Universals Diagram

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

The Problem of Universals “Substance, in the truest and primary and most definite sense of the word, “At present, he says, I shall refuse to say concerning genera and species whether they is that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present in a subject; for subsist or whether they are placed in the naked understanding alone or whether instance, the individual man or horse. but in a secondary sense those things are called substances within which, as species, the primary subsisting they are corporeal or incorporeal, and whether they are separated from substances are included; also those which, as genera, include the species. sensibles or placed in sensibles and in accord with them. Questions of this sort are most For instance, the individual man is included in the species Man, and the exalted business and require very great diligence of inquiry.” genus to which the species belongs is Animal; these, therefore ‚— i.e., the species Man and the genus Animal — are termed secondary substances.” [Boethius' translation and commentary on Porphyry’s Introduction (Isagoge) to [Aristotle, Categories, ch. 5 (1b11-19)] Aristotle’s Categories] Universals Subsist Do not Subsist corporally non-corporally are concepts are mere signs Extreme Nominalism Universals are mere signs (flatus vocis). Roscelin (c.1050-1120) separate from inseparate from with extramental without extramental sensible things sensible things reality reality Extreme Realism Moderate Realism Nominalism Platonic Realism Universals are concepts abstracted from Non-corporeal Forms serve as Individuals differ only accidentally. Universals are concepts Socrates and Plato share the same human individuals, whose meaning is a real abstracted from individuals, paradigms which sensible things substance; Socrates, Plato, and Bucephalus all shared feature of individuals. whose meaning is not a real approximate in some degree. share the same animal substance, etc. shared feature of individuals. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Boethius (480-524 CE) John Scotus Ericena (c.810-c.877) Wm. of Ockham (c.1285-1349) Abelard (1079-1142) Remigius (c.841-908) Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) William of Champeaux (1070-1120) Duns Scotus (c.1266-1308) Odo of Tournai (died 1113) St. Anselm (1033-1109) .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Aquinas on Attributes
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by MedievaleCommons@Cornell Philosophy and Theology 11 (2003), 1–41. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright C 2004 Cambridge University Press 1057-0608 DOI: 10.1017/S105706080300001X Aquinas on Attributes BRIAN LEFTOW Oriel College, Oxford Aquinas’ theory of attributes is one of the most obscure, controversial parts of his thought. There is no agreement even on so basic a matter as where he falls in the standard scheme of classifying such theories: to Copleston, he is a resemblance-nominalist1; to Armstrong, a “concept nominalist”2; to Edwards and Spade, “almost as strong a realist as Duns Scotus”3; to Gracia, Pannier, and Sullivan, neither realist nor nominalist4; to Hamlyn, the Middle Ages’ “prime exponent of realism,” although his theory adds elements of nominalism and “conceptualism”5; to Wolterstorff, just inconsistent.6 I now set out Aquinas’ view and try to answer the vexed question of how to classify it. Part of the confusion here is terminological. As emerges below, Thomas believed in “tropes” of “lowest” (infima) species of accidents and (I argue) substances.7 Many now class trope theories as a form of nominalism,8 while 1. F. C. Copleston, Aquinas (Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1955), P. 94. 2. D. M. Armstrong, Nominalism and Realism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 25, 83, 87. Armstrong is tentative about this. 3. Sandra Edwards, “The Realism of Aquinas,” The New Scholasticism 59 (1985): 79; Paul Vincent Spade, “Degrees of Being, Degrees of Goodness,” in Aquinas’ Moral Theory, ed.
[Show full text]
John Duns Scotus's Metaphysics of Goodness
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-16-2015 John Duns Scotus’s Metaphysics of Goodness: Adventures in 13th-Century Metaethics Jeffrey W. Steele University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Medieval History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Scholar Commons Citation Steele, Jeffrey W., "John Duns Scotus’s Metaphysics of Goodness: Adventures in 13th-Century Metaethics" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6029 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. John Duns Scotus’s Metaphysics of Goodness: Adventures in 13 th -Century Metaethics by Jeffrey Steele A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Philosophy College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Thomas Williams, Ph.D. Roger Ariew, Ph.D. Colin Heydt, Ph.D. Joanne Waugh, Ph.D Date of Approval: November 12, 2015 Keywords: Medieval Philosophy, Transcendentals, Being, Aquinas Copyright © 2015, Jeffrey Steele DEDICATION To the wife of my youth, who with patience and long-suffering endured much so that I might gain a little knowledge. And to God, fons de bonitatis . She encouraged me; he sustained me. Both have blessed me. “O taste and see that the LORD is good; How blessed is the man who takes refuge in Him!!” --Psalm 34:8 “You are the boundless good, communicating your rays of goodness so generously, and as the most lovable being of all, every single being in its own way returns to you as its ultimate end.” –John Duns Scotus, De Primo Principio Soli Deo Gloria .
[Show full text]
The Aristotelian Curriculum in Arabic and Hebrew
1 The Aristotelian Curriculum (Excluding Mathematics) In Arabic and Hebrew (occasionally also Greek, Syriac, Persian, Latin) Handout for “Aristotle in the Middle Ages,” James Robinson, U. Chicago, Winter 2013 General background: Christina d’Ascona, “Greek Sources in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy,” Stanford Encyc. of Philosophy Online: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-greek/ M. Zonta, “The Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic Thought,” Stanford Encyc. of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-judaic/ Dag Hasse, “The Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West,” Stanford Encyc. of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/ Tony Street, “Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic,” Stanford Encyc. of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-language/ J. McGinnis, “Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science,” Stanford Encyc. of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-natural/ Alfred Ivry, “Arabic and Islamic Psychology and Philosophy of Mind,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-mind/ Amos Bertolacci, “Arabic and Islamic Metaphysics,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-metaphysics/ Useful Resources: Arist. semitico-latinus: http://www.brill.com/publications/aristoteles-semitico-latinus Online dictionary of Arabic philosophical terms: http://www.arabic-philosophy.com/dict Hans Daiber
[Show full text]
The Peripatetic Program in Categorical Logic: Leibniz on Propositional Terms
THE REVIEW OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC, Page 1 of 65 THE PERIPATETIC PROGRAM IN CATEGORICAL LOGIC: LEIBNIZ ON PROPOSITIONAL TERMS MARKO MALINK Department of Philosophy, New York University and ANUBAV VASUDEVAN Department of Philosophy, University of Chicago Abstract. Greek antiquity saw the development of two distinct systems of logic: Aristotle’s theory of the categorical syllogism and the Stoic theory of the hypothetical syllogism. Some ancient logicians argued that hypothetical syllogistic is more fundamental than categorical syllogistic on the grounds that the latter relies on modes of propositional reasoning such as reductio ad absurdum. Peripatetic logicians, by contrast, sought to establish the priority of categorical over hypothetical syllogistic by reducing various modes of propositional reasoning to categorical form. In the 17th century, this Peripatetic program of reducing hypothetical to categorical logic was championed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. In an essay titled Specimina calculi rationalis, Leibniz develops a theory of propositional terms that allows him to derive the rule of reductio ad absurdum in a purely categor- ical calculus in which every proposition is of the form AisB. We reconstruct Leibniz’s categorical calculus and show that it is strong enough to establish not only the rule of reductio ad absurdum,but all the laws of classical propositional logic. Moreover, we show that the propositional logic generated by the nonmonotonic variant of Leibniz’s categorical calculus is a natural system of relevance logic ¬ known as RMI→ . From its beginnings in antiquity up until the late 19th century, the study of formal logic was shaped by two distinct approaches to the subject. The ﬁrst approach was primarily concerned with simple propositions expressing predicative relations between terms.
[Show full text]
Thomas Aquinas & John Duns Scotus
THOMAS AQUINAS AND JOHN DUNS SCOTUS: NATURAL THEOLOGY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES Continuum Studies in Philosophy Series Editor: James Fieser, University of Tennessee at Martin, USA Continuum Studies in Philosophy is a major monograph series from Continuum. The series features first-class scholarly research monographs across the whole field of philosophy. Each work makes a major contribution to the field of philosophical research. Aesthetic in Kant, James Kirwan Analytic Philosophy: The History of an Illusion, Aaron Preston Aquinas and the Ship of Theseus, Christopher Brown Augustine and Roman Virtue, Brian Harding The Challenge of Relativism, Patrick Phillips Demands of Taste in Kant’s Aesthetics, Brent Kalar Descartes and the Metaphysics of Human Nature, Justin Skirry Descartes’ Theory of Ideas, David Clemenson Dialectic of Romanticism, Peter Murphy and David Roberts Hegel and the Analytic Tradition, edited by Angelica Nuzzo Hegel’s Philosophy of Language, Jim Vernon Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, David James Hegel’s Theory of Recognition, Sybol Cook Anderson The History of Intentionality, Ryan Hickerson Kierkegaard, Metaphysics and Political Theory, Alison Assiter Kierkegaard’s Analysis of Radical Evil, David A. Roberts Leibniz Re-interpreted, Lloyd Strickland Metaphysics and the End of Philosophy, HO Mounce Nicholas Malebranche, Susan Peppers-Bates Nietzsche and the Greeks, Dale Wilkerson Origins of Analytic Philosophy, Delbert Reed Philosophy of Miracles, David Corner Platonism, Music and the Listener’s Share, Christopher Norris Popper’s Theory of Science, Carlos Garcia Role of God in Spinoza’s Metaphysics, Sherry Deveaux Rousseau and the Ethics of Virtue, James Delaney Rousseau’s Theory of Freedom, Matthew Simpson Spinoza and the Stoics, Firmin DeBrabander Spinoza’s Radical Cartesian Mind, Tammy Nyden-Bullock St.
[Show full text]
DEMONSTRATION and Scientific KNOWLEDGE in WILLIAM OF
Longeway-000.FM 11/8/06 2:29 PM Page iii Demonstration and Scientiﬁc knowledge in william of ockham ATranslation of Summa Logicae III-II: De Syllogismo Demonstrativo, and Selections from the Prologue to the Ordinatio JO HN LEE LO NGEWAY University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana © 2007 University of Notre Dame Press Longeway-000.FM 11/8/06 2:29 PM Page iv Copyright © 2007 by University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 www.undpress.nd.edu All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Longeway, John. Demonstration and scientiﬁc knowledge in William of Ockham : a translation of Summa Logicae III-II : De Syllogismo Demonstrativo, and selections from the Prologue to the Ordinatio / John Lee Longeway. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-268-03378-1 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-268-03378-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Knowledge, Theory of. 2. Science —Methodology. 3. Logic. 4. Aristotle. Posterior analytics. 5. William, of Ockham, ca. 1285– ca. 1349. Summa logicae. 6.William, of Ockham, ca. 1285– ca. 1349. I. Title. bd161.l66 2006 160 —dc22 2006032380 ∞This book is printed on acid-free paper. © 2007 University of Notre Dame Press Longeway-01.Intro 11/8/06 2:28 PM Page 1 introduction The medievalist needs no convincing that William of Ockham (ca. 1285–1347) is worthy of study. At one time Ockham’s views might have been regarded as a clever but uninstructed sign of the decay of Scholastic discourse, but, with the work of such scholars as Philotheus Boehner, Ernest Moody, and Marilyn McCord Adams, those days are now receding into the past.
[Show full text]
Latin Averroes Translations of the First Half of the Thirteenth Century
D.N. Hasse 1 Latin Averroes Translations of the First Half of the Thirteenth Century Dag Nikolaus Hasse (Würzburg)1 Palermo is a particularly appropriate place for delivering a paper about Latin translations of Averroes in the first half of the thirteenth century. Michael Scot and William of Luna, two of the translators, were associated with the court of the Hohenstaufen in Sicily and Southern Italy. Michael Scot moved to Italy around 1220. He was coming from Toledo, where he had already translated at least two major works from Arabic: the astronomy of al-BitrÚºÍ and the 19 books on animals by Aristotle. In Italy, he dedicated the translation of Avicenna’s book on animals to Frederick II Hohenstaufen, and he mentions that two books of his own were commissioned by Frederick: the Liber introductorius and the commentary on the Sphere of Sacrobosco. He refers to himself as astrologus Frederici. His Averroes translation, however, the Long Commentary on De caelo, is dedicated to the French cleric Étienne de Provins, who had close ties to the papal court. It is important to remember that Michael Scot himself, the canon of the cathedral of Toledo, was not only associated with the Hohenstaufen, but also with the papal court.2 William of Luna, the other translator, was working apud Neapolim, in the area of Naples. It seems likely that William of Luna was associated to Manfred of Hohenstaufen, ruler of Sicily.3 Sicily therefore is a good place for an attempt to say something new about Michael Scot and William of Luna. In this artic le, I shall try to do this by studying particles: small words used by translators.
[Show full text]
Davidson, Herbert A./ Averrois Cordubensis Commentarium
THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA PUBLICATION NO. 78 CORPVS PHILOSOPHORVM MEDII AEVI CORPVS COMMENTARIORVM AVERROIS IN ARISTOTELEM CORPVS COMMENTARIORVM AVERROIS IN ARISTOTELEM CONSILIO ET AVSPICIIS ACADEMIAE AMERICANAE MEDIAEVALIS ADIWANTIBVS ACADEMIIS CONSOCIATIS Ediderunt: HENRICVS AVSTRYN WOLFSON SHLOMO PINES ZEPH STEWART Versionum Hebraicarum VOLVMEN I, a (Medium) COMMENTARIUM MEDIUM IN 1. PORPHYRII ISAGOGEN 2. ARISTOTELIS CATEGORIAS THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Cambridge, Massachusetts 1969 AVERROIS CORDVBENSIS COMMENTARIVM MEDIVM IN PORPHYRII ISAGOGEN ET ARISTOTELIS CATEGORIAS -•• • TEXTVM HEBRAICVM RECENSVIT ET ADNOTATIONIBVS 1LLVSTRAVIT HERBERT A. DAVIDSON Published by THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Cambridge, Massachusetts and THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley and Los Angeles 1969 © 1969, by MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-24426 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES Or AMERICA PRESS OF ^~/%^Z&H,£cerS?l5tyC4&3. INC. / <C/ 1010 ARCH STREET. PHILADELPHIA. PA. H107 In 1931, the Mediaeval Academy of America undertook the pub- lication of Averroes' Commentaries on Aristotle in accordance with a "Plan for the publication of a Corpus Commentariorum Averrois in Aristotelem" published in Speculum VI (1931), All-All, and revised in Speculum XXXVII (1963), 88-104. The Plan provides that, besides the required introductions, critical apparatuses, glossaries, and indexes, editors of texts may also add notes and studies and translations into English. This volume is being published by the Mediaeval
[Show full text]
1. Armstrong and Aristotle There Are Two Main Reasons for Not
RECENSIONI&REPORTS report ANNABELLA D’ATRI DAVID MALET ARMSTRONG’S NEO‐ARISTOTELIANISM 1. Armstrong and Aristotle 2. Lowe on Aristotelian substance 3. Armstrong and Lowe on the laws of nature 4. Conclusion ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to establish criteria for designating the Systematic Metaphysics of Australian philosopher David Malet Armstrong as neo‐ Aristotelian and to distinguish this form of weak neo‐ Aristotelianism from other forms, specifically from John Lowe’s strong neo‐Aristotelianism. In order to compare the two forms, I will focus on the Aristotelian category of substance, and on the dissimilar attitudes of Armstrong and Lowe with regard to this category. Finally, I will test the impact of the two different metaphysics on the ontological explanation of laws of nature. 1. Armstrong and Aristotle There are two main reasons for not considering Armstrong’s Systematic Metaphysics as Aristotelian: a) the first is a “philological” reason: we don’t have evidence of Armstrong reading and analyzing Aristotle’s main works. On the contrary, we have evidence of Armstrong’s acknowledgments to Peter Anstey1 for drawing his attention to the reference of Aristotle’s theory of truthmaker in Categories and to Jim Franklin2 for a passage in Aristotle’s Metaphysics on the theory of the “one”; b) the second reason is “historiographic”: Armstrong isn’t listed among the authors labeled as contemporary Aristotelian metaphysicians3. Nonetheless, there are also reasons for speaking of Armstrong’s Aristotelianism if, according to 1 D. M. Armstrong, A World of State of Affairs, Cambridge University Press, New York 1978, p. 13. 2 Ibid., p.
[Show full text]
A Critical Evaluation of the Epistemology of William Pepperell Montague
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1957 A Critical Evaluation of the Epistemology of William Pepperell Montague John Joseph Monahan Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Monahan, John Joseph, "A Critical Evaluation of the Epistemology of William Pepperell Montague " (1957). Master's Theses. 1426. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1426 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1957 John Joseph Monahan I"'" A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFISTEiv:OLO<1Y OF WILLIAr·~ FEPfF.RELL tJ!ONTAGUE by John Joseph Monahan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of tre Graduate School , • of Loyola University in Partial Fulfillment of· • the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Janu&.I'1 1957 , , LIFE The Reverend Jol"n J oae ,h r':!)Mran, C. f!. V. was born in Oh .:teago, 1111 [.'018 f r,~arch 2. 1926. He attended Qulgley .Preparatory Se:n.1nary, Oh,1cago t Illino1s, a.nd was gradua.ted from St. Ambrose College, Daven. port, Iowa, August, 1948, with th~ degree of Bacbelor ot Art a • In 1952 he was ordained til prl•• t from St. Thoma. Seminary, Denver, Oolo%'ado tv1 tt; the degree of Haste%' ot Art •• from.
[Show full text]
History of Medieval Philosophy
Syllabus 1 HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY TIME: TTh 5:00-6:15 INSTRUCTOR: Stephen D. Dumont CONTACT: Malloy 301 /1-3757/ [email protected] OFFICE HOURS: By appointment. · REQUIRED TEXTS (Note edition) Hyman- Arthur Hyman and James J. Walsh, Philosophy in the Middle Ages 2nd ed. Walsh (Hackett , 1983) Spade Paul V. Spade, Five Texts on Mediaeval Problem of Universals (Hackett, 1994) Wolter Allan B. Wolter, Duns Scotus Philosophical Writings (Hackett, 1987) · RECOMMENDED TEXT McGrade Steven A. McGrade, Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy (Cam- bridge, 2003) · COURSE REQUIREMENTS Undergraduate Graduate 25% = Midterm (Take-home) 50% = Research Term paper (20 pages) 25% = Term Paper (10 pages) 50% = Final (Take-home) 50% = Take Home Final · SYLLABUS: [Note: The following syllabus is ambitious and may be modified as we progress through the course. Many readings will be supplied or on deposit for you to copy.] EARLY MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY · BOETHIUS 1. Universals: Second Commentary on the Isagoge of Porphyry (In Isagogen Porphyrii commenta) [Handout from Richard McKeon, Selections from Medieval Philosophers. (New York, 1930), 1:70-99; cf. Spade, 20-25] 2. Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents: Consolation of Philosophy V [Handout from John F Wippel and Allan B. Wolter. Medieval Philosophy: From St. Augustine to Nicholas of Cusa, Readings in the History of Philosophy. (New York: Free Press), 1969, pp. 84-99] · ANSELM 1. Existence of God: Proslogion 1-4; On Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilo; Reply to the Fool. [Hyman-Walsh, 149-62] Syllabus 2 · ABELARD, 1. Universals: Glosses on Porphyry in Logic for Beginners (Logica ingredientibus) [Spade, 26-56; cf.
[Show full text]
Aristotelian Predicables, Universality and Realism the Logic of Comparison in Topics As Denying the View That Aristotle Was a Realist*
ARISTOTELIAN PREDICABLES, UNIVERSALITY AND REALISM THE LOGIC OF COMPARISON IN TOPICS AS DENYING THE VIEW THAT ARISTOTLE WAS A REALIST* Giampaolo Abbate (Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa) 1. The question The paradigmatic passage on how Aristotle introduces the dispute about universals is undoubtedly the seventh aporia of the third book of Metaphysics:1 Besides this, even if the genera are in the highest degree principles, should one regard the first of the genera as principles, or those which are predicated directly of the individuals? This also admits of dispute. For if the universal is always more of a principle, evidently the uppermost of the genera are the principles; for these are predicated of all things. There will, then, be as many principles of things as there are primary genera, so that both being and unity will be principles and substances; for these are most of all predicated of all things. But it is not possible that either unity or being should be a genus of things; for the differentiae of any genus must each of them both have being and be one, but it is not possible for the genus to be predicated of the differentiae taken apart from the species (any more than for the species of the genus to be predicated of the proper differentiae of the genus); so that if unity or being is a genus, no differentia will either be one or have being. But if unity and being are not genera, neither will they be principles, if the genera are the principles. Again, the intermediate classes, whose concepts include the differentiae, will on 1 III, 3, 998b 14 – 999a 23.
[Show full text]