Issues of the Regional Processes of Tourism with Special Regard to Northern Hungary
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ISSUES OF THE REGIONAL PROCESSES OF TOURISM WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO NORTHERN HUNGARY Zsolt Péter Miskolc 2012 ISBN 978-963-661-984-8 CONTENTS ISSUES OF THE REGIONAL PROCESSES OF TOURISM WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO NORTHERN HUNGARY ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. THEORETICAL ANTECEDENTS...................................................................................................... 5 1.1. MODELS EXPLORING THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TOURISM ........................................... 5 1.1.1. General models of tourism ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1.2. Emergence of spatiality and the time dimension in tourism models ....................................... 13 1.2. THE PLACE OF TOURISM RESEARCH IN THE SYSTEM OF SCIENCES .................................................... 15 1.3. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES .............................................................................................................. 24 2. REGIONAL TOURISM DISPARITIES IN HUNGARY AND NORTHERN HUNGARY .......... 33 2.1. TOURISM DISPARITIES AT SETTLEMENT LEVEL IN HUNGARY ........................................................... 33 2.2. TOURISM DISPARITIES AT SETTLEMENT LEVEL IN HUNGARY IN NORTHERN HUNGARY ................... 36 2.3. TOURISM DISPARITIES AT MICRO-REGIONAL LEVEL IN HUNGARY .................................................... 39 2.4. TOURISM DISPARITIES AT MICRO-REGIONAL LEVEL IN NORTHERN HUNGARY ................................. 43 2.5. PLACE AND ROLE OF NORTHERN HUNGARY IN HUNGARY’S TOURISM, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE REGION’S COUNTIES ............................................................................................................................... 46 3. PROSPECTS OF GROWTH IN NORTHERN HUNGARY’S TOURISM .................................... 61 3.1. REGIONAL AND SECTORAL STRUCTURE RELATED ASPECTS OF TOURISM DEMAND ON THE BASIS OF GUEST NIGHTS ........................................................................................................................................ 61 3.2. REGIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM DEMAND ON THE BASIS OF THE NUMBER OF GUEST NIGHT SPENT BY FOREIGNERS ................................................................................... 65 3.3. REGIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM DEMAND ON THE BASIS OF THE NUMBER OF GUEST NIGHT SPENT BY HUNGARIANS ................................................................................. 71 4. GROWTH FACTORS OF TOURISM ............................................................................................... 77 4.1. GROWTH FACTORS OF TOURISM WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO NORTHERN HUNGARY ......................... 77 4.2. REGRESSION MODELS DESCRIBING VISITOR TURNOVER TRENDS ...................................................... 80 4.3. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FACTORS DETERMINING THE EVOLUTION OF VISITOR TURNOVER .............. 84 4.4. FACTORS OF THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS, ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF VISITOR TURNOVER .............................................................................................................................................. 93 4.6. OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE LIGHT OF THE PROCESSES OF NORTHERN HUNGARY’S TOURISM ............................................................................................................................ 98 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 113 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 117 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ 125 TABLE REGISTER ............................................................................................................................... 129 1. THEORETICAL ANTECEDENTS 1. THEORETICAL ANTECEDENTS 1.1. Models exploring the social and economic aspects of tourism Researchers dealing with tourism have devoted great attention to putting the ideas, processes and characteristics of tourism into models, in addition to problems of defini- tion. Numerous conceptual ideas have been formulated to describe the processes, partic- ipants and the relationships among the participants. The resulting models (similarly to the definitions of tourism) clearly reflect the scientific backgrounds of their makers. Basically, the models of tourism fall into two groups. The first group includes compre- hensive models containing the broadest range of the processes and participants of tour- ism, while the models in the second one add the dimensions of space and time. 1.1.1. General models of tourism Tourists and travel are indispensable elements of tourism models. Following from the complexity of tourism, the use of a so-called “other factors” category may be neces- sary, since tourism indirectly influences the public sector, communities, the economy of nations and regions, as well as their citizens. Sessa, in his piece of writing titled “The character of tourism” (1989) uses this tripartite approach. Pearce’s model from 1979 is based on Miossec’s approach, titled “spatial dynamics of tourism,” that dimensionalized the system of tourism according to holiday venue, transportation, behaviour of tourists, attitudes and decisions of the population and of decision makers of the recipient regions. The model interprets the change of the dimension characteristics as a function of time (Table 1.1). Table 1.1: Model of tourism in Pearce’s interpretation, based on Miossec’s work Attitudes and de- cisions of the popula- Phas- Behaviour of Holiday venue Transportation tion and decision es tourists makers of the recipi- ent regions. Distance is an obstacle Regions are character- Total lack of in- Daydreaming or 1. of establishing holiday ised by separation. terest and knowledge. refusal. venues. First holiday venues are Tourists travel in a tar- General percep- 2. Observing. established. geted way. tion of the area. Transport routes are Perception of Purposeful devel- The number of holiday 3. created between holiday venues and routes in opment of infrastruc- venues multiplies. venues. the regions. ture. The self-organisation of holiday venues begins. The Separation and tak- Round trips become Spatial competi- 4. holiday venues begin to get ing the best practices of general. tion and separation. specialised and classified successful areas. into hierarchy. Total diversifica- tion of the perceived area. Total tourism of Specialisation gets com- The intensity of rela- Appearance of purposeful tourism 5. pleted and the hierarchical tionships between holiday typical tourist types. development taking relationships become clear. venues reaches maximum. The areas are sub- environmental aspects stitutable, saturated, into account. the signs of crisis appear. Source: Pearce D. G. 1981, p. 260. 5 1. THEORETICAL ANTECEDENTS Mathiason and Wall, in their 1982 book on the economic, physical and social effects of tourism, distinguish between three elements of tourism. Travel as a dynamic factor, staying at a give location as a static factor and anything else these two dimensiosn may cause their effects (Mathieson A. – Wall G. 1982, p. 65). Following some reconsidera- tion these three factors can be called demand, supply and effects (Table 1.2). Tourist demand is determined by individual characteristics, motives and psychologi- cal factors, the choice of the travel location, the characteristics of the destination, the planned activities, and the consequences of all these. The development of the demand is significantly influenced by travel costs, price level, characteristics of tourist attractions, and the marketing of holiday venues. The institutions of the public sector indirectly in- fluence the demand. The hospitality of the local population and the development level of the recipient regions also determine the demand. Supply, from the point of view of the tourists, is made up of factors such as trip dura- tion, the occupancy of accommodations, satisfaction levels, return propensity and the extent of spending money. The supply quickly follows the changes in needs of tourists; however, at the same time, it may also limit the extent of the demand. The role of de- mand in influencing supply should definitely be highlighted, since the expectations of tourists determine the structure of the supply (Tasnádi J. 2006a, p. 113). Tab1e 1.2: Model of tourism in the interpretation of Mathieson és Wall Tourists Travel Other factors Governmental policy Society and culture Individual character- Prices Technology De- istics Travel cost Social atmosphere mand Motives Promotion and marketing Politicians Psychological factors Attractions Social trends Economic trends Resources: natural, Infrastructure: built, roads, Length of travel cultural. sewage network, Activities Tourism services: electric network, Supply Treatment catering, police, Satisfaction transport, airports, etc.. Spending of money welcome, Communication accommodation, Economy, trade entertainment, Society hospitality. Income Experience Environmental Im- Depletion, devaluation of Knowledge Economic pacts resources Entertainment Physical Investments Source: Morley C. 1990, p. 6 An