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O Desenvolvimento Da Notação Musical E Das Técnicas Da Pratica Instrumental Do Trombone No Séc. Xx - Luciano Berio, John Cage E Iannis Xenakis

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O Desenvolvimento Da Notação Musical E Das Técnicas Da Pratica Instrumental Do Trombone No Séc. Xx - Luciano Berio, John Cage E Iannis Xenakis O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA NOTAÇÃO MUSICAL E DAS TÉCNICAS DA PRATICA INSTRUMENTAL DO TROMBONE NO SÉC. XX - LUCIANO BERIO, JOHN CAGE E IANNIS XENAKIS David Alexandre Madureira Rocha da Silva Tese argumentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Música ORIENTADORA: Professor Doutor Mário Dinis Coelho da Silva Marques ÉVORA, MAIO DE 2018 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA NOTAÇÃO MUSICAL E DAS TÉCNICAS DA PRATICA INSTRUMENTAL DO TROMBONE NO SÉC. XX - LUCIANO BERIO, JOHN CAGE E IANNIS XENAKIS David Alexandre Madureira Rocha da Silva Tese argumentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Música ORIENTADORA: Professor Doutor Mário Dinis Coelho da Silva Marques ÉVORA, MAIO DE 2018 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA O desenvolvimento da notação musical e das técnicas da prática instrumental do trombone no séc. XX- Luciano Berio, John Cage e Iannis Xenakis O desenvolvimento da notação para trombone no séc. XX- Luciano Berio, John Cage e Iannis Xenakis AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus orientadores, Professor Doutor Mário Marques e à Profe medida que caminhei para a sua conclusão. Aos meus amigos Ruben Andrade, Luís Campos, Marco Rodrigues pela sua amizade, ajuda e força para a conclusão deste tão importante trabalho a que me dediquei. Por último, deixo uma palavra de agradecimento aos meus queridos pais por toda a honestidade e humildade que me transmitiram ao longo da vida e pela disponibilidade de ajuda em tudo o que precisei até ao momento. David Silva i O desenvolvimento da notação para trombone no séc. XX- Luciano Berio, John Cage e Iannis Xenakis RESUMO Considerando os efeitos da notação musical enquanto elemento decisivo no desenvolvimento das técnicas da prática instrumental do trombone no séc. XX, o objetivo principal deste projeto em estudos de Performance em Música é elaborar um catálogo de técnicas instrumentais específicas para este instrumento. Pretende-se dar um importante contributo para tornar este repertório mais acessível aos intérpretes, oferecendo diferentes abordagens técnicas e interpretativas que partem experiências práticas variadas e relevantes. Assim, optou-se por eleger as incontornáveis obras para trombone dos compositores L. Berio, J. Cage e I. Xenakis, como referência para o corpus analítico deste trabalho. A metodologia adotada baseia-se numa abordagem qualitativa de análise de conteúdo da estrutura e estudo comparativo da notação das obras dos autores citados. Será salientado o impacto das novas técnicas do trombone no século vinte, realçando os aspetos técnicos do instrumento, sonoridades e efeitos mais vanguardistas e expandidos que ela nos apresenta. Tendo como objetivo a compreensão da música moderna na sua contemporaneidade, procurou-se apontar diferentes caminhos na interpretação visando destacar o papel do compositor na relação interativa com o intérprete. Palavras notação musical contemporânea, técnicas instrumentais Chave para trombone, John Cage; Luciano Berio; Iannis Xenakis; David Silva ii The musical notation and trombone instrumental practice techniques development in the twentieth century – Luciano Berio, John Cage e Iannis Xenakis Abstract Considering that musical notation was an essential element of the trombone‟s evolution in 20th century, the main goal of this project is to catalogue specific instrumental techniques of this instrument. Based on relevant practical experiences and exhaustive studies on this matter, this thesis aims to provide ways for the 20th century trombone repertoire to be more approachable to the interpreter. John Cage, Luciano Berio and Iannis Xenakis are undoubtably three reference composers of this period. Therefore, their pieces for trombone are the core analyzed of this thesis. The method here adopted is based on qualitative and comparative analysis of the content and musical notation of the trombone masterpieces composed by the previously mentioned composers. The new interpretation techniques have a predominant role on this analysis. This thesis aims to understand the contemporaneity of the modern music, searching for common points shared by these three bright composers and demonstrating different ways to interpretate their masterpieces for trombone. Although the role of the composer is certainly emphasized here, the interpreter‟s relevance is also clearly highlighted. Keywords contemporary musical notation; instrumental technics for Trombone; John Cage; Luciano Beria; Iannis Xenakis; David Silva iii O desenvolvimento da notação para trombone no séc. XX- Luciano Berio, John Cage e Iannis Xenakis Índice Agradecimentos ...................................................................................................................... i Resumo .................................................................................................................................. ii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................................ vi Índice de Quadros ............................................................................................................... viii INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................... 1 1. Metodologia ................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Pertinência do estudo ............................................................................................. 8 1.2. Objetivos .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3. Metodologia ......................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Técnicas de análise e interpretação de dados ...................................................... 12 1.5. Técnicas de análise e interpretação de dados ........................................................... 12 2. Berio, influências e aspetos biográficos ...................................................................... 14 2.1. A Série das Sequenze .......................................................................................... 16 2.1.1. A caracterização geral das Sequenze ........................................................... 17 2.1.2. Descrição analítica nas Sequenze I – VII .................................................... 19 3. A Linguagem de Luciano Berio .................................................................................. 20 3.1. A Teatralidade e o Lirismo .................................................................................. 21 3.2. O papel da Voz e do Instrumento ........................................................................ 29 3.3. O Alargamento do contexto musical ................................................................... 30 3.4. A influência dodecafónica ................................................................................... 34 3.5. A Sequenza V ...................................................................................................... 35 3.5.1. Comentários sobre a prática interpretativa .................................................. 47 4. Breve referência à evolução estético-musical entre 1930 e 1950 ................................ 49 4.1. John Cage – Contextualização sociopolítica do pós-guerra ................................ 52 4.1. Mudança de paradigma na conceção musical...................................................... 54 4.2. Contexto Norte-Americano ................................................................................. 59 4.3. Notação musical gráfica – “Visual Music” ......................................................... 61 David Silva iv O desenvolvimento da notação para trombone no séc. XX- Luciano Berio, John Cage e Iannis Xenakis 4.4. As novas técnicas vanguardistas e seus autores: a obra musical de John Cage .. 65 4.5. O indeterminismo, o acaso e o aleatório.............................................................. 70 4.6. Cage, a influência e o legado ............................................................................... 74 4.7. A estética da “não-intencionalidade” .................................................................. 77 4.8. A obra “Solo for Sliding” .................................................................................... 77 4.8.1. Indicações Performativas ............................................................................. 80 4.8.2. Comentários sobre a prática interpretativa .................................................. 85 5. Xenakis, o arquiteto de sons ........................................................................................ 89 5.1. A vida, influências e percursos ............................................................................ 89 5.2. A Música de Xenakis ........................................................................................... 91 5.3.A magistralidade do Trombone elogiada em Keren .................................................. 96 5.4.9 Notas Explicativas Sobre a Escrita Para Trombone ........................................ 106 Conclusão .......................................................................................................................... 113 Bibliografia ........................................................................................................................ 127 Bibliografia Digital ...........................................................................................................
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