Britanya Adaları’na yapılan Viking saldırıları burada hüküm süren yedi bağımsız Anglosakson krallığı için önemli siyasi sonuçlar doğurmuştur. Anglosaksonların ‘Büyük Dinsiz Ordu’ adını verdikleri ordu Britanya’yı istila etmeye başlamış ve Wessex Krallığı dışında tüm diğer krallıklar yıkılana kadar durdurulamamıştır. Alfred ve ondan sonra tahta çıkan Wessex kralları ayakta kalan tek Anglosakson krallığının hükümdarları olarak Viking buyruğu altındaki Anglosaksonları kendi bayrakları altında bir araya getirmeyi ve Wessex değil İngiltere krallığı olarak tanınmayı arzulamışlardır. -
Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf
2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering -
The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, Ad 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire
The Antiquaries Journal, 96, 2016, pp 23–67 © The Society of Antiquaries of London, 2016 doi:10.1017⁄s0003581516000718 THE WINTER CAMP OF THE VIKING GREAT ARMY, AD 872–3, TORKSEY, LINCOLNSHIRE Dawn M Hadley, FSA, and Julian D Richards, FSA, with contributions by Hannah Brown, Elizabeth Craig-Atkins, Diana Mahoney-Swales, Gareth Perry, Samantha Stein and Andrew Woods Dawn M Hadley, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield S14ET, UK. Email: d.m.hadley@sheffield.ac.uk Julian D Richards, Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King’s Manor, York YO17EP, UK. Email: [email protected] This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary project that has revealed the location, extent and character of the winter camp of the Viking Great Army at Torksey, Lincolnshire, of AD 872–3. The camp lay within a naturally defended area of higher ground, partially surrounded by marshes and bordered by the River Trent on its western side. It is considerably larger than the Viking camp of 873–4 previously excavated at Repton, Derbyshire, and lacks the earthwork defences identified there. Several thousand individuals overwintered in the camp, including warriors, craftworkers and merchants. An exceptionally large and rich metalwork assemblage was deposited during the Great Army’s overwintering, and metal processing and trading was undertaken. There is no evidence for a pre-existing Anglo-Saxon trading site here; the site appears to have been chosen for its strategic location and its access to resources. In the wake of the overwintering, Torksey developed as an important Anglo-Saxon borough with a major wheel-thrown pottery industry and multiple churches and cemeteries. -
Viking Burial in the Danelaw
This is a repository copy of Pagans and Christians at the frontier: Viking burial in the Danelaw. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/755/ Book Section: Richards, J.D. orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-899X (2003) Pagans and Christians at the frontier: Viking burial in the Danelaw. In: Carver, M.O.H., (ed.) The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300. York Medieval Press in association with Boydell & Brewer , York/Woodbridge , pp. 383-395. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ White Rose Consortium ePrints Repository http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ This is an author produced version of a chapter published in The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300. White Rose Repository URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/archive/00000755/ Citation for the published chapter Richards, J.D. -
Alfred Was Born in Berkshire in 849. His Father Was Aethelwulf, King of Wessex. Alfred Was the Youngest of Five Sons So It Appea
Year 4 Topic Lessons – 1st – 5th March 2021 History - Monday 1st March If you need further explanation, join your teacher for the topic explanation at 10am! Who was Alfred the Great? Today we will be focussing on Alfred the Great (849-899) who was the most famous of the Anglo-Saxon kings. Despite overwhelming odds, he successfully defended his kingdom, Wessex, against the Vikings. He also introduced wide-ranging reforms including defence measures, reform of the law and of coinage. He Alfredwas a keen was champion born in Berkshire of education in and849. translated His father important was Aethelwulf, texts from KingLatin ofinto English. KnownWessex. as a just Alfred and fair wasruler, theAlfred youngest is the only Englishof five King sons to have so it earned appeared the title unlikely‘the Great’. that he would ever become king. However, all of Alfred’s brothers died so in 871, he became King of Wessex. Alfred became king in the middle of nine huge battles with the Vikings. At the Battle of Ashdown in 871, Alfred defeated Viking forces. 1 2 3 4 History Activity – Monday 1st March Who was Alfred the Great? In which yead was Alfred the Great born? (page 1) ___________________________ In which year did he become King of Wessex? (page 1) __________________________ How many Kingdoms were there in Anglo-Saxon Britain? (page 1) ____________ What happened to the people of Wessex in 878? (page 2) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ -
King of the Danes’ Stephen M
Hamlet with the Princes of Denmark: An exploration of the case of Hálfdan ‘king of the Danes’ Stephen M. Lewis University of Caen Normandy, CRAHAM [email protected] As their military fortunes waxed and waned, the Scandinavian armies would move back and forth across the Channel with some regularity [...] appearing under different names and in different constellations in different places – Neil Price1 Little is known about the power of the Danish kings in the second half of the ninth century when several Viking forces ravaged Frankia and Britain – Niels Lund2 The Anglo-Saxon scholar Patrick Wormald once pointed out: ‘It is strange that, while students of other Germanic peoples have been obsessed with the identity and office of their leaders, Viking scholars have said very little of such things – a literal case of Hamlet without princes of Denmark!’3 The reason for this state of affairs is two-fold. First, there is a dearth of reliable historical, linguistic and archaeological evidence regarding the origins of the so-called ‘great army’ in England, except that it does seem, and is generally believed, that they were predominantly Danes - which of course does not at all mean that they all they came directly from Denmark itself, nor that ‘Danes’ only came from the confines of modern Denmark. Clare Downham is surely right in saying that ‘the political history of vikings has proved controversial due to a lack of consensus as to what constitutes reliable evidence’.4 Second, the long and fascinating, but perhaps ultimately unhealthy, obsession with the legendary Ragnarr loðbrók and his litany of supposed sons has distracted attention from what we might learn from a close and separate examination of some of the named leaders of the ‘great army’ in England, without any inferences being drawn from later Northern sagas about their dubious familial relationships to one another.5 This article explores the case of one such ‘Prince of Denmark’ called Hálfdan ‘king of the Danes’. -
Joint Cabinet Crisis the Great Heathen Army
Joint Cabinet Crisis The Great Heathen Army Hamburg Model United Nations “Shaping a New Era of Diplomacy” 28th November – 1st December 2019 JCC – Great Heathen Army Hamburg Model United Nations Study Guide 28th November – 1st December Welcome Letter by the Secretary Generals Dear Delegates, we, the secretariat of HamMUN 2019, would like to give a warm welcome to all of you that have come from near and far to participate in the 21st Edition of Hamburg Model United Nations. We hope to give you an enriching and enlightening experience that you can look back on with joy. Over the course of 4 days in total, you are going to try to find solutions for some of the most challenging problems our world faces today. Together with students from all over the world, you will hear opinions that might strongly differ from your own, or present your own divergent opinion. We hope that you take this opportunity to widen your horizon, to, in a respectful manner, challenge and be challenged and form new friendships. With this year’s slogan “Shaping a New Era of Democracy” we would like to invite you to engage in and develop peaceful ways to solve and prevent conflicts. To remain respectful and considerate in diplomatic negotiations in a time where we experience our political climate as rough, and to focus on what unites us rather than divides us. As we are moving towards an even more globalized and highly military armed world, facing unprecedented threats such as climate change and Nuclear Warfare, international cooperation has become more important than ever to ensure peace and stability. -
The Life and Times of Alfred the Great
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ALFRED THE GREAT a PLUMMEU HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH NEW YORK THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ALFRED THE GREAT BEING THE FORD LECTURES FOR 1901 BY CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A. FELLOW AKD CHAPLAIN OF CORPUS CHIilSTI COLLEG.5.' GrrOtD WITH AN APPENDIX OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1902 [AU rights reserved'] n OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PKINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY SPBECKELS TO THE Rev. JOHN EARLE, M.A. \WLINSOXIAN PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD THESE LECTURES ARE AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY HIS FRIEND AND FORMER PUPIL THE AUTHOR 102055 PREFACE The present work contains the lectures delivered by me on the Ford foundation in Michaelmas Term, 1901. The lectures are printed substantially as they were delivered, with the exception that certain passages which were shortened or omitted in delivery owing" to want of time are now given in full. In the notes will be found the authorities and arguments on which the conclusions of the text are based. The notes occupy a rather large proportion of the book, because I wished to spare my audience, as far as possible, the discussion of technical details. I have not thought it necessary to recast the form of the lectures. The personal style of address^ naturally employed by a lecturer to his audience, is retained in addressing the larger audience to which I now appeal. The objects which I have aimed at in the lectures are sufficiently explained at the beginning and end of the lectures themselves, and need not be further enlarged on here. -
From the Viking Age to the Middle Ages
Part III: Ritual Actions in Different Areas of Confrontation Hostages in peace processes The purpose of this part of the book is to elucidate how the giv- ing and taking of hostages can be understood within a ceremony (or several ceremonies). The analysis must in part be carried out as a reconstruction because the medieval writers sometimes saw the giving and taking of hostage as irrelevant during negotiations: there were more important events to describe, such as the con- version of heathens. At the same time it is important to under- stand the use of a hostage as a major or essential part of a wider context: the peace process. The central parts of ceremonies are also analysed in this part, the treatment of the hostages, and how they were valued as persons. These ceremonial patterns may have taken altering expressions – regulations, and procedures – in dif- ferent areas of confrontation and must therefore be understood by identifying their contextual factors. Initially Anglo-Saxon areas of confrontation are described and analysed, as well as some other contexts. In particular, it is emphasized that there were specific conditions for each individual conflict, with a subsequent peace, where personal interests may have been decisive for the outcome as well as other social mechanisms related to competitive group- ings. Additional examples will also be taken from other confron- tational areas involving Scandinavians: the Carolingian Empire, Denmark, and Norway. How to cite this book chapter: Olsson, S. 2019. Ritual Actions in Different Areas of Confrontation. In: Olsson, S. The Hostages of Northmen: From the Viking Age to the Middle Ages. -
The Influence of Old Norse on English
The influence of Old Norse on English Kapetanović, Nataša Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2018 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:100977 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-29 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Studij: Preddiplomski studij Engleskog i njemačkog jezika i književnosti Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Završni rad Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2018. Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Studij: Preddiplomski studij Engleskog i njemačkog jezika i književnosti Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Završni rad Znanstveno područje: humanističke znanosti Znanstveno polje: filologija Znanstvena grana: anglistika Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2018. J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Study Programme: Double Major BA Study Programme in English Language and Literature and German Language and Literature Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Bachelor’s Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Mario Brdar, Full Professor Osijek, 2018 J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of English Study Programme: Double Major BA Study Programme in English Language and Literature and German Language and Literature Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Bachelor’s Thesis Scientific area: humanities Scientific field: philology Scientific branch: English studies Supervisor: Dr. -
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle First Records Contact Settlement with the Ships Deniscra Monna (‘Of Danish Men’) in England in AD 787
Arrival and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle first records contact Settlement with the ships Deniscra monna (‘of Danish men’) in England in AD 787. A series of Viking raids in England in the following decades led to the first overwintering of a Scandinavian force in AD 854/5 on the Isle of Sheppey (Kent). The micel hæðen here (‘Great Heathen Army’) arrived in England in AD 865. This force attacked Mercia and camped for successive winters in the East Midlands in places such as Repton (Derbyshire) and Torksey (Lincolnshire). The Vikings arrived on Anglo-Saxon shores by ship and were able to sail up rivers due to the shallow draught of their vessels. The River Trent was thereafter a major route for Scandinavian travel and trade. The Chronicle tells us that the Vikings also acquired horses to move across the land. This is supported by the discovery of Scandinavian stirrups, The extent of the Danelaw drawn on the map of England and Wales. Charles Smith, a technology unknown to the Anglo-Saxons prior to Smith’s New English Atlas (London 1804). Special Collection Oversize. X G1815 SMI Chronicle this time. The first records Vikings camping extent that it became known as the ‘Danelaw’. in Nottingham in AD 868. The city later became one of the Five Boroughs of the East Midlands, an area The settlement and integration of Scandinavians which followed Scandinavian customs to such an in the East Midlands is best evidenced by the impact Old Norse had upon the place-names of Chronicle entry of King Alfred the area.