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Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1). -
The Chronicle Henry of Livonia
THE CHRONICLE of HENRY OF LIVONIA HENRICUS LETTUS TRANSLATED WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY James A. Brundage � COLUMBIA UNIVERSI'IY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press RECORDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION is a series published under the aus Publishers Since 1893 pices of the InterdepartmentalCommittee on Medieval and Renaissance New York Chichester,West Sussex Studies of the Columbia University Graduate School. The Western Records are, in fact, a new incarnation of a venerable series, the Co Copyright© University ofWisconsin Press, 1961 lumbia Records of Civilization, which, for more than half a century, New introduction,notes, and bibliography© 2003 Columbia University Press published sources and studies concerning great literary and historical All rights reserved landmarks. Many of the volumes of that series retain value, especially for their translations into English of primary sources, and the Medieval and Renaissance Studies Committee is pleased to cooperate with Co Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData lumbia University Press in reissuing a selection of those works in pa Henricus, de Lettis, ca. II 87-ca. 12 59. perback editions, especially suited for classroom use, and in limited [Origines Livoniae sacrae et civilis. English] clothbound editions. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia / Henricus Lettus ; translatedwith a new introduction and notes by James A. Brundage. Committee for the Records of Western Civilization p. cm. - (Records of Western civilization) Originally published: Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Caroline Walker Bynum With new introd. Joan M. Ferrante Includes bibliographical references and index. CarmelaVircillo Franklin Robert Hanning ISBN 978-0-231-12888-9 (cloth: alk. paper)---ISBN 978-0-231-12889-6 (pbk.: alk. -
Hiis Sites in the Research History of Estonian Sacred Places
HIIS SITES IN THE RESEARCH HISTORY OF ESTONIAN SACRED PLACES Tõnno Jonuks Abstract: The article gives an overview of the history of research of holy places which are called hiis in Estonia from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 21st century. The emphasis of the study is on academic treatments on the sub- ject, and the article analyses the main research problems. The concept of hiis has been discussed to a lesser degree in the context of national ideology and identity, which nevertheless has left an important mark on academic studies. Key words: hiis, history of research, holy grove, natural holy place Sacred natural places, among which hiis sites (further on the semantics of the Estonian word hiis, see below) form the best known and the most thoroughly investigated part, and which are the most important archaeological places con- nected with Estonian religion, have started to attract multifarious scientific interest only recently (e.g., Remmel 1998; Jonuks 2007; Kütt 2007; Valk 2007a, b, c). Although pagan sanctuaries have been the object of research for the clergy, politicians and historians already since the 18th century, more gen- eral and analytical studies are still lacking. The study of similar sites leaves much to be desired not only in Estonia, but natural holy places have emerged as subject of research during the past few years in the neighbouring countries as well (Bradley 2000, Brink 2001, Vaitkevičius 2004, Urtāns 2008). Despite the paucity of academic studies there has been a long history of the treatment of hiis places and other non-Christian sites in Estonia, especially in the context of national identity. -
University of Tarty Faculty of Philosophy Department of History
UNIVERSITY OF TARTY FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY LINDA KALJUNDI Waiting for the Barbarians: The Imagery, Dynamics and Functions of the Other in Northern German Missionary Chronicles, 11th – Early 13th Centuries. The Gestae Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum of Adam of Bremen, Chronica Slavorum of Helmold of Bosau, Chronica Slavorum of Arnold of Lübeck, and Chronicon Livoniae of Henry of Livonia Master’s Thesis Supervisor: MA Marek Tamm, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales / University of Tartu Second supervisor: PhD Anti Selart University of Tartu TARTU 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 I HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AND INTERTEXTS 5 I.1 THE SOURCE MATERIAL 5 I.2. THE DILATATIO OF LATIN CHRISTIANITY: THE MISSION TO THE NORTH FROM THE NINTH UNTIL EARLY THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 28 I.3 NATIONAL TRAGEDIES, MISSIONARY WARS, CRUSADES, OR COLONISATION: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PATTERNS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY 36 I.4 THE LEGATIO IN GENTES IN THE NORTH: THE MAKING OF A TRADITION 39 I.5 THE OTHER 46 II TO DISCOVER 52 I.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 52 PERSONAE 55 LOCI 67 II.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 73 PERSONAE 74 LOCI 81 II.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 86 PERSONAE 87 LOCI 89 II.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 93 PERSONAE 93 LOCI 102 III TO CONQUER 105 III.1 ADAM OF BREMEN, GESTA HAMMABURGENSIS ECCLESIAE PONTIFICUM 107 PERSONAE 108 LOCI 128 III.2 HELMOLD OF BOSAU, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 134 PERSONAE 135 LOCI 151 III.3 ARNOLD OF LÜBECK, CHRONICA SLAVORUM 160 PERSONAE 160 LOCI 169 III.4 HENRY OF LIVONIA, CHRONICON LIVONIAE 174 PERSONAE 175 LOCI 197 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY 210 RESÜMEE 226 APPENDIX 2 Introduction The following thesis discusses the image of the Slavic, Nordic, and Baltic peoples and lands as the Other in the historical writing of the Northern mission. -
Kirjanduse Auhindamised Eestis 1918–1940*
Kristi Raudmäe:Layout 1 01.06.09 17:16 Page 426 KIRJANDUSE AUHINDAMISED EESTIS 1918–194 0* KRISTI RAUDMÄE oos iseseisvusega tekkis võimalus ise oma kirjanduselu korraldada ning selle arengut suunata. Asuti aktiivselt välja töötama kultuuri- ja kir - K jandustegelaste toetussüsteemi (Eesti Kultuurkapital). Kirjanduselu üldine institutsionaliseeritus kasvas, samuti tegutses neil aastail mitmeid loomingulisi rühmitusi ja professionaalseid organisatsioone (Eesti Kirjanikku - de Liit, Eesti PEN-klubi). Kirjanduse auhindamiseks, kirjanikele loomingu - liste toetuste jagamiseks tehti mitmeid erinevaid algatusi. Toimus palju kir - jandusvõistlusi (Looduse romaanivõistlus, Haridusliidu näidendivõistlus, lastenäidendite võistlus, karskusnäidendite võistlus, spordinovelli võistlus jmt), mida käesolevas artiklis ei käsitleta. Päevalehest võis lugeda ka suure - joonelisest auhindamiskavatsusest – Eesti Nobeli auhinna asutamise mõttest (Eesti Nobel 1928), kuid teoks see ei saanud. Auhindamisi kajastati Eesti aja - kirjanduses rohkesti, meedia vahendusel jõudsid auhindamisprotsessi erine - vad etapid ja probleemid otse lugejani. Iseseisvusajal võisid kirjanikud osa saada Kultuurkapitali ja Riigivane - ma/Vabariigi Presidendi kirjandusauhindadest, raamatuaasta, Eesti Raama - tufondi, kohalike omavalitsuste, Tallinna Naisklubi jm auhindadest. Eesti Kultuurkapitali suur auhindamine 1925. aastal vastu võetud kultuurkapitali seaduse alusel hakati kirjanikke abistama toetuste ja auhindade kaudu. Kultuurkapitalist jaotatu ei olnud kogusummas väga suur, kuid -
Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe
CONTEMPORARY PAGAN AND NATIVE FAITH MOVEMENTS IN EUROPE EASA Series Published in Association with the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) Series Editor: Eeva Berglund, Helsinki University Social anthropology in Europe is growing, and the variety of work being done is expanding. This series is intended to present the best of the work produced by members of the EASA, both in monographs and in edited collections. The studies in this series describe societies, processes, and institutions around the world and are intended for both scholarly and student readerships. 1. LEARNING FIELDS 14. POLICY WORLDS Volume 1 Anthropology and Analysis of Contemporary Educational Histories of European Social Power Anthropology Edited by Cris Shore, Susan Wright and Davide Edited by Dorle Dracklé, Iain R. Edgar and Però Thomas K. Schippers 15. HEADLINES OF NATION, SUBTEXTS 2. LEARNING FIELDS OF CLASS Volume 2 Working Class Populism and the Return of the Current Policies and Practices in European Repressed in Neoliberal Europe Social Anthropology Education Edited by Don Kalb and Gabor Halmai Edited by Dorle Dracklé and Iain R. Edgar 16. ENCOUNTERS OF BODY AND SOUL 3. GRAMMARS OF IDENTITY/ALTERITY IN CONTEMPORARY RELIGIOUS A Structural Approach PRACTICES Edited by Gerd Baumann and Andre Gingrich Anthropological Reflections Edited by Anna Fedele and Ruy Llera Blanes 4. MULTIPLE MEDICAL REALITIES Patients and Healers in Biomedical, Alternative 17. CARING FOR THE ‘HOLY LAND’ and Traditional Medicine Filipina Domestic Workers in Israel Edited by Helle Johannessen and Imre Lázár Claudia Liebelt 5. FRACTURING RESEMBLANCES 18. ORDINARY LIVES AND GRAND Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and SCHEMES the West An Anthropology of Everyday Religion Simon Harrison Edited by Samuli Schielke and Liza Debevec 6. -
Eesti Rahvusbibliograafia Raamatud
EESTI RAHVUSBIBLIOGRAAFIA RAAMATUD ESTONIAN NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS 2004 3 Märts - March 2004märts.p65 1 03.05.06, 10:40 Koostaja Compiled by Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu National Library of Estonia Kogude arenduse osakond Department of Collection Development and Documentation Ilmub 12 numbrit aastas / Issued monthly © Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu, 2004 Eesti Rahvusbibliograafia Series of seeriad: the Estonian National Bibliography: RAAMATUD BOOKS PERIOODIKA SERIALS MUUSIKA MUSIC Väljaandeid müüb: The publications can be purchased from Eesti Rahvusraamatukogus asuv the bookshop Lugemisvara in the raamatukauplus Lugemisvara National Library of Estonia Hind 70 krooni Price 70 krooni Tõnismägi 2 10122 Tallinn 2004märts.p65 2 03.05.06, 10:40 SAATEKS Raamatud on Eesti rahvusbibliograafia osa, mis ilmub 1999. aastast alates kuuvihikuna ja aastaväljaandena. Aastatel 1946-1991 kandis väljaanne pealkirja Raamatukroonika. Raamatud kajastab Eestis kõigis keeltes ja väljaspool Eestit ilmunud eestikeelseid raamatuid, nii trüki- kui ka elektroonilisi väljaandeid ning mittemuusikalisi auviseid. Raamatud sisaldab ka pimedaile ja vaegnägijaile mõeldud teavikuid. Nimestik ei hõlma piiratud lugemisotstarbe või lühiajalise tähtsusega trükiseid (näit. asutuste kvartaliaruandeid, reklaamväljaandeid jms.). Kuuvihik peegeldab ühe kuu jooksul Eesti Rahvusraamatukogusse saabunud uued teavikud, mida kirjeldatakse rahvusvaheliste kirjereeglite ISBD(M), ISBD(NBM) ja ISBD(ER) järgi. Lisaks kajastab nimestik rahvusbibliograafias seni registreerimata väljaanded, mis on ilmunud -
Nooruse Valuuta. Noorkirjanik Ja Rühmitus Nullindatel Priit Kruus
Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 2013, nr 11 doi:10.7592/methis.v8i11.1001 Nooruse valuuta. Noorkirjanik ja rühmitus nullindatel Priit Kruus Nii me oleme noored, ja noorus on turundusest tugevam (Kaevats 2012: 15) Rühmitusel on nooruse ja uudsuse nägu. Olemuslikult tajutakse rühmitust noorkirjanike kollektiivse lähtekohana, millel on jõuline funktsioon – murda taraanina sisse kujunenud establishment’i. Rühmitus on justkui oponent, kriitilise pilguga kõrvalkäija, perifeeriast tsent- risse liikuv Teine, kellesse alguses suhtutakse umbusuga, kuni ta on kättevõidetud positsioo- nis muutunud ise keskseks normiks ja saab nõnda kanoniseerituks. Seni on kirjandusloolasi peamiselt huvitanud eelmise sajandi esimese kolmandiku eesti kirjandusrühmitused ja võib öelda, et ka uue sajandi uurijate tähelepanu on jätkuvalt sellel kireval perioodil. Näiteks loodi 2005. aastal kirjandusajalooline veebileht „Noor Eesti 100“, 1 kus saab tutvuda Noor-Eesti rariteetsete väljaannetega, 2005 ja 2007 toimusid Noor-Eestit käsitlevad konverentsid. 2006. aastal ilmus kogumik „Noor-Eesti 100“ (Lindsalu 2006) ja 2008. aastal Noor-Eestile pühendatud ajakirja Methis erinumber (vt Laak, Olesk 2008). Nii kultuurimeediat kui ka kooliõpikuid 2 uurides paistab, et just Noor-Eesti on jäänud esindama seda, mida me rühmituslikkuse all tänaseni tajume: uuenduslikud, moodsa mõtlemisega noored, kes vastanduvad vanadele, ajast maha jäänutele. 3 Nõukogude aja saabudes surutakse rühmitused oma senises tähenduses väga tugevasti alla. Seda perioodi iseloomustab institutsioonide vaigistav -
Estonian Academy of Sciences Year Book Annales Academiae
Facta non solum verba ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES YEAR BOOK ANNALES ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM ESTONICAE XVII (44) 2011 TALLINN 2012 ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The Year Book was compiled by: Leo Mõtus (editor-in-chief) Galina Varlamova, Ants Pihlak (translator), Ülle Rebo ISSN 1406-1503 © EESTI TEADUSTE AKADEEMIA CONTENTS Foreword. 5 Chronicle . 7 Membership of the Academy. 15 General Assembly, Board, Divisions, Councils, Committees . 21 Academy Events . 41 Popularisation of Science . 48 Academy Medals, Awards . 52 Publications of the Academy . 55 International Scientific Relations. 57 National Awards to Members of the Academy . 61 Anniversaries . 64 Members of the Academy. 85 Estonian Academy Publishers . 97 Under and Tuglas Literature Centre of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. 101 Financial Activities. 107 Associated Institutions . 110 Associated Organisations . 139 In Memoriam . 182 Appendix 1 Estonian Contact Points for International Science Organisations . 184 Appendix 2 Cooperation Agreements with Partner Organisations . 186 Directory . 187 3 FOREWORD The eleventh year of this century was very instructive and successful for the Academy in the true sense of the word. For the second consecutive year we used the possibility granted by the new law adopted in 2010 to update the Academy’s competence and to reduce the average age of Members of Academy. We elected 7 new Members of Academy, among them also a Member of Academy in the domain of music (A.Pärt), the first in the history of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Estonia was replenished by five new Centres of Excellence in Re- search, with participation of Members of Academy. Funded by Mi- nistry of Education and Research, the Academy composed a com- prehensive and forward-looking collection of scientific articles “Re- search in Estonia”. -
Pseudomythology in Estonian Publicity in the 19Th and 20Th Century Ants Viires
Pseudomythology in Estonian Publicity in the 19th and 20th Century Ants Viires Viires, Ants 1991: Pseudomythology in Estonian Publicity in the 19th and 20th Century. - Ethnologia Europaea 21: 135-143. In the 1840s and 1850s the pioneers of the Estonian national movement, F. R. Faehlmann and F. R. Kreutzwald, created an Olympus of Estonian gods: the main god Taara or Uku, song god Vanemuine, divine smith Ilmarine, waters god Ahti, the forgotten land of good fortune, Kungla, etc. Much was taken over from the mythology of the Finns, much was the fruit of personal fantasy. It all resulted from the desire to prove that the ancient Estonians had high culture before the foreign conquest in the 13th c. In the 1860s and 1870s the new inspiring mytholo gy became popularized, greatly thanks to C.R. Jakobson, a radical national leader. Poets used the names of mythological heroes in patriotic songs, poems and dramas were written on mythological subjects, national societies were named after mythological gods, etc. In the 1920s, when the national movement had achieved its aims, the folklorists definitively demonstrated that the 19th c. Estonian gods belonged to pseudomythology lacking any root in folk beliefs . Although the society accepted the statement, many pseudomythological names remained firmly rooted. The 19th c. mythology had had a significant role in the formation of Estonian national identity. Today , when the social and cultural life of Estonia has again become especially active, we can notice an analogical interest in antiquity, though entirely different denominators are used. Dr. Ants Viires, Institute of History at the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Rililtli 6, 200001 Tallinn, Estonia. -
The Authors Respond
AUTHORS’ RESPONSE: ECHOES OF ANCIENT CATACLYSMS IN THE BALTIC SEA Ain Haas, Andres Peekna, Robert E. Walker Since first submitting our paper in August 2002, additional findings have come to our attention. Several pertain to the age of the Kaali meteorite impact. We found Vello Lõugas’ Kaali kraatriväljal Phaethonit otsimas while our manuscript was under review. It presents a detailed review of archeological investigations at the Kaali site and offers intriguing specu- lations (somewhat different from our own, but certainly compatible with our general approach) about the impact on various peoples living around the Baltic Sea. We would like to thank Benny Peiser in the United King- dom for emphasizing the continuing controversy over the age of the Kaali meteorite impact, and for explicitly pointing out recent research on the subject, as well as for introducing us to a broader scientific literature on cosmic catastrophes of greater (hemispheric or global) magnitude that evidently coincided with collapses in ancient civilizations and other major social upheavals in many parts of the world. (See Natural Catastrophes During Bronze Age Civilisations, ed. by Benny J. Peiser, Trevor Palmer, and Mark E. Bailey, Oxford: BAR [British Archeological Reports] Interna- tional Series 728, 1998.) We also thank Marika Mägi for her incisive comments as a reviewer of our manuscript. Our reactions to various specific comments in her critique follow below. In her statement that we claim that “…the Kaali meteorite must have hit the island of Saaremaa around 3000 BC at the latest,…”, surely she meant to say at the earliest instead. According to Raukas 1995, the Kaali site may have indeed been above water as early as 6000 BC. -
79114069.Pdf
TARTU ÜLIKOOL Arne Merilai EESTI BALLAAD 1900-1940 Tartu 1991 Kinnitatud filoloogiateaduskonna nõukogus 20. veerbruaril 1991. a. Kaane kujundanud A. Peegel. Арне Мери лай. ЭСТОНСКАЯ БАЛЛАДА 1900-1940. На эстонском языке. Тартуский университет. ЭР, 202 400, г. Тарту, ул. Юлшсооли, 18. Vastutav toimetaja К. Muru. PaJjundamisele antud 25.03.1991. Formaat 60x90/16. Kirjutuspaber. Kiri: roman. Rotaprint. Tingtrükipoognaid 8,37. Arvestuspoognaid 9,86. Trükipoognaid 9,0. Trükiarv 1000. Tell. nr. 135. Hind rbl. 5. TÜ trükikoda. EV, 202 400 Tartu, Tiigi t. 78. © Tartu Ülikool, 1991 SAATEKS Žanride uurimine on kirjandusteaduse tähtsamaid ülesandeid. 193S. aastal valmis Bernard Kangrol Tartu Ülikoolis magistritöö "Eesti soneti ajalugu", katkestada tuli aga doktoritöö eesti romaanist. Hiljem on eesti kirjandusteaduses süvenetud lüürika arengukäiku, uuritud on eepika žanre ja dramaatikatki; Silvia Nagelmaa väitekiri sõjajärgsest eesti- poeemist oli esimeseks katseks vaadelda kirjandust sünteetilise lüroeepika seisukohast. Lüroeepika teine oluline vorm — ballaad — oli aga seni avamata hoolimata rohkest viljeldavusest. Eesti ballaadi areng jaguneb selgesti kolme peamisse ajajärku: ettevalmistav etapp kuni XX sajandu alguseni, XX sajandi esimese poole esteetiline kõrgperiood ja kaasaja ballaad, mida iseloomustab pigem lüüriline kui lüroeepiline suhe žanrisse. Vaid üksikud auto rid hoiavad tänapäeval alles kindlama eepilise lõime. On ilmne, et žanri tähtsuse eesti luules selgitab uurimus keskmise perioodi kohta, millest lähtudes saab teha järeldusi ajas