ALTERNATIVES FOR IN A RANGE OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS (collected from national extension services in Italy, UK and NL)

Neonic Crop Pests Type of use Chemical alternatives More sustainable solutions , Maize Click beetles Seed coating , Very regional problem; pest does not cause Thiamethoxam (wireworm) , much economic damage (only in 1% Zeta-, exceedance of economic threshold) Cypermethrin Maize Noctuid moths, Seed coating Tefluthrin, Root worm is a crop rotation problem. European Dianem, European corn borer prevented by accurate corn borer Alfa- Cypermethrin, tillage of maize harvest residues and/or use (ostrinea), Root , of Trichogramma Applications of ; for worm Lambda-cyalothrin Diabrotica Entomopatogenic nematodes are available (Driabotica) Imidacloprid Peas/beans Aphids, thrips, Spraying Deltamethrin Alternatives for moths (use economic Thiamethoxam Noctuid moths, thresholds, B.thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and aizawaii) European corn Lambda-, Aphids can be controlled by borer , application (neem extract) Spyrotetramat, Oil seed Pollen beetle Seed coating Beetle resistant to , Acetamiprid rape Pymetrozine Monitoring for thresholds necessary, use of Cypermethrin entomopathogenic fungi, natural enemies Clothianidin, Oil seed Cabbage stem Seed coating Fluvalinate, Natural predators, sparying only after Thiamethoxam rape flee beetle, Deltamethrin, monitoring with yellow traps aphids, etc. Cypermethrin Imidacloprid, Apple Aphids, leaf- Spraying Azadirachtin Natural predators Aphids can be easily controlled by azadiracthin Thiamethoxam rolling moths Abamectin, application; Leafrollers can be easily controlled by BT or Clothianidin, Pirimicarb, granulovirus (vs Adoxophies orana) Acetamiprid, Spinosad Thiacloprid Spyrotetramat Flonicamid Imidacloprid, Peach Aphids, leaf- Spraying Pirimicarb, Aphids can be easily controlled by Thiamethoxam, rolling moths, Spyrotetramat, azadiracthin application; Leafrollers can be Clothianidin, leafhoppers Flonicamid, easily controlled by BT or granulovirus (vs Acetamiprid, Adoxophies orana); leafhoppers can be Thiacloprid controlled by natural Thiamethoxam Grapevine Leafhoppers Spraying Indoxacarb, leafhoppers can be controlled by natural and S. titanus -ethyl pyrethrum; Crucial the monitoring before spraying

Neonic Crop Pests Type of use Chemical alternatives More sustainable solutions Imidacloprid Cabbage Thrips. Moth Seed Spinosad, Alternatives for moths (use economic coating/ Lamba-cyhalothrin, thresholds, B.thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki) spraying Pyrethroid+piperonylbutoxide and for thrips (minute pirate bug: Orius Deltamethrin spp.). Thrips are a minor problem on cabbages; no treatments needed Thiamethoxam Cabbage Aphids Seed Pirimicarb, Aphids can be easily controlled by coating/ Spyrotetramat, azadiracthin application spraying Piperonylbutoxide/pyrethrinen Pymetrozine Imidacloprid Leek (for Thrips Seed coating Spinosad, Alternatives for thrips (minute pirate bug: Orius spp.), seed) Abamectine, entomopathogenic nematodes Azadiracthin and natural Deltamethrin, pyrethrum (without piperonylbutoxide) are realistic alternatives Piperonylbutoxide/pyrethrinen Imidacloprid, Eggplant Aphids, Spraying Spyrotetramat, Aphids can be controlled by azadiracthin Application; Colorado Acetamiprid, Colorado Beetle can be controlled by bacillus thuringiensis sv. Tenebrionis Thiamethoxam beetle, of Azadiracthin as well as . Whiteflies there are many Whiteflies, Flies beneficial insects to be released and Beauveria bassiana and other (Liriomyza) entomopatogenic fungi are registered Imidacloprid, Melon Aphids Spraying Flonicamid, Alternatives (aphid predators) Acetamiprid, Spyrotetramat, Aphids can be controlled by azadiracthin Thiamethoxam Pymetrozine application Imidacloprid, Potato Aphids, Spraying Novaluron, Alternatives for Colorado beetle (B. Clothianidin, Colorado beetle thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis) Acetamiprid, Thiamethoxam Imidacloprid, Tomato Aphids, Spraying Flonicamid, Alternatives for whiteflies in greenhouse (Predator mite, Thiamethoxam Whiteflies Spirotetramat, entomopathogenic fungus) Azadiractine, Aphids can be controlled by azadiracthin application (already Fluvalinate included) Thiamethoxam, Trees Aphids Spraying Azadirachtin, Azadiracthin already included Imidacloprid (nursery)/ Flonicamid, flowers , Pirimicarb, Pymetrozine, Spirotetramat Imidacloprid Flower Aphids, Thrips, Spraying Pirimicarb, Azadirachtin bulbs Cicades, div. Esfenvaleraat, flies Deltamethrin, Pymetrozine Lambda-cyhalothrin Spirotetramat Flonicamid