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Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Amphidiniopsis Rotundata Sp Phycologia (2012) Volume 51 (2), 157–167 Published 12 March 2012 Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Amphidiniopsis rotundata sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), a benthic marine dinoflagellate 1,3 2 3 3 MONA HOPPENRATH *, MARINA SELINA ,AIKA YAMAGUCHI AND BRIAN LEANDER 1Senckenberg Research Institute, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Su¨dstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany 2A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology FEB RAS, Far Eastern Federal University,Vladivostok 690041, Russia 3University of British Columbia, Departments of Botany and Zoology, #3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada HOPPENRATH M., SELINA M., YAMAGUCHI A. AND LEANDER B. 2012. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Amphidiniopsis rotundata sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), a benthic marine dinoflagellate. Phycologia 51: 157–167. DOI: 10.2216/11-35.1 A new dinoflagellate species within the benthic, heterotrophic, and thecate genus Amphidiniopsis was discovered, independently, in sediment samples taken on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean: (1) the Vancouver area, Canada, and (2) Vostok Bay, the Sea of Japan, Russia. The cell morphology was characterized using light and scanning electron microscopy, and the phylogenetic position of this species was inferred from small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. The thecal plate pattern [formula: apical pore complex 49 3a 70 5c 5(6)s 5- 2-9] and ornamentation, as well as the general cell shape without an apical hook or posterior spines, demonstrated that this taxon is different from all other described species within the genus. Amphidiniopsis rotundata sp. nov. was dorsoventrally flattened, 24.5–38.5 mm long, 22.6– 32.5 mm wide. The sulcus was characteristically curved and shifted to the left of the ventral side of the cell. This work presents the first molecular study including a representative of the genus Amphidiniopsis, and led us to propose a new combination, Amphidiniopsis dragescoi comb. nov. (formerly Thecadinium dragescoi), and also suggests a close relationship between Amphidiniopsis, Herdmania (another benthic genus), and Archaeperidinium minutum (a planktonic species). KEY WORDS: Amphidiniopsis, Archaeperidinium, Herdmania, Northeast Pacific, Sand-dwelling, Taxonomy, Sea of Japan, SSU rDNA, Thecadinium dragescoi INTRODUCTION 1982; Hoppenrath 2000a; Yoshimatsu et al. 2000; Murray & Patterson 2002; Toriumi et al. 2002). Currently, Amphidiniopsis was introduced by Wołoszyn´ska (1928) with Amphidiniopsis is characterized by an ascending cingulum, the type species A. kofoidii. The history of records, a distinctive curved sulcus and hypothecal plate pattern nomenclatural changes and classification schemes of (Hoppenrath et al. 2009a). Because the genus contains a Amphidiniopsis species were summarized in Hoppenrath great deal of morphological heterogeneity, it is possible that (2000a) and Hoppenrath et al. (2009a). The genus includes Amphidiniopsis contains a pattern of subclades that 14 validly described species: A. aculeata Hoppenrath, represent several different ‘genus-level’ taxa. This hypoth- Koeman & Leander, A. arenaria Hoppenrath, A. cristata esis can be tested with molecular phylogenetic data, which Hoppenrath, A. dentata Hoppenrath, A. galericulata were unavailable before this study. A revision of the genus Hoppenrath, A. hexagona Yoshimatsu, Toriumi & Dodge, is also needed, but to do so, the type species (A. kofoidii) A. hirsutum (Balech) Dodge, A. kofoidii Woloszynska, A. needs to be defined unambiguously and reinvestigated, korewalensis Murray & Patterson, A. pectinaria Toriumi, especially specimens from the type locality. Similarities Yoshimatu & Dodge, A. sibbaldii Nicholls, A. swedmarkii between Amphidiniopsis and other genera and the system- (Balech) Dodge, A. urnaeformis Gail 1950, and A. uroensis atic placement of this genus within the order Peridiniales Toriumi, Yoshimatu & Dodge (Wołoszyn´ska 1928; Gail have been discussed in Hoppenrath (2000a). 1950; Balech 1956; Dodge 1982; Nicholls 1998, 1999; Comparative morphology and molecular phylogenetic Hoppenrath 2000a; Yoshimatsu et al. 2000; Murray & analyses suggest that Thecadinium dragescoi Balech is Patterson 2002; Toriumi et al. 2002; Hoppenrath et al. distinct from, and only distantly related to, Thecadinium 2009a). All of these species are heterotrophic sand dwellers Kofoid & Skogsberg and may instead be a member of with diverse cell morphologies, including morphological Amphidiniopsis (Hoppenrath et al. 2004). It has been shown variability within the same species (Bursa 1963; Selina & repeatedly that patterns of thecal plates can be interpreted Hoppenrath 2008). Species are laterally or dorsoventrally differently, and that this affects the plate formula and of flattened, with a complete or incomplete cingulum, and course the discussion about species similarities (e.g. Murray with or without an apical hook (e.g. Balech 1956; Dodge & Patterson 2002; Hoppenrath et al. 2004; Hoppenrath & Selina 2006). The heterogeneity within the genus and the * Corresponding author ([email protected]). absence of molecular phylogenetic information made the 157 158 Phycologia, Vol. 51 (2), 2012 Figs 1–8. Light micrographs of Amphidiniopsis rotundata sp. nov. Figs 1–4, 8. Living cells from Canada. Figs 5–7. Lugol-fixed cells from Russia. Figs 1–4. Through focus of a single cell. Note ventral sulcus (Fig. 1), single pusule (p) (Figs 2, 3), and nucleus (Figs 3, 4). Figs 5, 6. Through focus of sulcus. Fig. 7. Large central nucleus (n). Fig. 8. A cell with two pusules (p). Scale bars 5 10 mm. transfer of T. dragescoi into Amphidiniopsis tenuous at best seawater ice (Uhlig 1964). The flagellates that accumulated (e.g. Hoppenrath et al. 2004; Yamaguchi et al. 2011). in a Petri dish beneath the filter were identified at the light However, recently reported molecular phylogenetic data microscope level. This sample was used as a source of demonstrated a novel clade comprised of T. dragescoi, isolated cells of this new species (see below). Herdmania litoralis Dodge emend. Hoppenrath, and In Russia, sampling was carried out in Vostok Bay in the Archaeperidinium minutum (Kofoid) Jo¨rgensen (Yamaguchi Sea of Japan (42u539130N, 132u439360E). The samples were et al. 2011). This is consistent with the suggestion that H. collected from May 2006 to December 2006 and from May litoralis should be placed in the order Peridiniales, despite 2007 to January 2008. The upper 5-cm sand layer was the unusual tabulation pattern that is difficult to categorize collected under water using a square reservoir at 0.5–1.0-m (Hoppenrath 2000b). depth. Filtered seawater was added to the sand, which was In the present study, an unidentifiable species was then thoroughly agitated. The resultant suspension was recognized as a member of Amphidiniopsis, as currently subjected to two stages of filtration through fine gauze circumscribed, and was described as a new species from two (mesh size of 150 and 80 mm, respectively). The sample was localities on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean: Canada then concentrated by filtration through 20-mm mesh-size and Russia. The new species is characterized with light and gauze. A 20–80-mm fraction was collected in this manner. scanning electron microscopy and with molecular phyloge- The concentrated sample was fixed with Lugol’s solution. netic analyses of the first small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal (r)DNA sequence for any Amphidiniopsis species. Light microscopy For Canadian material, living cells were observed using a Leica DMIL inverted microscope (Wetzlar, Germany) and MATERIAL AND METHODS isolated by micropipetting. These were further character- ized and images captured at the light microscope level using Sampling differential intereference contrast optics on a Zeiss Ax- ioplan 2 imaging microscope (Carl-Zeiss, Oberkochen, In Canada, sand samples were collected with a spoon Germany) connected to a Leica DC500 color digital camera during low tide at Centennial Beach, Boundary Bay, BC, (Wetzlar, Germany). Canada from April 2005 to August 2007. The sand samples Isolated fixed cells of the Russian material were were transported directly to the laboratory, and the transferred onto a glass slide and observed directly with flagellates were separated from the sand by extraction an Olympus BX41 light microscope (Tokyo, Japan). Images through a fine filter (mesh size 45 mm) using melting were captured using an Olympus C2020Z digital camera Hoppenrath et al.: Amphidiniopsis rotundata sp. nov. 159 Figs 9–16. Scanning electron micrographs of Amphidiniopsis rotundata sp. nov. (Figs 9–11, 14–16 stub CEDiT2011H11 and Figs 12, 13 stub CEDiT2011RM12, stored at the Centre of Excellence for Dinophyte Taxonomy, Wilhelmshaven, Germany). Figs 9–11. Ventral views. Note the marginal listlike structure (arrow) of the Sp-plate and its generally prominent, spinelike marginal list at the border to the Ss-plate (arrowhead). Figs 12, 13. Dorsal views. Note the variable lengths of the plate border between 2a and 3a (arrow) and the beginning and end of the fourth cingular plate (4c) (arrowheads). Fig. 14. Apical view. Note the border between 2a and 3a plates (arrow). Fig. 15. Antapical view. Fig. 16. Detail of the sulcal plates. Scale bars 5 10 mm. (Tokyo, Japan). Cell dimensions were measured for 10 cells stubs, sputter-coated with gold and viewed using an Hitachi at 3640 magnification using an ocular micrometer. S4700 scanning electron microscope (SEM). Some SEM images were presented on a black background using Adobe Scanning
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