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Influencing Factors of Postretirement Work. In-Depth Analysis of the Chilean Case

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Influencing Factors of Postretirement Work. In-Depth Analysis of the Chilean Case Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Instituto de Sociología Programa de Doctorado en Sociología Influencing Factors of Postretirement Work. In-depth Analysis of the Chilean Case. Ph.D. candidate: Milda Galkutė Advisor: Dr. María Soledad Herrera Ponce Internal Examiners: Dr. Beatriz Fernández Lorca, Dr. Nora Gray Gariazzo External Examiner: Dr. Carlos María Alcover Santiago de Chile December, 2020 Abstract The unprecedented population ageing has had an impact on different settings in the societies across the globe, particularly on the health care and social protection of the elderly, pension reserve funds, and labour market trends. As a result, many governments have been advocating for active ageing by encouraging older adults to remain economically active even after reaching legal retirement age. Thus, several contemporary scholars in social gerontology have argued that there is an urgent need for new research to focus on postretirement work- related concerns (Phillipson, 2018; Taylor et al., 2016). While this topic has already been addressed in many developed countries, especially in Europe, it remains under-studied in most developing countries like Chile, characterised by fast-paced population ageing process, the presence of a strong neoliberal perspective that promotes the dual-earner model, and deeply-rooted traditional gender roles that keep restraining older women from participating in economic activity. Hence, following the suggestions of contemporary social gerontologists and considering the particular scenery of Chile, this thesis aims to answer the following research question: What are the factors that drive older adults to remain employed after legal retirement age in Chile? To this end, I have conducted three interconnected studies. First, a systematic literature review to identify the factors associated with postretirement work in different countries; I then conducted a quantitative study to examine influencing factors of extended careers in Chile; Finally, I explored the intrinsic motivation to continue working of Chilean adults of retirement age through 32 semi-structured interviews. The systematic literature review provides further insight into which multidimensional factors are most likely to increase older workers’ probability to extend their careers, differentiating between the socio-demographic, implicit, work-related, and life-related factors. As for quantitative findings of this research, the results suggest that intrinsic motivation to continue working is a significant predictor of postretirement work among older Chilean adults, especially among women. This study also indicates that even though older Chilean women with discontinuous work trajectories are motivated to continue working, they have lower probabilities to do so when compared to their male counterparts. Finally, the qualitative part of this research provided a better understanding of intrinsic older adults’ work motivation by identifying three prevailing themes, namely, the meaning that work gives to life, future older adults’ projects and postretirement orientations, and work as the primary source of social interaction. 1 Acknowledgements Doing this doctorate has been an important development process not only in professional but also in personal terms. During this academic journey I have met people who have supported me on many occasions and in different ways, making this stage of my life incredibly satisfy- ing and rewarding. I would first like to thank my supervisor Dr. María Soledad Herrera Ponce who has patiently provided guidance throughout my research. Thank you for your patience, support and knowledge. I am also very grateful to Dr. Nora Gray Gariazzo and Dr. M. Beatriz Fernández Lorca for their insightful comments and suggestions throughout the writing of my thesis. I thank Dr. Brendan Burchell, who hosted me at the University of Cambridge during my last year of Ph.D. studies, for the opportunity to participate in weekly reading seminars which have had a very positive impact on the development of my thesis. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the Institute of Sociology of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. I have always felt that in the event of a trouble, I would be supported and encouraged by the faculty members. I also thank ANID for the scholarship that made it possible for me to dedicate these years to my doctorate. On a more personal level, I would like to thank all my doctoral colleagues. In particular Alejandra Martínez Pereira, with whom I have shared my joys, achievements and concerns. This journey would not have been so enjoyable without our stimulating discussions and mu- tual encouragements. Likewise, I am very grateful to my brother Martynas Galkus, and my friends Edita Koliataitė and Ventura Davila, who would always lift my spirits and encourage me to continue. Knowing that they believed in me has been a powerful motivator at this stage of my life. Finally, a special thanks goes to my parents, Tatjana and Adomas, who have always been the best example for me of hard work and perseverance. To them I dedicate this doctoral thesis. 2 Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 1. Chapter One: Contextual Background ......................................................................... 10 1.1. Retirement Timing .................................................................................................................. 10 1.2. Postretirement Work in an International Context ................................................................... 13 1.3. Postretirement Work in Chile ................................................................................................ 16 1.4. The Social Outbreak in Chile .................................................................................................. 19 1.5. Research Objectives ................................................................................................................ 21 2. Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 23 2.1. The Critical Perspectives in Social Gerontology .................................................................... 23 2.2. Gendered Life Course Perspective .......................................................................................... 26 2.3. The Meaning of Work Theory ................................................................................................ 31 3. Chapter Three: Methodology ........................................................................................ 35 3.1. Research Strategies ................................................................................................................. 35 3.2. Paper 1: Systematic Literature Review ................................................................................... 37 3.3. Paper 2: The Quantitative Approach ....................................................................................... 38 3.4. Paper 3: The Qualitative Approach ......................................................................................... 40 4. Chapter Four: Paper One .............................................................................................. 44 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 44 4.2. The Conceptualisation of Postretirement Work ...................................................................... 47 4.3. Methods ................................................................................................................................... 48 4.4. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 55 4.5. Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 61 4.6. Practical Implications .............................................................................................................. 64 4.7. Limitations .............................................................................................................................. 65 4.8. Future Research Agenda ......................................................................................................... 66 5. Chapter Five: Paper Two ............................................................................................... 68 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 68 5.2. Gendered Labour Force Participation of Older Adults in Chile ............................................. 70 5.3. Theoretical Background .......................................................................................................... 72 5.4. Research Hypotheses .............................................................................................................. 74 5.5. Methods ................................................................................................................................... 75 5.6. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 81 5.7. Discussion and Conclusion ....................................................................................................
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