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1921 A classification of the cognomina appearing in the Corpus inscriptionum latinarum vol. IX Lillian B. Lawler State University of Iowa

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Recommended Citation Lawler, Lillian B.. "A classification of the cognomina appearing in the Corpus inscriptionum latinarum vol. IX." MA (Master of Arts) thesis, State University of Iowa, 1921. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.mx98mnq5

Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd A CLASSIFICATION

OF THE COGNOMINA APPEARING IN THE CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM LATINARUM VOL.IX

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Lillian B„ Lawler, A.B.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the Dftgree of Master of Arts. IOWA CITY, IOWA JUNE, 1921. TABLE OP CONTENTS.

Part I, Introduction...... Page 1 1. Aim. 1. 2. Method of Procedure. 3. 3. Outstanding Work Previously Done. in the Field. 6 4. Work Yet to be Done in the Same Field. 14 5. Key to Signs and Abbreviations. 15 Part II. Classifications. With Conclusions...... 18. Based on Etymology. 1. Names of Uncertain Origin. 18 2 . F oreign Names. 24 I. Entirely Foreign. A. From Parts of Europe Outside Ita ly . (1) Greek. 24 (2) G allic, (3) Venetian-I llyrian, (4) Spanish. (5) Messapian. (6)Germanic. (7) B ritish. (8) Macedonian. (9) Dacian. (10)Dalmatian. (11)Thracian. 30 B. From Outside Europe. (1) From Asia Exclusive of Asia Minor. a. Miscellaneous. b.Hebrew. c.Syrian. d.Chaldaic. 31 (2) From Asia Minor. 31 (3) From Africa. a. Miscellaneous. b. Egyptian. c.Punic. 31 II. Hybrids. A. Greek Root, Latin Suffix. 31 B. Gallic Root, Latin Suffix. 32 C. G a llic R oot, E truscan S u ff ix . 32 D. Illyrican-Venetian Root,Latin Suffix. 32 3. N o n -L a tin I t a l i c Names, I . Oscan-Umbrian. II.Sabine. III.Paelignian.37 4 , Names Derived from the Names of Places. I. Specific. A. From Mountains and H ills . B.From Coun­ tries and Regions. C.From Bodies of Water. D.From Towns and D istricts. E. From Nations and Tribes. 39 I I . G eneral. 39 5. Names Denoting Personal Characteristics. I. Physical Peculiarities. A. Parts of the Body. 43 B. General Appearance. 43 C.Characteristic Activities. 44 D. Age. 44 E. Physical Condition. 44 II. Traits of Mind or Disposition. 44 6. Names Denoting Condition. I. Condition at Birth. II,Station in Life. III. Condition as a Result of Experience. IV.Condition with Reference to Others in the Commun ity . 53 7. Names Denoting Circumstances of B irth. I. Order in Family, II.Season of Birth. III. Actual Circumstances of B irth...... Page 60 8 . Names Denoting Fam ily Relationships. 64 9. Names Denoting Occupation. 65 10. M ilit a r y Names. I . D enoting Things Used in W arfare. 68 II. Denoting Position in the Army. 68 I I I . D enoting Outcome o f the War. 68 11. Names Denoting Objects. I . Animate. A. Animals. (l) Domestic Animals. (2)Wild Animals,(3)Insects. (4) Birds. (5)Sea-Animals, 70 B. P la n ts . (1) General. 70 (2) Specific. a. Denoting Trees and Shrubs. 70 b. Denoting Edible Plants. 70 c. Denoting Harmful Plants. 71 d. Denoting Parts of Plants. 71 e. Denoting Flowers. 71 I I . Inanimate. A. Minerals. 71 B. B u ild in g and C o n s tru c tio n . (1) Things B uilt. (2) Materials Used. 71 C. Im plem ents. (1) Household Utensils.(2)Farming Tools. (3 )Miscellaneous Implements. 71 D. Clothing and Personal Adornment. 71 E. Foods. 71 F. Miscellaneous Objects. 71 12. Names Denoting Natural Phenomena. 76 13. Names Derived from the Names of Deities. 77 14. Names Denoting Abstract Ideas. 80 15. Names Denoting Religious Matters. 82 Not Based on Etymology. 16. Names Classed A ccording to S ta tio n in L ife of the Bearers. I. Names of Slaves. II.Names of Freedmen. 85 III. Names of Persons of Senatorial Rank. 87 17. Names Classed According to the Religion of the Bearers. I. Names of Christians. II.Names of Jews. 94 18. Names That Are Diminutives, I. With Suffix -lus. II.W ith Suffix -ulus. Ill With Suffix -plus. IV.With Suffix -uIIub. V.With Suffix -ellus. VI.With Suffix -illus. 97 19. Names Used in Unusual Ways. I . P raenomina Used as Cognomina, 101 II. Cognomina Used as Praenomina. 101 I I I . Nomina Used as Cognomina. 101 20. Niclc-Names, 103 21. Latin Names Not Included in Any of the Preceding Classifications, 105 22. Favorite Roots...... P a g e 106

P art I I I. Summary of Conclusions. 115 Part IV. Bibliography. 120 PART I . INTRODUCTION. 1

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE COGNOMINA APPEARING IN CIL VOL. IX .

PART I . - INTRODUCTION. 1. Aim.

The aim of the following study has "been to attain by an examination and classification of the cognomina appearing in the inscriptions of Vbl, IX of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, to a fu lle r understanding of the customs of name-giving prevailing among the inhab- itants of Ita ly during the period of the Roman Empire, A, Cbgnomina were chosen fo r examination because (1) they were the latest of the Hbman names in origin;

(2) they were in origin given names; and (3) they alone in later times could be given names in any true sense of the word, inasmuch as the nomina were heredi­ tary, and inasmuch as the number of praenomina was

s till so small as to preclude the exercise of any in­ dividuality in their application. Tb be sure, cogno­ mina, in very many cases, had become hereditary also; yet even then the connection of the cognomina with corresponding Latin words remained obvious-- just as Whiter in our minds is s till connected with white. even though as a surname it is now hereditary. Besides, in such cases, frequently a distinguishing, individual cognomen (o r agnomen) was g ive n in a d d itio n ; and never, within the period of Roman history, did cog- 2

nomina. lo se t h e ir a b i l i t y to he a p p lie d anew as g ive n names. Inscriptions were chosen as source-material be­ cause of the fact that, in the very nature of things, they would be more like ly to furnish a true picture of the names of real persons in a ll stations of life than would pieces of literature. They present, on the other hand, two difficulties:4l)N ot a ll of the names in the inscriptions are necessarily those of residents of the districts in which the inscriptions were found. However, it may, perhaps, safely be assumed that the great majority are— just as the great majority of the inscriptions in a modern city are likely to con­ tain the names of residents of the city rather than

of outsiders. (2) Many of them cannot be dated; and, taken collectively, they cover a period extending from the early Empire to the Middle Ages. An attempt has been made to meet this d iffic u lty by an examina­ tion of the names themselves, to determine such names as are certainly of a comparatively early date. Yet if this attempt seem inadequate, it must be remembered that names and name-giving customs tend to be conser­ vative among a ll peoples, and that very old names com­ monly exist side by side with very new ones, each just as much a part of the existing system of name-giving

as the other. Hence, at the latest date represented in Vol. IXK, it is possible that a ll of the names listed

in the inscriptions were in use.- ViQume IXXof the OIL was chosen for three reasons: 3

It contains an index of cognomina,making material easily available. (2) It contains a sufficiently large number of cognomina-- 2363 different ones in a ll. (3.) The districts which it represents, Calahria, Apulia, Samnium, the Sabine Territory, and Picenum, form together one continuous strip in Ita ly proper, reasonably near Rome, and pra ctically homogeneous in customs during the period of the Umpire. Moreover, the Ita lic family of languages is native in a ll of them - - and i t is w ith the I t a l i c cognomina in p a r­

ticular that this paper plans to deal. 2. Method of Procedure. The method of procedure has been:- (l);Tlle etymology of each of the 2363 cognomina listed has been determined where possible, by consult­ ing authorities and by reading the inscriptions them­ selves in doubtful cases. Where authorities fa il to mention names, or fa il to give definite etymologies for any of the names, sparing use has been made of analogy, 'if forms of known origin occur sufficiently like the forms in question to warrant their connection, (E .g ., T ricunda may reasonably be assumed to be a f o r ­ mation analogous to Secunda; also, since in CIL X, in­ dex, we find Cdstans as a variant of Constans. we may

likewise call Cogessus a variant of Concessus, and Cosidia of Considia; more obviously, -anus. - inus, -a lis . -aris forms, and others with common suffixes, have been referred to the simple forms of their roots, 4 even though the suffix forms appear in none of the au­

t h o r it ie s , ) Where r e lia b le a u th o r itie s d i f f e r , such of the suggested etymologies as seemed most reasonable have been used, the name in question being classified according to each in turn, and the less probable uses being enclosed in parentheses. Where suggestions seemed unreasonable, they have been discarded-- e.g., Jerome’ s (Nona. Hebr. p. 68) attribution of Cornelius to the Hebrew, (2) The names of uncertain origin and. those of for­ eign origin have been listed for purposes of statis­ tics and comparison. D efinitely foreign names, and names of uncertain origin, are not used again, as the former would necessarily lead to a consideration of foreign name-customs which it would be beyond the pro­ vince of this paper to investigate; and the latter would not lielp in the solution of the problem in hand, However, there are numerous names the ultimate origin of which is very probably foreign, but which,

in form, are such exact reproductions of common Latin words that, in the mind of the inhabitant of any of the districts in question, especially late in the period of the "Empire, they would undoubtedly be regarded as being those Latin words or derivatives of them, and would be so used, (AAparallel in modern times is fu r­ nished by the German name Bang, which to the English- speaking certainly seems to be bang.) Popular ety- 5

rnology, to be disregarded and even shunned in moot scientific investigations, must be taken into consid­ eration here, since the giver of a name is bound to be influenced in his giving by what he thinks the name means. That such was really the case in Roman times may demonstrated from Q uintilian, XI, 2, 31:- "Quod e st f a c iliu s in A p ris e t in U rs is e t Nasone aut Crispo, ut id memoriae adfigatur, unde sunt nomina"; also from CIL XI, 1777:- "D.M. Iaro niae ver(e)cundae pient(iss)imae f ili Urs(us) et Aper et

Lupu(s) rnatri bene me(ren)ti» V ixit annis XXXXI." Would three brothers have been named Ursua. Aper, Lupus. if those three names had not been conceived of as the common Latin nouns?-- Yet there is authori­ ty for referring Aper to Etruscan,-- as there is also for Crisp us in the Q uintilian passage. Hence, to a ll intents and purposes, Roman names are the common Latin words that they seem to be; and they have been so treated in this paper. (3) The Ita lic names have been grouped in numerous classifications, with a view to facilitating analy­ sis, In the classifications, names which in form pre­ serve the original appellative, and could be applied to individuals in the root meaning of the words-- that is, simple adjectives, participles, nouns in -io. o r -o. formed f rom ■ adj ec t i ves or o th e r nouns; a ls o , d i­ minutives of any of these-- have been listed in col­ umns. Those names the roots of which can be classified, but the suffixes of which produce such modifications 6

of the roots as to make them no longer appellatives, have been indented, each under the corresponding sim­ ple form where that occurs, and set off by spaces from the preceding and following words if its simple form does n o t o ccu r. Where b o th a -us and an -a , o r an -jer and an -a form,of a root occur, they have been put together (e.g., Faustus. -a) and counted as one name. V a ria tio n s o f s p e llin g have been ig ­ nored except in unusual cases. Percentages and to­ tals are reckoned for simple and for derived forms separately, unless a specific statement is made to the contrary. (4) Conclusions have been drawn from the facts so re v e a le d . (5) These conclusions have been summarized into an outline of facts concerning the customs of name­ giving in the districts of Italy covered by the in­ vestigation.

5. O utstanding■«—riMP ' Work ” P re v io u s ly Done in the F ie ld . Foremost among the studies in the fie ld of names has been W. Schulze’ s "Zur Geschichte Latein- ischer Eigennamen", which, though altogether d if­ ferent in plan, scope, and point of view from the present study, has proved a valuable collection of material for comparison, and. a useful source for ety­ mology. Schulze discusses Latin names (including names o-f places, praenomina, and nomina, as well as cognomina) in four general classes:-- those of Celtic, 7

those of Illy rican-Venetian, those of Etruscan, and those of pure Latin, origin. His method of proced­ ure is to compare names occurring in the Roman Empire with existing inscriptions of Celtic, Illyrican-Vene­ tian, and Etruscan districts, and by the aid of what is known of the languages of those districts, together with the principles of morphology and phonology, to explain the etymology of hitherto unexplained names, and to give new explanations for names hitherto re­ garded as uncertain or inexplicable. The Etruscan section of the book is particular­ ly noteworthy. After an exhaustive study of the Etrus­ can inscriptions, Schulze concludes:- (1) That many names formerly regarded as pure Latin in origin may be paralleled by practically identical

Etruscan forms, and are Etruscan in origin. (2) That the suffixes -io. -o, and -onius in particu­ lar; also, -a, -acius, -adius, -aeus, -alius, -as, -avius, -eius, -enius. -enna. -ennius. -enus. -ea.

-idius. - ie. -inator, - innius, -inus, -na, -nius. -orius, -u, -ucius, -udius. -urius, -us, -utius, -uvius. a ll occur as transliterations of Etruscan suf­ fixes; and that names with such suffixes may be, and very probably many are, borrowings from the Etruscan; that, however, many of these names are of pure Latin roots, the simplest forms of which were old Latin prae- nomina, which the Etruscans borrowed and transformed by suffixes into Etruscan fam ily names; and that these 8

fam ily names were "borrowed back again, in turn, by the Latins themselves, and applied as cognomina. =>-v It may be questioned whether the presence of the phonetic equivalents of these names and suffixes in the Etruscan inscriptions is proof positive that they were originally either pure Etruscan,.or pure Latin. Might it not be possible that the Etruscan forms-- roots, suffixes, and a ll-- are transliterations of Latin, instead of that the Latin forms are translit­ erations of the Etruscan? This is especially possible inasmuch as Schulze admits that pure Latin praenomina form the basis of many of the names with the so-called Etruscan suffixes. Such a possibility is much more con­ vincing. than the elaborate and wide-spread double bor­ rowing which must be presupposed for Schulze's theory. Of course, if it were to be proved that the Etrus­ can inscriptions containing parallels to a Latin name were earlier than the firs t known instance of that Lat­ in name, or earlier than the period of Latin cognomina itse lf, then Schulze would be justified in his state­ ments. Yet it is a fact that Etruscan remained a spo­ ken and written language until late in the period of the Roman Empire, and that the latest of the known Etrus can inscriptions dates from the time of Augustus. Schulze, however, pays no heed to the dates of the Etrus can inscriptions. The names in OIL IX paralleled in Etruscan, accord­ ing to Schulze, are:- 9

Abinnaeus. eAventinus. eCrispinilla. Abonianus. eA vienus. eCrispinus, -a. A cranus. e A v ila . e C risp u s. e A cu riu s. eAv io la . eCurrus, -a. eAcutianus. Babidus. D is s io . eAcutus . B agia. eEgnatianus. eAelianus, -a. B a lla e u s . Emineus. #eAemilianus, -a. B a m b ilio . eFabianus. A fin ia . eBarba. e F a d illa . eAfricanus, -a. eBarbo. eFeroniensis. A ina. eBarbus . eFirmanus. #A lenus. e Barinus. eFrestana. #Al e tia . #Barnaes. Fudidianus. e A llia . B a rru s . F u fiu s . eAmantius. B e b is. Fulcinius. eAmicus. B i l l o . e F u lv iu s . Ammianus. B r is o . eGalerianus. A m pelius. eB uccio. e G a lv io . Aninianus. B u ria n u s . Gavianus, -a. eAnnianus. eCaepio. Gesua. eAntonius, -a. eCaepulus. eGraccus. eAntonina. eCaeserinus. G r it to . eAper, -a. eCaesa. e H a lic iu s . e A p ic u la . #eCaesidia. Herm ia. eApollonianus. #eCaesius, -a. eHilarianus. #eAppia. #eCaesonianus. eHilarinus. #eA ppis. eCallidius. eApriculus, -a. eH ispanus. #eCal venus. eHortensianus. eApridius. #Camars. e A p rio . eHostilianus. #eCami l l u s . eI uventianus. eApro. C apidatus. eApronianus. eI uventina. e C a p ito . eLabeo. e A p ru lla . eCarbo. eAquilinus, -a. eLaberianus. e A q u ita . eCarpus. e L a b rio . C a rtu s. eLaenas. # e A r is tia . eL a p ia . Arrenianus. #eCassius, -a. #eAria-Arria. #eCassianus. eLappa. # e A rria n u s . eCastricianus. eLargus, -a. #Arrolonus. eCavus. eLateranus. #Arrutusa. e C e rio . eLatiaris. eCessinus. e L a tin u s . eA ru la . e L a tro . eAsellus, -a. eC estus. eCethegus. eLaurea. eAsprenas. eLaurilla. eAtedianus. e C ice ro . eLaurus. eAterianus. eClodianus. eLausus. eAtilianus. C o lc h is . eLeo. e A t iliu e . Colominaeus. eLeonas. eAufentinus. #Comin ia n u s . eLepidianus. eAulaniu s. Copranus. eLepidius. e A u lin a . C o rcia . e L ib o . #eAurelianus,-a. eC ord ia. eLivianus. #eAurelius, -a. eCordus. eLucanus. eAutillus. eCorvinus. e L uce iu s. eA utta . e C o sid ia . eLucina. eCrastinus. e L u c re tia . 10

#Lucumo. O r fitu s . eSalvius, -a, L u d in i. O rfiu s . eS alvus. eLusianus. e P a c a tila . eSamera. eMaccus. P a ceiu s. Sassus. eMacer ePaelinus, -a. Satrenianus. eMacero. ePannicis. Sattianus. eMactorianus. ePansa, eSatullinus. M agaria. eP apia. eSatur, -a. eMaglatius. ePapus. eScaeva. eMaius. ePasserus. eScaevinus. eMammia n u s . ePaternus, -a. eScaevola. eMamulla.. ePedo. S e alu s. eMamus. Pescennianus. eScapula, Ϻαννινϵ. eMancia. Petiliana. S cato. ePetronius. eS curra. eP ia. eSecurus, -a.. ePisidinus. eSentianus, e P iso . eSerenus. ePisoninus. Serpicanus. e P iu s. eSerranus. e P la u tu s . eServa. e P o c illa . S ic in iu s . e P o llio . e S ilo . P o l l i t t a , e S ilv a . Pontianus. eSilvanius. Poppaeanus. eSilvanus, -a, eP raeco. eSj.lv in ia . ePraenestinu s. eSllvinus, -a. P r o t ila . eSilYius, -a. ePupus. eSocellianus. e P u llo . eSodala. e P u llu s . S p in th e r. e P u p illa . e S p u riu s. e R e s tio . eStaberianus. eStaber ius. eMarcanus. eRomania. eRomanilla. Staenilla. eM aria. eStatorina. eMarianus, -a. eRomanus, -a. eRomulus, -a. e S tra b o . sMarinus, -a. eStrabonilia. M a rio . eRufilianus. eRufillus, -a. eS uerra. Maro. e S u e tia . eM arta. eRufinianus, eRufinus, -a. eSuettlus. Marullina. e S u lla . Marullus, -a. eR ufio. e R u fu lu s . eSura. M arus. eTaburnius. eMaternus. eRufus, -a. eRumnus, -a . eTacitus, -a. e M a tid ia . Tampilus.. eM atinus. eRupilianus. eRusticulus. Tarac iu s . eMato. eRusticus. Tarasuna. eMercatilia. Saenanius. Tarhini. (dat.) M etilianus. S alassus. eTatianus. Moras iu s . Sala-rentus. eTelesilla. eMuca. eSalonina. eTeles inus. eMucianus. eSallustianus. e T e llu s . eM unatia. e S a lv illa . T e r ia . Munnus. eMurenilla. eMusca. eMuscatius. Mussus. M u tro . eNe b iu s . sN e ria . eNero. Numenius eNumisia. eNumisilla. eNumisina. Nysa. eO cella. e O ctavia. eOctavianus. eO fellius. O rentilla. Orestinianus. 11

Tha lin a . e V a ria . eV ettilla. eThermus. e V a rro . e V ib ia n u s. Tintyrita. eV arus. eVibius, -a. T ita s u s . e V e lin u s . e V ib r io . T it in iu s . eVem inianus. eVicana. T ris s u s . eVenusina. e V ic in a . e T u liu s . e V e rin u s. eVictoria. e T u lliu s . eVeronilia. e V illa n u s . eT u llu s . e V e rn io . e V illu s . T u rita n a . eVernus. Vinicianus. eTur p io . eVesta. eV iscus. eValerianus, - a. eVestilla. eVistulla. eValerius, -a. eVestinus, -a. eVitellianus. eVare x . eVestorianus. e V itu s . e V e te riu s .

Total, 374 names, or 15.7% of a ll the names in CIL IX.

Other authorities agree with Schulze in the attribution to Etruscan of those names marked #. Names marked e, either because of their sim ilarity to common Latin words, or because of the fact that it is evident from Latin literature that they had been in use among the Latins so long as to seem to them really Latin, have been treated as Latin in the ensuing classifications.

Some names in this lis t are startling, to say the least-- e.g., Apollonianus, Hermia, Hispanus, Nero, Pae­ 1inus, Pius, Pisidinus, Thermus. Africanus, we know from history, was applied in very early times not as an E truscanism , b u t as a cognomen ex v i r t u t e . A m antius, in the one instance of its use in CIL IX ("L.Pullidio Phoe­ biano Seppia Iustiana coniugi incomparabili cum quo v ix it annis XLII B.M.F. D.M. Amanti Mendax, Vale. Amanti XAIPE") is an agnomen, and was obviously ap­ plied with no thought of Etruscan. So also Rusticu- 12 lus. (See Classification 4.) Scaeva and Seaevola. Sura, Silva, Rufio, Pedo. these names, and others like them, Schulze explains as having Veen originally Etruscan, and then having been borrowed by the Latins, who, con­ fusing them with their own corresponding Latin words, applied them as such. Atedianus. Luceius. T itin iu s. and others of the same sort are of the group which Schulze admits may have been Ita lic praenomina in o ri­ gin, but which were borrowed by the Etruscans, given Etruscan suffixes, and then borrowed back into Latin as Rbman cognomina. But, though he admits their probably

Latin origin, Schulze’s treatment of this group, as of the others, is such that one receives the impression that the whole lis t represents a large Etruscan element in the Latin system of names. Schulze’ s arguments and conclusions with regard to the Etruscan-Latin situation, then, are hardly convincing, inasmuch as he seeks a long, round-about way of explain­ ing simple facts. Why may not an ancient Latin have been spontaneously named Porest. L e fty . Red-Head, Goodman, Hooter,-- from Latin itse lf, without any foreign influ­ ence at all? As a matter of fact, it would seem that either side of the question is incapable of absolute proof, especially in view of the obscurity of the Etruscan language. Nevertheless, we can draw one conclu­ sion from these parallel forms:- Latin names which are paralleled in Etruscan inscriptions must date, so far as firs t use is concerned, from a period not later than the time of Augustus (since the latest Etruscan inscrip­ 13

tion belongs to that period) , and may date from, the Re­ public. Hence, it is certain that in the late Entpire-- the period of most of the inscriptions of CIL IX-- those forms were old. A classification, then, in which a great m ajority of the names are paralleled in the Etruscan in­ scriptions, may reasonably be regarded as representing a comparatively old variety of name. The converse, however, viz., that names not so paralleled are necessarily late, has not been assumed; for many names not paralleled in the Etruscan inscriptions are very evidently older than some of those which are. (See Classification 19.) The parallels merely give us one definite basis for judgment. Schulze discusses also place-names, maintaining that numerous names of places in Ita ly are derived from fam ily- names, both Etruscan and Latin, but chiefly Etruscan; and

that the corresponding so-called place-names are not such, but the old family-names themselves. Hence, he hints at a much wider Etruscan occupation and domination of Ita ly in prehistoric times than has ever been supposed,-- a conclusion rather improbable, since no hint of such a widespread Etruscan occupation appears in Roman legend,yet barely possible if it be admitted that the Latin names are transliterations of the Etruscan. Even so, the fact of the Etruscan occupation does not necessarily follow; for the Latins may have voluntarily copied names of places from those of their neighbors to the north,-- a thing not unparalleled in modern times. Further topics treated in Schulze are general naming- customs in the Empire as a whole; formations in one lang- 14

uage on the analogy of those in others; suffixes char­

acteristic of Celtic, Venetian, Illyrian , Messapian, and Latin; names derived from those of deities; modern names of places, and their hearing on ancient names; con­ sonant doubling; and diminutives.

The work would be even more useful than it is, however, if there were within it a better subordination of details, a more unified handling of the long lists of examples (in an appendix, perhaps, as one reviewer suggests), and a more accurate and inclusive index. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, it is a decidedly worth-while contribution to the study of the ancient name, if for no other reasons than that it contains exhaustive lis ts of related Latin names, and that it directs attention to a new and practically un- f explored (though as yet s till really unexplorable ’.) field of comparison-- the Etruscan inscriptions.

4, Work Yet to be Done in the Same Field. F u rth e r s tu d ie s m ig h t be made o f names and name- giving customs as revealed by the names in the inscrip­

tions of the other districts of Italy, and of Rome pro­ per, during the Republic as well as during the Empire,

and comparisons of those names might be made with the

names in Latin literature, with a view to acquiring a better knowledge of the names of Italy as a unit, and to re-scrutinizing the history of the Latin name in general. .Further, sim ilar studies might be made of the cognomina in a ll the other volumes of the CIL, for

the purpose of revealing further information as to the 15

naming customs of a ll the districts of the Roman state.

5, Key to Signs and Abbreviations in the Following Classifications. x before a name denotes that the bearer of it is a C h ris tia n , f before a name denotes that it is perhaps of for­ eign origin (except Etruscan, for which see below), but has been used in Latin so long, or is so like a Latin word, that it has been classed as Latin.

j5 before a name denotes that it is paralleled in the Etruscan inscriptions, according to Schulze. ( ) around a name denote that it has been used also elsewhere in the classifications, and that it is perhaps entitled to a place in the other classifi­ cation or classifications rather than in the pres­

ent one. Etr. in tabulations denotes that the figures so listed refer to names paralleled in Etruscan inscriptions,

according to Schulze. Chr. in tabulations denotes that the figures so listed refer to names borne by Christians. I ■ 16

PART I I . - CLASSIFICATIONS, WITH

CONCLUSIONS. 17

CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON ETYMOLOGY 18

CLASSIFICATION 1. NAMES OF UNCERTAIN ORIGIN.

Aibarus. The reading here is uncertain. The name is associated with Virginius, Menatia, and Valentina. Hence it is probably not Greek, though it looks so. Ammauru. The name is borne by a woman, p ro b a b ly a fo re ig n ­ er. The inscription is from Barium. Anaupauma. Greek?-- ἀνά+παύω? The inscription is from

Brundisium. C &rtir. The reading is uncertain. The name is borne by a man, the father of a slave, and presumably himself a foreign slave. His w ife's name is Vferecunda. Ce'que. The reading is uncertain. ihe name is borne by a slave-girl. It appears together with Strabonia and Prisca. It may be a corruption of some Latin name. Oledus. The inscription is from Pescina, Condercius. The reading of the whole inscription is sixiply Conderci. with a break after it. Dauta. The reading is uncertain. It appears with Magima

and may th e re fo re be Greek. Ddvera. The name is borne by a freedwoman. It appears with Fortunata. Bpicharus. and Ampelus. It may be

Greek, Duta. The name is borne by the mother of an Augustalis. The inscription is from Canusium. The name may be a variant of Dauta. Ecretumarus. The name is borne by a freedman. 19

Egat i us . The name is bor n e by a man who was f o r seven years a soldier of the sixth praetorian cohort. It may be a stone-cutter's error for Egnatius, The inscription is from Reate. Eromius. The reading is uncertain. The name appears to be connected with the Greek Ἔρωϛ , but it is with Numisia, Marcella, and Afranius. which are Latin. Genager. The name is borne by a freedman. It appears with Plutus, Faustus, and Lollius. It may he a forma­ tion from genu, analogous to podager . Geuma. The name is borne by a freedwoman, and is associa­ ted with Greek names. It is probably Greek. The in­ scription is from Canusium. Gilasco. The reading of the whole inscription is very un­

c e r ta in , H ycus. The reading is uncertain. The name appears with others of Greek origin.

L a tfris. The reading is uncertain. The form appears Ger­ manic, hut it appears with Fufius and Cassia. Lathimus, Lathmus. (1) Borne by the father of a member of an equestrian cohort; appears with Pescennius.

(2) Appears with Pothus. The form of the name looks Greek. Leitus. The name appears in two inscriptions:- (1) With both Latin and Greek names. (2) Borne by a patro­ nus. The name is common in other volumes of CIL, and may be a v a r ia n t o f L a e tu s . Leuvius.The name may be a variant of Laevius. Maet uut . The name is borne by a Jewess, and may be Hebrew. Mannachius. The name is borne by a man of senatorial rank. 20

It appears to be Greek. Medona. The name is borne by a freedwoman, and appears with Tarutius, Philomsus, and Acratus. It may be Greek, Melomoboda. The name is borne by a man. The ending ap­

pears somewhat like a Spanish suffix, but the be­ ginning looks Greek.

M ir a llis . The cognomen appears w ith the praenomen A t t i a , both being borne by a priestess of Ceres. It may be a corruption of Mirabilis . Misaus. The name is borne by a soldier. Nopo n ta . The name is borne by a woman. I t may be d ia le c ta l for Nepotia. Novadus. The name is borne by a freedman, and appears with P ullia, Primigenia, Genucius, P ullidius, and Dona­

tus. It may he a variant of Novatus. Oneris. The name is borne by a woman, the mother of one C a p riu s. I t may be Greek. Osoberus. The name appears with several pure Latin names, and, though it appears to be Celtic, may he a var­

iant of Octoberus. PER Peredus. The whole inscription consists of:- EDI It may be from peredo. P inthsi. The name appears w ith Symphoniacus, and may be Greek, The inscription is from Brundisium. P rolis. The name is borne by a Christian, and appears with Vensilda, Ianuarius, and Martina. It may be foreign,

o r may be a v a ria n t o f P ro le s . 21

Quidacilius. The name appears with Celer and Octavius.

It may be Latin, a combination of quid, ax, and - i l i u s .

Reutus. The name is borne by a quattuo rvir, and is with Reccius. It may be foreign.

Ῥωλλοϛ. The rea ding is u n c e rta in . The name is borne by a Jew.

Scinus, -a. The name occurs in two inscriptions:- (1) Reading uncertain; with Alclanius and Marta. (2) With Magula and Caesia. The name may be Greek, a clipped form of Aeschinus (found as Aescinus in CIL X, 4335) used as a nickname, as Etta from Henrietta. Scudis. The name is borne by a woman, and appears with M uttia, Helenus, Rufina, and Nocelus. It may be

Greek. Sebbetius. The name is borne by a Jew, and may be He­ brew. Segisultus. The reading is uncertain. The name is borne by a man of senatorial rank, and appears with Placidus. It may be Latin, a combination of seges and sultus, or seges and ultus. Sofanisi. The reading is uncertain. The name is borne by a woman, and appears w ith V is e lia . I t may be a corruption of Sophonisba. Strunia. The reading is uncertain. The name appears with Ammia, and may be o f L a tin o r ig in . Teudata. The name is borne by a freedwoman, and appears 22

with Obellius and Sodala.It may he a hybrid, formed o f Seosand da ba. Varavus. The name appears C eltic, but it occurs with Bg’natius. which is Italic.The inscription is from Beneventum.

Vensilda. The reading is uncertain. The name is borne by a Christian woman. It appears with P rolis. Ianuarius. and Martina. the last two of which, at least, are Latin.However, Vensilda looks Germanic.

Total number, 46, or 1,9% of a ll the names in the volum e.

It seems best to isolate at the outset the names that are of uncertain origin, as they cannot help in the solution of the present problem. It is to be no­ ted that no one of the 46 names of the lis t occurs in the present volume more than twice; and that 43 occur but once. Again, in 15 of the cases, the reading is doubtful. These two facts, then, would seem to con­ firm the impression conveyed by many of the names of the lis t,-- viz., that they are common forms, but are so disguised by poor spelling and by the corrupted condition of the inscriptions in which they appear as to be unrecognizable. Most of the names, however, may w e ll be fo re ig n . The relatively small number of names the origin of which cannot be determined is remarkable, especial­ 23

ly in view of the fact that in name-giving one would expect not a little of extreme individuality and imagi nation. Such a fact fits in well with our knowledge of the conservatism of the Roxaans as a nation. 24

CLASSIFICATION 2.

FOREIGN NAMES.

I. Entirely Foreign. A. From Parts of Europe Outside I t a l y . ( 1 ) Greek.

Abas. Agre. A n th e ru s. Abascantus. A iax . A nthim us. xA cacius . A lce . A n th is . Acanthus. Alchimena. Anthus,-a. A castus. A lcim u s. Antigonus, -a. A chaicus. A le te . A n tin o u s. A c h ille s . A le xsa. Antiochus. A c h ille u s . Alexander, -ra. A n tio p a . Achoristus. A le x s io , Antipater, -ra. Acindynus. A le xu s. Antiphilus. Acmazusa. A lp h iu s . A n tip h o . Acme. A lyp u s. Apate. xAcholitus. Amaranthus. A p e lle s . Acranus. Amaryllis. Aphe. A cratus. Ambrosius. Aphelea. A c r is iu s . Amerimnus. Aphrodisius, -a. A cte . Amethystus,-a. Aphrodite. A c tiu s . Am ianthus. Apolaustus, Acumis. Ammia. A pphias. A d e lfiu s . Amoibe. Apyrenus. Admetus. Amomus. A rc e s tu s . A d ra stu s. Am pelio. Arche. A d ria n is . A m p e lis. Archelaus. Aegialus, -e. xAmpelius,-um. A rescusa. Aeliofon - He- Ampelus. A re ta . lio p h o n . Amphio. A rethusa. Aeneas. Hamintas- Amyn­ Argenus. A eschinus. ta s . Argolicus. Aescinhynes. A n a te llo . A r g y r is . Aesopus. A n a to le . A rg y ru s . A e tia . x A n a to liu s . A ria d n e . A f f i s . Anchialus. A ris c u s . xAgapetus. Andracini (dat.) A r is t id e s . Agapomene. Andrea. A ris to . Agatha. Andromacha. Aristobulus. Agathameres. Andronicus. Aristomachus. Agathangelus. Anencletus. Arm odius. Agathemeris. A n ic e tu s . Arphocras. Agathemerus. A noptes. A rsaces. Agathetyche. Antaeus, A rs in o e . Aga th o . A n ta s. A rta s . Agathopus. A n te n o r. Artemidorus. A g e le . A n te ro s . A rte m is ia . 25.

Artem o. Calhemera. C inu ra. A ru ra . Callichore. C issu s. A sca niu s. Callimorphus. C ladus. A scle p ia d e s . Calliopus, -e. Cleoboles. Aeclepiodotus. Callistus, -e. Cleopatra. A s c le p iu s . Callityche, Clymenus. Ασηλογνα(gen.) Calybe. C ly t e . A s o ta . Camax. C n id ia . Asparagius. Caprus. C nidus. Haspasia- As­ Carpophorus. Cnismus. p a sia . Cassandra. Coene. A s te . C a s tin u s . Comicus, -e. A s te r. C a stor. Corinthis, - . A s te r is . Castorinus. Corinthus, -a. A s te riu s . Castorius. C o ris c u s . A ste ro p e . Catecusa. Corymbus. Ἀσϴήρ. Cedrus. Cosmia . Asyncritus. Celadus. Cosmus . A ta la n te . Cemnasiu- Gym- Cratistus, -a,- e. A th e n a is . nas io u . Crauge. Athenasius. C erdippus. Cre t ic u s . Athenodorus. Cerdo. C h aria. C r o tis . Atiatyche. C teson. A tim e tu s . C h arinus, C ycla s. A t la n t is . Chari s . C y n th ia . A t t a lis . C h a rite . Karitine-Char­ Cypare. Atticus, -a. C y p a ris . A uchenius. i t i n e . C h a rito . Cyparissus. Augazo. Cyphaerus. Auge. Carmosynus-Char­ C yp ria cu s. A u xe sis. mosynus. C h e lid o . C y p ris . A xio th e a , C yrus. Azmenus. Chius, -a . C h ila . C y th e ris . B a cis. Dama. B alim a. C h ilo . Damala. Barbaras, -a. C h iru rg u s . C hloe. Danae. Basilius, -a. D a na is. Basilidi (dat.) C hoerio. Basilissa. Chresiraus, -a. Daphnus, -e. D aphnis. Bathyllus. Chrestus, -e. Chrone. Davus. B a tra ca . D e lp h ic u s . Belerephontes. C hronius. B e re n ic e . Chrysantus. D e lp h is . B e ry llu s . Chrysarion. Demetrius. C hryse. Democratia. B ito n . Demosthenes. Blastus, -e. C hryseros. D e u te ru s. Chrysinus. B o e tiu s . Dexsanicus. Bradua. Chrysippus. B r is id a . C h ry s is . Diadumenus, Bromiu s . Chrysogonus. Zadumene. B u rru s . Chrysomallus. D ia lo g u s . B ursa. Chrysostomis. D icaeus. Cadmus. C id ip p e . D ic a s iu s . C aenis. C in id ia . D ictyn n a . C a la is . Cinnami s . D ida. C ale. Cinnamus . D idyma. 26

D io . E p icu ru s. Euphrosynus, -e. Diochares. E p id o ra . E u p lia , D io c le a , Epigonus, -e. Euploea. D io d e s . Epimachus. E u p lu s. D iodora. E p in ic u s . E u p o lis . D io d o tu s. Epistolion. E uposia. Diogenes. E p ite u x is . Europa. Diomedes. Epitynchanus. E u ry a lu s . Dionysius, -a. E ra s tu s . E u ry c is . Diopantus. E ra to . Euscemus. Dioscorus. E rg a s ia . Euseb es. D io s c u ra . Ergasimus. xEusebius. D ip h ilu s . E rin d in e . Eutactus, -e. Discolius. E r is . E u ta ric u s . D orcas. E ro s . E u ta x ia . D o ris . Eroticus, -e. E u te th u s . D oroteus. E ro tio n . E u th e iu s . D orus. E r y llu s . Eutrapelus. D o s ite u s . E t e r ie . E u tro p u s. D o tic e . E tn ic a . E utyches. D raco. Euander. E u ty c h ia . D rimachus. Euangelus. E u ty c h io . Dromo. Euanthus. E u ty c h is . Dyrrhacinus. Euaristus. E utych us. Earinus, Ia­ E ubu lus. Euvenus- Eu­ r in e . Eucaerus. enus. Egdechomene. E u ca rp ia . Exoche. E g le c tu s . Eucarpus. Ga. Egloge. Eucaris- Eu­ G aionas. E ile is u s . c h a r is . Gamus. Ei ly t h e . Eucharistus. Ge. E laphus. Euche. G e la sin u s. E la te . Eucrestus. G elos. E lenchus. Euclesium. G enesis. E le u th e r. E u c lia . Genetlius. Elonicus- Hel­ Eucratidas. Genneus. o n ic u s . Eucumene. G eorgia. Empo r u s .. Euderaus. Geta . Encolpus. Eudrastus. G ild o . Ennychus. E uetes. G laphyra. E n tel l u s . Eugamus. G la u cia . Entim us. Euhelpistus. G laucus. Epaenetus, -e. Euhemer. G lyce . Epagathus. Euheraerina. G lycera . Epaphra. E ulogus. G lyco . Epaphr i o . Eumenia. G nesias. Epaphroditus. Eunea. G nesius. Epaphronis. E u n icu s. Gnome. Ephebus . E u n o is. Gnomonius. Ephyre. Eunomia . G orgia. E p h y ris . Eunus. Gorgonius. E picadus. E uodia, Graccus, -a. Epicarpia. Euoduo. G raete. Epicharis. xEufimius, Eu­ Graphicus, -e. Epictesis. phemia. Graptus, -e. E p ic te tu s . Euphiletus. Aecale- Hecale. 27.

H a line. H im e rte . Harmonia. L a u d ice . Hippocrates. Laumedo. Hebenus. Hippolytus. H ecate. Laeander- Leander. H iusa. Leb in th u s . Hecateus. Homerus. H e cto r. Leda. Homi l i a . L e g ig e . Hedonion. Horea. Hedylium . Lemnus. Horaeus. L e o n icu e . Helenus, -e. Horme. H e lia s , Leonida. Hyacinthus. Leontiscus. H e lic e . Hyalissus. H e lie n a . L e o n tiu s . Hybr id a . xLeopardus. Heliodorus, -a. H ygia. Lesbius, -a, H e liu s . H yginus. Leucadium. H e lla s . Hyme tu s. Leucagoris. x H e lp is . Hymnis. L e x s is . Enioche- Heni­ Hymnus. Licini. (dat.) oche. H ypates. L ito g e n e s . Hera. H ypatus. L o ch ia s. H e ra cla s. xYpatius- Hy­ Logas. Heraclida. p a tiu s . L o g ia s . Eraclio- Her­ I a l y sus. Logismus, -a. a c lio . I a s . Logus. H e ra is . Ik a ru s . Λ ο ν γ ίδ ια . Heraiscus. Ic e - Ik e . L y c h n is . Hennas. Ic e lu s . Lygdamus. Hermadio. Ic e s iu s . L y ra . Herm ais. I lis s u s . Lysimachus. Hermaiscus. Ellus- Illus. Lusistrate- Lysis­ Ermaphroditus- Io n ic e . t r a t e . Hermaphroditus. I o n is . M a ca riu s. Herme ro s . Io n iu s . Machaera. Hermes. Iphigenia. M aecale. Hermione. I p h is . Magima. Hermodorus. I p it u s . M a ltin u s . Hermogenes. Ire n a e u s . Manes. Hemophilus. Ire n e . M arsua. H erodotus. Ir e n io n . Medusa. H e ro is . I r i s . M e g is te . Hesper. Ἴσα. M e la e n is . H e sp e ris. Isargyrus. Melancoma. Esychus- Hesy­ Isidorus, -a. Melanthus, Melanta. chus. Isochrysus. M eleager. Etaera- Het­ Is u s . Melissus, -a. aera. Ith a c a . M e lit in e . Hetoerne. Lacaena. M e lito . Heurema. Laces. M e llu s a . xEuresius-Heu­ L a ic u s . Memno. r e s iu s . L a is . Menas. H e urete. Lal age. Menander. H iera . Lal i s . Menecrates. H ie ra x. Lal u s . Menestratus. H ierea. xLampadius. Menodorus. H ie ro . Lamyra . M enodotus. Him er. Lanthanusa. M enoetes. 28

Menogenes. Numenius. P e lo p s. M enolaus. Nymphaeus. Menophilus. P e lo r is . Nymphe. P e rd ic a s . Merope. Nymphidia. M erops. P e rse s. Nymphius. P e rseus. M etha. Nymphodotus. Metrodorus, -a. Phaeder. Obo la . Phaedrinus, -e. M ic o . Oceanu s . M ith re s . P hania. O c ra tiu s . Pharalion. M nasia. Odyne. Mnemosyne. P h a re tra . Oecogenes. Pharnaces. xMurrasius. Oenone. M u rru s. P h a rtu s . O lybr i u s . P harus. M u rtie . O lym pias. Musa. P h ia . xO lym pius. P h ia le . Musaeus. Olumpus-Olym­ M usicu s . Philadelphus. pus. Philadespotus. Musogenes. Onesimus, -e. M ycte r. Philaenis. Onesiphorus. Philarguris. M y rin e . O n iru s . M yron. Philargyrus. O pis. P hilem a. M y rs in e . xO re ste s. Myrtalus, -e. Philemation. Orestinus, -a. P hilem o. M ys s is . O rin e . M y s tic u s . P h ile r o s . O rio . Philetus, -e. N a is . P aederos. Nape. Philippus. Paezon, -usa. P h ilo . Narcissus. P a la e s tra . N a rd is . Philocalus, -e. P a lla d io n . Philochides. N asta. P a lla s t i. N e b ris . Philocles. P a lla s . Philodamus. Nectareus. Pamphilus, -a. Nedymus. Pancarpus. Philodoxus. Nemesis. Pancratius. Philogenes. Neo. Pannychus. Philologus. N e o tis . P antanas. Philomusus. N epsis. P a nthe ra. Philonicus, -e, N e re is . P a n th ia . Philonicius. Nereus. Par a s it a . Philositus. N e sto r. P a rd a la s . Philostergus. N ik a n o r. P ardus. Philostratus. N ic a n o ris . P a r is . Philotaeus, -a. N ic e . Parmeno. Pilota-Philota. Philotim us. Niceporis. P aroche. P h ilo t i s . Nicephorus. Parthenius, -a. Niceratus. Philoxenus. Parthenis. P h ilt a t e . N ic e tu s . Parthenope. N ic ia . Philumenus,-e . N i c i i s . Parthenophaeus. Philus, -ura. N ic o la u s . P a ru s ia . Phoebas. Passifilus- Pas­ Phoebe. Nicomachus. s ip h ilu s . N io b e . Phoebus. P astade. Phoetaspus. N ip h a s. Pelagius, -a, Nomas. Posforus-Phos­ Nome. Pelaginius. ph oru s. Nomius, -a. Pela s g u s . P hota . 29

Phronesis. Protogenes. Stapulus, Sta­ F ro n tis - Protogenia. p h y le . P h ro n tis . Psamathe. S t a t t is . Phrynichus, Stephania. Phylacium. Psychariura. P h yla x. Psyche. Stephanio. Phyllinus. P s y llu s . xStephanus. P h y llis . P yla d e s. S tib a s . P ie r i s . P y la e s . S to ra x. Pie r u s . P y r a lis . S to rg e . P in d a ru s . Pyramus. Strategicus. Pisidanus. P y rin e . Strationice. Pismatius. P y rru s . S tr a to . Pistus, -e. Rapo. Stratonice. P i s t i s . Recemedes (g e n ,) Strobilus. P ith a n e . Rhode. Symbu lu s . P la to . Rhodimus, -e. Symmachus. P la t o r . Rhodon. Sympherusa. P lecusa. Rodus-Rhodus. Symph o ru s. P lia s . S a g a ris . Synecdemus. Poemne. S arus. Syneros. P oethas. Satyrus, -a. Synethe. Pohne-Phone. S c a rip u s . S u n e tia . P olem ius. Scaurus, -a. Synhaemus. P o lia . Scniphua. Synhistor. P o lim ia . Seyranis.. Synopatus. Politicus, -e. Scyranus. Syntrophus, -e. Polu s . S elene. S yntyche. P o ly b iu s . S e le n io n . Systasium , Polycarpus. S e le n is . T a cin us. Polyclitus. S eleucus. Telesphoris. Polycrates. Semne. Telesphorus. P o ly n ic e . S e ra p io . T e le te . Polytimus. S ic y o n iu s . Teoda. Polytucha. S ig e . Terpsichore. P o n tia s . S ile n e . Terpusa. Ponus. S i mo, Teucer. Posidonius. S o cra te s. T h a b is. P o s is . S o c ra tia . T h a is . P o th us. Sophus, -e. Thalamus. Potim a. Sophia. Thalassus,-a. Praxiteles. Sophomene. Thal i a . Prepusa. Sophron. Thal e s . P ria mu s . Sophus. T h a llia . Prochrysus. Sosius, -a. Thallus, -a. Prochne. Sosima. Thaumastus. P ro p a s is . Sota. Themis. P ro p o s is . S o te ria . Themistocles. Prosdexis. Soterichus. Theodorete. Prosdoxus. S o te ria . Theodorus. P ro s ic e . Spendusa. xTheodosius. Protus, -a. Speudusa. Theodotus, -e. Protem us. S p od ria. Theomedes. Prothymus. S tachys. Theophilus. P r o t io . S ta c te . Theopontus. Protoctetus. S ta d io . T h e o ris . 30

(2) Gallic. (4) Spanish.

Thermodon. Blesamus. B a e tu s. Theseus. fB ro c c u s . e B a rin u s. Thesmus. fB u c c io . B a s tu lu s . Thespius, -a. fC a ttu s . fC o rb u lo . T h e tis . fCatullus, -a fCuniculus. Theumas. Camus. eEmin eu s. T hia sus. fG a lb a. H ib e ru s . T hisb e. Gallicanus. H isp a n ia . Thoans. G a llic u s . eH ispanus. Thous. fGallus,-a. O re tin u s . Thraso. fG a lv io . fS e x io . T h re p tu s. fIuvencila. Sucr in u s . T hro. fMessalla. U cia . T h y ie lu s . fM essor. U llic a . Thymelus, -e. Mesus. Thymelicus. M o c ilis . (5) Messapian. T ia t ic e . M o c tin a . T ich u s. Narbonensis. fA v it u s . T ima. fN e b iu s . fB onus. xTim otea. fP a n n ic is . Dasmus. T ra c a lo . Rhodanus. T raecida . S alassus. (6) Germanic. Trophimus, -e. Seno. Tryphaena. fS u ru s . fC tu b e r. Tryphaenis. xT a e cia . Germanus. Tryphe . f V ir ia t u s . G e m u lla . Tryphera. Sanaatanis (gen.) Trypho . e T ris s u s . Tyche. (3) Venetian- e V is tu lla . Thychicus- I l l y r i a n . T ych icu s. (7) British. Thyndaris. fB a lb u s . T y ra n n is . B a rd a lis . S ilu r iu s . Tyrannus. B r is o . Uranius, -a,. Das iu s . (8) Macedonian. Xanthus. fH o s p ita . Z a e lis . fxL e a . B u ttin . Z alim a. L ic c a e u s . Macedo. Zeno. L i c e t is . Zephyrus. M e d e lla . (9) Dacian. Z ethu s. fP a e tu s . Zeussippus. f P u llo . Cedonius. Zmaragdis. fP u llu s . Zmaragdus. f T r i t u s . (10) Dalmatian. Zoe. xfT ul i u s . Zopyrus. f T u lliu s . xeSalunina. Zosara. f T u llu s . Zosimus, -a. V e rs o b iu s . (11) Thracian. Zoticus, -e. B itu s . A p th o n iu s . 31

B. From Outside Europe.

( 1 ) From A sia, Ex­ d. Chaldaic. cluding Asia Minor. b. Egyptian. Abdas. Alexandria. a. Miscellane­ Abinnaeus, ous. Ases. Sanbuca. I s ia . A sia . I s ia s . A sia nu s. N ilu s . (2) From A sia S e fa re . Asiaticus,-a. M in o r. B auto, e C o lc h is . c. P u n ic. Isauricus. Amelaeuntius. Amelintus. B archa. eM agaria, Apamia. eNysa, G ild o . O rin e. B a ris . fS a rra . Bithynicus. S id o n ia . B it hyn u s. II. Hybrids. fS u rin u s . Bosporus. e T h a lin a . fC a r ic la . A. Greek Root. Y ppasius. C ilic a . Latin Suffix. Zinyrna. C ilis s a . Dardanus. Agathemerianus. Euphrates. b . Hebrew. Ametyssianus. I asu s. Anconitanus, -a. Ic o n iu m. Apol lin a ris. Anna. I l i a s . x E z ih ie l. eApollonius, -a. Gamala. I lio n a . eApoll onianus. eGavianus, -a . Lydus, - e . Arescusianus, M oschin. Artemidorianus. eGesua . M oschis. Guliu. (gen.) Asclepiodotianus. Moscus. Atticianus. Ἰ α κ ώ β . Pergamion. x I ohannes, A tticilla. Ἰ ω σ κ ϕ Pergami s . A tticillianus. Pergamus. Auxentius. I oses. P h ry g ia . M aria. fCastaniola, eM a rta . Pisidinus. Chrestilla. Ponticus, -a. eCopranus. R ib b e i. T ig rin u s . xSamu e l. Crocalianus. Sarra-Sara. T ig r is , Euhemeriana. Emporianus. Eutychianus. c . S y ria n . (3) From Africa. Feidana, Glyptianus, Antiochis. a. Miscellaneous. Hermetianus. Apamea H o rania. Afer, -fra. Estertius. eMactorianus. M a lch io . eAfricanus, -a, eM ellebilla. S y ria c u s . e B a lla e u s. fe M u re n illa . S y ria n u s . B u tic u s . feMuscatius. S y r illa . C inyps. Myraphianus. S y rio n . Hammonia. H a ia m ira. Syru s , -a . L ib y c u s . Ueacula. M a u ricu s. M aurus. Numidianus. 32

Niconianus. B. Gallic Root. D. I llyrican-Vene­ Olympianus. Latin Suffix. tian Root. Latin Orestinianus. S u ffix . Pelidianus. Brixianus. Phoebianus. Caratinus. fBalbinus, -a. Simphorianus. fMessalinus. Dasimianus. Soterianus. fDumnana. Telesforianus. C. Gallic Root, Gentianus. Theodotianus. Etruscan Suffix. fHospitalis. Trophimianus. fHostilianus. Zos imianus. I u l i t t a . fN e b u lu s. N e v itta . fVol sianus.

Summary of Hybrids.

Greek root, Latin suffix, 44 1.8% o f a l l the names. Gallic root, Latin suffix, 3 .1% Gallic root, Etruscan suffix, 2 .08% Illyrican-Venetian root, Latin s u f f ix 8 .3% T o ta l, 57 2.3% of a ll.

Paralleled in Etruscan, 6, 10.3% of this lis t. Borne by Christians, 0.

From the lis t of hybrids have been excluded the numerous cases where the Greek -os , -e , and -on on Greek ro o ts have become the L a tin -u s , -a:, -u m; and those where the L a tin -a on a L a tin ro o t has become the Greek -e. (E.g., Andronicus, Ampelium. Apule, Agatha.) It is very evident that there was almost complete fusion with regard to the endings of the firs t and second de­ clensions of the two languages, and that among bilingual residents of the Roman Empire the Latin and the Greek endings of these declensions had become practically in­ terchangeable. Other Greek suffixes do not occur 33

with Latin roots. Of the 44 names of Greek root with

Latin suffix, 31 show the suffix -anus. They are prob­ ably adoptive names, indicating the taking of Greeks into

Roman fam ilies. This demonstrates s till further the ex­ tent of the fusion of Latin and Greek in the districts under discussion.

Foreign names which have been evidently Latinized in the simple form have been excluded from the lis t of hybrids, (e.g., Moctina), place being given only to de­ rivative suffixes that are definitely Latin. Only those hybrid names marked f , as being s u ffic i­ ently like Latin words, w ill be used in later classifi­ cations. A ll the hybrid names w ill be counted again, ac­ cording to the nationality of their roots, in the ensu­ in g summary o f fo re ig n names.

General Summary of Foreign Names. A. From p a rts o f Europe o u ts id e I t aly . (1). Greek, 1036, 43.8% of a ll the names. ( 2 ) . G a llic . 31, 1.3% (3) Venetian-Illy r.25, 1 . - % (4) Spanish. 14, . 5% (5) Messapian. 3, . 1% (6) Germanic. 6, .2% (7) British. 1 , . 04% (8) Macedonian. 2, .08% (9) Dacian. 1 , .04% (10) Dalmatian. 1, .04% (11) Thracian. 1 , .04% Tot a l , 1121, 48.4% of a ll the names. B. From o u ts id e Europe. ( 1 ) From A s ia Ex c lu d in g A sia M in o r. a. Miscellaneous. 15 , .6% of a ll the names. b . Hebrew. 15, .6% c. S y ria n . 9, .3% d. Chaldaic. 3, .1% T o ta l, 4 2 , 1.7% of a ll the names. 34

(2) From A sia M in o r. 28, 1 . 2% (3) From A fr ic a . a. Miscellaneous. 10, . 4% b . E g y p tia n . 6, .2% c . P u n ic . 2 , .08% T o ta l, 18, .8% of a ll the names. Total of the names from outside Europe, 87, 3.6%. Total of a ll foreign names, exclusive of Etruscan, 1209, 51.1% of a ll.

In this classification, the term foreign has been

used to designate a ll non-Italic names except those of certainly Etruscan origin. For these see Introduction,

page 9 on.

Prof. Tenney Frank ("Race Mixture in the Roman Em­

pire", American Historical Review, 1916, Vol. 21, pp. 689, ff.) has made a careful study of this problem of names of foreign origin in use in the Roman Empire, and has come to the conclusion that in a ll parts of the Ro­

man Empire the foreign element was larger than the Ita lic . The facts of this present classification would show ra­ ther that the foreign and the native elements were ap­ proximately equal in the districts of Ita ly represented

by CIL IX; but it is to be remembered that this lis t does not include the names of foreign-born persons bear­ ing Ita lic cognomina, which names Prof. Frank has in­

cluded in his statistics. Of the foreign names in the present classification, those of Greek origin are predominant, and Oriental names 35 are second in importance, -- which facts, again, Prof. Frank has proved to he true of the Umpire as a whole. Next in order of importance in this lis t come names of Gallic, Illyrican-Venetian, and Spanish origin, fewest of a ll being those of B ritish, Dacian, Dalmatian, and Thracian origin,

As to the nationality of the hearers of these names, it is practically certain that the majority of the hear- ers are as foreign as their names. Not necessarily.a ll, however; for in literature we hear occasionally of a na­ tiv e Roman w ith a Greek cognomen ( e .g ., Q,. A u re liu s Sym- machus, T. Poraponius A tticus), and cognomina ex virtute such as Africanus were bestowed upon men with not a drop of foreign blood in their veins. Yet, on the whole, as Frank has shown, a fo re ig n cognomen ( p a r t ic u la r ly a Greek one), unless wp have other evidence to the con­ trary, is almost sure evidence of very recent foreign, or servile, extraction. (See Classification 16). For that reason, a ll of the names here listed have been counted as foreign. Frank explains the predominance of foreigners in the Roinan Umpire as due in very small part to immigra­ tion of free-born foreigners, but rather to two sets of facts:- (l) The great prevalence of slavery, (a), Foreign-born slaves were p ro lific ; and (b), there was a great deal of manumission going on constantly in the time of the Empire, with a subsequently large merging of the freedmen into the citizen population. (2) The 36

fact that the old Ita lic stock was dying out as a re­ sult of (a) wars; (b) the continued practice of expos i- tio ; and (c) race suicide. In brief, then, with respect to the extent of the foreign influence on the system of names and name-giving, the districts of Italy represented in CIL IX present the same set of facts as does the Roman Empire, taken as a w hole. 37

CLASSIFICATION 3.

NON-LATIN ITALIC NAMES.

I . Oscan-Umbrian. II. Sabine. III. Paelignian. eBabictus. efAtedianus. Aninianus. Babilianus. fA tia n u s . fBabullianus. efAtilianus. Annianus. e f A t il iu s . xfB assu s. f Cl a u d iu s . fBassaeus. efClodianus. fBassianus. fMetellus. fBassilla. e fN e ria . fBassulus, -a. efNero (Nerotis, x fD e c iu s . gen.) fD ecian a. fN e r u lla . fMamertinus. Pecedianus. eSalaventus.

From a glance at this lis t it is evident that the old non-Latin Ita lic element had become well fused with the Latin in the naming-system of the districts in ques­ tio n . Those names which are known from Latin literature to have been in use for a long time among Latin-speaking people (they have been marked f) are decidedly in the ma­

jo rity . Such names have been used in the ensuing classi­ fications wherever possible. It is interesting to note that Schulze disagrees with other authorities in grouping 8 of these names with

Etruscan forms. But 2 names in the classification, Bassus and Decius,

are borne by Christians. 38

Summary o f N o n -L a tin I t a l i c Names, I. Oscan-Umbrian, 13 (6 simple, 7derived), .5% of a ll. II. Sabine, 10 (5 simple, 5 derived) .4% III. Paelignian, 2 (2 derived) .08% Total, 25 1.-% of all the names. 39

CLASSIFICATION 4. NAMES DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES. I . Specific.

A. From Moun­ D. From Towns E .From N ations tains and H ills. and D istricts. and Tribes not Included Above. Aeserninus. eAventinus. Albanus, -a. Aequiculana. Esquilinus. e B a rin u s . Gaurus. Beneventanus. eAspre nas . M a tin u s . Brundisina. Erhennia-Her­ Q uirinalis. Calenus, -a,-e. e n n ia . eTaburn iu s. ( C in n a ). Hirpinus, -a. Cluvianus. Marsillu s, -a, B. From Coun­ eCominianus. ePaelinus, -a. tries and Regions. eEgnatianus. Praetuttianus. Fic e le . Sabellus, -a. Apulus, -a, -e. xFidentius. Sabinianus. Etruscill a. Fi r manus. Sabininianus. E tru scu s. H eraclea. Sabinus, -a. Etruscianus, Herculanus. Sallentinus. F a le rn u s . Herclanius. S a lp in u s . I t a l i a . L a b ica n u s. eSilvinus, -a. I t a lic u s . Laurentina. e S ilv in ia . I t a lu s . xLaurentius. eVestinua,-a. eLatiaris. Leuca. e L a tin u s . Lucerinus, -a. I I . General. L ig u s . Neapolitana. eLucanus. P ice n s. A g re s te s . eRomania. Picentinus, -a. eRoma n illa . Pompeianus . xe(Avienus). eRomanus, -a, P o n tin a . eRumnus, -a . ePraenestinus. Campester. x S ila nu s . Puteolanus. (Caste llu s) Tuscus. R e a tin u s . (Castricius, -a). R eginus. C o lo n ic e . C. From Bodies o f eSaenanius. W ater. eSentianus. Dom it iu s . eSerranus. eAbonianus. eStaberius. Forensianus. Staberianus,-a. Foronianus. eAufentinus. Tarentinus. -a. F r e n tio . e(Tarpeius.) Hortensianus. Fuceutius, -a. eTelesill a. eMarinus,-a. L u c rin a . eTelesinus, -a. Regillus, -a. Terentina. Maritimus, -a. Montanus, -a. S e b itic u s . e ( V a r ia ) . Tiberinus. Venafranus. Provincia. T ib e r ia s . eVenusina. Provincialis. Traiensis. xeVeronilia. eRust ic u lu s . Trebius. (praen.) e R u sticu s . e V e lin u s. 40

e S ilv a . Silverius. eVicana. eSilvanus, -a. Terminalis. e V ic in a , eSilvanius. Urbanus, -a. e V illa n u s . e S ilv iu s . Urbicus, -a.

List I is composed of those names the roots of which are the names of known places in Italy; List II, of names the roots of which are common nouns designating general ideas of place. In List I no attempt has been made to distinguish persons named for places alone from persons named for places named, in turn, from persons. Notes on P a r tic u la r -Names. Aventinus and Taburnius. in I, A. Schulze gives these as paralleled in Etruscan; however, the fact that we have in the same volume of CIL such definitely h ill- names as Esquil inus. Matinus. Q .uirinalis. would throw the weight of probability to the supposition that Aventinus and Taburnius are hill-names also, and not

Etruscan at a ll, Tiberinus and Tiberius, in I,C. Schulze states that

these names are frdm the name of the deity, and not from that of the river. However, the concrete is al­ ways more e v id e n t than the a b s tra c t; and in a case where e ith e r may have been the source o f the name, it is probable that the concrete thing was upper­ most in the name-giver’ s mind, rather than the ab­ s tr a c t id e a . Besides, i f we assume the name as com­ ing from the deity in a ll cases where the name of a

deity and the name of a thing are identical, we 41

shall he reduced to an absurdity; for in early Roman religion almost every household object, for instance, had its corresponding deity. Further, the fact that we have in the same volume other names derived from the names of bodies of water for which there was no corresponding deity, would tend to substantiate Ti­ berius and Tiberinus as river-names, and not deity- names. Sabininianus, in I,E. This is probably a stone-cut­ ter’s error for Sabinianus.

Vestinus, I,E, and Silvanus and Silvanius, II, These may be considered also as being derived from the names of deities, with perhaps a little more probability than Tiberius and Tiberinus. See Classi­ fication 13. Castricius and Castellus, II. These are better con­ sidered as m ilitary names. See Classification 10. Marinas. II.This is probably substantiated by the presence of Maritimus as being from mare, and not

E truscan. Rusticulus, II. The name is here used as an agno­ men, or nickname, ("Rusticulus h ic Fufio Iustino homin i bono Tullonia Lea coniugi incomparabili qui insimul viximus annis sexaginta") and is therefore undoubtedly used with no thought of Etruscan. 42

Summary. Number. %of a l l . E tr . % o f l i s t . C hr.%

I. Specific, A. Mountains and H ills,6 . .2 % 2. 33% 0. 0% B1Countries and Re­ gions , 18. . 7% 7. 38.8% 1. 5% C. Bodies of Water, 12. .4% 2. 16% 0. 0% D, Towns and Dis­ t r i c t s , 44. 1 .7 % 14. 31.8% 3. 18% E. N ations and T rib e s , 16. .7 % 5. 31. 2% 0. 0% Tdtal for I, 97. 4 .1 % 30. 30% 4. 4%

II. General. 28. 1 .1 % 11. 39% 1. 3.7% Tdtal for I and II, 125. 5 .2 % 41. 32.8% 5. 4%

(Note:- In this and ensuing classifications, the per­ centage of names paralleled in Etruscan and of names borne by.Christians is reckoned on the number of names in the lis t or subdivision in hand; but the percentage appear­ ing after the number of names in the lis t or subdivision is reckoned on the whole number of names in CIL IX.)

The subdivision containing the highest percen­ tage of forms paralleled in Etruscan, and therefore as a whole comparatively old, is II, General Place-Names. However, I,B, Names- Denoting Countries and Regions, is a close second. The subdivision containing the largest number of different names, and therefore the most varied in its use, is I,D, Names Denoting Towns and D istricts. The names of this type borne by Christians are few. List I,D, Names Denoting Towns and D istricts, containsthe highest percentage of such names. 43

CLASSIFICATION 5. NAMES DENOTING PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS. I. Physical Pe­ culiarities.

A.Parts of the B. General Ap­ Body. eLabeo. pearance. eLaberianus. efAtedianus. e L a b rio . Albulus,-a. fAtianus, At­ eMamu lla . Albinus,-a. tia n e . eMammianus. A lt ic u s . efAtilianus. eMancia. A r g e n tin a . e f A t il iu s . Naso. N erva. eAterianus. eBarba . N e ru lla . eBarbo . e O ce lla . Caecilianus, eBarbus . fP a e tu s. Candidus,-a. f Brocchus. ePansa. eCavus. e fB u c c io . P la n cu s. C e lsu s. Bucco. Plancianus. Celsinus,-a. eCurvus,-a. e(Caesius, -a.) (Plantanus.) F lo r id a . e P la u tu s . eCalvenus. P lo tin a . xFulgentia. C anio. eRufillus,-a. xFuscus,-a . Canac ia . e R u fu lu s. Fuscinilla. e C a p ito . eRufus,-a . L a tu s . Ci nna. xeRufinus,-a. Cincinnata. eRufinianus. xLucentius. L ic in u s . C o r e lliu s . R u ssin us. L icinianus,-a, Rutilus,-a. Longus. C o rn e lia . eScapula. Longanicus. Corneliana. e S ilo . Longina. C ornutus. e S tra b o . Longinianus. Coxsa. eStrabonilla. eMacer. Coxso. eMacero. C rin u s . Subincanus, e C risp u s. e S u lla . eMaglatius. xeCrispinus,-a. eSura. M a g n illa . eCrisp in illa . T ergus. Magnus, - a . D e n tio . V a lg u s. Maxentius. eVarex. Maximi l l a . D osius . eVarus. Maximillianus. Flaccus, -a. Maximus,-a. F la c c illa . Vatinianus. V e n tr io . Maximianus. e V illu s . Maximinus. Flavianus,-a. (Villanus.) eMuca. Fro n to . eMucianus. Frontinus,-a. ( V is c u s .) eNebius. Frontonianus. N ig e lla . eFulv iu s . N ig e r. Glabr i o . xPaullus,-a. 44

D.Age. II.T raits of Mind Paull inianus. or Disposition. Paull inus,-a. Aeternalis. Pexsa. A v itu s . (Acceptus ,-a .) ef P u llo . eA cutus. e fP u llu s . Cascellius. eAcutianus. Quadratilla. I u n io r . A c u riu s . Quadratus. Iu v e n is . A d iu to r. S im ilis . Iu v e n a lis . Agendus. Turpa. N o v e llu s . A m a b ilis . eTur p io . N ovianus. Amandus,-a . Umens. P e rp e tu u s. Amans. Venustus,-a. P o s ilia . eAma n tiu s . Priscus,-a. Am icus. Priscianus. Amoena. C.Characteristic Priscilianus. A m p lia to r. Activities. P ris c in u s . A p tu s. P u p ilia . A sper. A c tiv a . ePupus. eAsprenas. A c to r. P upienus. Audax. eA e m ilia n u s, - a . Avara. Agens. Sempronius. Benignus,-a. A g i l i s . Sempronianus. Benivolus. A g i l l i o . Seneca. B landus. fB a lb u s . Senio. fBonus. fBalbinus,-a. C a llid u s . C e le r. eVeterius. eCallidius. Dexter,-ra. e V e t t illa . C arus. F e s tin u s . V e t t u lla . Carissimus- ( Haeres.) V e tu s. Kariasimus. H ir r u tu s . fC a r ic la . Legas-Legans. Casta. Leva-Laeva. E.Physical eMato. C o n d itio n . Censorinus. e M a tid ia . C e rtu s ,-a . eM atinus. Consanica. C e rtia n a . Matogenes. Clemens. M atu ru s. xFlorentius. Clementiana. Mordax. Florentinus. Clementinus. Repentinus,-a. P o te n s. Comes. eScaeva. Potentina. Communis. eScaevinus. S a lu ta . Concordias. eScaevola. S a lu ta r is . Cons ta n s . S o lle r s . eSallustianus. Constantinus, e S a tu r,-a . Custantina. Spargen tius. eSatullinus. Conveniens. Saturtinus. Crassus. Statius,-a. V a le n s. Grassianus- Statilius,-a. Valentinus,-a. Crassianus. S trenuus. Valentinianus. V isivilia-V isi­ Superans. eCrastinus. Veg e tu s . b i l i a . Vemens. Cupidus,-a. V i t a l i o . C u riu s . xVenantius. V i t a l i s . V ib r io . Decora. Violentilla. Dignys-Dignus. 45

D ilig e a s . xInnocentius. xProbilianus. Dius,-a ,-um. xInportunus,-a. Pro b in u s . D r u s illa . Iucundilla. Pudens. D rusus. I ucundissima. Q ue ru la . Iucundus,-a,-I- Quietus,-a. xDulcitius. cundus. E legans. Iucundinus. R e c tin u s . Facetus. Iustissimus. Regillus,-a. F a c ilis . xIustus,-a. R egulus. Facundus. Iustianus. Rex. Iustinianus. e (S c u rra . ) Faventinus,-a. xIustinus. S e c re tu s . Ferox. Laetus,-a, eSecurus,-a. Festus,-a. eLargus,-a, Sedatus,-a. Festianus. Lascivus,-a. eSerenus, Festivus,-a. eLepidus. F id e lis . eLepidianus. (S ervilia.) Fid u s . eLepidius. Severus,-a. xFidentius. Lepora. Severianus,-e. xFidinana. Liberalis. xSeverinus,-a. F ir m illa . L u c r io . S im plex. Firm ilianus. xSimp liciu s. Firmus,-a. eLusianus. eSodala. eFirmanus. e(M accus.) S o d a lis . Firmianus. M agula. S t a b ilio . F o r t is . Mansuetus,-a, S tu d iu s . (Fraternus.) e(Maternus.) Studiosus,-a. (Fructilla.) M e lio r . S u a v illa . F ru g i. Memo r . S u a vis. Moderatus,-a. eTacitus,-a. F u ria n u s . xModestus,-a. Tenax. xGaudiosus. Modestina. T eres. xGaudentia. M o n ito r. Tranquillus. G e n ia lis . M urcus. Urbanus,-a. G r a t illa . eMussus. U t i l i s . G ratillianus. Ne b u lu s . e V a ria . Gratu s ,- a. Obsequens. e V a rro . G ra tin u s . P a ca tu s. Verecundus,-a. H ila r io . ePacatila. Verecundiana. H ilarius,-a. Paratus,-a. V e ru s ,-a . xeHilarianus. e(Paternus,-a). eVerinus,-a. eHilarinus. P a tie n s . V index. H ila r iu s . e P iu s ,-a . x-Honestus ,-a . Placidus,-a. xVirtutius. fHospttalis. Probus,-a. xProbianus. efHostilianus.

Notes on Particular Names. The At- names in I,A are from the old praenomen Atta, lame. Canio and Canacia, in I,A, are interpreted as being from 46

canus, white-haired.

Cinna is taken as being related to Cincinnata. curly- haired; Corelli us, as from cor; Coxsa and Coxso, as from coxa, hip; Crinus, as akin to crinis, hair; Dosius, as from Dorsum, back; Mancia , as from the colloquial mancia , hand; Subincanus, as somewhat grey. Plantanus.- See also Classification 11, B, Names Derived from the Names of Plants. It may denote the sole of the fo o t.

Caesius. See also C lassification 7,III, Names Denoting Actual Circumstances of Birth. It may refer to the hair. Villanus.- This name may be from v illu s , shaggy. or from v illa . See Classification 4,I I , General Place-Names. Viscus.- This name may be from viscus, entrails, or from viscus, m istletoe. See Classification 11,B, Names Derived from the Names of Plants. List I,A is interesting, not only because of its very nature, but also because of its variety. The feet, the beard, the teeth, the mouth, the hair, (or lack of it -- See Calvenus and Glabrio), the head, the heart, the hip, the back, the forehead, the lips, the breast, the nose, sinews, the eye, the shoulder, the leg, veins, the stomach, and entrails,-- a ll these are represented

in the lis t. Hair-names are particularly numerous:- Caesius. Calvenus, Cinna, Cincinnata, Crinus, Crispus, Crispi­ n ill a, Flavianus, Fulvius, Glabrio, Ru fillu s, Rufulus, Rufus, Rufinus, Rufinianus, Russinus, R utilus, Subin- 47

canus, Villus, Villanus, and Crispinus,-- 21 of them, or 26.9% of all the names in I,A . Many of these, in turn, are color-names:- Flavia­ nus. Fulvius, R utilus (English Gold and Gould); R ufil­ lus. Rufulus, Rufus, Rufinus, Rufinianus, Russinus (no par­ a lle l but Reddy; cf. German Roth); Subincanus (English Grey and Whitehead.) Names referring to the legs, in one way or another, are also frequent:- Atedianus, Atianus, Atilianus, A tili­ us, Coxs a , Coxso, Pedo, Plancus, P la n c ianus, P la n ta n u s , Plautus, Sulla, Sura, Valgus, Varus. Vatinianus,-- 16, or 20.5%of a ll the names in List I,A .

In I,B, Maglatius is interpreted as from maculatus, spotted; Muca and Mucianus, as from the root of Mucidus. and in meaning paralleled by Umens, m oist; Nebius, as a variant of Naevius, warty; Sim ilis, as like, physically; Turpa and Turpio, as ugly; the opposite of Venustus. In this lis t there are also a few color-names:- Albulus, Albinus, Candidus (English White and Whiteman); Aterianus, N igella, Niger (English Black); Fuscus, Fus­ c in ill a (English Brown): Pullo. Pullus (English Grey),--

10, or 19.2% of all the names in List I,B. Unless we consider Albanus (See Classification 4,D) as a color- name, and n o t a place-nam e, th e re are no color-nam es in CIL IX other than those in this classification, Lists I,A, and I,B. That is, the color-names are of such a sort that they must have been applied original­ ly as referring to actual colors present in the indi- 48

vidual. Naturally, then the English Green finds no par­ allel in the lis t. Names denoting size are also numerous in I,B :- Celsus, Celsinus, Latus, Longanicus, Longina, Longini­ anus, Magnilla, Magnus, Maximill a, Maximillianus. Maxi­ mianus, Maximinus, Maximus, Maxentius, Paullus, Paull in i­ anus, Paulinus, Longus,-- 18, or 3 4 .6%of a ll the names in I , B.

Lis t I,C is made up of names the roots of which imply activity of some sort. In some cases they verge closely on mental traits (e.g., V iolentilla); at oth­ ers, on physical condition (e.g., Vegetus.) Haeres may be a variant of Haerens, clinging, or of Heres, heir, perhaps preferably the la tte r. See Class­ ification 6,II. Aemilianus is interpreted as vying; Hirrutus, as snarling; Mato, Matidia, and Matinus, as from matus, drunken; Vegetus, as sprightly; Vibrio, as constantly in m otio n . Names implying haste, or a great deal of activity in general, are common here:- Activa, Actor, Agens, Agi­ lis , A g illio , Celer, Maturus, Repentinus, Strenuus, Vi­ brio,-- 10, or 34.6% of a ll the names in I,C. In I,D have been included Pupill a, Pupus, and Pupi­ enus, inasmuch as the idea of youth is perhaps greater in them than the idea of small. Pupilla may also mean dolly. Sempronius and Semprorianus are interpreted as from semper; Seneca and Senio, as from senex. 49

Names in I,D which may be grouped are:- Aeternalis, Perpetuus, Sempronius, Sempronianus; Avitus, Cascellius, P riscus, P riscianus, Priscilianus, P riscinus, Seneca, Senio, Veterius, V e ttilla , Vettulla, Vetus; Iunior, Iu­ venis, Iuvenalis, Novellus, Novianus, Posi l l a, Pupill a, Pupus, Pupienus. List I,E, is unique in that a ll the names in it denote a good condition, unless we except Satur, Satul­ l inus, and Saturtinus, which may be either complimen­ tary or uncomplimentary, and V is iv ilia . which is nei­

th e r. In II, Acceptus may he either agreeable, or re­ ceived (See Classification 6,I ); Asprenas is perhaps rather a designation of nationality (See Classifica­ tion 4,1,E); Fraternus, Maternus, and Paternus are rather designations of family relationship (See Clas­ sification 8); Fructilla is perhaps lite ra l (See Classification 11,I,B ); Maccus and Scurra are per­ haps rather designations of occupation (See Classi­ fication 9); Servilia denotes rather condition (See

Classification 6,I I .)

The general type of name in List II would lead us to suppose i t pro ba ble th a t many o f them were self-given; and since self-given cognomina were not common u n til the time of Claudius, when the possession o f a cognomen became com pulsory, th is l i s t is p ro b a b ly of comparatively late origin. 50

Summary. Number.

Sim­ % De­ % Sum. % E t r .% Chr.% p l e . r i v . I.Physical. A. Parts of 49 Body...... 2 .- 29 1 .2 78 3.2 37 47.4 2. 2.5 B.G eneral 33 Appearance.. .. 1.3 19 .8 52 2.2 12 2 3 .- 4 7.5 C. Characteris­ tic Activities 26 1 .1 10 .4 36 1.5 7 19.4 1 2.7 D. 15 Age...... 6 10 .4 25 1 .- 3 12. 0 0. E.Physical 8 C o n d itio n ...... 3 9 .3 17 .7 3 1 7 .- 1 5.8

T o ta l, I . . 131 5.5 77 3.2 208 8.8 62 29.6 8 3.8 II. Traits of Disposition.... 127 5 . 3 50 2.1 177 7.4 29 15.9 17 9.5 T o ta l, I and I I . . 258 1 0 .9 127 5.1 385 16.3 91 23.4 25 6.4

Complimentary, (Percentages for each subdivision here are based on the number of names in that subdivision.) % S im­ % Der­% Sum Etr. % Chr. % pl e. iv . I. Physical. A. Parts of 1 Body...... 2 0 0 . 1 1 .- B. General 5 In clu d e d Appearance.... 15.1 4 20. 9 16.9 C.Characteris­ in the tic Activities 13 50. 2 20. 15 41.6 D. 7 P rece ding . Age...... 46.6 5 50 12 48. E.Physical C o n d itio n ...... 7 87.5 6 66.6 13 76.4 T o t a l, I . 3 3 15.7 17 8.1 50 23.9

II. Traits of Disposition.... 97 54.8 40 22.5 137 71.7 130 T o ta l, I and II..... 35.2 57 14.7 187 48.4 51

Uncomplimentary. % Sim­ De­ % Sum. % E t r . % Chr. % p l e. r i v . I.Physical. A.Parts of 37 Body...... 75.5 21 72.4 58 74.3 B. General 19 Inclu de d Appearance... . 57.5 5 25. 24 45.2 C. Characterin- in the tic Activities, 8 30.7 4 40. 12 33. 3 D. 6 P re ce d in g . Age...... 40. 2 20. 8 32. E. Physical 0 C o n d itio n ...... 0. 0 0. 0 0. T o ta l, I ... 70 33.5 32 10.5 102 48.8 17 II. Traits of Disposition.... 9.5 8 4.5 25 14.1 Total, I and II. 67 17.3 40 1 0 .3 107 27.4 Neither Complimentary nor Uncomplimentary,

Sim­ % De­ % Sum. % E t r . % C hr.% p l e. r i v . I. Physical. A. Parts of 11 Body...... 22.4 8. 27. 5 19 24.3 Inclu de d B. General 7 Appearance... 24 .4 11 55. 18 35.9 in the C.Characteris­ tic Activities 5 19.2 4 4 0 . 9 25. P rece ding . D. 2 i Age...... 20. 3 30. 5 20. E. Physical Condition.... 1 12.5 3 33.3 4 23.5 T o ta l, I . 26 19.9 29 14.3 56 27.2 II. Traits of Disposition... 13 7.2 1 .5 14 6.4 T o ta l, I and I I . 39 15.1 30 .07 70 18.1

(Note:- In the tabulation for Number, the names that are paralleled in Etruscan, and those that are borne by Christians, have been tabulated separately, but counted in with the simple and derived forms in the final totals; in the last two tabulations, however, they have been merely counted in with the others, and have not been tab­ ulated separately.) 52

The different name® denoting physical peculiarities are more numerous than the different name® denoting mental trait® or disposition, whether we consider simple or derived forms or "both. Of the names denoting physical peculiarities, the largest number appear in the lis t denoting parts of the body. These name® also have a larger percentage of forms paralleled in Etruscan than any other subdivision in the classifica­ tion, and are therefore perhaps very old. In every Bubdivision but one, Name® Denoting Physical Condition, there are more simple than derived forms. The lis t containing the largest percentage of name® borne by Christians is that denoting general appearance, None of the names denoting age is borne by a.Chri*tiarn>. The subdivision containing the highest percentage of complimentary names, in both simple and derived -forms, is that denoting physical condition; the subdivision contain­ ing the highest percentage of uncomplimentary names is that denoting parts of the body. Taken as a whole, the classification contains a far higher percentage of complimentary than of uncom­ plim entary name®. 53

CLASSIFICATION 6 . NAMES DENOTING CONDITION.

I. Condition a t B ir t h .

Acceptus,-a. P rin c e p s . F e lic u la . A d ie c ta . P u b lip o r . x F e lix . Cogessus- e P u p illa . F e lic ia . Concessus. eServa. Felicianus. Cogitatus,-a. S e rv iu s . eF e rra x. C u p itu s . S e r v ilia . xFortunatus,-a . D ata. Super. Fortunatianus D a tia n u s. Verna. xFortunius. Donatus,-a . V ernus. xFructus,-a, D u b ita ta . e V e rn io . Fructosus,-a. Exspectatus,-a. V e rn a c la . F ru n ita . xExuperius,-a. F u tu ru s. Fortuitus, III . Condition H a b itu s . Inventus,-a . as a Result of xHabentius. Mandatus. Experience. Liberatus,-a. N acta. Optandue. A c tu s . eMercatilia. Optatus,-a. Adauctus,Ad­ N ovatus . Optatianus. a u ta . Nova tillia n u s. P o titu s . Adaugendus. Processa. Praesens. A d o p ta tu s. Profuturus. xPretiosus,-a . Adventa. Redemptu s ,- a . Receptus. Ampliatus,-a. R e la tu s . Servandus . eAuctus, Autta. (Remis s u s .) Spectatus,-a, Augendus,-a. R enatus. S p e ra tio . eAutillus- R eparata. Speratus,-a. A uctillus. Restitutus,-a. Sustinendus. Benedictus. Restitutianus, S a lu ta . II. Station xBonifatius. eSalvilla. in L if e . Conventa . eS alvus. Copiosa. eSalvius,-a. xCatervius. Crescens. Salvianus. Census. xCrescentianus,-a. S e c re tu s . C lie n s . Crescentinus,-a . S e rva tu s. C lie n u s. xDecoratus. Successor. Donna. Event u s . Successus,-a. xEventius. Successiane. G a g ilia . E xp e rtu s. Suceessinus. Generosa. Extricatus. Haeres-Her e s . Faustus,-a. e S u e tia . I mio . Fauitillus,-a. T r it u s . Ingenuus,-a. F a u s tio . T u tu s. L ib e ra . x F a u s tin u s , - a , Φαστίνοϛ,-η. Vol s ia n u s . fM e te llu s . N o b ilis . Faustinianus. IV. With Reference xPatricius,-a. F e lic io . to Others in the Com­ Peregrinus. F e licissimus,-a. mu n it y . P le b e iu s . C la r io . 54

Clarus,-a. In c lu tu s . (P otens ). Conferundus. Nomin a tu s . Privatus,-a. Honoratus,-a. Probatus,-a.

In this classification, Lists I and II are closely related to each other in thought, as are also Lists III and IV. Again, Lists I and II are related to the names de­ noting circumstances of birth (Classification 7); Lists III and IV, in some cases, to the names specifying physi­ cal and mental tra its. (Classification 5.) Nevertheless, the names denoting condition form a classification by them­

s e lv e s . List I contains names denoting the condition at birth with respect to the parents (e.g., Cogitatus, Donatus, Optatus, Pretiosus, etc.); names denoting indefinite c ir­ cumstances of birth (e.g., Fortuitus. Praesens. etc.); and names denoting actual condition at birth (e.g., Au­ gendus, Servandus, etc) Some of the names of the lis t fa ll into pairs, or groups, of virtually synonymous forms :-

Acceptus and Receptus; Cogessus, Data, Donatus, Mandatus; Cupitus, Optatus, Optatianus, Speratic, Speratus; Inven­ tus and Nacta. In other words, received, given, desired, and found are common ideas appearing in names denoting c o n d itio n . Potitus may possibly be passive in sense here.

Adiecta is interpreted here as added to the family. List II is lim ited to names denoting actual station in life , a ll names denoting occupation and indefinite station in life being excluded. (See List III, and also 55

Classification 9, Names Denoting Occupation. ) This group of names is not to be confused with Classification 16, Names Classed According to the Station in Life of the

B e a re rs. Census has been in te rp re te d as ra te d in the census;

Catervius, as one of the crowd of slaves; Clienus, as a v a ria n t o f C lie n s ; Domna, as Domin a ; G a g ilia , as from cacus, a household slave; Haeres, as heres; M etellus, as from mettus, a hired servant; Publipor, as the slave of

Publius; Pupill a, as orphan, ward. In the lis t are represented all varieties of sta­ tion, from the humble Serva up to Princeps its e lf. Paired or grouped names are:- Catervius, G agilia, Publipor, Serva, Servius, Verna. Vernio, Vernua, Verna­ cla; Cliens, Clienus; Ingenuus, Libera; Generosa, Nobi­ lis , Patricius. List III, Names Denoting Condition as a Result of

Experience, aboundsin participles,— 44, 62.8% of the names in the l i s t .

Some of the names in List III (Faustus, Fe lix , For­ tunatus, etc.), probably denote a condition as wished for, rather than as already attained. Others clearly repre­ sent the condition as at tained (Adoptatus, Expertus, L i­ beratus, etc.) F ructa and Frunita appear to be active in sense. Adoptatus and P u p ill a would seem, a t f i r s t g la n ce , to belong in the same lis t; however, Pupill a is more of a definite designation of station in life , Adoptatus 56

more of an indefinite designation, the experience being emphasized rather than the condition.

Remis s us may denote c o n d itio n o r a m ental t r a i t , perhaps rather the latter. See Classification 5.

Paired and grouped names are:- Adauctus. Ampliatus. Auctus. A u tillu s, Autta; Adventa, Conventa. Eventus.

Eventius; Faustus, Faustillus, Faustio, Faustinus, Faus­ tinianus. Felicia, Felicio, Felicissimus, Felicula, Fe­ l ix. Felicianus, Fortunatus, Fortunatianus; Copiosa, Ferrax; Fructa, Frunita; Expertus. Suetia, Tritus; No­ vatus, N ovatillianus, Renatus, Reparata; Processa, Suc­ cesaus, Successiane, Successinus; Redemptus, Relatus, Restitutus, Restitutianus; Saluta, S alvilla, Salvius, Salvus, Salvianus, Tutus. In other words, the ideas increased, fortunate, abounding, enjoying, experienced, renewed, successful, restored, and safe are common in names denoting condition. List IV verges very close to the border-line of names denoting mental tra its. In this lis t, however, have been included only names denoting a condition bestowed upon the individual by others. The names

so listed are a ll complimentary. 57

Summary. Number. Sim­ De­ % pl e . % r i v . % Sum % E t r . % Chr. I.Condition 25 a t B ir t h ...... 1 .- 2 . 08 27 1.1 0 0. 2 7.4 II. Station 22 in L i f e ...... 9 5 .2 27 1.1 4 14.8 2 7.4 I II. As a Result of Experience.. 50 2.1 20 .8 70 2.9 8 11.4 10 14.2 IV. With Refer­ 9 ence to Others. . 3 0 0. 9 3.8 0 0. 0 0. T o ta l, 106 4.4 27 1.1 133 5.6 12 9.1 14 10.5 Comp1im entary. Sim­ De­ % % pl e.% r i v . % Sum E t r . % Chr. I.Condition a t B ir t h ...... 18 72. 2 100. 20. 74 .- II.Station 8 Inclu de d in Life...... 34.7 0 0. 8 . 29. 6 I I I . As a re s ult is the of Experience. 39 78 17 85. 56 80. IV.With Refer­ P rece ding . ence to Others 9 100. 0 0. 9 100. T o ta l, 74 69.1 19 7 3 .- 93 79.9 Uncomplimentary.

Sim­ % De­ % % % p l e . r i v . Sum. E tr . % Chr. 0 I .Condition at B irth...... 0 . 0 0. 0 0. II.Station 10 Inclu de d in L i f e ...... 43.4 4 100. 14 51.8 III. As a re­ 1 in the sult of Exper­ ience ...... 2. 1 5. 2 2.8 P receding. IV.With Refer­ ence to Others 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. Tot a l , 11 1 .- 5 15. 3 16 1 2 .- 58

Neither Complimentary nor Uncomplimentary.

Si m­ % De­ % pl e. r i v . Sum % E t r . % Chr. % I.Condition a t B ir t h ...... 7 28 0 0 7 25.9 II.Station in 5 Inclu d e d L i f e ...... 21. 7 0 0 5 18.5 III.As a result in the of Experience.. 10 20. 2 10 12 17.1 IV.With Refer­ P re ce d in g . ence to Others 0 0. 0 0 0 0.

Tot a l , 22 20.5 2 7.6 24 1 8 .-

The subdivision containing the greatest number of different names in both simple and derived forms, is List III, Condition as a Result of Experience. That con­ taining the highest percentage of names paralleled in

Etruscan is List II, Station in Life. These names are thus comparatively old. List I, Condition at Birth, and List IV, Condition with Reference to Others, have not one form paralleled in Etruscan. List III, Condition as a Result of Experience, has the highest percentage of names borne by Christians. There is a far higher percentage of complimentary than of uncomplimentary names, in the case of both simple and derived forms. The subdivision containing the highest percentage of complimentary names is List IV, Condition with Reference to Others, a ll of the names o f which are complimentary. Next to L ist IV in this respect comes List III, Condition as a Result of Experience. The subdivision containing the highest percentage of uncomplimentary names is List II, Sta­ 59

tion in Life; the same l i st contains the lowest per­ centage of complimentary names. List I (Condition at Birth) and List IV (Condition with Reference to Others) have no d ire ctly uncomplimentary names. 60

CLASSIFICATION 7. NAMES DENOTING CIRCUMSTANCES OF BIRTH. I. Order in F a m ily .

xCatervius. Secundio. November. Decimus,-a . Secundus,-a. Qu i n t i l i a , Decumedius. Secundinus,-a. Quintilianus,-a Septimus,-a. e V e rn io , e O cta via . Septiminus,-a. eVernus. eOctavianus. Septimianus. Post i na . Sexio III. Actual Circum­ Postumus,-a . S e x tu s ,-a . stances of B irth. Pos tu min u s , S e x tiu s . Primigenius,-a. Tertius,-a. Caesa. Primigenianus. Tertianus. eCaesidia. Prim illus,-a. Tertullus,-a. eC aesius. P r imio. Tertullinus,-a , eCaesonianus. Primitivus,-a. T ricu n d a . Cordus. P rimitianus. e C o rd ia . Primogenes. I I . Season o f B ir t h . Gemellus,-a. P rim u lla . Gemellinus,-a. xPrimus,-a. A p r i lia . Geminus,-a. P rim e n ia , Decebe rillu s- Geminianus. Primianus. Decemb e r i l l u s . Geminatus. Qu a r t i l l a, December. Legitimus,-a. Qu a r t io . Decembrius. ( L u c il ia ) . Quartus,-a. Ianuarius,-a. Lucius,-a. Quartinus. Ianuarianus. eLuceius. Quin tilla , ( I u n i l l a . ) Lucilianus. Qu i n t io , (Iunianus,-e). e (L u c in a ). Quintus,-a. eM aius. M anius. Quintianus,-a. (M artialis). M a n iliu s . Qu i n t i na. xMartinus,-a. Manilianus. Secundilla. M a rtia n a . P r o c illa . N a ta lis . Proculus,-a. Natalianus. Proculeianus. eS purius.

In this classification have been included only those names denoting specific circumstances of birth. For gen­ eral circumstances of birth see Classification 6. Of the names denoting order in the family, 39, or 90.6%, have ordinal numbers as roots. A ll of the ordinals up to and including tenth, excepting ninth, are here represented. (See, however, page 82, Classification 15). 61

Catervius. one of the crowd. eLhould perhaps ra­ ther be considered as a naae denoting station in life . (See Classification 6.)

Tricunda seems to be a variant of Tertia. formed on the analogy of Secunda.

Of the names denoting season of birth, every one but Natalis, Natalianus (which are rather less defi­ nite than most of the names of the classification), and Vernio. Vernus (which should perhaps be referred to verna rather than to ver) are derived from the names of months. The months represented are January, March, A pril, May, June, July, November, and December. Since many of the months were named for deities, it is often d iffic u lt to determine whether an individu­ al is named for a month or for a deity. lanuarius and Ianuarianus have been taken as derived from the name of the month rather than from that of the deity be­ cause of the presence of the -ari- suffix. Iunilla and Xunianus. on the other hand, are probably de­ rived from the name of the gens Iunia, and thus go back rather to the deity. (See Classification 13.) In List III, Lucilia may rather be considered as from lux-, denoting natural phenomena, instead of from Lucius, born early in the day.(See Classifica­ tio n 1 2 .) Lucina may be from L u c iu s . may denote lig h t, or may be derived from the name of the goddess Lucina.-- perhaps preferably the la tte r. P rocilia. Procuius. and Proculeianus are included 62

here because of the popular etymology with regard to them, i.e ., that they are from procul, and mean born while the father is far away, or born when the father is far advanced in years. (Paul, ex Fest., p. 225, Müll.) In origin, they are probably diminutives of old Ita lic praenomina. We should not perhaps look for a distinction be­ tween complimentary and uncomplimentary names in such a classification as this. We may, however, count as complimentary those names which it would be an honor to bear, and as uncomplimentary those which it would be a reproach to bear.

Summary. Number.

Sim­ De­ % % p l e. % r i v . Sum E tr .% C hr.% 25 I.Order in Family...... 1 .- 18 .7 43 1.8 2 4.6 2 4.6 I I . Sea- 12 son...... 5 7 .2 20 .8 3 15. 1 5. III. Actual Circumstances 12 .5 12 .5 24 1 .- 7 29.1 0 0. T o ta l, . . 50 2.1 37 1.5 87 3.6 12 13.7 3 3.4 Complimentary.

Sim­ De­ % % p l e. % r i v . % Sum E t r . Chr. % I.Order in 0 F a m ily ...... 0. 0 0. 0 0. II.Season.... 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. Inclu de d III. Actual..1 8 .3 0 0 . 1 4.1 1 in the T o ta l. . . 2. 0 0. 1 1.1 P re ce d in g . 63

Uncomplimentary.

Sim­ De­ pl e.% r i v .% Sum % E tr . % Chr. % I.Order in 0 F a m ily ...... 0. 1 5.5 1 2.3 Inclu d e d I I . Sea­ 0 son...... 0. 0 0. 0 0. in the III. Actual Circumstances 1 8 .3 0 0. 1 4.1 P re ce d in g . 1 T o ta l. . 2. 1 2.7 2 2.2 Neither Complimentary nor Uncomplimentary.

Sim­ % De­ % % pl e . r i v . Sum% E tr . % Chr. I. Order in 25 Family...... 100. 17 94.4 42 97.6 Inclu d e d I I . Sea­ 13 son...... 100. 7 100. 20 100. in the III. Actual Circumstances. 10 83.3 12 100. 22 91.5 P rece ding . T o ta l. . . 48 96. 36 97.2 84 96.5

The subdivision containing the greatest number of d if­

ferent names, in both simple and derived forms, is that denoting order in fam ily. That containing the highest percentage of forms paral­ leled in Etruscan is the one denoting actual circumstances of birth . That containing the highest percentage of names borne by Christians is the one denoting order in family (however, even there, the number of such names is very

s m a ll). But one of the names can be classed as complimentary

in any sense (Legitim us); it appears in List III, Actu­ al Circumstances of B irth. Few are definitely uncompli­

mentary; but, of the few, the highest percentage appears

in List III also. The majority of the names in a ll the subdivisions are neither complimentary nor uncomplimentary. 64

CLASSIFICATION 8 . NAMES DENOTING FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS. (A v itu s ) . F ra te rn u s . (L e p o s). eM aternus. Nepos. Paterculus. ePapia. ePapus. eP aternus. P a tru in u s . Propinquus. eSocellianus.

Names of this sort are sim ilar to the English Cou­ sins and Brothers. Avitus has been interpreted as being from avus. It perhaps rather denotes age. (See Classification 5). Lepos, though usually meaning charm (See C lassifi­ cation 14) is sometimes used as a variant of Nepos, ne­ phew. Papia and Papus represent the colloquial papa. None of the names in this lis t can be called either complimentary or uncomplimentary. Not one of these names is borne by a Christian. Of the total, 41.5% are paralleled in Etruscan. The total number of names in the lis t (12 in a ll, but .5% of a ll the names in the volume) is too small to yield further statistics. 65

CLASSIFICATION 9.

NAMES DENOTING OCCUPATIONS.

A g ric o la . Argentarius. B ubulcus. eCarpus.

(Censorinus. ) C la ssicu s. (Consultinus). Coronarius. C re ta s iu s . Custos . F ig u lu s . e L a tro . eMaccus . M e rc a to r. fMes s o r. xNav ig iu s . Pas t o r . Pom arius. P raeco. e R e s tio . eS curra. S tru c to r. xS u ag rius. Subulcinilla. x S u to r. T u to r. T u to rin a . V e n a to r. xVenantius. Vestigator. V ia to r . V ia to rin a . Vinatris-Vinatrix. This classification has been confined entirely to actual occupation and trade names, as distinguished f rom names denoting station in life (see Classification 6), m ilitary names (see Classification 10), and names denoting re lig i­ ous matters (see Classification 15). In some cases it seems a little d iffic u lt to draw the line of distinction; e.g., in the case of Custos and Praeco. which we may con­ sider either m ilitary names or names denoting occupations. 66

These two names have been listed in both classifications, in parentheses in the m ilitary lis t, since the probability is that they are rather c iv il than m ilitary occupations which are represented by the names. Again, Viator and Viatorina have been listed here, but Peregrinus in the names denoting station in life (see Classification 6)because of the fact that in the one name the emphasis is on the travel itse lf (via), but in the other is rather implied the station of one who has travelled, and is now in the Roman Empire. Censorinus may denote the office or a mental tra it.

(See Classification 5.) Of the lis t, Agricola, Bubulcus, Carpus, Coronarius, Cretasius, (chalk-maker), Figulus, Messor, Navigius, Pas­ tor, Pomarius, Restio, Structo r, Suagrius, Subulcini lla , (swine-herd), Venator, Venantius, Sutor, or 51.5% of the lis t, may be classed as hand-workers or laborers: Argen­ tarius, Mercator, Praeco, (auctioneer), and Vinatris, or

12.1% of the lis t, as business people. Other forms that group together naturally are Censorinus and Consultinus,

Classicus and Praeco, Maccus and Scurra. Schulze makes the point that frequently the bearer of a trade-name is not a man engaged in that trade himself, but a libertus freed by a trade-guild, the name of which he has taken, in gratitude, as his cognomen. In any case, the fact remains that etymologica lly such names are de­

signations of occupation, and must be so classed.

An examination of the various occupations represen- 67 ted in this classification furnishes, quite incidentally, an interesting side-light on life in these particular districts of Italy under the Empire.

Summary. % Number. % Com pli­ % Uncom pli­ % N e i­ m en tary. m entary. t h e r .

T o ta l...... 33(27 sim ­ 1.3 5 15.1 9 27.2 19 57.8 pl e , 6 d e r iv . ) Of these, there are:- E t r ...... 5 15. 1 % Chr...... 4 12.1% 68

CLASSIFICATION 10. MILITARY NAMES. I . Things Used II. Position I I I . Outcome o f in Warfare. in the Army. War.

e(Aquita)- Auxiliaris. Trium phus. A q u ila ( Comes). V ic to r . ex(Aquilinus,-a). ( C ustos). e V ic to ria . B a llis t a . ( L a tro ). xVictorinus,-a. C a s te llu s . M ile s . Castricius,-a. e(P ra eco.) Vincentius. eCastricianus. V ic t r ix . eMucro,-M utro. ePraesidius. V index. S a g itta . S a g itta s . Sextanus. S a g ittiu s . T ir o .

The certainly m ilitary names are few, and most of them verge closely on names denoting occupation, concrete objects, or characteristic activities. Aquita is probably a stone-cutter’s error for Aquila, as Mutro is for Mucro; both Aquila and Aquita, Mucro and Mutro, occur in CIL IX. Aquila and Aquilinus are best considered as being taken directly from the name of the bird. (See C lassifi­ c a tio n 1 1 .) For Comes, see a lso the names d e n o tin g d is p o ­ sition (Classification 5); for Custos and Praeco, the names denoting occupation (Classification 9); for Latro, the same lis t (it may denote either a hired soldier or a

professional bandit.) Sextanus means a s o ld ie r o f the s ix th le g io n , w hich fact makes it possible that some of the number-names in Classification 7, especially Primigenius, are taken from

the names of legions also. 69

Aquilinus and Victorinus are the only names in the classification that are borne by Christians; and these (suffix-form s, both) may have been used with little thought of the m ilitary meaning. The lis t is so small that statistics are given for simple and derived forms together. It is impossible to distinguish complimentary from uncomplimentary names in this classification.

Summary.

Number. % E t r . % C hr. % 10 I.T h in g s Used in W arfare ...... 4 4 40. 1 10. II. Position in 9 Army...... 3 2 22.2 0 0. I I I . Outcome o f 7 War...... 2 1 14.2 1 10. 26 T o ta l.. .9 7 26.9 2 7.6

The subdivision containing the greatest number of different names is List I, Things Used in Warfare. This subdivision also contains the highest percentage of forms paralleled in Etruscan, and is thus comparatively old. 70

CLASSIFICATION 11.

NAMES DENOTING OBJECTS.

I . Animate O b je cts. A. Animals.

(1) Domestic Lupillus,-a. Florentinus,-a A n im a ls. Lupulus,-a. xFlorentius. Lupus. F lo r ia , A g n e lla . Lupicinus. F lo ria n u s . eAsellus,-a. T ig r is . ( F lo r id a . ) A s in ia . U rsa. Fructilla. e A v ila . xUrsaciu s. xFructus,-a. B o clo . U r s illa . Fructosus,-a. Capreolus,-a, U rs io . H e rbu la, Capriolus,-a. xUrsulus,-a. Caprius,-a. Urs u s . Plantanus. C a te lla . V it ic u la . C ato. V e r r is . fC a ttu s . (2) Specific. C a tu lu s . (3) Insects. Fe le s . a. Trees and Shrubs. f ( G a llu s ) . e A p icu la . eMusca. Cocceius . I r c i n i s . eMuscatius. fIu vencila. E b in iu s . M u lio . (4) B ird s . L a u r illa . L a u ru s. Ninnianus. e A q u ita ,- eLaurea. f ( P u llo ) . A q u ila . eSam era. f( P u llu s ) . xeAquilinus,-a. eVis c u s . Taurus. eAv io la . V accula. b. Edible Plants. V it e llu s . eCorvinus. Vitellianus. eGraccus. e A llia . V it u lu s . xPalumba, eCaepio. ePasserus. eCaepulus. (2) Wild Ani­ e V a ria . eC ice ro . mals. (5) Sea-Animals. F abatus. eAper,-ra. L u custa , Fabianus . eApriculus,-a. M u re n illa . H a lic iu s . e A p rio . P in a . O lib a . eApridius. e P iso . eApro. B. P la n ts . ePisoninus. eApronianus. e A p ru lla . (1) General. (Pomarius). Cerv i l l a . S a lv ia . Cer v ia . A rb u la . S a lv i l l a . fCuniculus. Arbuscula. xL e o ,-a . F lo ru s , -a . Sampsaeus. eLeonas. S ir c in a . 71

c. Harmful B. Building and ( 3)Miscellaneous P la n ts . Construction. Implem ents.

fDumnana. (1) Things B uilt. eCataena. eLappa. eC estus. eLapia. (Castellus). (M a rcu s). (C astricius,-a.) Tintinnabelus. L o llia n u s . (Castricianus.) x V itu s . C olum ella. d. Parts of D.Clothing and Per­ P la n ts . D o m itiu s . sonal Adornment. Domitianus. eA r is ta . Galerianus. e A r is tia . x (Nav ig iu s .) G a lla . P a n n ic is . ( Scopa). (2 ) M a te ria ls Used Praetextatus. (Scopius.) in Building. Torquatus,-a. fS u ru s. f V i r i atu s . fS u rin u s . eLateranus. eVibius,-a. E. Foods. e. Flowers. V ib ia n u s . Granea. Ros a . C. Implements. e L ib o . V io lu s ,- a . (1) Household F.Miscellaneous Objects II. Inanimate U te n s ils . O bjec ts . C ru sta . eAulanius. A. Minerals. e A u lin a . e O fe lliu s . C o rb u lo . P e ru la . Argentina. G illo . e T e llu s . eCarbo. e (P iso ) e(Pisoninus) Terminalis. Marmo r is . Scopa. Stanno. S co piu s. T itia n u s . T it la . (2) Farming Tools. D o la b e lla . eSerranus .

Notes on P a r tic u la r Names, Florida, in I,B,1, may be considered as flow er-like

or as of a florid complexion.(See Classification 5). Scopa and Scopius, may be considered as from twig or as from broom. Castellus, Castricius, and Castricianus are perhaps 72

rather m ilitary names. (See Classification 10.) Navigius may be considered also as an occupation- name, (See Classification 9 ); so likewise Pomarius. which may mean fru it-lik e , or fruit-grower.

Piso and Pisoninus may be considered as from piso. mortar, or pisum, peas. Pullus and Pullo may be from pullus, chicken, or from Pullus. grey, dirty. (See Classification 5.) Marcus is probably from Mars rather than from mar­

cus, hammer. (See Classification 13). Sampsaeus, in I,B,D, has been taken as meaning

o live-pulp; Sireina, as related to sircula, a kind of

g ra p e . The group of names denoting edible plants is closely related to that denoting foods. Summary. Number. Sim­ De­ % % I.A n im a te p l e . % r i v . % Sum % E t r . C hr. O b je c ts . A.Animals... 48 2 .- 15 . 6 63 2.6 20 31.7 5 7.9 B.Plants.... 27 1.1 22 .9 49 2 .- 13 26.5 2 4 .- 75 Total,I.... 3.1 37 1.5 112 4.7 33 29.2 7 6.2

I I . Inanim ate O b je c ts . A.Minerals.. 3 .1 1 .04 4 .1 1 25. 0 0. B.Building..3 . 1 7 . 2 10 .4 2 50 1 10. C .Implements 10 .4 5 .2 15 .6 7 46,6 1 6.6 D.Clothing.. 3 .1 2 .08 5 .2 0 0. 0 0. E.Foods...... 2 .08 0 0. 2 .08 1 50. 0 0. F.Miscellaneous 4 .1 3 .1 7 .2 2 28.5 0 0. T o ta l, I I . . 25 1. - 18 .7 43 1.8 13 30.2 2 4.6 Total,I and II, 100 4 .2 55 2.3 155 6.5 46 29.6 9 5.8 73

Complimentary.

S im p le. % D e riv e d . % Sum % I. Animate Objects. A. A n im a ls...... 9 18.7 3 20. 12 1 9 .- B . P la n ts ...... 3 11.1 4 18.1 7 14.2 12 T o t a l, I ...... 16. 7 18.9 19 16.9 2 II . Inanimate O bjects.... 8 . 1 5.5 3 6.9 Total, I and II, 14 14 8 14.5 22 14.1

Uncompl im e n ta ry .

Sim ple. % D e riv e d . % Sum I. Animate Objects. A .A n im a ls...... 38 79.3 12 80. 50 79.2 B .P la n ts ...... 11 40.7 7 31.8 18 36.7 49 T o ta l, I ...... 65.3 19 51.3 68 60.7 II.Inanimate Objects.... 14 56. 10 55.5 24 55.8 Total, I and II 63 63. 29 52.7 92 59.3

Neither Complimentary nor Uncomplimentary.

S im ple.% D e rive d . % Sum % I. Animate Objects. A .A n im a ls...... 1 2 .- 0 0. 1 1.5 B .P la n ts ...... 13 48.5 11 50. 24 48.9 14 Total, I.... 18.6 11 29.7 25 22. 3 8 II. Inanimate Objects... 32. 8 44.4 16 37.2 Tot a l , I and I I 22 22. 19 34.5 41 26.4

There are more different names denoting animals than denoting either plants or inanimate objects. The subdivision of animals that has the greatest number of different names is that denoting domestic ani­ mals; the smallest, that denoting sea-animals. The animals used for naming purposes are exceedingly numerous, practi- 74

cally a ll of those with which the ancient Italian was fa­ m iliar, except the dog, finding a place in this lis t. The subdivision of plants that has the greatest number of different names is that denoting edible plants,— common, domestic plants, just as the names denoting domes­ tic animals are largest in number. In other words, the in­ habitants of the districts in question inclined towards using for naming purposes the common things about them. The subdivision of plants that has the smallest num­ ber of different names is that denoting flowers,— a fact very much at variance with our custom. (Cf. L ily . Daisy. Marguerite. etc., as well as Rose and V iolet. with their derivatives, which the two flower-names in this lis t par­ a l l e l ) . The subdivision of inanimate objects that has the greatest number of different names is that denoting im­ plements; the smallest, foods. Names denoting animate objects and those denoting

inanimate objects have about an equal percentage of forms paralleled in Etruscan. Names denoting animals have a slightly higher percentage of such names than do those denoting plants. Names denoting animate objects have a slig h tly greater proportion of names borne by Christians than do

those denoting inanimate objects. The whole classification tends to be uncomplimentary rather than complimentary, judging according to our modern standards. Animal*.riames are most uncomplimentary of a ll. 75

The kind of animal represented by the great­ est number of different names is the boar (8 names); the &inds of plant represented by the most different names are the laurel, the pea, and the olive (3 names each).

The inanimate objects are so diverse as to present no outstanding root.

This classification is valuable mainly for its demonstration of the endless variety of the Ita lic naming- system, and its frequent use of the concrete. (See Class­ ification 14, Names Denoting Abstract Ideas.) In view of this variety it is interesting to note the comparative poverty of the English naming-system,in many capes, es­ pecially with regard to animal-names,-- Wolf. Lamb, and

Lyon being the only common ones in use. 76

CLASSIFICATION 12. NAMES DENOTING NATURAL PHENOMENA.

A ura. L u c ife r . L u c ilia , e (L u c in a ) . (Lucius,-a).

x(Lucentius). e(Luceius.) (Lucilianus). O rie n s. Turbo. Lucifer has been interpreted as the morning-star; Lucilia, as lite rally little light; Lucina, as referring to light (see also C lassification 13, Names Derived from the Names of Deities). Lucius, Luceius, and Lucilianus are doubtless to be connected, and to be interpreted rather as denoting circumstances of birth. (See Classification 7). Lucentius. on the other hand, is rather a designation of physical characteristics .(See Classification 5). The unusual name

Oriens has been interpreted as the rising sun, or the east: incidentally, it is the only name in CIL IX that can be called, in any sense of the word, a name denoting direction.

This is quite at variance with our custom— cf. West, Eas­ ton, North, Sothern, etc.

But one of the names, Lucentius, is borne by a Chris­ tia n . The lis t is so small (10 names in a ll, .4% of the whole) as to present no further satisfactory statistical conclusions. 77

CLASSIFICATION 13 .

NAMES DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF DEITIES.

Augustalis. I u n ill a . Minervalis. Augustina. Iunianus,-e. Camene-Camena. Neptunialis. Iuinus-Iovi­ eN eria. C e r ia lis . nus, P o llu x . Consu s. (Iuventianus- eCosidia-Con­ Ioventianus) (Q uirinalis) s i dia . (Iuventina-Io­ S abulus. v e n tin a .) Sabdia, E rc u lia - eLucina. H e rc u lia . Saturninus,-a, Faunus. Maburtius. S a tu rn io . Mam ertinus. Silvanus,-a. Feroniensis. eMarcanus. S ilT a n iu s . (Flora,-us) xMarcellinus,-a. ( F lo r ia ) Marcellus,-a, V e n e ria . (Florianus) M a rcia . Benr iganus-Ven­ Fucentia, -us. xMarcianus,-a. e r ic ia n u s . M a rc io . Benriganius-Ven­ ( G e n ia lis ) M arcus. ericianius. fe (M a rta ) (Venustus,-a) Herclanius. M artialis. eV esta. Herculanus. M a rtia n a . (Vestalis) xHerculentius. xMartinus,-a. eVestilla. eVestinus,-a. M ercurialis. M e rc u riu s . The custom of naming a human being for a deity, so abhorrent to us, was very evidently quite a common one in ancient Italy. In fact,10 of the lis t,-- Camene, Consus, Faunus, Flora, Fucentia, Lucina, Neria. Pollux, S ilvanus. and Vesta, are the names of the deities themselves, without s u ffix e s . In this lis t should go, possibly, many other names of the 2363. But information as to the very old cults of Italy is scant; and though we may suspect many of the names of uncer­ tain origin, as well as some of the names denoting abstract ideas, arid those derived from the names of places, of be­ ing also the title s and names of deities, yet we cannot 78

prove them to he such. Again, we know that in the early Roman

religion, the name of almost any object or idea might he t$e name of a deity as well. For these reasons only certain deity-names, and only such as are Ita lic , hare been inclu­ ded in this classification. GenialiB may denote a mental tra it also. (See Classi­ fication 5.) IurcntianuB and Iuvcntina are perhaps from iuvcnis rather than from Iuppiter. (See Classification 5.) Marta is perhaps rather the Hebrew Martha. (See

Classification 2). Q.uirinalis is probably from the name of the h ill rath­

er than from that of the deity. (See Classification 4). VenustuB has perhaps more the idea of charming than of the deity proper. (See Classification 5). Vestalis may be regarded also as a religion-name.

(See Classification 15). The deities represented range a ll the way from very

ancient Italian deities such as Faunus and Consus. through the Greek-tinged Roman deities such as Hep tune and Miner- ra, down to Augustus himself. This does not necessarily prove, however, that the custom of naming for deities was very ancient, inasmuch as the old deities remained as part of the pantheon until late in the history of the Ro­ man Empire; yet such a conclusion is quite a probable one. The deities represented by the greatest number of different names are Mars (13 names), Venus, (4names), and Vesta (4 names). This is as we should expect, inasmuch as 79

Mars was the traditional protector,(as was also Vesta), and Venus the traditional progenitor, of the Roman race. Prominent Roman deities not represented in the above lis t are Vulcan, Diana, ahd Liber. Christians use the following deity-names:- Herculcn- tius. Marcellinus, Marcianus, and Martinus.-- a ll of which are so altered in meaning by suffixes that it is probablf

th a t the d e ity -id e a was very rem ote.

Summary.

Number * E t r . % C hr. % - Simple form s...... 5 3 25. 0 0. Derived fo rm s ...... 5 11.1 4 8.8 To t a l ...... 2.4 8 14.1 4 7 .- Mote:- The forms paralleled in Etruscan and those borne by Christians are included in the totals for simple and derived forms, but are tabulated sepa­ rately for comparison.

There are more derivative than simple forms. T&ere is a higher percentage of forms paralleled in Etruscan in the simple than in the derivative names, as we should expect. A ll of the names in the classification may be con­ sidered complimentary. 80

CLASSIFICATION 14.

NAMES DENOTING ABSTRACT IDEAS. Amor. xFelicitas. O rig o . Auctoritas. F id e s . P ie ta s . C iv ita s . H ilaritas. P o te s ta s . Concordia. L a e t it ia . Sallus-Salus. D ig n ita s . Lepos . Specula. F a c u lta s . L ib e r ta s . xSpes. Favor. V o lu p ta s.

These names are closely akin to both the names de­ noting mental tra its and the names derived from those of deities, (see Classifications 5 and 13), and yet they can not be classed as belonging to either one of those. As

to the names which look like designations of mental tra its , perhaps they were no more so than are our Hope. Faith, Prudence, etc., in actual practice. If the mental- tra it idea was present at a ll, it was probably as wished- for rather than as really present in the individual. As to those which look like deity-names, we can be sure of only the following as having been actually deified Amor, Concordia, Sallus, and Spes; and even in these names the abstract idea was s till prominent. To be sure, most of the present lis t may represent ideas deified at some time or in some place of which no record has come down to us. That, however, is beyond proof; and the best

we can do is to group them a ll together as designations

of abstract ideas. Not one name in the lis t is paralleled in the Etrus­ can inscriptions. This does not necessarily mean that names of this sort were a late development in the dis­ tricts in question, but it would seem to make such a conclusion plausible, at least. 81

Of the lis t, Amor, Concordia, Dignitas, Favor, Fe­ lic ita s , Fides, H ilaritas, Laetitia, Lepos, Libertas,Pi­ etas, Sallus, Specula, Spes, and Voluptas, -- 75% of the lis t, seem to be complimentary. The rest, 25$, are not uncomplimentary, but neutral. Hence, we may conclude that pleasant abstract ideas were the Jcind most often cho­ sen for name-giving purposes; and that unpleasant abstract ideas were practically never used for names.

The small number of names in the lis t (20, but .8$ of the whole, demonstrates the comparatively narrow scope of the abstract-idea name in the districts in question.

(Contrast C lassification 11, Names Denoting Objects.) Christians use F elicitas. happiness. and Spes. hope. We should have expected also Concordia. Fides. and Pietas among Christians, as being additional ideals of C hristi­ anity; yet the absence of such names as Amor. H ila iita s. Potestas. and Voluptas,frora the Christian lis t is quite

as might be expected. This lis t has been confined to the abstract nouns themselves, as derivatives of those are better classed under names denoting mental tra its or condition. (Classi­

fications 5 and 6). 82

CLASSIFICATION 15.

NAMES DENOTING RELIGIOUS MATTERS. A ru la . eC a m illu s. Lupercus,-a. F e t ia lis . Nonnus? Augurinus,-a. Sacerdos. A u g u riu s . Flamininus,-a. (Vestalis).

This classification includes only names the roots of which denote religious offices, or things used in religious ceremonies. It is not to he confused with the classification based on the religion of the bearers of the names. (See Classification 17).

A ll of the names in the lis t except Arula denote religious officials, and as such are closely related to the names denoting occupations. (See C lassification 9). Nonnus. a la te Lq-tin word o f a ro o t a k in to San­ skrit nana. mother. meant either a monk, a. teacher, or a revered elderly person. As the inscription in which it oc­

curs is not definitely Christian, and as it is the only name of its sort in the 2363, we cannot be sure just which meaning it has in this case. It has been listed

here because of the fact that monk is its commonest meaning,.- unless, indeed, it is merely Nonus \ (See page 60). Vestalis is probably not here equivalent to a Vestal, because the bearer of it is a freedwoman. (See C lassifi­

cation 17.) None of the names is that of a Christian, and but one is paralleled in the Etruscan inscriptions. A ll of the names may be regarded as complimentary.

The classification is small (10 names, .4$ of the 83

whole); but perhaps to it belong many of the names classed as deity-names (see Classification 13), in the sense of priest of Mars, guardian of the temple of Nep­ tune, e tc . 84

CLASSIFICATIONS NOT BASED ON ETYMOLOGY. 85

CLASSIFICATION 16. NAMES CLASSED ACCORDING TO STATION IN LIFE OF THE BEARERS.

Note:- (1) beside a name in Lists II or III indi­ cates that the name occurs as the name of a sla ve also; (2) beside a name in I or I I I , that the name occurs as that of a freedman also; (3) beside a name in I or II, that the name occurs as that of a person of senatorial rank also; (4) beside a name in any lis t, that the name occurs also as that of a middle-class individual, or one not designated in CIL under any of the three heads given below.

I.Names of S la ves.

eAcutus,(2) (4) Lucrio(2)(4) Adiutor.(4) T ricu n d a . Lupula(4) Urbanus(2)(4) Albanus,-a (2)(4) M artialis(2)(4) Verecunda(4) Amandus,-a (2)(4) xMartinus,-a(4) Auctus,-a (2)(4) Verna(2)(4) xMaximus,-a(2)(4) Vitalis(2)(4) Augurinus.(3)(4) Montanus(2)(4) Voluptas(4) Benedictus. eN um isia. Campester. (4) Oriens(2)(4) xCassius (2)(4) ePapia(2) (4) I I . Names o f Casta (4) Peculiaris(4) Freedmen. Celer(2)(3)(4) P otens(4) Clemens (3 )(4 ) P o titu s ( 2) eAcutus(1) (4) Constans(4) P rim e n ia . eAlbanus,-a(1)(4) Copiosa(2 ) P rim igenius.-a(2)(4) Albulus,-a(4) Crescens(2)(3)(4) Prim itivus.(2)(4) Amandus,-a(1)(4) C ustos. xPrimus,-a(2)(4) Amans. Data(2) Privatus(2)(4) Amoena.(4) D ilig e n s . Quarta(2)(4) Ampliatus,-a(4) Eventus(4) Receptus(4) eAper,-ra(4) Expectatus.(4)(2) R e s titu tu s .-a (2)(4) e A p ic u la . xFaustinus,-a(4) eRomanus,-a(4) eA ppia. Felicissim us(4) e R u fillu s,-a (2 )(3)(4) eAprio(4) xFelix(2)(3)(4) xSabinianus(4) A p u lu s (4) Flaviana(4) eSalvius(2)(4) Arbuscula(4) xFortunatus(2)(4) Saturninus(3)(4) Argentarius. Fucentius,-a(4) S a tu rn io . fA tia n u s . Gemellus(2)(4) Secundilla(4) Auctus,-a(1)(4) Hilarus,-a(2)(4) Secundus,-a(2)(3)(4) eAventinus. Ianuarius(2)(4) eSecurus,-a(2)(4) fBalbus(3)(4) Ingenuus(2)(4) Sempronius. xBassus,-a(3)(4) Iucundus,-a(2)94) Septimus, -a(4) x I u lia ( 4) Benivolus. Sermo.(4 ) eCaepio. I t a lic u s . eServa . K arus(4) eCaesius,-a(4) Servandus. Calenus,-a(4) eLabr i o . Severus,-a(2)(3)(4) C a llid u s . Legas. Successus,-a(2)(4) eCapito(3)(4) Lepora. Surus(2)(4) C a p ria . Liberalis(2)(3)(4) Tiberius(2) x Capriolus(4) 86

eCarpus(4) Inventus, -a. P rim io (4 ) eCassius,-a(1)(4) I t a lia ( 4) Prim itivus, -a(4)(1) Celer(1)(4) Iucundus,-a(1)(4) Primogenes(4) Celsus,-a (3)(4) Iu n ix (4 ) xPrimus,-a((1)(4) C erialis(3)(4) Iustianus(4) Princeps(4) Certus,-a(3)(4) Laetus,-a(3)(4) P riscilla(4) C iv ita s . eLargus,-a(3)(4) Priscus,-a(3)(4) feClodianus(4) Lasciva(4) Privatus,-a(1)(4) C occeius. e L a tro . Probatus,-a(4) Communis(4) eLeonas(4) Probus(3)(4) fComus(4) Leuca. Procula(3)(4) Conventa. Liberalis(1)(3)(4) Quarta(1 )(4) Cop io sa ( 1) Longus(3)(4) Q uartilla(4) Crescens(1)(3)(4) L u c ife r ( 4) Quartio(4) C rin u s . L u c rin a . xQuintus,-a(4) feCrispinus,-a(3)(4) Lucrio(1 )(4) Reatinus(4) Data ( 1) Lupercus(4) R e g illa ( 4) December(4) L u p illa ( 4) R e la tu s . Decembr iu s . Lupus(3)(4) Rem issus. Decora. Magnus(3)(4) R enatus. Dius,-a,-um(4) Mansuetus,-a (4) Restitutus,-a(1)(4) Donata(4) xMarcianus(3)(4) eRufillus,-a(1 )(3)(4) Ecretumarus. M arcus(4) exRufinus,-a(3)(4) Expectatus,-a(1)(4) eM a rio (4) e R u fio (4) Facultas(4) Marmo r i s . eRufus,-a(3)(4) Faustillus(4) M artialis(1)(4) eRomulus,-a (4) Faustus,-a(3)(4) xMaximus,-a(1)(3)(4) Rusticus(4) Faventina(4) M e lio r ( 4) R u tilu s (4) F avor(4) Memo r ( 4) Sabellus,-a(4) F e lic io (4 ) eMercatilia, Sabinus,-a(3)(4) Felicula(4) Moderata(4) eSallustianus.(4) xFelix(1)(3)(4) xModestus,-a(3)(4) eSalvius,-a(1)(4) F erox(4) Montanus.(1)(4) eS alvus. Festivus(4) N a ta lis ( 4) Sampsaeus. Festus(3)(4) N ig e lla eScaeva(4)(3) F id e lis (4 ) Niger(3)(4) Secundinus(4) F im ill a ( 4) No b ilis(4) Secundio. Flaccus(3)(4) eNysa. Secundus,-a(1)(4)(3) Florus,-a(4) Optatus,-a(4) eSecurus,-a(1)(4) xFortunatus,-a(1)(4) Ofiens(1)(4) S edata(4) xFructus(4) ePapia(1)(4) Septimianus. xFuscus,-a(4) P a ra tu s (4) Serv iu s . F u tu ru s . Paulla(3)(4) S evera(4) Gemellus(1)(4) Peregrinus(4) S e x tio (4) Genialis(4) Picentina(4) S extus(4) G ratilla(4) P ie ta s (4 ) eSilvanus,-a(3)(4) Gratus,-a(4) P la n ta n u s . eSilvina(1)(4) H a b itu s. P o la (4 ) Simplex(3)(4) H eraclea. P om arius. eSodala. eHermia(4) P o n tin a . S o d a lis . H ila r io ( 4 ) P o p illu s . Specula. Hilarus,-a(1)(4) P o s illa ( 4) Speratus(4) Ianuarius(1)(4) Potestas.(4) Stabilio(4) eI d o n iu s . Potitus(1) Statius,-a(4) Ingenuus(1 )(4) P rimigenius ,-a(1 )(4) eS tra bo(4) 87

Strenuus(4) B ru tu s . xIulianus(4) S tr u c to r . Caecilianus. Iustinianus. xS u ag rius. e C a m illu s . Laetus(2)(4) Suavi s ( 4) Candidus(4) eLargus,-a(2)( 4) Successus(1 ) (4) eCapito(2)(4) eLatiaris. Surus(1) (4) eCarbo. eLepidus(4) Tarentina(4) Cascellius. Liberalis(1)(2)(4) eTelesinus,-a(4) eCassianus(4) e L ibo( 4) Teres( 4) xCaterrius(4) L icinianus(4) Tertius,-a(4) C ato. Lollianus(4) Tertullus,-a(4)(3) Celer(1)(2)(4) Longinus,-a(4) Tiberius(1) Celerina(4) Longus(2)(4) f T r it u s . Celsinus(4) Lucilianus(4) Triumphus. Celsus(2)(4) Lupus(2)(4) fe T u liu s . Censo rin u s . Mabu r t iu s . Turpa. C erialis(2)(4) Magnus(2)(4) Urbanus,-a(1)(4) C e rtia n a . f Mamertinus. U rsio (4) Certus,-a(2)(4) M a n lio la . x U rs u la (4) eCethegus. xMarcellinus(4) U t i l i s (4) e C ic e ro . Marcellus(4) Veneri a(4) C la ru s(4 ) xMarcianus(4) Venus tus,-a(3)(4) Clemens(1) (4) eMariana(4) Verna(1)(4) e C o rrin u s. eMarinus(4) eV e rn io . Crassus (4) eMarullina(4) eVesta. Crescens(1)(2)(4) eMarullus(4) V e s ta lis . xeCrispinus(4) Maximillia nu s(4) eVicana. eCrispus(4) xMaximus,-a(2)(4) V io la ( 4) D atianus fMessalla(4) f V ir ia t u s . fDec ia n a . fMessalinus. V it a lia . De x te r(4) fM etellus(4) V ita lis(1)(4) D ig n ita s . eMetilia nu s. V it ic u la . Dolabella. xModestus,-a(2)(4) Extricatus. Murcu s . eF a d illa . Nepos(4) I I I . Names o f Faustinianus. fe N e ro . Persons of Sena­ xFaustinus(4) Niger(2)(4) toria l Rank. Faustus(2)(4) Nominatus. xFelix(1)(2)(4) Novatillianus. eAelianus(4) Festus(2)(4) eOcta v ia nu s(4) eAemilianus(4) Flaccus(2)(4) Pacatus,-a(4) Albinus,-a(4) Flavianus(4) P a e tu s (4 ) Ambibulus(4) Flamininus. ePansa(4) feAnnianus(4) xFlorentius. ePapus. eApronianus(4) eF restana. Patruinus(4) exAquilinus(4) F r u g i.(4 ) Paullinus-a(4) eArrianus. fG a lba. xPaullus,-a(2)(4) eAsprenas(4) Gemin u s (4 ) Perpetuus(4) feAtilianus(4) G i l l o . ePetiliana. Augurinus,-a(1)(4) Glabr i o . e P iso(4) xeAvienus. eGraccus. ePisoninus. eAv io la (4 ) G ratillianus. ePius(4) A v itu s (4) Herculanus.(4) Placidus(4) f Ba lb u s (2 ) (4) Honoratus(4) Plancianus. fBalbinus. xInnocentius(4) P la n cu s. xfBassus(2)(4) xInportunus,-a. P lo tin a . 88

Pompe ia n u s. xeRufinus,-a(2)(4) e S u lla ( 4) ePontianus(4) eRufus(2)(4) eTampilus. Postumus,-a(4) Sabinus(2)(4) Taurus(4) Praesens(4) Sacerdos. Tertullus(4)(2) ePraesidius. Saturninus(1)(4) eThermus(4) Praetextatus. eScaera(2)(4) Turbo. Priscilianus(4) S c ip io . U rsu s(4) Priscus(2)(4) Scopdus. eValeriana(4) Probus(2)(4) Secundus(1)(2)(4) e V a ria (4) P ro b in u s . eSerranus. eV arus(4) Proculus(4) Servianus. Vegetus. Publicola. Severianus(4) xVenantius. Quintianus(4) xSeverinus,-a(4) Venustus(2)(4) Quintilianus(4) Severus,-a(1)(4) V erus. Q uintillus. Silanus(4) eV ettilla(4) R egulus. eSilranus(2)(4) V e tu s. eRomulus(4) Simplex(4) Violentilla. eRufillus,-a(1)(2)(4) Sollemnis(4) eVitellianus(4)

Derivative forms have not been indented in the above l i s t .

Only such Ita lic names have been entered in this classification as are specifically indicated in the inscrip­ tions themselves as slaves, freedmen, or persons of sena­

torial rank. Names of every preceding classification appear in the

lis t of names of slaves and in the lis t of names of freed­ men,as well as in that of names of persons of senatorial

rank.That is, station in life interfered in no way with the variety of names at the disposal of the Italian name- g iv e r . Particular names confined to slaves are:- Benedictus, Custos, D ilig ens, Ita licu s, Labrio, Legas, Lepora, Numisia,

Primenia, Saturnio, Scarpronius, Serva, Servandus, Speratio, Tricunda. (15). That is, 4 names denoting physical peculi­ arities, 4 denoting condition, 1 denoting a tra it of dis­ position, 1 denoting place, 1 denoting a deity, 2 number, 89

1 occupation, and 1 an old Latin nomen, are not used by persons above the rank of slave. Names used only by freedmen are:- Amans, Apicula, Appia, Argentarius, Atianus, Aventinus, Benivolus, Cae­ pio, Callidus, Capria, Certa, Civitas, Cocceius, Conven­ ta , Crinus, Decembrius, Decora, Ecretumarus, Futurus, Ha­ bitus, Heraclea, Idonius, Inventus, Latro, Leuca, Lucrina, Nigella. Nysa, Plantanus, Pomarius, Pontina, Popillus, Re­ latus, Remissus, Salvus, Sampsaeus, Secundio, Septimianus, Servius, Sodala, Sodalis, Specula, Structo r, Suagrius,

Tritus, Tri umphus, Tulius, Turpa, Vernio, Vesta, Vestalis, Vicana, Viriatus, V ita lis, Viticula (56). Of these, 9 de­ note place, 9 traits of disposition, 9 condition, 4 physi­ cal peculiarities, 6 occupation (the occupations are those of silversmith, chalk-maker, brigand, fruitgrower, carpen­ ter, and swineherd,-- very lowly callings, as we should expect), 5 plants, 2 praenomina and derivatives of prae­ nomina, 2 animals, 2 abstract ideas, 2 number, 2 deities, 1 a month, 1 a m ilit a r y term , 1 an old nomen, and 1 a concrete object. Names used by slaves and freedmen, but by no one else, so far as the inscriptions indicate, are:- Copiosa, Data, Potitus, Tiberius (4);— that is, 3 denoting condition, and one that is an old praenomen. From these three lis ts , then, it may be determined that names denoting place, traits of disposition, con­ dition, and physical peculiarities were well-liked among slaves and freedmen. 90

At this point it is interesting to compare Tenney Frank’s ("Race Mixture in the Roman Empire") lis t of names favored by slaves and freedmen with the lis t yield­

ed by this classification. He gives Auctus, Faustus, Fe­ lix , Fortunatus, Hilarus, Ianuarius, Primus, Salvius, Se­

cundus, Tertius, and V italis as the general favorites of these two classes throughout the whole Empire; but not one of those names occurs as used by slaves or freedmen alone in the territory covered by CIL IX. Salvus and V ita lia , however, forms akin to the Salvius and V ital is of Frank’s lis t, appear in this volume as the names of freedmen only; and a ll of the names in Frank's lis t are used by freedmen or slaves along with other individu­ a ls , o f unknown s ta tio n .

Names used by persons of senatorial rank only are:- Arrianus, Avienus, Caecilianus, Camillus, Carbo, Cascel­ 1ius, Cato, Certiana, Cethegus, Cicero, Corrinus, Datia­ nus, Deciana, Dignitas, Dolabel l a, Extricatus, Fadill a,

Faustinianus, Flamininus, Florentius, Frestana, G illo, Glabrio, Graceus, G ratilianus, Iustinianus, Latiaris,

Lollianus, Maburtius, Mamertinus, Manliola, Messalinus, M etilianus, Murcus, Nero, Nominatus, N ovatillianus, Pa­ pus, Pisoninus, Plancianus, Plancus, P lotina, Pompeianus,

Praesidius, Praetextatus, Publicola, Q uintillus, Regulus, Sacerdos, Scipio, Serranus, Servianus, Turbo, Vegetus, Venantius, Vetus, V iolentilla (57). Of these, 11 denote physical peculiarities, 9 condition, 4 objects, 4 traits of disposition, 4 place, 3 plants, 4 matters of religion, 91

2 aniaalB, 2 praenomina and derivatives of praenomina,

2 nomina and derivatives of nomina, 2 Etruscan, 2 deities, 1 a natural phenomenon, 1 number, 1 m ilitary affairs, 1 occupation, 1 an abstract idea, 1 is Gallic, 1 is Sa­ bine, and 1 is an otherwise unclassified diminutive. Thus, names denoting physical peculiarities and con­ dition are well-lilced among persons of senatorial rank, and most of the names the use of which is confined to such persons are the names most fam iliar to us from the pages of Latin literature.

Perhaps many of the names in Classification 4, Names Derived from the Names of Places, and in C lassifi­ cation 2, Foreign Names, are those of persons of senato­ ria l rank, being applied as cognomina ex virtu te .--e .g .. Affricanus. Gallicanus. Pisidinus. etc. So also may we, perhaps,regard a name like Annalis , which may have been applied with reference to the passage of the Lex Annalis by an ancestor of the bearer. Again, most of the names in the Greek lis t (see Clas­ sification 2) are probably those of slaves or of freedmen, as F rank has pointed out. Thus t&e lis ts of slaves and of freedmen, already very long (especially considering the fact that those classes are least likely of a ll to be fu lly represented in inscriptions) would be increased in a marked degree if non-Italic names were to be included, Tiie names included in Classification 6, subdivision II, Names Denoting Station in Life, may or may not be ac­ tually designations of the station in life of the indivi- 92 duals so named. Unless some other evidence appears in the inscriptions, those names have not been used here. Likewise, the vast number of names which occur with no hint at a ll as to the station of the bearer, have not been listed. For, though the supposition is that most of them are the names of middle-class persons, yet this is by no means certain. Only names of this sort which ap­ pear also as the names of slaves, freedmen, or persons of senatorial rank have been noted; they are marked (4) in this classification.

Summary.

Number % JLix*.- Chr. I . S la ve s...... 3.5 12 14.2 8 9.5 II. Freedmen...... 9*3 40 1 8 .- 15 6.7 III.O f Senatorial R ank...... 7.6 54 29.8 19 10.4

Comp. * -Uncomp. % N e u tra l. % X! S la ve s...... 50. 8 9.5 34 40.4 II. Ftfeedmen...... 45.7 40 1 8 .- 80 3 6 .- III. Of Senatorial Rank...... 34.2 59 35.8 59 35.8

The group showing the highest percentage of names paralleled in Etruscan is the senatorial group, as we should expect. The group showing the highest percentage

• f complimentary names is the slave group; of uncompli­ mentary, the senatorial group; of Christian names, the senatorial group (a thing we should hardly expect, but which is counterbalanced by the fact that many of the Christian slaves and freedmen had Greek names.) As to the separate groups, the names of slaves have a far higher percentage of complimentary na^es than of un- 93 complimentary names. The names of freedmen also are predominatingly complimentary, but not to such a high degree as are the names of Blares. The names of per­ sons of senatorial rank are about erenly dirided as to complimentary and uncomplimentary tendencies.

The names of freedraen are almost as numerous aar; those of slares and of persons of senatorial rank com­ b in e d . 94

CLASSIFICATION 17. NAMES CLASSED ACCORDING TO THE RELIGION OF THE BEARERS. I.Names of Venantius. Christians. Veronilia. Victorinus,-a. Aquilinus,-a. Inportunus,-a. V ir t u t iu s . eAvienus. I u l i a . V itu s . fBassus,-a. Iulianus,-a. Bonifatius. Iu s tu s , II. Names of Jews. Capriolus. Iu s tin u s . Catervius. Laurentius. A g n e lla . Crescentianus. Lea. eAsellus,-a. eCri spinus,-a. Lucentius. Benriganus-Vene­ fD e c iu s . Marcellinus. r ic ia n u s . D ecoratus. Marcianus. Benriganius-Vene­ D u lc it iu s . Martinus,-a. r ic ia n iu s . E v e n tiu s . Maximus,-a. Bonus. Exuperius. Modestus,-a. Casta. Faustinus. O lib a . C a te lla . F e lix . P alumba . Ἐ υ ο ν ά ρ ιο ϛ — F id e n tiu s . Patricius. Ia n u a riu s . F id in a n a . P a ulu s. Florentius. P re tio s u s . Φαστίνοϛ ,-η- Fortunatus,-a. Primus,-a. Faustinus, Faus­ Fortunius. Probianus. tin a . Fructus,-a. Probilianus. Iu s ta . Fulgentia. Quintus,-a. Lo n g in u s. Gaudiosus. Quodvuldeus- M a rc e llu s . Habentius. Quod V ult Deus. P re tio s a . Herculentius. eRufinus,-a. Rosa. Hilarianus. Sabinianus. S e cre tu s. Honestus,-a. eSalunina. Σ ϵ β ῆ ρ α . Innocentius. Severinus,-a. Sev e ra . Simplicius. S u a g riu s. S u to r. U rs u la . U rsa ciu s.

In this lis t have been included o n ly Ita lic names.

(A ll are Latin except Bassus and Decius, which had been used by the Latins for a long time. Moreover, only such names as are certainly borne by Christians or Jews have been included. Hence, the lis ts do not pretend to pre­ sent an exact picture of the names of Christians and of Jews in the territory covered, but rather a picture of what sort of Ita lic names each of these religions 95 was accustomed to use. For further names of both Chris­ tians and Jews see the Hebrew and Greek lis ts in Classi­ fication 2.

Of the 16 names used by Jews, 5 are designations of mental traits, 3 of animals, 3 of condition, 2 of pa­ gan deities, 1 of a month, 1 of a flower, and 1 of an inan iraa t*e object. Of the 65 names used by Christians, 16 denote tra its of disposition, 13 condition, 6 animals, 6 physical pe­ cu lia ritie s^ plants, 4 pagan deities, 4 place, 3 occupa­ tions (the occupations are those of swineherd, shoemaker, and hunter), 2 number; 1 is a nomen, and 1 a derivative o f a nomen, used as a cognomen; 2 are Ogcan-Umbrian; 1 is a coined name (Q,uodvuldeus) ; 1 denotes m ilita ry affairs, and 1 denotes a concrete object. Thus, tra its of disposition are commonly used by both

Christians and Jews for name-giving purposes. Most surprising in the Christian lis t are the names derived from those of pagan deities. Least surprising are Bonifatius. Exuperius. Felix. Innocentius. Modestus. Pa- lumba (contrast Leal), Paulus. Probianus. Probilianus.

^uodvuldeus (erf. Habetdeus, in ciL X, 1539), Simplicius, and V irtutius. which have a truly Christian sound. Among the names used by Jews, very frequently we find pure Latin names (e.g., Faustinus. Ianuarius. Se- vera) and often names of Hebrew origin (see Classifica­ tion 2) written in Greek characters. This does not occur among Christians, and is due perhaps to the fact that 96 many o f the Jews o u ts id e P a le s tin e were ra th e r th o ro u g h ly H ellenized in the period of the Empire. Since we are not concerned here prim arily with ety­ mology, simple and derived forms have been liste d and counted together.

Summary.

Number H E tr . %' . I. Names of Christians.., 2.7 4 6.1 II.Names o f Jews...... 6 1 6.2

Very few names in either lis t are paralleled in Etruscan; the percentage of such names is about equal

in the two l i s t s . There are more than four times as many Christians

with Ita lic cognomina in the territory covered as there are Jews with Ita lic cognomina. This is as we should ex­ pect; for many Christians were Ita lic , and would natural­ ly keep the old Ita lic names even after the introduction af C hristianity; whereas Jews would he lik e ly to have He­ brew names, or, if they changed them, to adopt Greek ones

in s te a d . 97

CLASSIFICATION 18. NAMES THAT ARE DIMINUTIVES.

I. With Suffix -lus.III- With Suffix -olus. VI.With Suffix - i l l u s . B o c lo . Am bibolus. fC a r ic la . e A v io la . Argentina. eSuettlus. xCapriolus,-a. eAutillus. e S u lla , M a n lio la . fBassilla. T it la , P u b lic o la , e C a m illu s . V ernacla. eScaevola, C e r v illa . V it lu s , eCrispinilla. IV. With Suffix -ullus. Deceberillus. II. With Suffix -ulus e A p ru lla . D r u s illa . Etruscilla. Aequiculana. fBabullianus. fCatullus,-a. e F a d illa . A lb u lu s ,-a . Faustillus,-a. Ambibulus. Hom ulla. eMamulla. F ir m illa . eA picula. F la c c illa . eApriculus,-a. eMarullus,-a. A rb u la . eMarullina. F r u c t illa . fN e r u lla . Fuscinilla. A rb u scu la . G r a t illa . A ru la . eSatullinus. Tertullinus,-a. G ratillianus. fBassulus,-a. Iucundilla. fB a s tu lu s . Tertullus,-a. I u n ill a . Bubulcue. Titullus,-a. V e t t u lla . e L a u r ilia . eCaepulus. L u c ilia . C a tu lu s. Lupillus,-a. C orbulo. V. With Suffix -ellus. M a g n illa . fCuniculus. M arsillus,-a. F e lic u la . A g n e lla . Maximilia. F ig u lu s . eAsellus,-a. eMurenilla. H erbula. Cascellius. eNumisilla . Lupulus,-a. C a s te llu s . Novatillianus. M agula, C a te lla . C o lu m e lla . eOrentilla. N ebulus. e P o c illa . Paterculus. C o r e lliu s . D o la b e lla . P o p illu s . P e ru la . P o s illa . P rim u la . Gemellus,-a. xMarcellinus,-a. Prim illus,-a. Proculue,-a. P r i s c i l l a . Q uerula. Marcellus,-a. P r o c illa . eRomulus,-a, M e d e lla . e P u p ill a. eR ufulus. fM e te llu s . Quadratill a. eRusticulus. N ig e lla . Q u a r tilla . S abulus. N o v e llu s . Q uintillus,-a. eScapula. eO fellius. Regillus,-a. Specula. e O ce lla . eRomanilla. xUrsulus,-a. Sabellus,-a. eRufillus,-a. V a ccula. eSocellianus. e S a lv illa . V it ic u la . eVitellianus. Secundilla. V it e llu s . V itu lu s . eStaenilla. R egulus. 98

eStrabonilla. eTeleailla. e V e s t illa . S u a v illa . U r s illa . e V e t t illa . Subulcinilla. V iolentilla.

Summary. Number.

S imple % E tr . % Chr. I. With Suffix -lu s.... 7 .2 2 28.4 0 II.W ith Suffix -ulus... 36 1.5 7 19.4 1 III.W ith Suffix -olus.. 6 . 2 2 33.3 1 IV.With Suffix -ullus.. 13 .5 5 38.4 0 V.With Suffix -ellus... 21 .8 5 33.9 1 VI .With Suffix -illu s .. 53 2.2 18 33.9 0 136 T o ta l. . . . 5.7 39 28. 6 3

A ll varieties of the diminutive suffix are repre­ sented, and most of them in rather large numbers. The -ellus and -illu s suffixes, though they were originally diminutives of diminutives, or diminutives of -inus words or of other suffix forms, had, by the time of the late Empire, probably lost their original

force, and had come to be regarded as simple diminu­ tives, or even as substitutes for the words of which they were diminutives. Hence, they are treated in

other classifications along with simple forms, and are here counted in with the original simple diminutives. The form of diminutive that presents the greatest number of different forms is that in - illu s . with that in -ulus coming next. The form that presents the fewest is that in -plus. with that in -lus. the original and the simplest, a close second. This la tte r fact would indicate that the insertion of the epenthetic vowel was very common in the period in question. 99

The group of diminutives containing the highest percentage of forms paralleled in Etruscan is that in -ullus. However, the - lus group is evidently the oldest o f a l l .

The number of diminutive names borne by Christians is so small that percentages have not been reckoned for them.

As to whether these diminutive names were used in an affectionate or a contemptuous sense, or neither, it is of course impossible to determine with certainly. However, it is probable that those which contain roots that are complimentary are at least not contemptuous; that those which contain roots neither complimentary nor uncomplimentary are not contemptuous; and that those which contain roots that are uncomplimentary may be affectionate (cf, "a little beggar", "a little rogue") or may be contemptuous (cf, "PattyV "Baldy", etc.) Even assuming, however, that a ll those with un­ complimentary roots are contemptuous, we findthat there a r e :- With complimentary roots (may be affectionate) 32, 23.1$ With neutral roots (May be affectionate) 55, 39.8 With uncomplimentary roots (may be contemp­ tuous) 51, 35.2 That is to say, the probably affectionate names outnumber the possibly contemptuous ones.

In many cases, the common Latin words from which diminutive names were taken were themselves diminutives 100 before they were used as names. These are:- In List I,- Vernacla, Vitlus.

In List II,- Albulus, Apicula, Apriculus, Arbuscula, Aru­ la , Bubulcus, Catulus, Corbulo, Cuniculus, Figulus, Lupulus, Perula, Querula, Regulus, Scapula, Specula, Vaccula, V iti­ cula, Vitulus.

In List III,- Capriolus. In List IV,- Catullus, Titullus, Vettulla. In List V,- Agnella, Asellus, Caste llu s, Catella, Columella, Dolabella, Gemellus, Medella, Novellus, Ocella, O fellius,

Vitellus, Vitellianus. In List VI,- Camillas, Lupillu s , Pupilla, Regillus. Names of this sort total 42, or 30.3% of a ll the names in the classification.

Of a ll the diminutive names, 27 denote animals, 19 physical peculiarities, 13 mental tra its, 13 circumstances of birth, 7 deities, 7 objects, 7 plants, 7 condition. Re­ ligion-names, m ilitary names, and names denoting national­ ity, occupation, family relationships, place, and abstract

ideas, are the other groups represented. The presence of the diminutive in such a large number of names denoting animals and physical peculiarities would tend to substantiate the idea that it is commonly used to take away the s tin g o f an o th e rw ise uncom plim entary name. 101

CLASSIFICATION 19. NAMES USED I N UNUSUAL WAYS. I . Praenomina Used as Cognomina. S a lu ta . eFulcinius. e S a lv iu s . e F u lv iu s . eAppia. Secunda. xIulius,-a. Decimus,-a. T e r t ia . eLuceius. Gaius. T e r t u lla . eLucretia. Kaeso. T re b iu s . eM aius. Lucius,-a. M a rc ia . eMamus. I I I . Nomina Used eM aria. M anius. as Cognomina. Memius-Memmius. Marcus. Minatius,-a. Quintus,-a. e A fin ia . eM unatia, S e rv iu s . e A llia . fN e b iu s . Sextus. eAntonius,-a. fe N e ria eS purius. eAria-Arria. N o via . T ib e riu s . e A r is tia . eNum isia. A s in ia . e O ctavia. I I . Cognomina Used e A t iliu s . eP apia. as Praenomina. eAurelius. ePetronius. eCaesius,-a. Sempronius. Fausta. Casce llius. S e r v ilia . H isp a n ia . Cassius,-a. S e x tiu s . Maxima, Castricius,-a. e S ic in iu s . P a u lla , C e rvia . Statius,-a. eP accius. fClaudius,-a. Statilius,-a. P e tro . C o rdia. T a rp e iu s , P o b liu s . C o rn e lia . T it in iu s . P o la . C u riu s . efTulius,- P o s illa . fD a s iu s . Tul l i u s . ePupus. xD e ciu s. eValerius,-a. Q uarts. D o m itiu s . e V a ria . R u t ila . E rhennia. V e tu riu s . e F u fiu s . eVibius,-a.

In determining nomina used as cognomina, those listed in Pauly-Wissowa's "Realencyclopadie" and in Smith's

"Dictionary of Classical Biography" as such have been in­ cluded. Perhaps many of the other names ending in - ius are nomina also; but , this we cannot prove. Lists of nomina from inscriptions do not help, as they may in turn be cognomina used as nomina. Of the regularly-used praenomina listed in Egbert's 102

"Latin Inscriptions", pp. 85-86, a ll but Aulus, Gnaeus, Publius, and Titus are found here, used as cognomina. Of the nomina used as cognomina, the following are found in the same volume of CIL used as praenomina:-

Decius, Minatius, Statius, and Vibius.

Summary.

Number % E tr . % Chr. % 13 I.Praenom ina Used as Cognomina...... 5 3 23. - 0 0. II.Cognom ina Used 18 as Praenomina,...... 7 3 16.6 0 0. III.N o m in a Used as 54 Cognomina...... 2.2 26 48.1 2 3.7 85 T o ta l 3.6 32 37.6 2 2.3

These facts show the beginning, at least, of the breakdown in these districts of the old careful sys­ tem of uninterchangeable praenomina, nomina, and cog­ nomina-- due, doubtless, in large part to the influx

of foreigners. A ll of the names in III are necessarily old, whe­

ther paralleled in Etruscan or not, from the very fact that the nomen is an older part of the naming-

system than is the cognomen, Nomina used as cognomina are commoner than are praenomina used as cognomina, or cognomina used as praenomina. Pew Christians use names in the uhusual ways here lis t e d . 103

CLASSIFICATION 20.

NICK-NAMES.

A c u riu s . Castaniola. Pexsa. eAmantius. Fortunatus. e R u s tic u lu s . e A q u ita . xNavigius. e V e te riu s . N ebulus. In this lis t have been included only those Ita lic names d e f in it e ly marked signum o r agnomen in the CIL in de x. Many of the other names in the lis t must certainly have been used as nick-names, inasmuch as the cognomen is really a nick-name in origin. Of the above lis t, however, we can be c e r ta in . Acurius, Amantius, and Nebulus, are designations of dis­ position or mental tra its ; Castaniola, of a plant; For­ tunatus, of condition as a result of experience; Aquita (probably a stone-cutter’s error for Aquila), of an animal; Navigius, of occupation; Pexsa and Veterius, of physical peculiarities; and Rusticulus, of indefinite place. The names in this lis t have been classed as compli­ mentary, uncomplimentary, or neutral, in their respec­ tive etymological classifications. It is to be noted, however, that the probably uncomplimentary ones (ex­ cept Veterius) are softened by the diminutive suffix. Amantius, Aquita, Rusticulus, and Veterius are classed by Schulze among the names paralleled in Etrus­ can inscriptions, and perhaps Etruscan in origin. Their use here as nick-names would seem to make this assump­ tion less probable. Only one of the nick-names, Navigius, is borne by a C h r is tia n . 104

The tola l number of certain nick-names is so small

(10 in all, but of the names in CIL IX),and the nick­ names themselves are so diverse in character, as to make any further conclusions based on them very uncertain. 105

CLASSIFICATION 21.

LATIN NAMES NOT INCLUDED IN ANY PRECEDING CLASSIFICATION.

A g rip p a . Lam ius. Oppianicus. Agrippinus,-a. Lam ianus. Scava. A n n a lis . Lausus. Mea. Sulpiciana. Lal ia n a . Annalis might possibly be interpreted as a name de­ noting age, but probably it is rather a cognomen ex virtute. (See Classification 16). Lal iana is from the word for lu lla ­ by; Mea is mine: Lausus is mourning. The other names in the lis t are less closely connected with common Latin words, and may be ve ry o ld .

Names which are paralleled in Etruscan are excluded from this lis t. For them see Introduction, p. 9 ff.

No name in the lis t is borne by a Christian.

The total of the lis t is 11 names, .4% of a ll. 106

CLASSIFICATION 22. FAVORITE ROOTS. The fo llo w in g l i s t was ob tain ed by making a count of the number of times each word of a particu­ lar Ita lic root occurred, and combining the totals for each root. The arbitrary number 30 was chosen for t^e lis t of favorite roots, but it was expand­ ed to 31 because o f the fa c t th a t Q.uint-and Clem».n- have each 37 forms. The following 31, then, stancT" out as obviously the favorites. Numbers to the right indicate the number of occurrences of each form .

1. eRuf- T o ta l, 247 Ruf a ...... 38 Ruf ilia n u s ...... 1 Ruf i l i a ...... 10 Ruf i l l u s ...... 2 R u fin a ...... 25 Ruf in ia n u s ...... 1 Ruf in u s ...... 29 Ruf io ...... 6 Ruf ulu s ...... 1 Rufus ...... 134

2. F e lic - T o ta l, 229 F e lic ia ...... 4 F e lic ia n u s ...... 4 F e lic io ...... 10 Felicissima ...... 16 Felic issimus ...... 21 F e lic it a s ...... 29 F e lic u la ...... 27 F e lix ...... 118 3 . P rim - T o ta l, 184 P rim a ...... 71 P rim e n ia ...... 1 P rim ia n u s ...... 4 P r im illa ...... 17 Pr im illu s ...... 1 B rim io ...... 6 P rim u la ...... 3 P rim u s ...... 81 107

4. Maxim- Total, 162 Maxima...... 35 M axim ianus...... 6 M a x im illa ...... 4 Maximillianus ...... 6 M axim ina...... 2 M axim inus...... 3 Maximus...... 106

5 . Secund- T o ta l, 159 Secunda...... 49 Secundianus...... 2 Secundilla...... 9 Secundina...... 10 Secundinus...... 1 0 S ecundio...... 1 Sedundus...... 78

6. Sab- T o ta l, 136 S abdia...... 1 S a b e lla ...... 2 S a b e llu s ...... 2 S abina...... 51 S a b in ia n u s...... 15 Sabininianus ...... 1 S abinus...... 63 Sabulus...... 1

7. Prisc- Total, 113

P r is c a ...... 31 P r is c ia n u s ...... 8 Priscilianus ...... 3 P r i s c i l l a ...... 6 Pr is c in u s ...... 4 P ris c u s ...... 61

8 . F aust- T o ta l, 109 Fausta...... 2 0 Faustilla...... 1 Faustillus...... 3 F a u s tin a ...... 10 Faustinianus ...... 1 F a u s tin u s ...... 23 F a u s tio ...... 3 F austus...... 4 8 108

9. Marc- Total, 103 M arcanus...... 1 M a r c e lla ,...... 17 M a rc e llin a ...... 1 Marcellinus ...... 17 Marcellus...... 42 M a rc ia ...... 5 M arciana...... 4 Marcianus...... 1 3 Marc io ...... 1 M arcus...... 2

10. Sever- Total, 99 Severa...... 23 S e ve ria n e ...... 1 S e veria nu s...... 4 S e ve rin a ...... 5 S e ve rin u s...... 4 S e ve ru s...... 62

11. Fortun- Total, 97 F o rtu n a ta ...... 33 Fortunatianus.....3 F o rtu n a tu s ...... 57 F o rtu n iu s ...... 4

12. Tert- Total, 95 T e r tia ...... 37 Tertianus...... 1 T e rtiu s ...... 30 T e r t u lla ...... 22 Tertullina...... 1 Tertullinus...... 2 T e r tu llu s ...... 2

13. eHilar- Total, 95 H ila r a ...... 38 H ila r ia ...... 2 Hilarianus...... 2 H ila r in u s ...... 2 H ila r it a s ...... 1 Hilario...... 1 0 H ila r iu s ...... 1 H ila r u s ...... 39 109

14. Ianuar- Total, 83 I a n u a ria ...... 41 Ianuarianus...... 1 Ia n u a riu s ...... 41 15. I u s t- T o ta l, 80 I u s t a ...... 1 8 I u s tia n u s ...... 3 Iustina...... 1 0 Iustinianus ...... 2 Iu s tin u s ...... 6 Iustissimus...... 1 Iu s tu s ...... 40

16. Procul- Total, 78 P ro c u la ...... 24 Proculeianus...... 3 P ro c u lu s ...... 51

17. Restitut - Total, 71 R e s titu ta ...... 28 Restitutianus...... 1 R e s titu tu s ...... 42 18. eS alv- T o ta l, 66 S a lv ia ...... 21 S a lv ia n u s ...... 1 S a lv il la ...... 1 Salvius...... 4 3 19. ePaul-, Poll- Total, 66 P a u lla ...... 11 P a u llin a ...... 4 Paulinianus ...... 1 P a u lin u s ...... 8 P a u llu s ...... 13 P o lla ...... 20 P o l l i o , ...... 7 P o l l i t t a ...... 2

20. Success- Total, 63 Successa...... 2 5 Successiane...... 1 Success inus...... 1 S u cce sso r...... 1 S uccessus...... 3 5 110

21. Saturn- Total, 62 Saturnina...... 16 Saturninus...... 45 S a tu rn io ...... 1 22. Modest- Total, 62 Modesta...... 1 2 M o d e s tin a ...... 3 Modestus...... 4 7 23. fBass- Total, 60 Bassa...... 8 Bassaeus...... 1 Bassianus...... 1 B a s s illa...... 6 Bassula...... 1 Bassulus...... 2 Bassus...... 41 24. Celer- Total, 55 Celer...... 4 1 C e le ri n a ...... 11 C e le rin u s ...... 3

25. eSilv- Total, 51 S ilv a ...... 2 Silvana...... 7 Silvanius...... 1 S ilv a n u s ...... 23 Silverius...... 1 S ilv e s te r ...... 1 Silvia...... 1 S ilv in a ...... 8 S il v in ia ...... 1 Silvinus...... 5 S ilv iu s ...... 1 26. Iucund- T o ta l, 46 Iucunda...... 2 0 I u c u n d illa ...... 1 Iu c u n d in u s ...... 1 Iucundissima, ...... 1 Iucundus...... 23 111

27. Qua rt— T o ta l, 4 3 . quar t a ...... 24 q u a r t il la ...... 5 q u a rtin u s ...... 1 q u a r tio ...... 7 q u a rtu s ...... 6

28. Crescent- Total, 42 Crescens...... 3 1 Crescentia...... 2 Crescentiana ...... 1 Crescentianus...... 4 Crescentina...... 3 Crescentinus...... 1 29. Vital- Total, 39 V i t a l i a ...... 1 V it a lin e ...... 1 V i t a l i o ...... 1 V i t a l i s ...... 36

30. Clemen- Total, 37 Clemens ...... 34 Clementiana...... 2 Clementinus...... 1

31. Q uint- Total, 37

Qu in t a ...... 10 Qu in tia n a ...... 11 Quintianus...... 8 Qu i n t i l i a ...... 1 Qu in t il ia n a ...... 1 Quintilianus...... 2 Qu i n t i l i a ...... 4 Qu i n t i l l u s ...... 2 Qu in t in a ...... 1 Qu i n t i o ...... 4 Qu in tu s ...... 3

There is but one foreign root, Ero- (used 58 times) that approaches these in popularity. Thus, although we find about as many foreign names in the 2363 as Ita lic , counting each name once, yet a count of the actual num­ b e r o f t i mes the v a rio u s names are used shows th a t a l l 112

but one of the most widely used roots is Ita lic ; th a t is, that, so far as individual use is concerned, Ita lic names are commonest. Five of the roots have parallels in Etruscan. The kinds of Latin root appearing in this lis t are those denoting:- Condition, real or wished for, 7. (F elic-, Faust-, For­

tun-, R estitut-, Salv-, Success-, Crescent-) Physical peculiarities, 6. (Ruf-, Maxim-, Prisc- , Paul-, Celer-, V ita l-)

Mental traits, 6, (Sever-, H ilar-, Iust-, Modest-, Iucund-, Clemen- ) Number, 5. (Prim-, Secund-, Tert-, Quart-, Quint-)

Deities, 3. (Sab-. Marc-, Saturn-) Months, 1. (Ianuar-) Actual circumstances of birth, 1. (Procul-)

Place, 1. (Silv-)

In addition, there is one Oscan-Umbrian root, Bass-. It is an interesting fact that a ll of the numbers up to and including five are favorites for naming purposes; and that the degree of their popularity is in direct agreement with the order of the numbers-- Prim- being firs t, Secund- second, and so on. This would tend to substantiate the idea that the cognomina in question were very often used in their lite ra l meanings,-- as would also the fact that we have, in the case of every one of the 31 roots, the simplest form (or a diminutive of it) used as a cog­ 113 nomen.

The most favored single name is Rufus, used 134 times alone, and 172 times if the uses of Rufa he counted in . 114

PART I I I . SUMMARY OF

CONCLUSIONS. 115

Part III. Summary of Conclusions. The foregoing analysis has revealed the following facts with reference to the names and aarae-customs of the districts of Italy represented in CIL IX, during the period of the Empire

There was little fanciful coining of names, and much conservatism in name-giving. The names of uncertain origin wre comparatively few. The number of hybrid names was small; but the very presence o f even these few shows the fa c t th a t there was a fusion of foreign and native elements in the districts under discussion.

Foreign names were often Latinized, but Latin names were practically never "foreign-ized".

There were just about as many different names of foreign as of Ita lic origin in use. However, of the roots most commonly used for names, but one is non-

Ita lic. Thus, for individual use the Ita lic names were preferred.

The predominating foreign influence was Greek. Next in order followed Gallic, Asiatic, Illyrian, tile tongues of Asia Minor exclusive of Greek, A fri­ can, and Spanish. The few non-Latin Ita lic am%?iat remained had be­ come thoroughly fused with those of Latin origin. There was a great variety of Ita lic names, in­ 116

dividuals being named for places (mountains, h ills ,

countries, regions, bodies of water, townd, districts), for nations and tribes, for physical peculiarities,(parts of the body, general appearance, characteristic activities, age, physical condition), traits of mind and disposition, condition (at birth, in life , as a result of experience, and with reference to others in the community), circum­ stances of birth (order in family) season of birth, actual circumstances of birth ), family relationships, occupations, m ilitary affairs^things used in warfare, position in the army, outcome of the war), animals (domestic and wild, insects, birds, and sea-animals), plants (trees and shrubs, edible plants, harmful plants, parts of plants, and flow­ ers), minerals, things built, materials used in building, household utensils, farming tools, implements of various other sorts, clothing, personal adornment, foods, natural phenomena, deities, abstract ideas, religious matters,-- a ll these, besides pet names and nick-names of numerous v a r ie t ie s . The group of Ita lic names containing the largest number of different names is that denoting personal characteristics.Moreover, the favorite group, when each instance of each name is counted once, is this same group, with the group denoting condition coming

second. The old, hard-and-fast distinctions made between nomina and cognomina, cognomina and praenomina, in the early days, had begun, at leaBt, to be broken down; and 117

very many praenomina and nomina used as cognomina, and cognomina used as praenomina, appear in the inscriptions. The nomina and praenomina used as cognomina are necessarily the oldest group of names in the collection, etymologically speaking, because of the fact tha£ the praenomen and the o»gnomen developed e a r lie r than d id the cognomen. Asiie from these, the groups of etymolog­ ically-classed Ita lic names which show the highest per­ centage of flames paralleled in Etruscan are apt to be the oldest. These prove to be the groups denoting fam­ ily relationships and places, a fact which would seem to denote that names of those two kinds were popular earlier in the history of the name in these parts of Italy, but fielded place to names denoting personal characteristics. This must have taken place in or be- fore the period of the late Empire,

The classifications that show the greatest number (though not the highest percentage) of forms paralleled in Etruscan, are those denoting personal characteristics and concrete objects. There were more names of a complimentary than of a detracting nature, if the inscriptions are a true index to the actual situation. A great many of these compli­ mentary names were probably self-given. The group of names that shows the highest percentage of complimentary names, aside from the names denoting deities, abstract ideas, and religious matters, which are perhaps a ll com­ 118 plimentary, is that denoting condition; of uncomplimen­ tary, that denoting concrete objects. There were very few Christians, and fewer Jews, who bore Ita lic names. Persons of senatorial rank affected older names, and names which prove to be more fam iliar to the reader of Latin literature, than did slaves or freediaen. However, a ll three of those classes used some, at least, of a ll the varieties of cognomen. The use of the diminutive appears to have been chiefly affectionate; it was used frequently to soften otherwise very uncomplimentary names.

Nick-names occasionally became so much a part of the names of the individuals bearing them that they appear in formal inscriptions along with the cognomina proper. In general, there was a preference for the concrete over the abstract, for the fam iliar over the strange, in the giving of the Ita lic cognomen. 119

PART IV . BIBLIOGRAPHY 120

Part IV. Bibliography. L e xico n s.

1. Andrews, E.A., "New Latin Dictionary". Revised by Charlton Lewis and Charles Short, 1899. 2. Porcellini, Aegidius, "Totius Latinitatis Lexicon". Vol. I-V I, revised by Vincentius De-Vit, Onomasticon, Fasc. I-X I, revised by Jos. Furlanetto, Fr.Corradini, and Jos.Perin.

3. Klebs, Elimarus, "Prosopographia Im perii Romani", 1897. 4. Liddell, Henry George, and Scott, Robert, "A Greek- English Lexicon". 8th Edition, Revised, 1882. 5. Pape, W., "Wörterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen". 3rd Edition, Revised by Gustav Eduard Benseler. 1884.

6. Paully-Wissowa, "Realencyclopädie der klassischen A lter­ tumswissenschaft". Vol. I-X. 7. Smith, Wm., "Dictionary of Classical Biography and Mythology."

8. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Vol. I-IV , and Onomasticon to D id iu s . 9. Walde, Alois, "Lateinisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch". 2nd Edition, Revised. 1910.

Miscellaneous. 1. Brugmann, Karl, "Comparative Grammar of the Indo- Germanic Languages." Translated by Joseph Wright. Vol. 1-5. 2. Buecheler, Pranz, "Kleine Schriften", Vol, I, pp.48-50. 3. Cagnat, René, "Cours d’Epigraphie Latine". 4th Edition, Revised. 1914. 4 . Conway, R .S ., "The I t a l i c D i a le c t " . Vol, I - I I , 1897.

5. Dessau, Hermannus, "Inscriptiones Latinae", V ol.II I ,1, 1914. 6. Egbert, Jas.C., "Latin Inscriptions", Revised. 1896. 121

7. Frank, Tenney, "Race Mixture in the Roman Empire". American Historical Review, Vol. 21, p.689 f f . 8. Hirzel, Rudolf, "Der Name". 1918. 9. Kiepert, Heinrich, "Atlas Antiquus". 10. Lindsay, Wm., "The Latin Language". 11. Meister, Karl, "Lateinische-Griechische Eigennamen"1916. P a rt I . 12. Mommsen, Theodor, "Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum", Vol.IX. 1883.

13. Otto, W. , Review of Schulze’ s "Zur Geschichte Lateinischer Eigennamen", in Neue Jahrbücherfür das klas­ s ische Altertum Geschichte und Deutsche L it­ eratur und für Pädagogik for 1905, p. 677 ff, 14. Schmidt, Karl Fr. W., Review of Schulze in Berlin e r Phil­ ologische Wochenschrif t , Vol. 26, pp. 1581 ff., 1614 f f . , 1647 f f . 15. Schulze, W., "Zur Geschichte Lateinischer Eigennamen", Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Ph ilo l.-h isto r. Klasse, N.F., Bd. V, 2, 1904. 16. Stolz, Friedrich, and Schmalz, J. H., "Lateinische Gram­ matik", in the Iwan von Mueller Handbuch, 1910.