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Evangelicals and Politics in Brazil the Relevance of Religious Change in Latin America

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Evangelicals and Politics in Brazil the Relevance of Religious Change in Latin America SWP Research Paper Claudia Zilla Evangelicals and Politics in Brazil The Relevance of Religious Change in Latin America Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs SWP Research Paper 1 January 2020, Berlin Abstract ∎ Since the 1970s a religious change has occurred in Latin America. As a proportion of the population, Catholics have greatly diminished, and Evangelicals rapidly increased. These developments are causally linked. ∎ In the course of this demographic transformation, the Catholic Church has lost its special position in society and its privileged access to politics. It has been replaced by a large number of diverse and autonomous Evan- gelical churches, above all the Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal. ∎ The substantial social weight of the Evangelical churches is connected, inter alia, to their importance as “problem solvers” in precarious sections of society. Faith communities are increasingly extending this commit- ment into the political sphere. ∎ The increasing social relevance and political power of the Evangelical churches has come to prominence in a particularly striking way in Brazil. Since 1 January 2019, Jair Messias Bolsonaro, a former soldier who was baptised in the Jordan by an Evangelical pastor, has been heading its government. SWP Research Paper Claudia Zilla Evangelicals and Politics in Brazil The Relevance of Religious Change in Latin America Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs SWP Research Paper 1 January 2020, Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2020 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They are also subject to fact- checking and copy-editing. For further information on our quality control pro- cedures, please visit the SWP website: https:// www.swp-berlin.org/en/ about-swp/quality- management-for-swp- publications/. SWP Research Papers reflect the views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3–4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-200 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 doi: 10.18449/2020RP01 Translation by Tom Genrich (English version of SWP-Studie 26/2019) Table of Contents 5 Issues and Recommendations 7 The Relationship between Religion and Politics 9 Religious Change in Latin America 9 Evangelicalism 10 The Decreasing Dominance of the Catholic Church 12 Evangelical Diversity 15 The Evangelicals’ Growing Political Engagement 17 The Role of Evangelicals in Brazil 17 Social Relevance 20 Political Relevance 29 Conclusion 31 Abbreviations Dr Claudia Zilla is Senior Fellow in the Americas Research Division. Issues and Recommendations Evangelicals and Politics in Brazil. The Relevance of Religious Change in Latin America One of the most significant demographic transforma- tions of the last decades in Latin America is the con- version of large parts of the population from Catholi- cism to different forms of Evangelicalism, in particu- lar Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal (which represent the majority within this broad Protestant spectrum). Whereas in the 1970s, 92 per cent of Latin America’s population were Catholic and only 4 per cent Protes- tant, by 2014 19 per cent of believers stated that they belonged to a Protestant church, while the proportion of Catholics had fallen to 69 per cent. In the Central American countries of Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, Protestants, most of them Evangelicals, now make up around 40 percent of the population. What implications does this development have at the social and political-institutional levels? Is the in- creasing demographic weight of Evangelicals in Latin America accompanied by a rise in social relevance and political power? And if so, how is the interaction between Evangelical churches and politics structured? What role do Evangelical leaders and believers play in politics? How do they articulate religious and political interests? These questions are addressed by this re- search paper. While the analysis of the demographic and social rise of Evangelicals refers to the whole of Latin Ameri- ca, the specific political implications of the develop- ment are examined in more detail in a national case study: Brazil. Although Brazil is still the country with the most Catholics in the world, it has also become the largest Pentecostal country. Whilst Evangelicals are still underrepresented in Brazilian politics com- pared to Catholics, their popularity has been growing – not least because of the inauguration on 1 January 2019 of the new President, Jair Messias Bolsonaro, a military officer who was Evangelically baptised in the Jordan River. This research paper comes to the following conclu- sions: the enormous expansion of Evangelicalism initially had an impact on the subjective individual attitudes of citizens. These included not only religious beliefs and values, but also their worldview. Within Evangelicalism, one’s unique religious identity gen- SWP Berlin Evangelicals and Politics in Brazil January 2020 5 Issues and Recommendations erally plays a much more central role than in Catholi- other from the support of a large section of the Evan- cism. Personal experiences of God and conscious gelical electorate; he continues to enjoy dispropor- decisions lead the followers of these churches to con- tionately high levels of approval in this social group. vert or profess their faith. Their Evangelical identity From a democratic-pluralist perspective, three devel- therefore shapes their way of life to a greater extent opments in Brazil can be seen as problematic: first, than Catholicism would. the dominant Evangelical churches are committed to The demographic rise of Evangelical churches is opposing the social and legal recognition of non-tradi- accompanied by an increasing loss of importance of tional ways of life. Second, the leading figures of the the once-dominant Catholic Church. This changes the most influential mega-churches are becoming major balance of power between the most important reli- economic players, who are also directly or indirectly gious actors in civil society. However, this is a shift of politically active – a concentration of power across power not only from one denomination to the other, three social subsystems. Third, the ideological wing but also from a strongly centralised church to an of Bolsonaro’s cabinet is driven by the belief that it atomised landscape of myriad, extremely autono- is engaged in a cultural struggle with forces that mous Evangelical faith communities, which cannot threaten Christianity. be addressed as a homogeneous whole. A further A context-sensitive (development) policy focusing consequence of this development is that religious and on Brazil and Latin America should take greater actor pluralism are increasing in society. Evangelical account of the relevance of Evangelicals in society churches dominate in urban centres as much as in and politics and include selected Evangelical actors as slums and remote villages. They are present where interlocutors, especially at the local level. The fact the state is absent and the Catholic Church has left that societies in Germany and the European Union room. Large Evangelical churches operate like com- are strongly influenced by Christianity puts Euro- mercial enterprises. They have significant shares of peans in a strong position to counteract in bilateral the so-called gospel market and have extensive media and bi-regional relations ideologies claiming that reli- networks. gions are competing and that Christianity is losing. In Brazil, the political arena is dominated by three Such ideas jeopardise social peace in Latin America. Evangelical mega-churches: the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God), the Assembleia de Deus (Assembly of God) and the Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular (Church of the Foursquare Gospel). While their members are in- volved in several parties, the Partido Republicano Brasileiro (Republican Party) and the Partido Social Cristão (Social Christian Party) are particularly in- fluenced by these churches. Evangelicals are more strongly represented on the right and centre-right of the ideological spectrum, though not exclusively. The primary political strategy of major Evangelical churches is to assert their institutional interests, such as religious equality and equal treatment or access to media licenses, and to enforce a conservative moral agenda. Evangelical churches support candidates informally or officially, striving to have their interests represented in parliament by the cross-party Evan- gelical Parliamentary Front, and by their candidates appointed to the relevant committees in the National Congress. Generally in Brazil, under the presidency of Jair Messias Bolsonaro, the demarcation between politics and religion has become more porous. Even as a presidential candidate, Bolsonaro benefited like no SWP Berlin Evangelicals and Politics in Brazil January 2020 6 The Relationship between Religion and Politics The Relationship between Religion and Politics Politics and religion have a complex and reciprocal ment) is based on a certain ideal conception of society relationship, even in secular states. By shaping the or the social system, and a specific attitude towards faith and lifestyle of their parishioners, who are also politics, at least implicitly. Furthermore, religions citizens of a
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