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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 - POTENTIAL OF FLASH FLOODING OF THE DRAINAGE BASINS OF QUSEIR AREA AND RISK EVALUATION Samir M. aid…………………………….……………….…………….1-16 2 – FLOOD HAZARD BETWEEN MARSA ALAM - RAS BANAS, RED SEA, EGYPT M. A. Azab………………………………….……………………………..…...…17 - 35 3 - UTILIZATION OF MULTI-DATES LANDSAT_TM DATA TO DETECT AND QUANTIFY CHANGE OF THE EL-RAYAN LAKES-FAYUM-EGYPT FROM 1987 TO 2001 M. A. Azab ………………………………………………………….……..……. 37 - 45 4 - SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME S-AND N-β-D- GLUCOSIDES OF PYRIMIDIN-4-THIOL A. H. Moustafa, H. A. Morsy and A. Z. Haikal ………………………….……47 - 63 5 - ULTRASTRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF THE ADRENAL CORTICAL CELLS OF RATS DURING SUPPRESSION OF SECRETION BY DEXAMETHASONE INJECTION Kamel Zaki Hemmaid………………………………………………..…..…....…65 - 83 6 - STUDIES ON HAEMOGREGARINE SPECIES PARASITE OF WHITE SPOTTED GECKO (TARENTOLA ANNULARIS) Zein Abd-Al-Aal,El-Sayed Aly,Sabry Ahmed & Saeed EL-Raey ………….…85 - 97 7 - COMPARISON BETWEEN THE AIR POLLUTION FOR EL SHARKIA GOVERNORATE BY USING DIFFERENT METHOD ESTIMATION OF EXTREMES VALUE MODELS H. M Barakat, E. M Nigm, A. A. Ramdan and O. M. Khaled………………99 - 111 8 - ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ (ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻥﻣ ﻮ ﺫ ﺟ ﺎ ً) ﺤﺴﻴن اﻟﺒﺸﻴر أﺤﻤد ﺸﻔﺸﻪ 113 - 129 Fourth Environmental Conference, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 2009, 1-16 POTENTIAL OF FLASH FLOODING OF THE DRAINAGE BASINS OF QUSEIR AREA AND RISK EVALUATION Samir M. Zaid Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Zagazig University ABSTRACT The study area is located along the Red Sea Coast and covers an area of about 1645km2 INTRODUCTION The investigated area is located along the Red Sea Coast and covers an area of about 1645 2 kmP .P It extends between latitudes 25º 50' - 26º 10' N and longitudes 33º 40' - 34º 20' E (Fig. 1). The objectives of the present work are: a) Study the effect of the topography and geologic structure on the drainage basins of the investigated area, b) Determining and evaluating the morphometeric parameters of the hydrographic basins using Landsat TM (bands 7, 4, 2 in RGB), photo mosaics and topographic maps, and c) Evaluate the flooding potential of the drainage network affecting the Quseir town as well as Qift – Quseir road and mitigative their flash flood hazards. METEOROLOGY The study area is characterized by arid climate, very low rainfall, high temperature, and high evaporation rate. The available rainfall data obtained from the Egyptian Authority of Meteorology (1996) show that the maximum rainfall in one day recorded from Quseir station during November is about 50 mm/day. These rainfalls come in the form of flashfloods which affect the downstream villages and towns along the Red Sea coast. During 1989, these flash floods destructed the railways which connect between Abu Tartour phosphate mines at the west and Hamrawein phosphate factories (near Quseir) at the east. They also caused severe damage to transverse highways (Qift– Quseir roads) and the coastal highway (Quseir – Marsa Alam roads). According to the statistical analysis of the Technology of Valleys Group (1983), it is found that every 50 years a storm of about 30 mm is likely to occur and so on. This means that the next strong storm is expected to be occurred in 2039. 2 Samir M. Zaid Fig. (1): Landsat TM image of Quseir region. Fig.(2): Elevation contour map showing the topographic features of study area. POTENTIAL OF FLASH FLOODING OF THE DRAINAGE 3 Fig. (3): Grid distribution map of study area GEOMORPHOLOY The area is limited from the east by the Red Sea, trending NW- SE. The study area could be subdivided into three distinct geomorphic units (Fig. 2): 1- Coastal plain; it represents the eastern narrow strip of the study area that running parallel to the Red Sea coast. It extends in a NW-SE trend and ranges in elevation between few to tens of meters above sea level. 2- Pediment; it forms the foot of the highly mountainous basement terrain. It ranges in elevation between 10m to 400m above sea level. Its slope represents a transitional zone, from very low slope of coastal plain to the steep slopes of the Red Sea mountains. 3- The Red Sea mountains; they represent a part of the Red Sea basement terrains of Quseir area. They represent the upstream catchments area of rainfall, where water flows to the Red Sea. They range in elevation between 400m to more than 1000m above sea level. Each of these units has its own characteristic shape, pattern, and relief according to its mode of formation and the type and size of rocks and sediments constituting the unit. GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTING The area under consideration is covered by variety of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks belonging to Precambrian, and Phanerozoic ages (Meshref, 1982) Quseir 4 Samir M. Zaid area, by its location along the Red Sea Coast, is affected by its structural elements and tectonism. The synoptic view of satellite imagery revealed some regional fracture lineaments. Some of these lineaments are affecting the Tertiary sedimentary rocks and very few others are affecting the Quaternary deposits in the whole parts of the study area. A total number of 195 linear features were detected and their total length 1060.5 km (Tables 1, 2). The airphoto pattern proves to be distinctly preferred in orientation, and is characterized by local density variation. Most of the detected linear features are long, parallel with few perpendiculars. The western part of the area seams to have a small number of lineations pointing out to the soft rocks of Cenozoic rocks. Moreover, the intensity of tectonic movements in the area also decreases to the west direction, away from the basement complex. The concentration of linear features decrease nearly from the center of study area to both the northeast and southwest directions. This may be attributed to tectonic movements occurred during the Oligo-Miocene which was accompanied with the rifting of the Red Sea graben. The study area is subdivided into equal grids for quantitative analyses of structure lineaments (Fig. 3). These lineaments exhibit different directions and lengths. Figure (4) shows the presence of 195 linear features exhibiting the directions: NW, NNW, WNW and NE. The analysis of these fracture lineaments using the point diagram reveals that the most intensive anomaly has been concentrated on the middle part of the study area (Fig. 5) POTENTIAL OF FLASH FLOODING OF THE DRAINAGE 5 . The drainage basins and their drainage network were identified from geometrically correctly enhanced Landsat TM (bands 7, 4, 2 in RGB). Specific computer routines (Arc GIS, 8.3) were used for delineation of drainage networks and basin boundaries, and in computing basin and stream variables and their morphometeric parameters. The drainage nets of these basins are well developed, integrated and fairly high in average density. The pattern is mostly dendritic in shape and runs east -northeast. The analysis of drainage lineations showed a parallelism of preferred orientation. The orientational characteristics show the salient of NW and NE to be the same trends of fracture lineaments. The study indicates that the drainage system of Wadi Ambagi, Wadi El Iseiwid and Wadi Zareib threaten the Red Sea coastal towns of Quseir, as well as the highways connecting and crossing them. With respect to flashflood hazard, the basins rank as moderate to high hazard on most of studied basins. To protect these roads and town of Quseir from the flashflood hazard, cross opens parallel to the water flow direction and at right angles to the roads must be made and earth dams should be built at the mouths of the active wadis. 6 Samir M. Zaid Thus, analysis of the surface structure lineaments reflect the important tectonic directions previously detected by Youssef (1968), Halsey and Gardner (1975) and Meshref (1982). The tectonic trends detected in the present study explain the tectonic framework and the tectonic history of the area. These tectonic trends are the Aqaba (NE-SW) and Suez (NW-SE) trends, which are considered as two ideal and complementary sets of shear fractures that may result from a northern horizontal compressive force oriented in NW direction (Youssef, 1968). DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS The study area represents a part of the Red Sea megabasin (El Shazly et al., 1991 and Yehia et al., 1999). It includes four drainage basins. These drainage basins are Wadi Abu Ziran, Wadi Kareim, Wadi el Iseiwid and Wadi Zareib (Fig. 6). Qualitative Analysis: The drainage lineation analyses of the Quseir area showed that these drainage are well developed, integrated, dense and oriented (Fig. 6). The common drainage patterns are denderitic, trellis, rectangular and parallel and run from west and northwest to east. The orientations of most of these wadis correspond, to a marked degree, to the prevailing trends of the fracture pattern of the region, implying that the fractures commonly control substantial parts of the course of the wadis and do determine their sharp bends (Yehia et al., 1999). Quantitative Analysis: In the study area, the drainage basins and their drainage network were identified from geometrically correctly enhanced Landsat TM (bands 7, 4, 2 in RBG). Specific computer routines (Arc GIS, 8.3) were used for delineation of drainage networks and basin boundaries, and in computing basin and stream variables and their morphometeric parameters. Linear drainage basin parameters (Basin order (O), Bifurcation ratio (Rb), Total drainage segment number (N), Basin length (L), Total drainage network length (Ld), Length of overland flow (Lo), Maximum drainage network length (WL), and Sinuosity (Si)), areal drainage basin characteristics (Basin area (A), Drainage frequency (F), Drainage density (D), Basin width (W), Basin perimeter (P), Circularity ratio (C), and Elongation ratio (E)), and relief drainage basin characteristics (Relief (H, Slope (S) and Ruggedness number (M)) are computed to predict the relative flashflood hazard and infiltration degree for the distinct drainage basin as well as their capability for ground water recharge (Table 3 ).
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