DOCSLIB.ORG

Quantitative Analysis of Functional Changes Caused by Pinhole Glasses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quantitative Analysis of Functional Changes Caused by Pinhole Glasses Clinical and Epidemiologic Research Quantitative Analysis of Functional Changes Caused by Pinhole Glasses Won Soo Kim,1 In Ki Park,2 and Yeoun Sook Chun1 1Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Ophthalmology, KyungHee University College of Medicine, KyungHee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Correspondence: Yeoun Sook Chun, PURPOSE. To quantify the visual functional changes caused by pinhole glasses. Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of METHODS. Healthy subjects underwent ophthalmic examinations including uncorrected distance Medicine, Chung-Ang University visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected near visual acuity (CNVA), pupil size, depth of focus (DOF), Hospital, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak- accommodative amplitude, visual field (VF) test, contrast sensitivity (CS), and stereopsis. gu, Seoul 156-755, Korea; Subjects underwent the same examinations while wearing pinhole glasses 1 week later. [email protected]. RESULTS. Forty-eight eyes of 48 subjects (24 male and 24 female) with a mean age of 35.5 6 6.7 Submitted: May 15, 2014 years and a mean spherical equivalent of À2.4 6 3.3 diopters (D) were enrolled. The pinhole Accepted: July 31, 2014 glasses significantly improved UDVA and CNVA (logMAR) from 0.44 6 0.46 and 0.26 6 0.40 Citation: Kim WS, Park IK, Chun YS. to 0.19 6 0.25 and 0.14 6 0.22, respectively. The pinhole glasses markedly enlarged pupils Quantitative analysis of functional from 3.6 6 0.5 mm photopic size to 6.0 6 0.5 mm, very close to the mesopic size of 6.2 6 changes caused by pinhole glasses. 0.6 mm. Mean DOF and accommodative amplitude also significantly increased by Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. approximately 50%, while VF featured a general reduction of sensitivity. Mean deviation 2014;55:6679–6685. DOI:10.1167/ (MD) significantly decreased from À0.48 6 1.57 to À4.22 6 1.66 dB, and visual field index iovs.14-14801 (VFI) decreased from 99.4 6 0.7% to 98.4 6 1.3%. The CS decreased significantly at all four spatial frequencies, and stereopsis deteriorated with pinhole glasses. CONCLUSIONS. The pinhole glasses improved visual acuity, DOF, and accommodative amplitude; however, they resulted in decreased visual quality including general reduction of VF sensitivity, CS, and stereopsis. Therefore, particular attention is needed when wearing pinhole glasses while driving, playing sports, or working with instruments. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02111356.) Keywords: accommodative amplitude, functional changes, pinhole glasses, visual acuity, visual field test he single pinhole occluder is a simple device used by Advertisements have suggested that these types of pinhole T ophthalmologists and optometrists for diagnosis of refrac- glasses help exercise and relax eye muscles. However, there is tive errors. Due to its easy handling and short examination no scientific evidence that continuously wearing these glasses time, it has been widely used for rapid screening of visual acuity will result in permanent correction of ametropia and presby- impairment and measurement of visual acuity in large-scale opia. Furthermore, there are few clinical studies regarding epidemiological studies.1–4 Recently, the insertion of a small- visual functional changes with pinhole glasses. aperture corneal inlay functioning like a pinhole occluder for Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of pinhole glasses on visual function as measured by the correction of presbyopia has heightened interest in pinhole visual acuity, pupil size, depth of focus, accommodative effects.5–8 amplitude, visual field, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis. Pinhole occluders may improve vision by reducing blur circle by narrowing the beam of light entering the eye,9,10 11–13 blocking peripheral aberration, and increasing depth of METHODS focus.14,15 Therefore, pinhole occluders can make images clearer and widen the range of focus. However, they can also This study was approved by the Chung-Ang University Hospital induce reduction of the amount of light reaching the retina,9 Institutional Review Board and adhered to the tenets of the diffraction blurring,16,17 and visual field restriction.16 Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Clinical trial registration was done at www. Given these problems, pinhole glasses with a series of ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02111356). We recruited multiple, equally sized, regularly placed pinholes have some subjects who visited our clinic for ocular examination. Subjects advantages. Multiple pinholes make it easier to find a hole were included if they were between 20 and 50 years of age and centered on the pupils. They can increase the incident light had spherical equivalents within 66.0 diopters (D), correctable rays to improve brightness and may improve visual field distance and near visual acuity by glasses up to 20/20, normal restriction. On the other hand, multiple pinholes can disturb intraocular pressure, optic discs with a healthy appearance, and images owing to multiple images and eyestrain due to normal ocular alignment. Subjects were excluded if they had afterimage of the rim of each hole. disturbance of accommodation due to an Adie’s pupil or Copyright 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. www.iovs.org j ISSN: 1552-5783 6679 Downloaded from iovs.arvojournals.org on 10/01/2021 Quantitative Analysis of Functional Changes Caused by Pinhole Glasses IOVS j October 2014 j Vol. 55 j No. 10 j 6680 FIGURE 1. (A) Pinhole glasses with 125 pinholes in each glass lens. The pinholes with a 0.9-mm aperture were separated by 3 mm horizontally and vertically and 3.5 mm diagonally. (B) Pupil size while wearing the pinhole glasses was checked by the ruler attached to the lateral rim of the glasses. Parkinson’s disease, previous ocular surgery, a history of ocular À3.0 to þ3.0 D in 0.5-D increments in a randomized order. The trauma, a history of systemic or topical medication that might range of added lenses that maintained visual acuity of 20/25 or affect accommodation, corneal pathologic features, glaucoma- better during defocus was recorded. For example, if a subject tous optic disc, glaucoma, cataracts of grade II or greater by the could read 20/25 or better with an added lens from À1.5 to Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III),18 vitreous þ1.0 D, his or her DOF was 2.5 D.19 opacity, or retinal abnormalities that might limit the accuracy The monocular near point of accommodation (NPA) was of testing. obtained using Donder’s push-up method.20 The subject was All healthy participants underwent ophthalmic examination instructed to view the target letter (20/20 reduced Snellen including manifest refraction, uncorrected distance visual number), which initially was positioned at approximately 40 acuity (UDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), correct- cm. The target then was moved progressively closer to the ed distance visual acuity (CDVA), corrected near visual acuity patient’s eye at approximately 5 cm/s until the subject noticed (CNVA), pupil size, depth of focus (DOF), accommodative the target starting to blur. The distance between the point of amplitude, standard automated perimetry, contrast sensitivity blurring and the spectacle plane in meters was measured, and (CS), and stereopsis. Subjects underwent the same examina- the inverse of the distance was calculated as diopters. tions while wearing pinhole glasses 1 week later. Although both Measured accommodative amplitude while wearing pinhole eyes of subjects were examined, only right eye data were glasses was a combination of pseudoaccommodation induced included in the analysis for all measurements except stereopsis. by pinhole glasses and real accommodation. Real accommoda- Applied pinhole glasses (Trayner Pinhole Glasses; Trayner tion was included in both conditions, with and without Glasses, Ivybridge Devon, UK) had two 5.2- 3 4.5-cm opaque pinhole glasses. Therefore, the difference between accommo- black plastic discs of 1.7-mm thickness with 125 pinholes in dative amplitude with and without pinhole glasses represents each glass lens. The pinholes are lined up in 11 parallel the pseudoaccommodative power induced by pinhole glasses. horizontal rows, with each row displaced laterally by one-half We defined this pseudoaccommodative power as an accom- spacing between holes. Pinholes had a 0.9-mm aperture and modative amplitude pinhole (AApinhole). were separated by 3 mm horizontally and vertically and 3.5 mm Visual field (VF) test was performed with a Humphrey diagonally (Fig. 1). Visual Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) using the 30–2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm. Ophthalmic Examination Test time, visual field index (VFI), mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were recorded. Uncorrected distance visual acuity, CDVA, and distance visual The monocular CS test was performed using a CSV-1000E acuity with the pinhole glasses (PinholeDVA) were measured Contrast Testing Instrument (VectorVision, Dayton, OH, USA) using Snellen chart (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 4 m. at 2.5-m distance under standard brightness (85 cd/m2). This Uncorrected near visual acuity, CNVA, and near visual acuity test was composed of the following four spatial frequencies: A with the pinhole glasses (PinholeNVA) were measured using (3 cycles per degree [cyc/deg]), B (6 cyc/deg), C (12 cyc/deg), Logarithmic Visual Acuity Chart 2000 (Precision Vision) at 40 and D (18 cyc/deg). The result was converted to a log scale. cm. Visual acuity was converted to a logarithm of the minimal For the measurement of stereopsis, the Randot Stereotest angle of resolution score (logMAR). (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. This test was Pupil size was measured using a WASCA Analyzer (Carl Zeiss performed at 40 cm with the subject wearing the polarizing Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany) at photopic and mesopic spectacles. The booklet was held at 40 cm perpendicular to the conditions (85 and 5 cd/m2, respectively).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Effectiveness of Glare-Obscuring Glasses on Nighttime Driving Performance
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Summer 2012 The Effectiveness of Glare-Obscuring Glasses on Nighttime Driving Performance Heath Theodore Friedland San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Friedland, Heath Theodore, "The Effectiveness of Glare-Obscuring Glasses on Nighttime Driving Performance" (2012). Master's Theses. 4194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.byjp-34sm https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4194 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLARE-OBSCURING GLASSES ON NIGHTTIME DRIVING PERFORMANCE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate Program in Human Factors and Ergonomics San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Heath T. Friedland August 2012 i © 2012 Heath T. Friedland ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLARE-OBSCURING GLASSES ON NIGHTTIME DRIVING PERFORMANCE by Heath T. Friedland APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY August 2012 Dr. Sean Laraway Department of Psychology Dr. Louis Freund Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering Dr. Cary Feria Department of Psychology iii ABSTRACT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLARE-OBSCURING GLASSES ON NIGHTTIME DRIVING PERFORMANCE by Heath T. Friedland Currently no driver-aid system effectively addresses glare-reduction for oncoming headlights.
    [Show full text]
  • Prescription Companion
    PRESCRIPTION COMPANION ©2012Transitions Optical inc. ophthalmic lens technical reference JUBILEE YEAR 2012 E -Edition 7 www.norville.co.uk Introduction and Page Index The Norville Companion is a supporting publication for our Prescription Catalogue, providing further technical details, hints and ideas gleaned from everyday experiences. TOPIC Page(s) TOPIC Page(s) Index 2 - 3 Part II Rx Allsorts Lens Shapes 4 - 6 Lens Forms 49 Effective Diameter Chart 7 Base Curves 50 - 51 Simplify Rx 8 Aspherics 52 - 53 Ophthalmic Resins 9 Free-form Digital Design 54 Indices of Ophthalmic lenses - Resin 10 Compensated Lens Powers 55 - 56 Polycarbonate 11 Intelligent Prism Thinning 57 - 58 Trivex 12 - 13 Superlenti - Glass 59 Resin Photochromic Lenses 14 Superlenti - Resin 60 Transitions Availability Check List 15 V Value / Fresnels 61 Nupolar Polarising Lenses 16 E Style Bifocal / Trifocal 62 Drivewear Lenses 17 - 18 Photochromic / Glazing / Prisms 63 UV Protective Lenses 19 Lens Measures 64 Norville PLS Tints 20 Sports 65 Tinted Resin Lenses 21 3D Technology Overview 66 Mid and High Index Resins Tintability 22 Rx Ordering 67 Norlite Tint Transmission Charts 23 - 25 Order Progress 68 Norlite Speciality Tinted Resins 26 - 31 Rx Order Form 69 Norlite Mirror Coating 32 Queries 70 Reflection Free Coating 33 - 34 Optical Heritage 71 F.A.Q. Reflection Free Coatings 35 - 37 Rx House - Change afoot? 72 - 73 Indices of Ophthalmic Lenses - Glass 38 Remote Edging 74 Glass Photochromic Lenses 38 Remote edging - F.A.Q. 75 Speciality Absorbing Glass 39 Quality Assurance
    [Show full text]
  • The Eye Is a Natural Optical Tool
    KEY CONCEPT The eye is a natural optical tool. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn •Mirrors and lenses focus light • How the eye depends on to form images natural lenses •Mirrors and lenses can alter • How artificial lenses can be images in useful ways used to correct vision problems VOCABULARY EXPLORE Focusing Vision cornea p. 607 How does the eye focus an image? pupil p. 607 retina p. 607 PROCEDURE 1 Position yourself so you can see an object about 6 meters (20 feet) away. 2 Close one eye, hold up your index finger, and bring it as close to your open eye as you can while keeping the finger clearly in focus. 3 Keeping your finger in place, look just to the side at the more distant object and focus your eye on it. 4 Without looking away from the more distant object, observe your finger. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • How does the nearby object look when you are focusing on something distant? • What might be happening in your eye to cause this change in the nearby object? The eye gathers and focuses light. The eyes of human beings and many other animals are natural optical tools that process visible light. Eyes transmit light, refract light, and respond to different wavelengths of light. Eyes contain natural lenses that focus images of objects. Eyes convert the energy of light waves into signals that can be sent to the brain. The brain interprets these signals as shape, brightness, and color. Altogether, these processes make vision possible. In this section, you will learn how the eye works.
    [Show full text]
  • Patient Instruction Guide
    1‐DAY ACUVUE® MOIST Brand Contact Lenses 1‐DAY ACUVUE® MOIST Brand Contact Lenses for ASTIGMATISM 1‐DAY ACUVUE® MOIST Brand MULTIFOCAL Contact Lenses etafilcon A Soft (hydrophilic) Contact Lenses Visibility Tinted with UV Blocker for Daily Disposable Wear PATIENT INSTRUCTION GUIDE CAUTION: U.S. Federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a licensed practitioner. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 SYMBOLS KEY .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 UNDERSTANDING YOUR PRESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 5 GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS ............................................................................................................... 5 WEARING RESTRICTIONS & INDICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 6 WHEN LENSES SHOULD NOT BE WORN (CONTRAINDICATIONS) ............................................................................ 6 WARNINGS .............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Intraocular Lenses and Spectacle Correction
    MEDICAL POLICY POLICY TITLE INTRAOCULAR LENSES, SPECTACLE CORRECTION AND IRIS PROSTHESIS POLICY NUMBER MP-6.058 Original Issue Date (Created): 6/2/2020 Most Recent Review Date (Revised): 6/9/2020 Effective Date: 2/1/2021 POLICY PRODUCT VARIATIONS DESCRIPTION/BACKGROUND RATIONALE DEFINITIONS BENEFIT VARIATIONS DISCLAIMER CODING INFORMATION REFERENCES POLICY HISTORY I. POLICY Intraocular Lens Implant (IOL) Initial IOL Implant A standard monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) implant is medically necessary when the eye’s natural lens is absent including the following: Following cataract extraction Trauma to the eye which has damaged the lens Congenital cataract Congenital aphakia Lens subluxation/displacement A standard monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) implant is medically necessary for anisometropia of 3 diopters or greater, and uncorrectable vision with the use of glasses or contact lenses. Premium intraocular lens implants including but not limited to the following are not medically necessary for any indication, including aphakia, because each is intended to reduce the need for reading glasses. Presbyopia correcting IOL (e.g., Array® Model SA40, ReZoom™, AcrySof® ReStor®, TECNIS® Multifocal IOL, Tecnis Symfony and Tecnis SymfonyToric, TRULIGN, Toric IO, Crystalens Aspheric Optic™) Astigmatism correcting IOL (e.g., AcrySof IQ Toric IOL (Alcon) and Tecnis Toric Aspheric IOL) Phakic IOL (e.g., ARTISAN®, STAAR Visian ICL™) Replacement IOLs MEDICAL POLICY POLICY TITLE INTRAOCULAR LENSES, SPECTACLE CORRECTION AND IRIS PROSTHESIS POLICY NUMBER
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Lenses
    Buying Contact Lenses Some common Questions and Answers to help you buy your lenses safely Wearing contact lenses offers many benefits. Following some simple precautions when buying lenses can help to make sure that you don’t put the health and comfort of your eyes at risk. The British Contact Lens Association and General Optical Council have put together some common questions and answers to help you buy your lenses safely 2 Images courtesy of College of Optometrists, General Optical Council and Optician How do I find out about wearing contact lenses? ● If you want to wear contact lenses to correct your eyesight, you must start by consulting an eye care practitioner for a fitting. Only registered optometrists, dispensing opticians with a specialist qualification (contact lens opticians) and medical practitioners can fit contact lenses. Fitting includes discussing your visual and lifestyle requirements, an eye examination to make sure your eyes are healthy and find out if you’re suitable, and measurements of your eyes to ensure the best lens type, fit and vision, before trying lenses. Once you have worn the lenses, you should have the health of your eyes checked again. You will also need to learn how to handle and care for your lenses. Your practitioner will advise you when you should wear the lenses and how often you should replace them. When is the fitting completed? ● Your prescribing practitioner will tell you when the fitting is completed. How long the fitting takes will depend on your lens type and your eye health. Don’t forget that, once fitted, you will need to have regular check-ups to make sure your eyes are healthy and to get the best from your contact lenses.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Cosmetic Contact Lens Fitting By
    Report of the Staff to the Federal Trade Commission A Comparative ~alysis of Cosmetic Coritact Lens Fitting by Ophtha1ffiologists, Optometrists, and Opticians .,... ... ---. ) by . Gary D. Hailey· Jonathan R. Bromberg Joseph P. Mulholland (Note: This report has been prepared by staff members of the Bureau of Consumer Protection and Bureau of Economics of the Federal Trade Commission. The Commission has reviewed the report and authorized its publication.) Acknowledgements The authors owe an enormous debt of gratitude to the many ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians wh~ assisted in the design and performance of this study out of a sense of responsi­ bility to their professions and to the public. Not all of them can be listed here. &ut the following individuals, who repre-. sen ted their respective professions at all stages of th~ study,' deserve special mention: Oliver H. Dabezies, Jr;, M.D., of the' Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmology and the American Academy of Ophthalmology; Earle L. Hunter, O.D., of the American Optometric Association; and Frank B. Sanning and Joseph W. Soper, of the Contact Lens Society of America and the Opticians Associa­ tion of America. Of course, none of these individuals or asso­ ciations necessarily endorses the ultimate conclusions of this report. A number ,of current and former FTC staff members have con­ tr ibuted to the study in important ways.· "'''Me-iribers of the Bureau of Consumer Protection's Impact Evaluation Unit, including Tom Maronick, Sandy Gleason,' Ron Stiff, Michael Sesnowitz, and Ken Bernhardt, helped answer innumerable technical questions related to the design and administration of the study. Christine Latsey, Elizabeth Hilder, Janis Klurfeld, Scott Klurfeld, Erica Summers, Matthew Daynard, Te~ry Latanich, and Gail Jensen interviewed study subjects, supervised the field examinat~ons, prepared data for analysis, wrote preliminary drafts, and helped with a number 6f 6ther ~asks.
    [Show full text]
  • DISSERTATION O Attribution
    COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). The Potential of the Pinhole as a Visual Aid in the Developing World by Anthony Stephen Carlson Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Magister Philosophiae in Optometry in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Johannesburg Advisor: Professor W.F. Harris March 2014 Declaration I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Magister Philosophiae at the University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other educational institution. ………………………………………………………. ………………………………day of……………………………… i Abstract Background Significant vision impairment caused by uncorrected distance or near vision (at a level defined by The World Health Organization as a disability) affects over 600 million people globally (9% of the world’s population). Over 3.5 billion people (52% of the world’s population) need some form of vision correction to see clearly.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Glasses Need to Be Right. Your Glasses Should Be Comfortable, Complement Your Face, and Provide You with the Best Possible Vision and Protection of Your Sight
    Your glasses need to be right. Your glasses should be comfortable, complement your face, and provide you with the best possible vision and protection of your sight. Because anything less is not good enough for our patients, we have a full-service optical shop that stands up to the quality you can expect from the office of your board- certified eye MD. Dr. Gray is very particular that our optical sales are not on commission. This is to ensure that the only factor guiding your purchase is our aim to give you the best quality of vision and comfort. You will not find this non-commissioned sales approach elsewhere. We are not interested in making a fast deal and a one-time sale. We aim to give you the best glasses you have ever owned, and to earn your business for a lifetime. We are frequently asked what makes a quality pair of glasses. We can help you cut through all the confusing choices and marketing hype, and give you the assurance that you are getting a high quality product that will be the best for your eyes and your vision. We will be here to service and stand behind our products to ensure that you get a high level of value for your money, and not just a quick “deal”. There are many different types of lenses and frames on today’s market. When you get your glasses here, our expert optician presents all the options and the latest optical technology and tailors your glasses to your individual needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Release of Prescriptions for Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses
    STATE AND CONSUMER SERVICES AGENCY Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. BOARD OF OPTOMETRY 2450 DEL PASO ROAD, SUITE 105 SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95834 TEL: (916) 575-7170 www.optometry.ca.gov FACT SHEET RELEASE OF PRESCRIPTIONS FOR EYEGLASSES AND CONTACT LENSES The Federal Trade Commission adopted the Ophthalmic Practice Rules (Eyeglass Rule) and the Contact Lens Rule, which set-forth national requirements for the release of eyeglass and contact lens prescriptions. According to these Rules, all prescriptions for corrective lenses must be released to patients, whether requested or not. The Federal Contact Lens Rule preempts California law regarding the release of contact lens prescriptions, including exceptions carved out for specialty lenses and the 2 p.m. deadline established in AB 2020 (Chapter 814, Statutes of 2002). The following is a brief description of the prescription release requirements: Eyeglass prescriptions must be released immediately following the eye exam. Contact lens prescriptions must be released immediately upon completion of the eye exam or the contact lens fitting (if a fitting is necessary). If specialty lenses must be purchased in order to complete to the fitting process, the charges for those lenses can be passed along to the patient as part of the fitting process. • Contact lens fitting means the process that begins after an initial eye examination for contact lenses and ends when a successful fit has been achieved. In cases of renewal prescriptions, the fitting ends when the prescriber determines that no change in the existing prescription is required. • If a patient elects to purchase contact lenses from a third party, the seller must verify the prescription before filling it.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0268030 A1 Castacane Et Al
    US 20140268030A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0268030 A1 Castacane et al. (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 18, 2014 (54) PNHOLE GLASSES (57) ABSTRACT Applicants: Stephen Castacane, Mildford, CT (US); (71) Pinhole glasses which can be used to assist people with low to John Kelman, Milford, CT (US) moderate myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are invented. The present invention can be used for glasses which function (72) Inventors: Stephen Castacane, Mildford, CT (US); as progressive glasses, distance glasses, computer glasses, John Kelman, Milford, CT (US) reading glasses, and when tinted, Sunglasses. The present (21) Appl. No.: 13/802,788 invention provides the best balance of visual acuity, bright ness and visual field with emphasis on acuity, through the (22) Filed: Mar 14, 2013 system of axes and the pinholes in multiple sizes along the axes which are clinically and empirically proven to be effec Publication Classification tive. Especially, the placement of pinholes along the axes has clinically and empirically been determined depending on the (51) Int. C. seriousness of the astigmatism of the users in correcting the GO2C 702 (2006.01) astigmatic refractive errors. The size, number, spacing, pat (52) U.S. C. tern, and axes of the pinhole apertures have been optimized CPC ...................................... G02C 7/021 (2013.01) through optical theories and extensive clinical and empirical USPC ..................................................... 351/159.52 testing. Patent Application Publication Sep. 18, 2014 Sheet 1 of 4 US 2014/0268030 A1 Patent Application Publication Sep. 18, 2014 Sheet 2 of 4 US 2014/0268030 A1 110 FIG. 2 Patent Application Publication Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions
    UniView VisionSM Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions What is covered in a comprehensive eye exam? Log in at Some of the tests and procedures performed in a comprehensive eye exam include: unicare.com to: • Case history Find an eye care provider • Evaluation of visual system’s status (including dilation) • Refractive status Print a list of eye care providers in your area • Binocular function • Assessment, diagnosis and treatment plan View your benefit information Are contact lens fitting fees included in the vision exam? See when you’re eligible Professional contact lens fitting fees are not considered a part of routine eye care and for more benefits are not included in the vision exam. Plan coverage and discounts vary so members should refer to their specific plan design for details. Members can view their specific View claim status vision coverage by signing into the secure member portal and selecting View Vision, Vision Benefit Details and then My Benefits. What is the difference between standard and premium contact lens fit and follow-up? Your eye doctor will determine what type of contact lens is best for you. In general, contact lens evaluation fees are based on the type of contact lens the doctor prescribes. Standard contact lenses are considered to be single vision, clear, soft, and for daily wear. If you are prescribed standard contact lenses, your eye doctor will perform a standard fitting with follow up evaluation. If the contact lens your eye doctor prescribes for you does not fall into the category of a standard contact lens, it is considered to be a premium contact lens.
    [Show full text]