FORUM: MIDDLE EASTERN COMMISSION

TOPIC 1: The question of backsliding democracies as a ​ ​ result of foreign interference in member states’ internal affairs

TOPIC 2: The recent normalization of relations between ​ Israel and Middle Eastern member states

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CONTENTS

TOPIC 1 7

Introduction 7

Avenues Of Discussion 7

Key Terms 8

Background Information 9

Historical Context 9

Relevant Conflicts In The Present-day 10

Key Actors 10

Previous Attempts To Resolve The Issue 11

Suggested Solutions 11

Bibliography 12

TOPIC 2 13

Introduction 13

Avenues Of Discussion 13

Key Terms 13

Background 14

Historical Context 15

Statistics 16

Previous Attempts To Resolve The Issue 19

Suggested Solutions 19

Bibliography 20

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Topic 1: The question of backsliding democracies as a result of foreign interference in member states’ internal affairs

INTRODUCTION

In the years preceding, during, and following the First World War, the Middle East saw a new wave of foreign actors seeking to influence the populations of the Middle East. Ever since the Sykes-Picot agreement, Western nations have always sought power over Middle Eastern states. While nominally, a goal of this interference is to stabilize the volatile nations of the region, a more covert national interest is exerting control over them. Not only is this a violation of the sovereignty of these states, oftentimes, the ultimate power that Western nations actively seek ends up undermining Middle Eastern democratic institutions—hence the term “democratic backsliding”.

More recently, wealthier, more powerful Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran have sought influence for themselves in the region themselves, each backed by a faction of the world’s leading countries. However, certain Middle Eastern countries cannot sustain themselves without foreign aid, and thus, the question of the feasibility of maintaining foreign intervention on humanitarian grounds must be addressed.

Should there be foreign interference in the Middle East? How does one guard against the erosion of sovereignty and democratic backsliding? What can the UN do to keep Western powers in check in such a politically charged region?

AVENUES OF DISCUSSION

● Exploitation of sectarianism ● The Arab Winter and the resurgence of totalitarianism ● Effects of the Saudi Arabia-Iran Proxy War

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KEY TERMS

Democratic backsliding The regression in the quality of democracy and the efficacy of democratic institutions in a previously healthy democratic system.

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) An agreement between France and the United Kingdom to split up the Levant between them: Lebanon and Syria under a French mandate; Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine under a British mandate.

Sectarianism A governmental system of affiliation or allegiance based on the division of power between religiously-based political parties.

Nasserism The regime and ideology of Eygyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956-1970), characterized by a resurgence of Arab nationalism and the creation of a unified Arab state outside of foreign influence.

Arab Spring The wave of pro-democracy protests that took place in 2010-2011 across the Middle East as a response to increasing authoritarian regimes.

Arab Winter The aftermath of the Arab Spring; the succession of civil wars, coups, and violence as a response to the call for democracy.

Proxy War A conflict fought by two nations indirectly in a third nation (e.g Yemeni Civil War- Proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran).

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BACKGROUND INFORMATION

HISTORICAL CONTEXT Colonial History The Middle East has always seen its fair share of foreign interference. Prior to the First World War, it was under the ​ control of the Ottoman Empire. However, France was opening up a sphere of influence in the Levant, as did Britain ​ ​ in the Gulf region. When WWI broke out, the French and the British (Allied Powers), agreed on a plan to divide the Middle East among themselves, in the Sykes-Picot Agreement, upon defeating the Ottoman Empire. However, this ​ ​ betrayed an earlier agreement made to the Arab leaders, who had agreed to fight for the British in exchange for their independence. At the end of the war, the British and the French developed a quasi-colonial presence in the Middle East, instead of allowing the Arabs a choice of self-determination. This marked the first time in modern history ​ ​ where foreign interference in the Middle East denied the people a government of their choice.

The Middle East and the Cold War The outbreak of the Cold War after the Second World War led to a new wave of interference from the United States ​ and the NATO bloc. The 1953 coup against the democratically-elected Iranian government to install the authoritarian Shah, funded by the US and the UK, is a notable historical example of the repercussions that foreign ​ interference can have on democracy, as seen by the current state of Iran’s authoritarian system of government. Other Western powers sought to interfere in the domestic affairs of Middle Eastern countries, such as the Suez Crisis ​ of 1956 by the UK, France and Israel to prevent nationalisation of Suez Canal. ​

Nationalism in the Middle East The persistence of foreign intervention in the region preceded a wave of hardline nationalism. First with the advent ​ of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia in 1932, the independence of Arab countries from British and French in the 1940s, the overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy in 1953, and the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy in 1958. As these ​ states wished to themselves as unaligned from Western interference, a new problem emerged - the severing of ​ ​ ties between the West and these nations led to inexperienced leaders taking over. The sudden absence of ​ Western influence in these nations eventually led to quasi-authoritarian states, such as Saddam Hussain’s Iraq, Nasserist Egypt, and the absolute monarchy of Saudi Arabia. Arguably, the absence of foreign powers was actually ​ the cause of democratic backsliding in the region. ​

Advent of Sectarianism In the decades after these regime changes, the ideologies that had united to remove foreign interference within their nations turned against each other. Sectarian conflicts emerged in the absence of effective government, most ​ notably the Lebanese Civil War between 1975-1990 among Lebanon’s 18 religious sects, and the Iran-Iraq war in ​ ​ 1980s. A new phenomenon emerged among these conflicts, where Western nations and larger Arab nations looking ​ to defend their interests took arms among the competing sides, prolonging the conflicts.

The Arab Spring & WInter The 2010s saw one of the greatest calls for democracy in the Middle East, the Arab Spring after decades of ​ ​ authoritarian regimes, again supported by Western and Arab powers. While the protests were long and decisive in some countries: the ousting of Hosni Mobarak in Egypt, Zein el Abidine Ben Ali in Tunisia, and Ali Abdallah Saleh in Yemen, in other countries less so. In Bahrain, the 2011 uprising saw it crushed by Saudi and Emirati troops at the request of the Bahraini monarchy. In other nations, the protests and uprisings soon turned into conflict and civil wars, which soon enough turned into proxy wars between the two greatest MIddle Eastern powers, Saudi Arabia ​ and Iran. In what is now called the Arab Winter, much of the gains were lost as the region currently sits in turmoil.

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RELEVANT CONFLICTS IN THE PRESENT-DAY

The Yemeni Civil War After the ousting of longtime Yemeni president Ali Abdallah Saleh in 2011, his deputy Abedrabbuh Mansour Hadi took over as president of Yemen. His fragile government started to collapse when the parliament extended his term in 2014, angering many groups. The Shi’a group Ansar Allah (the Houthis) took arms against the majority Sunni government and occupied the capital Sana’a. The war is still ongoing, with Saudi-led coalition supporting the Hadi government and Iran supporting the Houthis. More recently, the Emirati supported Southern Transitional Council and terrorist groups such as ISIS and al-Qaeda have also gotten involved amid the power vacuum. The conflict has transpired into a Sunni-Shi’a sectarian conflict, as well as a branch of the Saudi-Iran proxy war.

The Syrian Civil War The Arab Spring had also spread to Syria, first sparked by outrage over the detainment and alleged torture of teenagers in Deraa for writing revolutionary messages. By July of 2011, the Free Syrian Army had been formed by defectors from the Syrian military, with support from Saudi Arabia and Turkey. The Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad has been supported by the Russian and Iranian bloc. The war has been ongoing for almost a decade now, with the U.S and NATO-supported Kurdish authority and ISIS getting involved since 2014. The conflict has also transpired into another Sunni-Shi’a sectarian conflict, as well another branch of the Saudi-Iran proxy war.

The Lebanese Economic and Political Crisis The Lebanese people have always had a cry for independence and sovereignty, following the 2000 liberation of South Lebanon, the 2005 Cedar Revolution which removed Syrian influence from Lebanon, and the Lebanese version of the Arab Spring of 2011. However, the nature of Lebanon’s government has always been sectarian, which has obstructed any meaningful change as all decisions must be reconciled with all the Lebanese political actors, who are each supported by various Middle Eastern and Western powers. This led to years of inaction which led to the Lebanese economy beginning to collapse in 2019, and the October 17 Revolution arose for secular government to be formed in Lebanon, free from foreign intervention.

KEY ACTORS

Saudi Arabia One of the oldest Middle Eastern countries to gain independence, Saudi Arabia has always been a key player in Middle Eastern politics. The oil boom in the 1950s-1960s caused great economic growth, and as such it has gained greater leverage in the region. Saudi Arabia often interferes in conflicts on behalf of the governments of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and acts as the guarantor of the Sunni sect. Many in the region view it as an agent of the United States, based on its actions and their close relationship.

Iran Previously an ally of the West, Iran forged its own course following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, instating a hard-line theocratic system of government. The presence of oil has been the source of interference for the Western powers, but it has since gained control of its oil fields. Faced with sanctions from the West, Iran turns to Russia for financial and political aid. Nowadays, Iran interferes in conflicts to counteract the Saudi influence in the region, as well as acting as the guarantor of the Shi’a sect.

United Arab Emirates The UAE has been more involved in Middle Eastern politics. A staunch ally of Saudi Arabia and a member of the GCC, the UAE now interferes militarily in regional conflicts, such as the aforementioned Yemeni Civil War and

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Bahraini uprising. It’s status as one of the region's oil producers allows it to independently fund these ventures, such as the support of the STC in Yemen, against the Saudi-supported Hadi government.

Egypt Once at the forefront of the Middle Eastern and the leading voice for Arab nationalism, Egypt’s influence has waned in recent years. However its status as a cultural hub, as well as one of the largest economic hubs in the Middle East and Africa, grants it political influence. Egypt is involved in conflicts with neighbors regarding the Nile river access, and also intervened militarily in some of the aforementioned regional countries.

Western Powers As mentioned above, many Western entities have interfered in Middle Eastern internal affairs. This includes France and the United Kingdom, former colonial and mandatory powers, whose influence has developed from military influence to diplomatic pressure on the now-independent nations. In addition there’s the United States and to wider extent NATO, who have taken over as the primary Western military force in the region.

PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) The NAM contained European, African, and Asian nations unaligned with Washington or Moscow during the years of the Cold War. Many Middle Eastern nations sought to limit the influence of the United States and the Soviet Union by joining the NAM in the 1960s and 1970s. While this did help with combatting Western interference, this also opened the door for foreign interference within the Middle East, notably by the Nasser government of Egypt interfering in neighboring countries, often aspiring to unite with or annex them.

Group of 77 (G77) A sister organization of the NAM, the G77 was originally a group of 77 developing countries working together to promote each other's interests. The developing countries of the Middle East have all joined this organization. While this group has been effective in many regions, it has affected little change in the Middle East.

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS

Delegates should keep in mind that many regional and international organizations that have been working in the Middle East, and so strengthening their roles in the region to promote democracy within individual nations can be of importance.

Delegates should also note that their solutions should focus around strengthening less resource rich nations in an attempt to help these nations become economically independent. While a perfect world is impossible, delegates should do their best to ensure an even playing field among all nations and entities.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

“Analyses - Wahhabism | PBS - Saudi Time Bomb? | FRONTLINE.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 2014, ​ ​ www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/analyses/wahhabism.html. ​ Danforth, Nick. “The Middle East That Might Have Been.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 9 Dec. 2015, ​ ​ www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/02/the-middle-east-that-might-have-been/385410/. ​ “Gulf States Send Forces to Bahrain Following Protests.” BBC News, BBC, 14 Mar. 2011, ​ ​ www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12729786. ​ “Hosni Mubarak Resigns as President.” Middle East News | Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 11 Feb. 2011, ​ ​ www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/11/hosni-mubarak-resigns-as-president. ​ Mbaku, John Mukum. “The Controversy over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.” Brookings, The Brookings ​ ​ Institution, 5 Aug. 2020, www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/08/05/the-controversy-over-the-grand-ethiopian-renais sance-dam/

McKernan, Bethan. “Clashing UAE and Saudi Interests Are Keeping the Yemen Conflict Alive.” The Guardian, ​ ​ Guardian News and Media, 26 Mar. 2020, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/clashing-uae-and-saudi-interests-are-keeping-the-yemen- conflict-alive. ​ Morris, James. “Military Coup in Iraq Ousts Monarchy – Archive, 26 July 1958.” The Guardian, Guardian News and ​ ​ Media, 26 July 2017, 5:00 , www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/26/iraq-revolution-ousts-monarchy-1958. ​ Peretz, Don. “Nonalignment in the Arab World.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social ​ Science, vol. 362, Nov. 1965, pp. 36–43. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1035788. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Shuster, Mike. “The Middle East and the West: WWI and Beyond.” NPR, NPR, 20 Aug. 2004, 12:00 a.m, ​ ​ www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3860950. ​ Sune, Haugbolle. “The Historiography and the Memory of the Lebanese Civil War.” Portail Sciences Po, 25 Oct. ​ ​ 2011, www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/historiography-and-memory -lebanese-civil-war.html. ​ “Syria's War Explained from the Beginning.” Syria News | Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 14 Apr. 2018, ​ ​ www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/4/14/syrias-war-explained-from-the-beginning. ​ “Yemen Crisis: Why Is There a War?” BBC News, BBC, 19 June 2020, ​ ​ www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29319423. ​

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TOPIC 2: The question of the recent normalization of relations between Israel and Middle Eastern member states

INTRODUCTION

Ever since the birth of the Israeli state in 1947, followed by the Palestinian exodus (the Nakba) of 1948, tensions between the Palestinians and Israelis have increased and intensified, expanding globally and calling for a much ​ needed solution. There have been many attempts to establish peace between the Palestinians and Israelis through ​ negotiations and proposed two-state solutions, as seen in the Oslo Accords of 1992. However, since the signing of ​ ​ the negotiations, little has been done to ensure a state for the Palestinians. ​ ​

With the fighting between the two parties having decreased since the wars of the 1960s and 1970s, many Arab ​ nations have chosen to route their efforts towards the peace process. Starting with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in ​ 1994, Arab nations have started accepting and recognizing Israel as a state. More significantly, Morocco, Bahrain, ​ ​ ​ Sudan, and the UAE all signed peace treaties with Israel in 2020. On the other hand, some Arab nations consider ​ ​ the peace treaty a betrayal to the Palestinians and their rights, and therefore chose to not recognize the existence of the Israeli state.

The question comes down to which solution incorporates the best interests of all the Middle Eastern nations, and if that can not - or will not - happen, perhaps peace will never be achieved.

AVENUES OF DISCUSSION

● Current state of the Israeli occupation of Palestine ● Past/recent peace treaties between Israel and Arab states ● Extent to which more peace treaties need to be developed in the region

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KEY TERMS

International recognition The formal acknowledgement or acceptance of a new state as an international personality by the existing States of the International community

Peace treaty An agreement between two or more parties (usually governments or states) that formally ends the war between the parties.

PEEL Commission Plan (1937) The first proposed partition of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state, overseen by the British mandatory authority.

UN Partition Plan (1947) A proposal by the United Nations that recommended the partition of Palestine after the end of the British mandate.

Khartoum Resolution (1969) A resolution formed between eight heads of Arab states in which it was decided to not recognize the Israeli state (among other agreements)...

Camp David Accords (1978) A pair of political agreements between Egypt and Israel calling for peace between the two states.

Oslo Accords (1992) A pair of agreements between the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization that created a Palestinian Authority tasked with limited self-governance of parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Abraham Accords (2020) A joint statement between Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States founding friendly relations and interests of lasting peace.

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BACKGROUND

HISTORICAL CONTEXT Colonial History Ever since the validation of Jewish migration to Palestine through the Balfour Declaration in 1917, the dispute over ​ ​ who truly claims the land initiated as tension between the Israelis and Palestinians. There have been many attempts to establish peace through proposed solutions, such as the PEEL Commission Plan of 1937, and the UN ​ ​ ​ Partition Plan of 1947, both of which had no effect on the growing conflict between the two parties. ​

Nasserism vs Zionism The official birth of the Israeli state led to an Arab-Israeli war in 1948, known as the Nakba. The presence of Israel ​ ​ unified the Arab states against a common enemy, as Israel was seen as an extension of the colonialist powers that were interfering in the region. Israel’s part in the 1956 Suez Crisis only came to show the intention of interfering with the peace of neighboring Arab states. The 1967 Six Day War was one of the most significant wars in the region, as ​ it shifted the balance of power and created long-term effects that are still recognized today. The Khartoum Resolution of 1967 was an agreement between eight heads of Arab states regarding their pledge to not recognize Israel - the resolution is known for containing the “3 Nos”: “No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it”... However, many stances shifted over time and relationships were formed despite all the previous conflicts.

Attempts to Make Peace The fall of Arab Nationalism came with the end of Nasserism after the war, and a powerful relationship between the United States and Israel was born. Egypt’s loss against Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War is believed to have led to the Camp David Accords, in which a pair of political agreements were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978. However, the peace treaty was seen as a betrayal to the Arabs, and the Palestinians in particular, which created internal rioting and the eventual assisination of Anwar Sadat on October 6th, 1981.

A Hope for a Better Future Despite efforts to establish peace, clashes between neighboring Arab states and Israel continued to take place, however, many of the Arab states began migrating towards the idea of peace with Israel in hope for a brighter and safer future. On October 26, 1994, Jordan officially signed a peace deal with Israel, and President Weizman shook hands with King Hussein, sending a message out to the other Arab nations. As of 2020, four more Arab League members - Bahrain, Sudan, Morocco, and the United Arab Emirates - all signed diplomatic relations with Israel.

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And What of the Palestinians? While the establishment of peace treaties is becoming more and more accepted, Arab nations are placed under pressure in deciding the fate of their relationship with the state that was once seen as an enemy, keeping in mind their Arab sisters and brothers, the Palestinians.

STATISTICS

Land Changes Between Israel and Palestine During the 1947-1948 Israeli-Arab War:

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Increasing Number of Arab Residents in Jerusalem:

Changes in Recognition of Israel Over Time:

*Surge in 1960s: Newly independent African and Asian states recognizing Israel *Decline in the 1970s: States withdrawing recognition after 1973 Yom Kippur War *Surge in the 1990s: Newly independent Soviet bloc countries recognizing Israel + previously withdrawn countries recognizing Israel again *Increase in the 2020s: A number of Arab states recognizing Israel LEBMUN ‘21 | 14 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

KEY ACTORS

● Israel /USA ● Iran ● PLO/Hamas ● UAE/Bahrain ● Egypt/Jordan ● Arab League

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PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE

UN GA Resolution 181 The United Nations Resolution 181 was passed by the UN General Assembly in 1947 as an attempt to partition Palestine into two states between the Arabs and Israelis. The resolution was considered by the Jewish community in Palestine to be a legal basis for the establishment of Israel, but was rejected by the Arab community. After the intense lobbying of pro-Jewish parties, the resolution passed with 33 votes in favour, 13 against, and 10 abstentions.

Rogers Plan Following the Six Day War, the Rogers Plan was proposed by the United States Secretary of State William P. Rogers as an attempt to solve the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict and reunite the Middle East.

Camp David Accords The Camp David Accords are a pair of political agreements between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, resulting in Egyptian-Israeli peace. The treaty was witnessed by United States president Jimmy Carter.

Wadi Araba Treaty The Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty, also known as the Wadi Araba treaty, is an agreement that ended the state of war between the two nations and established mutual diplomatic relations on October 26, 1994. The treaty also focused on settling land and water disputes, cooperation regarding tourism, and the prevention of territory being used for military purposes by a third party.

Oslo Accords The Oslo Accords are a pair of political agreements between the Palestinian Liberation Organization and the Government of Israel taking place between 1993 and 1995. The Oslo Accords established a Palestinian authority tasked with limited self-governance in specific parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and acknowledged the PLO as Israel’s partner in permanent-status negotiations.

Abraham Accords The Abraham Accords are a joint statement between Israel, the UAE, and the United States, decided upon on August 13th, 2020 aimed at developing friendly relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates, as that is what lies in the interests of establishing lasting peace in the region.

Suggested Solutions Delegates should focus their solutions on the region’s interests as a whole, in reference to both the past and recent normalization of relationships between the Arab states and Israel, while keeping in mind the current state of the Palestinians and the sufferings they have and still continue to endure today.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

“The Abraham Accords - United States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of ​ ​ State, 13 Jan. 2021, www.state.gov/the-abraham-accords/. ​ ​ Al Jazeera. “The October Arab-Israeli War of 1973: What Happened?” Israel News | Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 8 ​ ​ Oct. 2018, www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/10/8/the-october-arab-israeli-war-of-1973-what-happened. ​ “Camp David Accords and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process.” Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, ​ ​ history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/camp-david.

CNN Editorial Research. “Oslo Accords Fast Facts.” CNN, Cable News Network, 21 Sept. 2020, ​ ​ edition.cnn.com/2013/09/03/world/meast/oslo-accords-fast-facts/index.html.

Ephron, Dan. “How Arab Ties With Israel Became the Middle East's New Normal.” Foreign Policy, Foreign ​ ​ Policy, 21 Dec. 2020, foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/21/arab-ties-israel-diplomacy-normalization-middle-east/.

Hamid, Shadi. “The End of Nasserism: How the 1967 War Opened New Space for Islamism in the Arab World.” Brookings, Brookings, 4 June 2017, ​ ​ www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/06/05/the-end-of-nasserism-how-the-1967-war-opened-ne w-space-for-islamism-in-the-arab-world/. ​ “Israel Membership in the UN - Letter from Israel - Question of Palestine.” United Nations, United Nations, ​ ​ 1948, www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-176869/. ​ ​ Israeli Foreign Ministry. “The War of Attrition: The Rogers Plan.” The Rogers Plan (December 1969), ​ ​ www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-rogers-plan-december-1969. ​ Kershner, Isabel, and Adam Rasgon. “For Palestinians, Israel-U.A.E. Deal Swaps One Nightmare for Another.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 14 Aug. 2020, ​ www.nytimes.com/2020/08/14/world/middleeast/palestinians-israel-uae-annexation-peace.html. ​ “The Khartoum Resolutions.” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013, ​ ​ mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/the%20khartoum%20resolutions.aspx.

Riedel, Bruce. “25 Years on, Remembering the Path to Peace for Jordan and Israel.” Brookings, Brookings, 31 ​ ​ Aug. 2020, www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/10/23/25-years-on-remembering-the-path-to-pe ace-for-jordan-and-israel/. ​ “United Nations Partition Plan of 1947 - Map - Question of Palestine.” United Nations, United Nations, 1983, ​ ​ www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208958/. ​ “Wide-Range Survey: 88% of Arabs Reject Their Countries' Recognition of 'Israel'.” Quds News Network, 7 ​ ​ Oct. 2020, qudsnen.co/?p=17364.

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