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RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN KARA SEA ASSESSMENT OF THE RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE DUMPING OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN THE ARCTIC SEAS REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL ARCTIC SEAS ASSESSMENT PROJECT (IASAP) The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HAITI PARAGUAY ALBANIA HOLY SEE PERU ALGERIA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA ICELAND POLAND ARMENIA INDIA PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA INDONESIA QATAR AUSTRIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH IRAQ ROMANIA BELARUS IRELAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA ITALY SENEGAL BOSNIA AND JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SINGAPORE BRAZIL JORDAN SLOVAKIA BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVENIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SOUTH AFRICA CAMBODIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SPAIN CAMEROON KUWAIT SRI LANKA CANADA LATVIA SUDAN CHILE LEBANON SWEDEN CHINA LIBERIA SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA LIECHTENSTEIN THAILAND COTE D’IVOIRE LITHUANIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MADAGASCAR TUNISIA CYPRUS MALAYSIA TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALI UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MALTA UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MARSHALL ISLANDS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ESTONIA MYANMAR UNITED STATES ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA OF AMERICA FINLAND NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FRANCE NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN GABON NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GEORGIA NIGER VIET NAM GERMANY NIGERIA YEMEN GHANA NORWAY YUGOSLAVIA GREECE PAKISTAN ZAMBIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situ- ated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. © IAEA, 1998 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 1998 STI/PUB/1068 RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS SERIES RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN KARA SEA ASSESSMENT OF THE RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE DUMPING OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN THE ARCTIC SEAS REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL ARCTIC SEAS ASSESSMENT PROJECT (IASAP) INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1998 VIC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Radiological conditions of the Western Kara Sea ; assessment of the radiological impact of the dumping of radioactive waste in the Arctic seas, report on the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP). — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Energy, 1998. p. ; 24 cm. — (Radiological assessment reports series, ISSN 1020–6566) STI/PUB/1068 ISBN 92–0–104098–9 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radioactive pollution—Kara Sea (Russia). 2. Kara Sea (Russia)— Environmental conditions. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. VICL 98–00210 FOREWORD This report presents the findings of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP), which was instituted in 1993 and concluded in 1996 to address concerns over the potential health and environmental impacts of high level radioactive waste dumped in the shallow waters of the Arctic Seas. The IASAP study was endorsed by the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter, and a summary of the results and conclusions was provided to the Contracting Parties in February 1997. The study covered the following aspects: (i) examination of the current radiological situation in Arctic waters due to the dumped wastes; (ii) the evaluation of potential future releases from the dumped wastes; (iii) prediction of environ- mental transport of potential releases and assessment of the associated radiological impact on humans and biota; and (iv) examination of the feasibility, costs and benefits of possible remedial measures. Information on the situation at the dumping sites and surrounding sea areas was obtained by means of exploratory visits organized by the Joint Norwegian–Russian Expert Group. The study was partially supported by the Government of the United States of America. This report represents the joint efforts of the scientists taking part in the IASAP Advisory Group and various working groups. Their names are listed at the end of the report. The main drafters of the sections were A. Salo, Finland (Section 2), P. Povinec, IAEA-RIML (Section 3), N. Lynn, UK (Section 4), M. Scott, UK (Section 5), J. Schwarz, Germany (Section 6) and J. Cooper, UK (Section 7). A special acknowledgement is due to the Chairperson of the Advisory Group, A. Salo, the Chairpersons of the working groups R. Dyer (USA), M. Scott and J. Schwarz. The IAEA staff member responsible for co-ordinating the study was K-L. Sjoeblom of the Division of Radiation and Waste Safety. Other reports issued or to be issued under the IASAP study are: Predicted Radionuclide Release from Marine Reactors Dumped in the Kara Sea: Report of the Source Term Working Group of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP), IAEA-TECDOC-938 (1997). Anthropogenic Radionuclides in the Arctic Seas: Report to the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP), IAEA-TECDOC (in preparation). Modelling of the Radiological Impact of Radioactive Waste Dumping in the Arctic Seas: Report of the Modelling and Assessment Working Group of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP), IAEA-TECDOC (in preparation). EDITORIAL NOTE Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the IAEA as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The contributors to drafting are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyright. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1 1. Background . 1 2. Radiological protection considerations . 1 3. Current radiological situation . 2 4. Future radiological situation . 3 5. Remediation . 5 6. Conclusions . 6 7. Recommendations . 7 1. INTRODUCTION . 9 1.1. Radioactive waste disposal at sea and the international system for its control . 9 1.1.1. London Convention 1972 . 9 1.1.2. Dumping operations . 10 1.1.3. Dumping in the Arctic in relation to the London Convention 1972 . 12 1.2. Rationale for establishing IASAP . 13 2. RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AND DECISION MAKING . 15 2.1. Basic concepts in radiological protection relevant to IASAP . 15 2.1.1. Practices . 15 2.1.1.1. Exclusion, exemption and clearance . 15 2.1.2. Intervention . 15 2.2. Basic requirements of radiological protection as established in the basic safety standards . 16 2.2.1. Practices . 16 2.2.2. Intervention . 16 2.3. Previous sea dumping in the Arctic — A practice or an intervention situation? . 16 2.4. Making decisions regarding remedial actions . 17 2.4.1. Decision aiding techniques . .17 3. THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT . 21 3.1. Description of the region . 21 3.1.1. Oceanography . 21 3.1.1.1. Arctic Ocean . 21 3.1.1.2. Barents Sea . 23 3.1.1.3. Kara Sea . 25 3.1.1.4. Kara Sea dumpsites . 27 3.1.2. Ecology . 30 3.1.2.1. Biological production in the Arctic . 30 3.1.2.2. Marine food webs in the Arctic . 32 3.1.2.3. Fish and fisheries in the Barents and Kara Seas . 34 3.2. Radioactivity of the Arctic Seas . 35 3.2.1. Marine radioactivity database . 35 3.2.2. Pre-1992 radionuclide concentrations . 35 3.2.2.1. Water . .35 3.2.2.2. Sediment . 39 3.2.3. Present radionuclide concentrations in the Kara Sea . 39 3.2.3.1. Dumpsites . 39 3.2.3.2. The open Kara Sea . 42 3.2.3.3. Ob and Yenisey estuaries . 43 3.2.3.4. Biota . .43 3.2.3.5. Conclusions on radionuclide concentrations in the Kara Sea . 43 3.2.4. Intercomparison exercises . .43 3.3. Distribution coefficients and concentration factors . 45 4. THE RADIOACTIVE SOURCE TERM . 47 4.1. Source term development . ..
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  • FRANZ JOSEF LAND and the KARA SEA Current Route: Tromso, Norway to Oslo, Norway

    FRANZ JOSEF LAND and the KARA SEA Current Route: Tromso, Norway to Oslo, Norway

    EXPLORING THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC: FRANZ JOSEF LAND AND THE KARA SEA Current route: Tromso, Norway to Oslo, Norway 24 Days National Geographic Endurance 126 Guests Expeditions in: Jun From $27,210 to $53,600 * summary summary summary summary summary summary Call us at 1.800.397.3348 or call your Travel Agent. In Australia, call 1300.361.012 • www.expeditions.com DAY 1-2: Oslo, Norway/Tromsø/Embark padding Fly to Oslo, and check in to our hotel upon arrival. 2022 Departure Dates: In the afternoon, get acquainted with the charming capital on a guided tour. Walk among the city’s 29 Jun famed Vigeland sculptures—hundreds of life-size, Advance Payment: expressive human figures that adorn terraced parklands. Then, delve into Norway’s history of $3,000 polar exploration at the Fram Museum and climb aboard its namesake, a record-setting, wooden extended text extended text extended ship. Enjoy an evening at leisure. Take a charter text flight to Tromsø, known as the “gateway to the extended text extended text extended Arctic” due to the numerous polar expeditions that text originated here, and embark National Geographic Endurance. (Day 2: B,D; Day 3: B,L,D) Special Offers DAY 3: Norway’s Fjords padding Explore Norway’s spectacular northern coast, FREE BAR TAB AND CREW which was carved by glaciers over millions of TIPS INCLUDED years. Glide through sublime, steep-walled fjords, marveling at the mountainous islands and chiseled We will cover your bar tab and all tips for peaks that lace these shores. Watch for seabirds the crew on all National Geographic and marine mammals and learn about the region’s Endurance voyages.