DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissolved Carbon in Riverine Flow of Siberia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissolved Carbon in Riverine Flow of Siberia Controls of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon discharge from permafrost ecosystems Prokushkin Anatoly S. V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk Siberian Federal University [email protected] ИЛ СО РАН: School of the young scientists on Biogeochemical 1 Matter Cycling In Permafrost Ecosystems Presentation structure: • Terms • Processes • Dissolved carbon in watersheds of Siberian rivers : interactions of hydrology, vegetation, permafrost, fires and C fluxes 2 • from Latin dissolvere : dis- + solvere, to release Physicochemical background: Wikipedia: Dissolution is the process by which a solute forms a solution in a solvent. The solute, in the case of solids, has its crystalline structure disintegrated as separate ions, atoms, and molecules form. For liquids and gases, the molecules must be adaptable with those of the solvent for a solution to form. The outcome of the process of dissolution (the amount dissolved at equilibrium, i.e., the solubility) is governed by the thermodynamic energies involved, such as the heat of solution and entropy of solution, but the dissolution itself (a kinetic process) is not. Overall the free energy must be negative for net dissolution to occur. In turn, those energies are controlled by the way in which different chemical bond types interact with those in the solvent. 3 Dissolved carbon species: • Dissolved inorganic carbon [CO2*] + [HCO3−] + [CO32−] • Dissolved organic carbon Complex mixture of organic volecules • Dissolved gases CO2, CH4 Other portion of C in waters is called particulate C: Particulate organic C Particulate inorganic C 4 Dissolved carbon: definitions and species Initially in hydrochemistry dissolved matter is operationally defined as matter which is passed through 0.45 um pore-size filter Wikipedia: …The "dissolved" fraction of organic carbon is an operational classification. Many researchers use the term "dissolved" for compounds below 0.45 micrometers, but 0.22 micrometers is also common... A practical definition of dissolved typically used in marine chemistry is all substances that pass through a GF/F filter (0.7 um pore size!). So, to work with dissolved carbon in a sample one need first to filter sample! 5 Advantages and disadvantages of filters: • 0.22 micrometers: to get rid of microbes… less loss during storage, but may contaminate with C (nitrocellulose, acetate cellulose matrix) • 0.7 um precombusted glass fiber filters (GF/F): miserable or no contamination by OC, but microbes… 6 How to measure? • DOC (TOC = TC-IC, NPOC – nonpurgeable OC) - The recommended measure technique is the high temperature catalytic oxidation (IR detection) - Previous technique (still in use by Roshydromet) Bichromate/permanganate oxidation 7 How to measure? • DIC - The recommended measure technique is acidification with further IR detection - Potentiometric titration with HCl for alkalinity + - H + HCO3 = H2CO3 = H2O + CO2 8 Why it is important? • DOC loss from terrestrial ecosystems to fresh waters constitutes 1-15% of NEP • DIC and specifically dissolved CO2/CH4 fluxes is not still well counted … • C exported from terrestrial ecosystems to rivers are rarely included in NEP estimates, causing its underestimation • DOM (DOC, DON, DOP etc…) is important driver of foodwebs in both terrestrial and aquatic systems 9 Dissolved organic C • To be microbially mineralized to CO2/CH4 all organic matter must be dissolved 10 Dissolved inorganic C Carbonate weathering… H2CO3 + CaCO3 → Ca(HCO3)2 Silicate weathering… 2 KAlSi3O8 + 2 H2CO3 + 9 H2O ⇌ Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 4 H4SiO4 + 2 K+ + 2 HCO3− Temperature dependent process 11 high potential for sequestration of atmospheric CO2… • Weathering of basalts of Central Siberian Plateau may be important factor for atmospheric CO2 sequestration Illustration of the correlations between weathering fluxes and (A) thermal regimes and (B) hydrological regimes for 22 representative silicate sites around the world (excerpt from Beaulieu et al., 2010). Our study shows clear increase of DIC annual yield from 1.04 gC m−2 yr−1 for Tembenchi River (MAAT = −10.9 ◦C) to 2.77 gC m−2 yr−1 for Nizhnyaya Tunguska River (MAAT = −7.5 ◦C). The other basaltic boreal rivers such as Kamchatka River and its tributaries (MAAT = −2.5 ◦C) exhibit significantly higher annual fluxes of DIC: 4.8 gC m−2 yr−1 12 Dissolved organic C: dissolved or colloidal? 8000 7000 450 6000 400 5000 350 4000 300 [Na], ppb [Na], 3000 250 LMW = 1 kDa 2000 [Fe], ppb [Fe], 200 150 (Dialysis) 1000 0 100 18.0 20 um 10 um 5 um 1.2 um 0.22 um 1 kDa 50 LMW 16.0 HMW Pore diamter 0 14.0 20 um 10 um 5 um 1.2 um 0.22 um 1 kDa 700 Pore diamter 12.0 600 300 10.0 8.0 500 250 NPOC [mgC/l]NPOC 6.0 400 200 4.0 [K], ppb [K], 300 2.0 150 200 [Al], ppb [Al], 0.0 100 100 December March April May June July September Month 0 50 20 um 10 um 5 um 1.2 um 0.22 um 1 kDa Pore diamter 30 0 LMW 20 um 10 um 5 um 1.2 um 0.22 um 1 kDa Pore diamter 25 HMW 12000 0.025 20 10000 15 0.02 8000 10 6000 0.015 [Ca], ppb [Ca], NPOC [mgC/L] NPOC 5 4000 [Tb], ppb [Tb], 0.01 0 2000 07.06.2013 07.06.2013 20.06.2013 20.06.2013 05.08.2013 05.08.2013 0.005 NT KO NT KO NT KO 0 20 um 10 um 5 um 1.2 um 0.22 um 1 kDa River/sampling date 0 Pore diamter 20 um 10 um 5 um 1.2 um 0.22 um 1 kDa 13 Pore diamter What is DOC? How to investigate the composition? • Complex mixture of organic molecules • Fulvic acids (dissolved at pH 2) • Hydrophobic acid (by XAD fractionation) • Spectral characteristics (e.g. SUVA, spectral slope) • Fluorescence (chromatophoric groups) • Biomarkers (e.g. lignin, sugars etc.) • Isotopic composition (i.e. 13C) • Radiocarbon age (compound specific) • Pyr-GC/MS-IRMS, 13C NMR CP MAS, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI- FT-ICR-MS) • etc. 14 Dissolved organic carbon in terrestrial systems Rainfall 0.9-4.5 mgC/l (< 0.5 gC/m2/a) Throughfall/stemflow 0 6-70 mgC/l 20 (ca 1.0 gC/m2/a) 40 60 Jun Soil Depth, cm Depth, Soil Jul 80 Aug Sept O 20-120 mgC/l 100 (2-18 gC/m2/a) 0 10 20 30 40 NPOC, mgC/l Ah 15-40 mgC/l ALT B 5-15 mgC/l C 2-5 mgC/l Time Export to 5-31 mgC/l stream 2-10 gC/m2/a 15 moss O layer 5 cm 20 cm 40 cm 35 30 5 cm 25 20 15 20 cm NPOC,mgC/l Active layer 10 5 0 1-Jun 15-Jun 29-Jun 13-Jul 27-Jul 10-Aug 24-Aug 7-Sep 21-Sep 40 cm Sampling date 15 60 cm 10 5 Permafrost 0 5.8.09 19.9.09 3.11.09 18.12.09 1.2.10 18.3.10 2.5.10 16.6.10 31.7.10 May September -5 Nfs 5 cm -10 Soil solution sampling and Nfs 20 cm Nfs 4016 cm temperature monitoring -15 Terrestrial C links to aquatic moss O layer 0 10 20 30 40 Depth, cm Depth, 50 Sfs 60 Nfs 70 0 20 40 60 80 Active layer DOC Permafrost 17 Dissolved organic carbon in aquatic systems 18.0 LMW 16.0 HMW 14.0 • Authochtonous12.0 10.0 15 8.0 low C:N, high N, [mgC/l]NPOC 6.0 LMW, specific biomarkers 4.0 2.0 0.0 • Allochtonous (terrigenic)December March April May June July September Month High C:N, low 15N, low 13C, HMW, specific biomarkers 18 DOC production • Biological - Exudates - Cell lysis - Microbial breakdown of SOM DOM • Physical Freeze-thaw cycles SOM DOM 19 Terrestrial controls over C export: soil C stocks and C:N ratio Frey and Smith 2005, GRL 20 DOC “consumption” • Microbial mineralization 20 DOC = CO2/CH4 + H2O y = 0.6295x - 5.5604 10 -1 0 y = 0.6365x - 18.041 y = 0.6484x - 19.44 -10 y = 0.612x - 26.517 -20 • Sorption to mineral matrix y = 0.5812x - 32.144 -30 DOC released or retained, mmol kg mmol retained, or DOCreleased -40 Ah (05CP) Ah (05BP) B (05CP) B (05BP) Bf (05BP) -50 0 10 20 30 40 50 DOC added, mmol kg-1 0.80 0.80 50 • Precipitation y = 0.0138x + 0.3777 y = 0.0466x - 0.2044 0.70 0.70 2 y = 5.8368x + 5.4781 2 R = 0.9391 R = 0.8213 R2 = 0.7657 0.60 0.60 40 0.50 0.50 30 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30 20 b, mmol DOC/kg 0.20 0.20 10 partition coefficient (m) partition coefficient 0.10 (m) partition coefficient 0.10 0.00 0.00 0 0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 Fe(d) SSA, m2/g OC, mol C/kg soil 21 Permafrost and dissolved C: A Органический слой СТС СТС Periodic forest fires ? мерзлота мерзлота Июнь Октябрь Июнь Октябрь Пожар Послепожарная восстановительная сукцессия B Органический слой СТС мерзлота Permafrost degradation СТС мерзлота Деградация мерзлоты DOC DIC 22 Arctic and subarctic ecosystems: why dissolved carbon is important • Largest amount of carbon (of which 1-2% is dissolved) locked in soils and particularly conserved within the frozen ground (SOC = 1672 PgC, Tarnocai et al 2009) • Dissolved carbon is most labile and indicative component of soil C reservoir • Highest rates of warming and permafrost degradation • Highest sensitivity of ecosystem processes to ongoing climate change • Little is known about behavior of dissolved carbon in arctic and subarctic watersheds 23 Global change: permafrost degradation and an increase of active layer thickness Monitoring sites Positive trend in ALT depth By 2091-2100, permafrost extent will be decreased 30- 75% and active layer thickness increased about 55-125 cm, compared to 1991-2010 (Park and Walsh 2013, EGU General Assembly) Implications for C export: Higher retention times in soil (DOC negative) Negative trend in freezing depth Higher mineralization rates (DIC, pCO2 positive) IPCC 2007, 24 Higher weathering rates (DIC positive) from Frauenfeld et al 2004 Global change: hydrology Eurasian river annual runoff to the Arctic Ocean tends to increase for ca.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fluvial Geochemistry of the Rivers of Eastern Siberia: I. Tributaries Of
    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 62, No. 10, pp. 1657–1676, 1998 Copyright © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd Pergamon Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0016-7037/98 $19.00 1 .00 PII S0016-7037(98)00107-0 The fluvial geochemistry of the rivers of Eastern Siberia: I. Tributaries of the Lena River draining the sedimentary platform of the Siberian Craton 1, 1 2 1 YOUNGSOOK HUH, *MAI-YIN TSOI, ALEXANDR ZAITSEV, and JOHN M. EDMONd 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 2Laboratory of Erosion and Fluvial Processes, Department of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia (Received June 11, 1997; accepted in revised form February 12, 1998) ABSTRACT—The response of continental weathering rates to changing climate and atmospheric PCO2 is of considerable importance both to the interpretation of the geological sedimentary record and to predictions of the effects of future anthropogenic influences. While comprehensive work on the controlling mechanisms of contemporary chemical and mechanical weathering has been carried out in the tropics and, to a lesser extent, in the strongly perturbed northern temperate latitudes, very little is known about the peri-glacial environments in the subarctic and arctic. Thus, the effects of climate, essentially temperature and runoff, on the rates of atmospheric CO2 consumption by weathering are not well quantified at this climatic extreme. To remedy this lack a comprehensive survey has been carried out of the geochemistry of the large rivers of Eastern Siberia, the Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr, and numerous lesser streams which drain a pristine, high-latitude region that has not experienced the pervasive effects of glaciation and subsequent anthropogenic impacts common to western Eurasia and North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Place Names: an Analysis of Published Materials
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 319 675 SO 020 925 AUTHOR Anderson, Paul S. TITLE Seeking a Core of Wo' -'d Regional Geography Place Names: An Analysis of Published Materials. PUB DATE 14 Oct 89 NOTE 18p.; Paper presentel at the Annual Meeting of the National Council for Geographic Education (Hershey, PA, October 11-14, 1989). Updated April 1990. PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) -- Reference Materials - Geographic Materials (133) -- Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Elementary Secondary Education; *Geographic Location; *Geography Instruction; *Minimum Competencies; *Physical Geography IDENTIFIERS Place Names ABSTRACT Knowing place names is not the essence of geography, but some knowledge of names of geographical locations is widely considered to be basic information. Whether used in general cultural literacy, lighthearted Trivial Pursuit, educational sixth grade social studies, or serious debates on world events, place names and their locations are assumed to be known. At the college level of world regional geography courses, five books with lists of place names are in print by geographers: Fuson; MacKinnon; Pontius and Woodward; DiLisio; and Stoltman. Those five sources plus place name lists by P.S. Anderson and from Hirsch reveal similarities and diversities in their content. A core list of place names is presented with several cross-classifications by region, type of geographic feature, and grade level of students. The results reveal a logical progression of complexity that could assist geography educators to increase student learning and avoid duplication of efforts. There will never be complete agreement about any listing of the core geographical place names, but the presented lists are intended to stimulate discussion along constructive avenues.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL PROTECTED AREAS of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION: of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION: AREAS PROTECTED NATIONAL Vladimir Krever, Mikhail Stishov, Irina Onufrenya
    WWF WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent conservation WWF-Russia organizations, with almost 5 million supporters and a global network active in more than 19, bld.3 Nikoloyamskaya St., 100 countries. 109240 Moscow WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a Russia future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: Tel.: +7 495 727 09 39 • conserving the world’s biological diversity Fax: +7 495 727 09 38 • ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable [email protected] • promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. http://www.wwf.ru The Nature Conservancy The Nature Conservancy - the leading conservation organization working around the world to The Nature Conservancy protect ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. Worldwide Office The mission of The Nature Conservancy is to preserve the plants, animals and natural 4245 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 100 NNATIONALATIONAL PPROTECTEDROTECTED AAREASREAS communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters Arlington, VA 22203-1606 they need to survive. Tel: +1 (703) 841-5300 http://www.nature.org OOFF TTHEHE RRUSSIANUSSIAN FFEDERATION:EDERATION: MAVA The mission of the Foundation is to contribute to maintaining terrestrial and aquatic Fondation pour la ecosystems, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with a view to preserving their biodiversity. Protection de la Nature GGAPAP AANALYSISNALYSIS To this end, it promotes scientific research, training and integrated management practices Le Petit Essert whose effectiveness has been proved, while securing a future for local populations in cultural, 1147 Montricher, Suisse economic and ecological terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of the Jumping Spiders of Northern Asia (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae)
    INSTITUTE FOR SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF ANIMALS, SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Catalogue of the jumping spiders of northern Asia (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae) by D.V. Logunov & Yu.M. Marusik KMK Scientific Press Ltd. 2000 D. V. Logunov & Y. M. Marusik. Catalogue of the jumping spiders of northern Asia (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae). Moscow: KMK Scientific Press Ltd. 2000. 299 pp. In English. Ä. Â. Ëîãóíîâ & Þ. Ì. Ìàðóñèê. Êàòàëîã ïàóêîâ-ñêàêóí÷èêîâ Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae). Ìîñêâà: èçäàòåëüñòâî ÊÌÊ. 2000. 299 ñòð. Íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. This is the first complete catalogue of the jumping spiders of northern Asia. It is based on both original data and published data dating from 1861 to October 2000. Northern Asia is defined as the territories of Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, northern provinces of China, and both Korea and Japan (Hokkaido only). The catalogue lists 216 valid species belonging to 41 genera. The following data are supplied for each species: a range character- istic, all available records from northern Asia with approximate coordinates (mapped), all misidentifications and doubtful records (not mapped), habitat preferences, references to available biological data, taxonomic notes on species where necessary, references to lists of regional fauna and to catalogues of general importance. 24 species are excluded from the list of the Northern Asian salticids. 5 species names are newly synonymized: Evarcha pseudolaetabunda Peng & Xie, 1994 with E. mongolica Danilov & Logunov, 1994; He- liophanus mongolicus Schenkel, 1953 with H. baicalensis Kulczyñski, 1895; Neon rostra- tus Seo, 1995 with N. minutus ¯abka, 1985; Salticus potanini Schenkel, 1963 with S.
    [Show full text]
  • Load Article
    Arctic and North. 2018. No. 33 55 UDC [332.1+338.1](985)(045) DOI: 10.17238/issn2221-2698.2018.33.66 The prospects of the Northern and Arctic territories and their development within the Yenisei Siberia megaproject © Nikolay G. SHISHATSKY, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Economy and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sci- ences, Kransnoyarsk, Russia Abstract. The article considers the main prerequisites and the directions of development of Northern and Arctic areas of the Krasnoyarsk Krai based on creation of reliable local transport and power infrastructure and formation of hi-tech and competitive territorial clusters. We examine both the current (new large min- ing and processing works in the Norilsk industrial region; development of Ust-Eniseysky group of oil and gas fields; gasification of the Krasnoyarsk agglomeration with the resources of bradenhead gas of Evenkia; ren- ovation of housing and public utilities of the Norilsk agglomeration; development of the Arctic and north- ern tourism and others), and earlier considered, but rejected, projects (construction of a large hydroelectric power station on the Nizhnyaya Tunguska river; development of the Porozhinsky manganese field; place- ment of the metallurgical enterprises using the Norilsk ores near Lower Angara region; construction of the meridional Yenisei railroad and others) and their impact on the development of the region. It is shown that in new conditions it is expedient to return to consideration of these projects with the use of modern tech- nologies and organizational approaches. It means, above all, formation of the local integrated regional pro- duction systems and networks providing interaction and cooperation of the fuel and raw, processing and innovative sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Numerical Modelling of Heat and Water Transfer In
    NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HEAT AND WATER TRANSFER IN PERMAFROST-DOMINATED WATERSHEDS Laurent Orgogozo, Oleg Pokrovsky, Yves Godderis, Jérôme Viers, David Labat, Anatoly Prokushkin To cite this version: Laurent Orgogozo, Oleg Pokrovsky, Yves Godderis, Jérôme Viers, David Labat, et al.. NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HEAT AND WATER TRANSFER IN PERMAFROST-DOMINATED WATER- SHEDS. Permafrost: Distribution, Composition and Impacts on Infrastructure and Ecosystems, 2014. hal-01881771 HAL Id: hal-01881771 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01881771 Submitted on 26 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HEAT AND WATER TRANSFER IN PERMAFROST -DOMINATED WATERSHEDS Laurent Orgogozo *1, Oleg S. Pokrovsky 1, Yves Goddéris 1, Jérôme Viers 1, David Labat 1, Anatoly Prokushkin 2. 1Geosciences Environment Toulouse, Toulouse, France 2V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Russia ABSTRACT This chapter deals with the thermo-hydrological determinants of weathering fluxes in boreal watersheds, and with the insights on this matter that may be expected from a mechanistic modelling approach. Focus will be placed on the weathering fluxes in the permafrost dominated watersheds of the basaltic region of the Putorana Plateau in Central Siberia, one of the largest and most pristine boreal forested areas (Pokrovsky et al., 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Central Siberian Plateau with Particular
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656181; this version posted May 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Central Siberian Plateau with Particular Reference to Prehistory of Northernmost Eurasia S. V. Dryomov*,1, A. M. Nazhmidenova*,1, E. B. Starikovskaya*,1, S. A. Shalaurova1, N. Rohland2, S. Mallick2,3,4, R. Bernardos2, A. P. Derevianko5, D. Reich2,3,4, R. I. Sukernik1. 1 Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SBRAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 2 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA 4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 5 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, SBRAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Corresponding author: Rem Sukernik ([email protected]) * These authors contributed equally to this work. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656181; this version posted May 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The Central Siberian Plateau was last geographic area in Eurasia to become habitable by modern humans after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Russian Gas Connections and Impacts
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY JAPANESE ENERGY SECURITY AND CHANGING GLOBAL ENERGY MARKETS: AN ANALYSIS OF NORTHEAST ASIAN ENERGY COOPERATION AND JAPAN’S EVOLVING LEADERSHIP ROLE IN THE REGION SINO-RUSSIAN GAS CONNECTIONS AND IMPACTS XIAOJIE XU PETROSTRATEGICSTUDIES BEIJING, CHINA PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY SPONSORED BY THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY – MAY 2000 Sino-Russian Gas Connections and Impacts CONTENT INTRODUCTION CHANGING ENERGY PICTURE IN NORTHEAST ASIA 1. Energy Demands 2. New Hydrocarbon Sources SEARCHING FOR COOPERATION 1. Quests for Russian Resources - Japan - South Korea - North Korea and Mongolia - China 2. Sino-Russian Gas Cooperation - Gas import options and routes - E&P joint ventures in Russia - Extensive cooperation - Financial arrangements - Environmental protection - Governmental coordination - Risk management GEOPOLITICS 1. Geopolitical impacts 2. Geopolitical comparison CONCLUSIONS 1. Prospects 2. Strategic Choices ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCE 2 Sino-Russian Gas Connections and Impacts INTRODUCTION Northeast Asia (N. E. Asia), a sub-region on the Eurasian continent, is strategically significant both geographically and economically. The region has a history of strife including the Russian occupation of Japanese northern islands, the separation of the Koreas as result of Korean War and the Japanese invasion of China during the World War II. Economic connections and political cooperation in this region was minimal during the entire Cold War. Energy producing countries did not export to key consumers in the region. Russian Siberia is bestowed with huge hydrocarbon resources and serves as a large non- OPEC producer competing with OPEC.
    [Show full text]
  • Processes of Runoff Formation at the Putorana Plateau (Central Siberia, Russia)
    EGU21-208 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-208 EGU General Assembly 2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Processes of runoff formation at the Putorana Plateau (Central Siberia, Russia) Anastasiia Zemlianskova1,2, Olga Makarieva1,2, and Nataliia Nesterova1,2 1Saint Petersburg State, Earth sciences, Land hydrology, Russian Federation ([email protected]) 2North-Eastern research permafrost station, Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Magadan, Russian Federation The Putorana Plateau is located in the North-West of the Central Siberian Plateau in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in permafrost zone. Some mountain peaks reach a height of 1400 - 1700 m. The plateau is composed of stepped canyons formed by the outpouring of a huge mass of red-hot basalts. The Putorana Plateau is the territory that is still unexplored in hydrological terms. Climate change contributes to an increase in the thickness of seasonal thawing, therefore, the conditions of runoff formation change. The purpose of the work is to study the factors of runoff formation, including the research of geocryological conditions based on short-term expedition data of the State Hydrological Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia) collected in small catchments in 1988-1990. The object of study is the catchment of the stream Dupkun (an area of 2.75 sq. km), which is located in the basin of the Kureyka river basin, the right tributary of Yenisei River in the southwestern part of the Putorana Plateau. The maximum height of the catchment is 1228 m, and the hydrological gauge is located at an altitude of 923 m. The average slope of the catchment area is 12°.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Silicate Weathering Processes in the Permafrost-Dominated Lena River Watershed Using Lithium Isotopes
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 245 (2019) 154–171 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca Tracing silicate weathering processes in the permafrost-dominated Lena River watershed using lithium isotopes Melissa J. Murphy a,⇑, Don Porcelli a, Philip A.E. Pogge von Strandmann b, Catherine A. Hirst c,d, Liselott Kutscher c,e, Joachim A. Katchinoff f, Carl-Magnus Mo¨rth e, Trofim Maximov g, Per S. Andersson c a Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK b London Geochemistry and Isotope Centre (LOGIC), Institute of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University College London and Birkbeck College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK c Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden d Earth and Life Institute, Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, L7.05.10, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium e Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden f Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, USA g Institute for Biological Problems of the Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Russia Received 25 March 2018; accepted in revised form 19 October 2018; Available online 31 October 2018 Abstract Increasing global temperatures are causing widespread changes in the Arctic, including permafrost thawing and altered freshwater inputs and trace metal and carbon fluxes into the ocean and atmosphere. Changes in the permafrost active layer thickness can affect subsurface water flow-paths and water-rock interaction times, and hence weathering processes. Riverine lithium isotope ratios (reported as d7Li) are tracers of silicate weathering that are unaffected by biological uptake, redox, car- bonate weathering and primary lithology.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia.Pdf 71 Chicago Tribune
    Table of Contents PROFILE 5 INTRODUCTION 5 FACTS AND FIGURES 6 GEOGRAPHY 15 INTRODUCTION 15 GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES 15 KOLA PENINSULA 15 RUSSIAN PLAIN 15 CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS 16 URAL MOUNTAINS 16 WEST SIBERIAN PLAIN 17 CENTRAL SIBERIAN PLATEAU 17 TAYMYR PENINSULA 17 MOUNTAINS OF THE SOUTH AND EAST 18 CLIMATE 19 RIVERS AND LAKES 20 CASPIAN SEA/BLACK SEA 20 ARCTIC OCEAN 21 PACIFIC OCEAN 22 MAJOR CITIES 23 MOSCOW 24 SAINT PETERSBURG 25 NOVOSIBIRSK 26 NIZHNIY NOVGOROD 27 YEKATERINBURG 28 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 29 WATER POLLUTION 29 NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS 29 NATURAL HAZARDS 30 HISTORY 32 EARLY HISTORY 32 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE 32 KIEVAN RUS 33 THE MONGOL INVASION 34 THE GOLDEN HORDE 34 THE RISE OF MUSCOVY (MOSCOW) 35 IVAN IV (THE TERRIBLE) 36 BORIS GODUNOV AND THE TIME OF TROUBLES 37 THE ROMANOVS 38 PETER I (THE GREAT) 38 THE ERA OF PALACE REVOLUTIONS 39 2 CATHERINE II 40 THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY 41 REFORM EFFORTS 41 ALEXANDER III 42 REVOLUTIONS AND CIVIL WAR 43 PROLOGUE TO REVOLUTION 43 WORLD WAR I AND THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 44 THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION 45 THE SOVIET ERA 46 THE ASCENT OF STALIN 46 STALIN’S PURGES 47 WORLD WAR II 47 POST WORLD WAR II 48 KHRUSHCHEV AND THE POST-STALIN THAW 49 BREZHNEV, ANDROPOV, AND CHERNENKO 50 PERESTROIKA AND GLASNOST 50 THE LAST YEARS OF THE SOVIET UNION 51 END GAME 52 POST-SOVIET RUSSIA 53 ECONOMIC TROUBLES 53 CHECHNYA 53 PUTIN AND MEDVEDEV 54 ECONOMY 56 INTRODUCTION 56 INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING 56 AGRICULTURE 57 BANKING AND CURRENCY 58 TRADE 59 INVESTMENT 61 ENERGY AND MINERAL
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Dynamics in Forest Fire Affected Permafrost Soils
    Dissertationes Forestales 288 Carbon dynamics in forest fire affected permafrost soils Heidi Aaltonen Department of Forest Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Academic dissertation To be presentend with the permission of Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in lecture room B5 (Latokartanonkaari 7) on March 20, 2020, at 12 o’clock noon. 2 Title of dissertation: Carbon dynamics in forest fire affected permafrost soils Author: Heidi Aaltonen Dissertationes Forestales 288 https://doi.org/10.14214/df.288 Use licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Thesis supervisors: Professor Jukka Pumpanen Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Professor Frank Berninger Department of Environmental Science and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Assistant Professor Kristiina Karhu Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Academy Research Fellow Kajar Köster Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Pre-examiners: Professor Heike Knicker Institute for Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Sevilla, Spanish National Research Council Docent Sari Stark Arctic Center, University of Lapland Opponent: Dr. David Paré Canadian Forest Service, Canada ISSN 1795-7389 (online) ISBN 978-951-651-666-3 (pdf) ISSN 2323-9220 (print) ISBN 978-951-651-667-0 (paperback) Printers: Unigrafia, Helsinki 2020 Publishers: Finnish Society of Forest Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of University of Helsinki School of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Helsinki Editorial Office: Finnish Society of Forest Science Viikinkaari 6, 00790 Helsinki http://www.dissertationesforestales.fi Cover: Heidi Aaltonen 3 Aaltonen H.
    [Show full text]