DOCSLIB.ORG

Contents Index

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contents Index Contents Index § Sumario PREFACE History. Languages. Contents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE BONES JOINTS MUSCLES TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. VESSELS SKIN and ACCESSORIES. GENERAL JOINTS. MUSCLE and TENDON. NERVES. EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests. GENERAL. BONES JOINTS MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESSORIES. VESSELS. PATHOLOGY CONGENITAL BONES. JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS. GENERAL. BONES. JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS. SKIN CREASES THE HAND JOINT MOTION General rules THE ELBOW THE FOREARM THE WRIST THE FINGERS THE THUMB Top Sumario TERMINOLOGY FOR HAND SURGERY PREFACE ANATOMY GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE BONES JOINTS MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. VESSELS. SKIN and ACCESSORIES. FUNCTION GENERAL JOINTS. MUSCLE and TENDON. NERVES. CLINICAL EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests. PATHOLOGY TREATMENT. GENERAL. BONES. JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS. SUPPLEMENT SKIN CREASES THE HAND JOINT MOTION Top PREFACE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR SURGERY OF THE HAND Committee on Standardization of Nomenclature 1970 • Chairman:Mr. H.G. Stack, England • Members:Dr. D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany Dr. I. Isaksson, Sweden Dr. E. B. Kaplan, U.S.A. Dr. F. Paredes, Portugal Dr. P. Rabischong, France Prof. T. Tajima, Japan Dr. E. Zancolli, Argentina 1985 • Chairman: Mr. N.J. Barton, England • Members: Dr.D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany Dr. R. I. Burton, U.S.A. Dr. F. Iselin, France Dr. A. de Negri, Italy Dr. A. Pernet, Brazil Dr. F. Enriquez de Salamanca,Spain Mr. H. G. Stack, England Prof. T. Tajima, Japan 1998 • Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain) • Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom) Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany) Prof. Dr. Hans - Martin Schmidt (Germany) The present booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery is an updating of the previous publications by the Committee on Standardisation of Nomenclature of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. The aim of the Nomenclature Committee is to select the most appropiate vocabulary to define the different anatomical structures and conditions used by those interested in the study, prevention and treatment of alterations affecting the hand. Not only will this help communication between workers who use different languages, but also we hope to achieve a uniform vocabulary, with the added benefit of precision, for professionals using the same language Related Topics: History. Languages. Contents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Top History. The first booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery was published in June 1970, and it was restricted to anatomical terms and a short description of motor and sensory functions. There were 422 terms, with their equivalent translation in five languages, in adtion to an atlas of joint motion, in English, following the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. In 1983 a Clinical Section on Hand Terminology was published in the International Supplement of the Journal of Hand Surgery (Guide to terminologY* for hand surgery.~ Report of the Nomenclature Committee: Barton N. J Hand Surg 19 8 3; vol 8, No 5, Part 2:814-828). Both publications were later compiled and updated in a third publications printed by The Pilgrims Press for the IFSSH on November of 1985. Twelve years later, in 1997, Dr. Giorgio Brunelly (Italy) President of the IFSSH had asked to produce a new booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery. We reviewed all the data compiled in the previous publications, as otherwise thig would have been a monumental task if we had to start from the beginning. Top Languages. The first problem that we were faced with was the selection of languages. The first booklet was published in 1970, with Mr. Guy Pulvertaft (England) being the President of the IFSSH, representing only 10 National and Regional Societies around the world. At present there are 48 National and Regional Societies represented by the IFSSH, communicating with a wide spectrum of languages. Although only 11 official languages have been recognised by the UNESCO, in Europe alone, 54 languages are currently in used. Although the number of languages is considerably larger around the world, it was decided to continue using the languages employed in the previous Terminology for Hand Surgery. Latin is used for the description of all anatomical terms, as this is recommended language by the Anatomists (Nomina Anatomica). The four living languages are English, German, French and Spanish. Dr. Schmidt was responsible for the Latin terms, Dr. Hooper for the English, Dr. Lanz for the German, Dr. Kapandji for the French and Dr. Lluch for the Spanish. We would like to apologize for not including other languages, as Japanese, Russian, Italian, etc, used by a large number of highly qualified Hand Surgeons around the world. This is something that we should take into consideration in the very near future. The costs and time needed to print the Terminology in as many languages as possible is a non viable project, and perkaps the solution would be to place the Terminology on Internet. By doing so, National Societies using other languages can incorporate their terms next to the ones in the present publication. Another advantage would be to keep the Nomenclature updated in almost on a dayto-day basis. All the Members of the present Committee were selected from Europe, solely for logistic reasons and to get the project finished on time. Top Contents. The booklet has been divided into four parts: I.Anatomy, 2.Function, 3. Clinical and 4. Treatment. Chapter 3 (Clinical) has been subdivided in two: 3. 1. Examination, that includes all terms related to symptoms, signs and tests, and 3.2. Pathology. The terms listed in each of the four chapters have been classified into the eight major anatomic structures composing the hand: 1.8ones, 2.Joints, 3.Muscles, 4.Tendons, 5.Fascia and aponeurosis, 6.Nerves, 7.Vessels and 8.Skin and accessories. The reader can easily find the appropiate term for any structure in relation to its anatomy, function, pathology or treatment. The search is further facilitated by the inclusion of an index of contents on the first page. The exception being congenital deformities, which are described in separate heading within the chapter on pathology, as they relate to many anatomical structures simultaneously. Following the guidelines of previous publications, the chapter on congenital anomalies avoids the use of eponims as well as of animal comparisons used -for the description of certain hand anomalies. Latin and Greek terms used for most of the anomalies have also been obviated as they are the same for all languages. However, the chapter on congenital anomalies is more of a classification than a list of words. We transcribed the classification recommended by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (Classification for congenital limb malformations. Swanson AB. J Hand Surg 1976; 1:8-22). We are of the opinion that this chapter will need an updating in the near future, accepting the fact that it will never be a perfect classification, as many congenital hand deformities are combined. We have to regret that Chapter 3.2.3. Pathology of Joints does not include a section on carpal instabilities. The reason is that this subject is still under discussion in two different Forums: the International Wrist Investigators Workshop and the Anatomy and Biomechanics Committee of the IFSSH. There seems to be slightly different opinions about the proper definition and use of the term "instability", and even more when referring to "static instability", two apparently condradictory words. To compensate for this, the Chapter 1.3. Anatomy of Joints includes a very comprehensive and updated listing of wrist ligaments. At the end of the booklet there is an Atlas of Surface Anatomy and Joint Motion. New schematic drawings were made to show the guidelines for measuring joint mobility. The neutral position or zero starting position (00) for each joint is defined, and the range of flexion is described as positive degrees, while extension is described as negative degrees. This is a divergence from the previous Nomenclatures that followed the guidelines proposed by the AAOS for the measurement of joint motion. Top ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the Chairman and Members of the preceeding Nomenclature Committees, who deserve our recognition for the tremendous task that represents the publication of the previous Nomenclatures for Hand Surgery. We have just deleted or added some terms in line with the natural evolution and better understanding of hand anatomy, physiology and pathology. • Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain) • Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom) Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany) Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Schmidt (Germany) May 1998. Top GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE • Brachium • Arm • Arm • Bras • Brazo • Cubitus • Elbow • Ellenbogen • Coude • Codo • Antebrachium • Forearm • Unterarm • Avant-bras • Antebrazo • Manus • Hand • Hand • Main • Mano • Carpus • Wrist • Handwurzel • Poignet • Muñeca • Metacarpus • Metacarpal region • Mittelhand • Métacarpe • Región metacarpiana • Digiti manus • Fingers (Digits) • Finger • Doigts de la main • Dedos • Pollex • Thumb • Daumen • Pouce • Pulgar • Index • Index finger • Zeigefinger • Index • Indice • Digitus medius • Middle finger • Mittelfinger • Medius •
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Incidence of Duplicated Princeps Pollicis and Radialis Indicis Arteries
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14894 An Incidence of Duplicated Princeps Pollicis and Radialis Indicis Arteries Nicholas Lampasona 1 , Taylor Mazzei 2 , Brandon LaPorte 3 , Arthur Speziale 4 , Oleg Tsvyetayev 4 , Gary Schwartz 5 , Nicholas Lutfi 6 1. Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA 2. Orthopaedic Surgery, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA 3. Internal Medicine, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA 4. Radiology, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA 5. Orthopaedic Surgery, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA 6. Anatomy, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA Corresponding author: Nicholas Lampasona, [email protected] Abstract The princeps pollicis artery (PPA) is typically a direct branch off the deep palmar arterial arch. Identified is a 90-year-old female cadaver in which the right hand has a duplicated PPA and radialis indicis (RI) artery. These vessels originate from the superficial palmar arterial arch as variant vessels as well as from the deep palmar arterial arch. The superficial arch appears in its classic pattern, while the duplicate PPA and RI present at the radial aspect of the superficial arch in the volar first web space with clear communication to the superficial radial artery. There are many common surgical procedures that require precise knowledge of the first web space, such as Dupuytren's contracture release, trigger thumb release, and syndactyly release at the first web space.
    [Show full text]
  • ANGIOGRAPHY of the UPPER EXTREMITY Printed in the Netherlands by Koninklijke Drukkerij G.J.Thieme Bv, Nijmegen ANGIOGRAPHY of the UPPER EXTREMITY
    1 f - h-' ^^ ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Printed in The Netherlands by Koninklijke drukkerij G.J.Thieme bv, Nijmegen ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor in de Geneeskunde aan de Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magni- ficus Dr. A. A. H. Kassenaar, Hoogleraar in de faculteit der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het college van dekanen te verdedigen op donderdag 6 mei 1982 te klokke 15.15 uur DOOR BLAGOJA K. JANEVSKI geborcn 8 februari 1934 te Gradsko, Joegoslavie MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE - BOSTON - LONDON 1982 PROMOTOR: Prof. Dr. A. E. van Voorthuisen REPERENTEN: Prof. Dr. J. M. F. LandLandsmees r 1 Prof. Dr. J. L. Terpstra ! I Copyright © 1982 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the pub- lishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,P.O. Box 566,2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands if ••»• 7b w^ wife Charlotte To Lucienne, Lidia and Dejan h {, ,;T1 ii-"*1 ™ ffiffp"!»3^>»'*!W^iyJiMBiaMMrar^ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was produced in the Department of Radiology, Sirit Annadal Hospital, Maastricht. i Case material: Prof. Dr. H. A. J. Lemmens, surgeon. Technical assistence: Miss J. Crijns, Mrs. A. Rousie-Panis, Miss A. Mordant and Miss H. Nelissen. Secretarial help: Mrs. M. Finders-Velraad and Miss Y. Bessems. Photography: Mr. C. Evers. Graphical illustrations: Mr. C. Voskamp. Correction English text: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Brachial-Plexopathy.Pdf
    Brachial Plexopathy, an overview Learning Objectives: The brachial plexus is the network of nerves that originate from cervical and upper thoracic nerve roots and eventually terminate as the named nerves that innervate the muscles and skin of the arm. Brachial plexopathies are not common in most practices, but a detailed knowledge of this plexus is important for distinguishing between brachial plexopathies, radiculopathies and mononeuropathies. It is impossible to write a paper on brachial plexopathies without addressing cervical radiculopathies and root avulsions as well. In this paper will review brachial plexus anatomy, clinical features of brachial plexopathies, differential diagnosis, specific nerve conduction techniques, appropriate protocols and case studies. The reader will gain insight to this uncommon nerve problem as well as the importance of the nerve conduction studies used to confirm the diagnosis of plexopathies. Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus: To assess the brachial plexus by localizing the lesion at the correct level, as well as the severity of the injury requires knowledge of the anatomy. An injury involves any condition that impairs the function of the brachial plexus. The plexus is derived of five roots, three trunks, two divisions, three cords, and five branches/nerves. Spinal roots join to form the spinal nerve. There are dorsal and ventral roots that emerge and carry motor and sensory fibers. Motor (efferent) carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral nerves. This Dorsal Root Sensory (afferent) carries messages from the peripheral to the Ganglion is why spinal cord or both. A small ganglion containing cell bodies of sensory NCS’s sensory fibers lies on each posterior root.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilateral Anatomical Variation in the Formation of Trunks of the Brachial Plexus - a Case Report
    THIEME Case Report 9 Bilateral Anatomical Variation in the Formation of Trunks of the Brachial Plexus - A Case Report E.F. Lasch1 M.B. Nazer1 L.M. Bartholdy1 1 Laboratório de Anatomia Humana, Departamento de Biologia e Address for correspondence E. F. Lasch, Laboratório de Anatomia Farmácia, Universidade Santa Cruz do Sul – UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, Humana, Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade Santa RioGrandedoSul,Brazil Cruz do Sul – UNISC, Av Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]). J Morphol Sci 2018;35:9–13. Abstract This study presents a bilateral variation in the formation of trunks of brachial plexus in a male cadaver. The right brachial plexus was composed of six roots (C4-T1) and the left brachial plexus of five roots (C5-T1). Both formed four trunks thus changing the contributions of the anterior divisions of the cervical nerves involved in the formation Keywords of the cords and the five main somatic motor nerves for the upper limb. There are very ► brachial plexus few case reports in the scientific literature on this topic; thus making the present study ► trunks very relevant. Introduction medial and lateral pectoral nerve, arise from the cords and innervate the shoulder muscles. The long infraclavicular Most of the upper limb nerves arise from by the brachial branches, which extend longitudinally to the upper limb, plexus (BP), which has a complex anatomical structure that are: the radial nerve, the ulnar nerve, and the median begins in the root of the neck and extends to the axilla nerve.4,5 (armpit region).
    [Show full text]
  • The SPA Arrangement of the Branches of the Upper Trunk of the Brachial Plexus: a Correction of a Longstanding Misconception and a New Diagram of the Brachial Plexus
    LABORATORY INVESTIGATION J Neurosurg 125:350–354, 2016 The SPA arrangement of the branches of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus: a correction of a longstanding misconception and a new diagram of the brachial plexus Amgad Hanna, MD Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin OBJECTIVE Brachial plexus (BP) diagrams in most textbooks and papers represent the branches and divisions of the upper trunk (UT) in the following sequence from cranial to caudal: suprascapular nerve, anterior division, and then posterior division. This concept contradicts what is seen in the operating room and is noticed by most peripheral nerve surgeons. This cadaveric study was conducted to look specifically at the exact pattern of branching of the upper trunk of the BP. METHODS Ten cadavers (20 BPs) were dissected. Both supra- and infraclavicular exposures were performed. The clavicle was retracted or resected to identify the divisions of the BP. A posterior approach was used in 2 cases. RESULTS In all dissections the origin of the posterior division was in a more cranial and dorsal plane in relation to the anterior division. In most dissections the supra scapular nerve branched off distally from the UT, giving it the appearance of a trifurcation, taking off just cranial and dorsal to the posterior division. The branching pattern of the UT consistently had the following sequential arrangement from cranial and posterior to caudal and anterior: suprascapular nerve (S), posterior division (P), and anterior division (A), hence the acronym SPA. CONCLUSIONS Supraclavicular exposure of the BP exposes only the trunks and divisions. Recognizing the “SPA” arrangement of the branches helps in identifying the correct targets for neurotization, especially given that these 3 branches are the most common targets for BP repair.
    [Show full text]
  • Pectoral Nerves – a Third Nerve and Clinical Implications Kleehammer, A.C., Davidson, K.B., and Thompson, B.J
    Pectoral Nerves – A Third Nerve and Clinical Implications Kleehammer, A.C., Davidson, K.B., and Thompson, B.J. Department of Anatomy, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University Introduction Summary Table 1. Initial Dataset and Observations The textbook description of the pectoral nerves A describes a medial and lateral pectoral nerve arising A from the medial and lateral cords, respectively, to innervate the pectoralis major and minor muscles. Studies have described variations in the origins and branching of the pectoral nerves and even in the muscles they innervate (Porzionato et al., 2011, Larionov et al., 2020). There have also been reports of three pectoral nerves with distinct origins (Aszmann et Table 1: Initial Dataset and Observations Our initial dataset consisted of 31 anatomical donors, dissected bilaterally, Each side was considered an al., 2000) and variability of the spinal nerve fibers Independent observation. Of the 62 brachial plexuses, 50 met our inclusion criteria. contributing to these nerves (Lee, 2007). Given the Table 2. Branching Patterns of Pectoral Nerves frequency of reported variation from the textbook description, reexamining the origin, course and B branching of the pectoral nerves could prove useful for B students and clinicians alike. The pectoral nerves are implicated in a variety of cases including surgeries of the breast, pectoral, and axillary region (David et al., 2012). Additionally, the lateral pectoral nerve has recently gained attention for potential use as a nerve graft for other damaged nerves such as the spinal accessory nerve (Maldonado, et al., 2017). The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and patterns of pectoral nerve branching in order to more accurately describe their orientation and implications in clinical cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Vessels and Lymphatics of the Upper Limb Axillary Artery • Course: – It Starts at the Outer Border of the 1St Rib As a Continuation of the Subclavian Artery
    Blood vessels and lymphatics of the upper limb Axillary artery • Course: – It starts at the outer border of the 1st rib as a continuation of the subclavian artery. – It is divided by the covering pectoralis minor muscle into 3 parts: • 1st part, is proximal to pectoralis minor. • 2nd part, is under cover the pectoralis minor. • 3rd part, is distal to the pectoralis minor. • It ends at the lower border of the teres major muscle which it continues as the brachial artery. • Relations: • Anterior: muscles of the pectoral muscles and clavipectoral fascia. • Posterior: muscles of the posterior wall of axilla and posterior cord of the brachial plexus. • Medially: the axillary vein and the medial cord of the brachial plexus. • Laterally: the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. • Branches: – 1st part: (one branch): • The superior thoracic artery: which supplies the upper part of the chest wall. – 2nd part: (two branches): • Thoraco-acromial artery: on the upper border of the pectoralis minor, which supplies the pectoral and shoulder regions. It gives off: Acromial, pectoral, clavicular & deltoid branches. • Lateral thoracic artery: on the lower border of the pectoralis minor, which supplies the pectoral region and the breast. – 3rd part: (three branches): • Subscapular artery: it descends on the lateral border of the scapula and it gives off circumflex scapular artery. It supplies the back of shoulder. • Posterior circumflex humeral artery: it accompanies the axillary nerve on the back of the surgical neck of the humerus. • Anterior circumflex humeral artery: in front of the surgical neck of the humerus. • Anastmosis related to the axillary artey: – Anastmosis around the scapula: formed by: • Suprascapular artery, form the thyrocervical trunk.
    [Show full text]
  • Axilla & Brachial Plexus
    Anatomy Guy Dissection Sheet Axilla & Brachial Plexus Dr. Craig Goodmurphy Anatomy Guy Major Dissection Objectives 1. Review some of the superficial veins and nerves and extrapolate skin incisions down the arm while sparing the cephalic and basilic veins 2. Secure the upper limb in an abducted position and review the borders of the axilla while reflecting pec major and minor. 3. You may need to remove the middle third of the clavicle with bone cutters or oscillating saw 4. Identify and open the axillary sheath to find the axillary vein and separate it away from the arteries and nerves 5. Once it is mobilized remove smaller veins and reflect the axillary vein medially Major Dissection Objectives Arteries 6. Locate and clean the subclavian artery as it becomes the axillary a. at the first rib. 7. Identifying part 1, 2 and 3 of the axillary artery as they relate to pectoralis minor 8. Identify & clean the thoracoacromial trunk and its branches along with the lateral thoracic artery 9. Clean the subscapular artery and follow it to the circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal branches removing the fat of the region and noting variations and lymph nodes that may be present. 10. Locate the posterior and anterior humeral circumflex arteries and the brachial artery Eastern Virginia Medical School 1 Anatomy Guy Dissection Sheet Axilla & Brachial Plexus Major Dissection Objectives Nerves 11. Review the parts of the brachial plexus with roots in the scalene gap, trunks superior to the clavicle, divisions posterior to the clavicle, cords and branches inferior to the clavicle. 12. Locate the musculocutaneous nerve laterally as it pierces the coracobrachialis m.
    [Show full text]
  • Axillary Nerve Injury Associated with Sports
    Neurosurg Focus 31 (5):E10, 2011 Axillary nerve injury associated with sports SANGKOOK LEE, M.D.,1 KRIANGSAK SAETIA, M.D.,2 SUPARNA SAHA, M.D.,1 DAVID G. KLINE, M.D.,3 AND DANIEL H. KIM, M.D.1 1Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; 2Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and 3Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Object. The aim of this retrospective study was to present and investigate axillary nerve injuries associated with sports. Methods. This study retrospectively reviewed 26 axillary nerve injuries associated with sports between the years 1985 and 2010. Preoperative status of the axillary nerve was evaluated by using the Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC) grading system published by the senior authors. Intraoperative nerve action potential recordings were performed to check nerve conduction and assess the possibility of resection. Neurolysis, suture, and nerve grafts were used for the surgical repair of the injured nerves. In 9 patients with partial loss of function and 3 with complete loss, neurolysis based on nerve action potential recordings was the primary treatment. Two patients with complete loss of function were treated with resection and suturing and 12 with resection and nerve grafting. The minimum follow-up period was 16 months (mean 20 months). Results. The injuries were associated with the following sports: skiing (12 cases), football (5), rugby (2), base- ball (2), ice hockey (2), soccer (1), weightlifting (1), and wrestling (1). Functional recovery was excellent. Neurolysis was performed in 9 cases, resulting in an average functional recovery of LSUHSC Grade 4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FORMATION of LATERAL CORD of BRACHIAL PLEXUS and ITS BRANCHES – a CADAVERIC STUDY Naveen Kumar
    International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2018, Vol 6(1.1):4836-39. ISSN 2321-4287 Original Research Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.478 THE FORMATION OF LATERAL CORD OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND ITS BRANCHES – A CADAVERIC STUDY Naveen Kumar. B 1, Sirisha. V *2, Udaya Kumar. P 3, Kalpana. T 4. 1 Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, India. *2 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, India. 3 Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, India. 4 Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, India. ABSTRACT Introduction: The lateral cord of brachial plexus is formed from the anterior divisions of upper and middle trunks, formed from roots C5, C6 and C7. Variations in the formation and branching of lateral cord are not uncommon. Considering its variations, a detailed knowledge is necessary to neurosurgeons, anaesthetists and orthopedicians to avoid complications. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Mamata Medical College, Khammam. 70 formalin fixed upper limbs [35 cadavers] were dissected for a period of 5 years. Formation and branching of lateral cord of brachial plexus were observed and variations are taken into consideration. Observations: Out of 70 limbs dissected, we observed communication between the lateral cord and medial root of median nerve in 10 limbs. In 2 limbs musculo-cutaneous nerve was not formed. In 3 limbs musculo-cutaneous nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis. In 7 limbs low union of medial and lateral roots of median nerve was observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrodiagnosis of Brachial Plexopathies and Proximal Upper Extremity Neuropathies
    Electrodiagnosis of Brachial Plexopathies and Proximal Upper Extremity Neuropathies Zachary Simmons, MD* KEYWORDS Brachial plexus Brachial plexopathy Axillary nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Suprascapular nerve Nerve conduction studies Electromyography KEY POINTS The brachial plexus provides all motor and sensory innervation of the upper extremity. The plexus is usually derived from the C5 through T1 anterior primary rami, which divide in various ways to form the upper, middle, and lower trunks; the lateral, posterior, and medial cords; and multiple terminal branches. Traction is the most common cause of brachial plexopathy, although compression, lacer- ations, ischemia, neoplasms, radiation, thoracic outlet syndrome, and neuralgic amyotro- phy may all produce brachial plexus lesions. Upper extremity mononeuropathies affecting the musculocutaneous, axillary, and supra- scapular motor nerves and the medial and lateral antebrachial cutaneous sensory nerves often occur in the context of more widespread brachial plexus damage, often from trauma or neuralgic amyotrophy but may occur in isolation. Extensive electrodiagnostic testing often is needed to properly localize lesions of the brachial plexus, frequently requiring testing of sensory nerves, which are not commonly used in the assessment of other types of lesions. INTRODUCTION Few anatomic structures are as daunting to medical students, residents, and prac- ticing physicians as the brachial plexus. Yet, detailed understanding of brachial plexus anatomy is central to electrodiagnosis because of the plexus’ role in supplying all motor and sensory innervation of the upper extremity and shoulder girdle. There also are several proximal upper extremity nerves, derived from the brachial plexus, Conflicts of Interest: None. Neuromuscular Program and ALS Center, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, PA, USA * Department of Neurology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, EC 037 30 Hope Drive, PO Box 859, Hershey, PA 17033.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroanatomy for Nerve Conduction Studies
    Neuroanatomy for Nerve Conduction Studies Kimberley Butler, R.NCS.T, CNIM, R. EP T. Jerry Morris, BS, MS, R.NCS.T. Kevin R. Scott, MD, MA Zach Simmons, MD AANEM 57th Annual Meeting Québec City, Québec, Canada Copyright © October 2010 American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine 2621 Superior Drive NW Rochester, MN 55901 Printed by Johnson Printing Company, Inc. AANEM Course Neuroanatomy for Nerve Conduction Studies iii Neuroanatomy for Nerve Conduction Studies Contents CME Information iv Faculty v The Spinal Accessory Nerve and the Less Commonly Studied Nerves of the Limbs 1 Zachary Simmons, MD Ulnar and Radial Nerves 13 Kevin R. Scott, MD The Tibial and the Common Peroneal Nerves 21 Kimberley B. Butler, R.NCS.T., R. EP T., CNIM Median Nerves and Nerves of the Face 27 Jerry Morris, MS, R.NCS.T. iv Course Description This course is designed to provide an introduction to anatomy of the major nerves used for nerve conduction studies, with emphasis on the surface land- marks used for the performance of such studies. Location and pathophysiology of common lesions of these nerves are reviewed, and electrodiagnostic methods for localization are discussed. This course is designed to be useful for technologists, but also useful and informative for physicians who perform their own nerve conduction studies, or who supervise technologists in the performance of such studies and who perform needle EMG examinations.. Intended Audience This course is intended for Neurologists, Physiatrists, and others who practice neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, and electrodiagnostic medicine with the intent to improve the quality of medical care to patients with muscle and nerve disorders.
    [Show full text]