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Emiraty Wahhabickie. Z Dziejów Arabii W Latach 1745-1932

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Emiraty Wahhabickie. Z Dziejów Arabii W Latach 1745-1932 Jerzy Zdanowski Emiraty wahhabickie Z dziejów Arabii w latach 1745-1932 Semper Warszawa 1993 © Copyright by Jerzy Zdanowski, 1993 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form of by any means without the prior permission of the publisher, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Przedruk lub odtwarzanie fragmentów tej książki w mediach każdego rodzaju wymaga pisemnego zezwolenia Wydawnictwa Naukowego Semper Książka częściowo dotowana przez Komitet Badań Naukowych ISBN 83-900523-5-0 Obj. 25,4 ark. wyd. Redakcja techniczna, skład komputerowy, opracowanie graficzne i kolportaż: WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE Semper ul. Bednarska 2/4, 00-310 Warszawa, tel. 27 60 83 w. 15 Spis treści W s t ę p .............................................................................................................................................................5 Wprowadzenie. Krainy historyczne A rabii........................................................................................ 11 Część I. H IS T O R IA .............................................................................................................................. 13 Rozdział I. Emirat dir’ijjski (1774-1818)................................................................................. 13 1. Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab i jego n a u k i.......................................................... 13 2. Sojusz z Al Sa’udami .................................................................................................... 17 3. Podbicie N adżdu.............................................................................................................. 18 4. Przyłączenie A l-H a s y .................................................................................................... 25 5. Walki z H idżazem ...........................................................................................................28 6. Tureckie ekspedycje do A l-H a s y ................................................................................. 31 7. Spustoszenie K a r b a li.................................................................................................... 32 8. Wejście do Mekki ........................................................................................................... 32 9. Wyprawy do Arabii wschodniej i O m an u .................................................................... 34 10. Pierwsza ekspedycja egipska do A rab ii....................................................................... 35 11. Druga ekspedycja egipska do A r a b ii...........................................................................39 Rozdział II. Pierwszy emirat rijadzki (1843-1887) .............................................................. 42 1. Okupacja e g ip s k a ...........................................................................................................42 2. Próby odtworzenia emiratu (1819-1840).................................................................... 43 3. Powrót Fajsala Ibn T u rk ie g o ....................................................................................... 49 4. Zdobycie Al-Hasy i rozbicie Al-Udżmanów ..............................................................51 5. Wałka o A l-K asim ...........................................................................................................52 6. Stosunki z Hidżazem i Wysoką Portą...........................................................................53 7. Konflikty o wpływy w Zatoce Perskiej ....................................................................... 54 8. Pierwsze rządy Abd Allaha Ibn Fajsala (1 8 6 5 -1 8 7 1 )............................................. 58 9. Bezkrólewie (1 8 7 1 -1 8 7 6 ).............................................................................................. 62 10. Wzrost siły Dżabal S za m m a ru .................................................................................... 67 11. Drugie rządy Abd Allaha Ibn Fajsala i upadek emiratu (1876-1887).................... 74 12. Dominacja Dżabal Szammaru (1887-1902) .............................................................. 77 Rozdział III. Drugi emirat rijadzki (1902-1932).................................................................... 81 1. Układ sił w regionie na przełomie XIX і XX w ieku....................................................81 2. Wyprawa Mubaraka Ibn Sabaha do Al-Kasimu i bitwa pod As-Sarifem (1901) . 83 3. Zdobycie A r -R ija d u ........................................................................................................87 4. Przyłączenie Al-Kasimu ..............................................................................................89 5. Turecka okupacja Al-Kasimu (1904-1907) .............................................................. 91 6. Umocnienie się władzy Sa’udow w Al-Kasimie(1906-1911).................................... 97 7. Przyłączenie Al-Hasy (1911-1913)..............................................................................101 8. Pierwsza wojna światowa i brytyjski protektorat nad N a d ż d e m ..........................105 9. Bitwa pod Turabą i przyłączenie Dżabal Szammaru ............................................. 112 10. Granice z Irakiem i K u w e jte m .................................................................................... 119 11. Zdobycie H id ż a z u ........................................................................................................... 123 12. Powstanie ichwanów .....................................................................................................132 Część II. STRUKTURY........................................................................................................................141 Rozdział I. Rodziny i r od y ...........................................................................................................141 1. Grupy etniczne................................................................................................................. 141 2. Ideologia pokrew ieństw a..............................................................................................145 3. Segmentacja i integracja ..............................................................................................149 4. Więź społeczna................................................................................................................. 152 Banu amm (152), Sar (153) Rozdział II. P ra c a ........................................................................................................................155 1. Warunki n a tu ra ln e ........................................................................................................155 2. Zajęcia lu d n o ś ci.............................................................................................................. 156 Uprawa ziemi (156), Hodowla (159), Rzemiosło (161), Musabila i handel karawanowy (163), Ghazzu (168) 3. Organizacja p r a c y ...........................................................................................................171 3 Segmentarność (171), Wspólne prace (173), Formy własności ziemskiej (174), Kontrola ziemi (175) 4. Społeczne aspekty wytwarzania .................................................................................178 Choroby i umieralność (178), Głód (179), Oświata (181), Migracje zarobkowe (181), Niewolnictwo (182), Osadnictwo (185) 5. Kryzys gospodarki pasterskiej .......................................................................................189 Wpływ rynku światowego (189), Próby modernizacji gospodarczej (192) Rozdział III. Przewodzenie i panow an ie....................................................................................194 1. Szejkanaty.......................................................................................................................... 194 2. Prawa plemienne .......................................................................................................... 197 Arafa (197) 3. Emiraty .......................................................................................................................... 199 4. C h u w w a .......................................................................................................................... 201 5. Formy instytucjonalizacji w ła d zy ................................................................................ 204 Konsens (204), Hazz (204), Solidarność rodowa (205), . Komendacje (206), Uznanie przez obce mocarstwa (207) 6. Rodzina władcy ................................................................................................................ 207 7. D w ó r ....................................................................................................................................211 8. Z arządzan ie.......................................................................................................................213 9. Dochody, podatki i p ien ią d ze..........................................................................................223 10. W o js k o ..............................................................................................................................231 11. Sadownictwo i ideologia................................................................................................ 237 Zakończenie..............................................................................................................................................241
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