Contents Index

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Sumario

PREFACE

History.

Languages.

Contents.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE

BONES

JOINTS

MUSCLES

TENDONS.

FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.

NERVES.

VESSELS

SKIN and ACCESSORIES.

GENERAL

JOINTS.

MUSCLE and TENDON.

NERVES.

EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests.

GENERAL.

BONES

JOINTS

MUSCLES.

TENDONS.

FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.

NERVES.

SKIN and ACCESSORIES.

VESSELS.

PATHOLOGY

CONGENITAL

BONES.

JOINTS.

MUSCLES.

TENDONS.

FASCIA and APONEUROSIS.

NERVES.

SKIN and ACCESORIES.

VESSELS.

GENERAL.

BONES.

JOINTS.

MUSCLES.

TENDONS.

FASCIA.

NERVES.

SKIN and ACCESORIES.

VESSELS.

SKIN CREASES

THE HAND

JOINT MOTION

General rules

THE ELBOW

THE FOREARM

THE WRIST

THE FINGERS

THE THUMB

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Sumario

TERMINOLOGY FOR HAND SURGERY PREFACE

ANATOMY GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE

BONES JOINTS MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. VESSELS. SKIN and ACCESSORIES.

FUNCTION GENERAL JOINTS. MUSCLE and TENDON. NERVES.

CLINICAL EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests. PATHOLOGY

TREATMENT. GENERAL. BONES. JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS.

SUPPLEMENT SKIN CREASES THE HAND JOINT MOTION

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PREFACE

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR SURGERY OF THE HAND

Committee on Standardization of Nomenclature

1970

• Chairman:Mr. H.G. Stack, England • Members:Dr. D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany Dr. I. Isaksson, Sweden Dr. E. B. Kaplan, U.S.A. Dr. F. Paredes, Portugal Dr. P. Rabischong, France Prof. T. Tajima, Japan Dr. E. Zancolli, Argentina

1985

• Chairman: Mr. N.J. Barton, England • Members: Dr.D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany Dr. R. I. Burton, U.S.A. Dr. F. Iselin, France Dr. A. de Negri, Italy Dr. A. Pernet, Brazil Dr. F. Enriquez de Salamanca,Spain Mr. H. G. Stack, England Prof. T. Tajima, Japan

1998

• Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain) • Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom) Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany) Prof. Dr. Hans - Martin Schmidt (Germany)

The present booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery is an updating of the previous publications by the Committee on Standardisation of Nomenclature of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand.

The aim of the Nomenclature Committee is to select the most appropiate vocabulary to define the different anatomical structures and conditions used by those interested in the study, prevention and treatment of alterations affecting the hand. Not only will this help communication between workers who use different languages, but also we hope to achieve a uniform vocabulary, with the added benefit of precision, for professionals using the same language

Related Topics: History. Languages. Contents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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History.

The first booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery was published in June 1970, and it was restricted to anatomical terms and a short description of motor and sensory functions. There were 422 terms, with their equivalent translation in five languages, in adtion to an atlas of joint motion, in English, following the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

In 1983 a Clinical Section on Hand Terminology was published in the International Supplement of the Journal of Hand Surgery (Guide to terminologY* for hand surgery.~ Report of the Nomenclature Committee: Barton N. J Hand Surg 19 8 3; vol 8, No 5, Part 2:814-828).

Both publications were later compiled and updated in a third publications printed by The Pilgrims Press for the IFSSH on November of 1985.

Twelve years later, in 1997, Dr. Giorgio Brunelly (Italy) President of the IFSSH had asked to produce a new booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery. We reviewed all the data compiled in the previous publications, as otherwise thig would have been a monumental task if we had to start from the beginning.

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Languages.

The first problem that we were faced with was the selection of languages. The first booklet was published in 1970, with Mr. Guy Pulvertaft (England) being the President of the IFSSH, representing only 10 National and Regional Societies around the world. At present there are 48 National and Regional Societies represented by the IFSSH, communicating with a wide spectrum of languages. Although only 11 official languages have been recognised by the UNESCO, in Europe alone, 54 languages are currently in used. Although the number of languages is considerably larger around the world, it was decided to continue using the languages employed in the previous Terminology for Hand Surgery. Latin is used for the description of all anatomical terms, as this is recommended language by the Anatomists (Nomina Anatomica). The four living languages are English, German, French and Spanish. Dr. Schmidt was responsible for the Latin terms, Dr. Hooper for the English, Dr. Lanz for the German, Dr. Kapandji for the French and Dr. Lluch for the Spanish.

We would like to apologize for not including other languages, as Japanese, Russian, Italian, etc, used by a large number of highly qualified Hand Surgeons around the world. This is something that we should take into consideration in the very near future. The costs and time needed to print the Terminology in as many languages as possible is a non viable project, and perkaps the solution would be to place the Terminology on Internet. By doing so, National Societies using other languages can incorporate their terms next to the ones in the present publication. Another advantage would be to keep the Nomenclature updated in almost on a dayto-day basis.

All the Members of the present Committee were selected from Europe, solely for logistic reasons and to get the project finished on time.

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Contents.

The booklet has been divided into four parts: I.Anatomy, 2.Function, 3. Clinical and 4. Treatment. Chapter 3 (Clinical) has been subdivided in two: 3. 1. Examination, that includes all terms related to symptoms, signs and tests, and 3.2. Pathology.

The terms listed in each of the four chapters have been classified into the eight major anatomic structures composing the hand: 1.8ones, 2.Joints, 3.Muscles, 4.Tendons, 5.Fascia and aponeurosis, 6.Nerves, 7.Vessels and 8.Skin and accessories.

The reader can easily find the appropiate term for any structure in relation to its anatomy, function, pathology or treatment. The search is further facilitated by the inclusion of an index of contents on the first page. The exception being congenital deformities, which are described in separate heading within the chapter on pathology, as they relate to many anatomical structures simultaneously. Following the guidelines of previous publications, the chapter on congenital anomalies avoids the use of eponims as well as of animal comparisons used -for the description of certain hand anomalies. Latin and Greek terms used for most of the anomalies have also been obviated as they are the same for all languages. However, the chapter on congenital anomalies is more of a classification than a list of words. We transcribed the classification recommended by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (Classification for congenital limb malformations. Swanson AB. J Hand Surg 1976; 1:8-22). We are of the opinion that this chapter will need an updating in the near future, accepting the fact that it will never be a perfect classification, as many congenital hand deformities are combined.

We have to regret that Chapter 3.2.3. Pathology of Joints does not include a section on carpal instabilities. The reason is that this subject is still under discussion in two different Forums: the International Wrist Investigators Workshop and the Anatomy and Biomechanics Committee of the IFSSH. There seems to be slightly different opinions about the proper definition and use of the term "instability", and even more when referring to "static instability", two apparently condradictory words. To compensate for this, the Chapter 1.3. Anatomy of Joints includes a very comprehensive and updated listing of wrist ligaments.

At the end of the booklet there is an Atlas of Surface Anatomy and Joint Motion. New schematic drawings were made to show the guidelines for measuring joint mobility. The neutral position or zero starting position (00) for each joint is defined, and the range of flexion is described as positive degrees, while extension is described as negative degrees. This is a divergence from the previous Nomenclatures that followed the guidelines proposed by the AAOS for the measurement of joint motion.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Chairman and Members of the preceeding Nomenclature Committees, who deserve our recognition for the tremendous task that represents the publication of the previous Nomenclatures for Hand Surgery. We have just deleted or added some terms in line with the natural evolution and better understanding of hand anatomy, physiology and pathology.

• Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain) • Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom) Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany) Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Schmidt (Germany)

May 1998.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE • Brachium • Arm • Arm • Bras • Brazo

• Cubitus • Elbow • Ellenbogen • Coude • Codo

• Antebrachium • Forearm • Unterarm • Avant-bras • Antebrazo

• Manus • Hand • Hand

• Main • Mano

• Carpus • Wrist • Handwurzel • Poignet • Muñeca

• Metacarpus • Metacarpal region • Mittelhand • Métacarpe • Región metacarpiana

• Digiti manus • Fingers (Digits) • Finger • Doigts de la main • Dedos

• Pollex • Thumb • Daumen • Pouce • Pulgar

• Index • Index finger • Zeigefinger • Index • Indice

• Digitus medius • Middle finger • Mittelfinger • Medius • Dedo medio

• Digitus anularis • Ring finger • Ringfinger • Anulaire • Dedo anular

• Digitus minimus • Little finger • Kleinfinger • Auriculaire • Dedo meñique

• Ray (Metacarpal and finger)

• Strahlen (Finger und Mittelhandknochen) • Rayons (metacarpien et doigt) • Rayos (metacarpiano y dedo)

• Plica interdigitalis • Interdigital web • Zwischenfingerfalten • Commissure des doigts • Pliegue interdigital

• Facies dorsales • Dorsal surface • Streckseite (Dorsalseite) • Face dorsal • Cara dorsal

• Facies palmares • Palmar surface (anterior surface) • Beugeseite (Palmarseite) • Face Palmaire • Cara palmar (cara anterior)

• Facies laterales (facies radiales) • Lateral surgace (radial surface) • Speichenseite (Radialseite) • Face radiale • Cara lateral (cara radial)

• Facies mediales (facies ulnares) • Medial surface (ulnar surface) • Ellenseite (ulnarseite) • Face cubitale • Cara medial (cara cubital)

• Dorsum manus • Back of the hand • Handrücken • Dors de la main • Dorso de la mano

• Palma manus • Palm of the hand • Hohlhand (Handfläche) • Paume de la main • Palma de la mano

• Thenar • Thenar region (Thenar eminence) • Daumenballen • Eminence thénar • Región tenar (Eminencia tenar)

• Hypothenar

• Hypothenar region (Hypotenar eminence) • Kleinfingerballen • Eminence hypothénar • Región hipotenar (Eminencia hipotenar)

• Fovea radialis • Anatomical snuff box • Tabatière • Tabatière • Tabaquera anatómica

• Knuckle • Knöchel • Jointure IPP • Nudillo

• ...... • Fingertip • Fingerspitze (Fingerkuppe) • Extremité du doigt • Punta del dedo

• ...... • Finger pulp • Fingerbeere • Pulpe du doigt • Pulpejo digital

• Canalis carpi (sulcus carpi) • Carpal canal (carpal tunnel) • Karpalkanal (karpaltunnel) • Canal carpien • Canal carpiano

• ...... • Carpal tunnel (CT) • Karpaltunnel • Tunnel carpien • Túnel carpiano

• ...... • Guyon's compartment • Guyon'scher Kanal (Loge) • Loge de Guyon • Compartimiento de Guyon

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BONES • Ossa • Bones • Knochen • Os • Huesos

• Radius • Radius • Speiche • Radius • Radio

Caput Head Köpfchen Tête Cabeza

Collum Neck Hals Col Cuello

Tuberositas radii Bicipital tuberosity Tuberositas radii Tuberosité bicipitale Tuberosidad bicipital

Processus styloideus Styloid process Griffelfortsatz (der Speiche) Apophyse styloide du radis Apófisis estiloides

Tuberculum dorsale Tubercle of the radius (Lister's tubercle) Listers Tuberculum Tubercule de Lister Tubérculo de Lister

Incisura ulnaris Sigmoid notch Incisura ulnaris Cavité sigmoïde du radius Cavidad sigmoidea del radio

Facies articularis carpea o carpalis (Fovea scaphoidea et fovea lunata) Carpal joint surface (of the radius) Speichengelenkfläche (distale) Facette articulaire carpienne Carilla articular carpiana (carilla escafoidea y carilla semilunar)

• Ulna • Ulna • Elle • Cubitus • Cúbito

Olecranon Olecranon Ellenhaken (Olekranon) Olécrane Olécranon

Processus coronoideus Coronoid process Krokenfortsatz Apophyse coronoide Apófisis coronoides

Caput ulnae Head of the ulna Ellenkopf Tête du cubitus Cabeza del cúbito

Processus styloideus Styloid process Griffelfortsatz (der Elle) Apophyse styloide cubitale Apófisis estiloides

• Ossa carpi (Carpalis) • Carpal bones • Handwurzelknochen • Os du carpe • Huesos del carpo

Os scaphoideum Scaphoid bone Kahnbein (Skaphoid) Scaphoïde Escafoides

• Tuberculum ossis scaphoidea • Tubercle of the scaphoid • Tuberculum ossis scaphoidei • Tubercule du scaphoïde • Tubérculo del escafoides

Os lunatum Lunate bone Mondbein (Lunatum) Semi-lunaire

Semilunar

Os triquetrum Triquetrum Dreieckbein (Triquetrum) Pyramidal Piramidal

Os pisiforme Pisiform bone Erbsenbein (Pisiforme) Pisiforme Pisiforme

Os trapezium (os multangulum majus) Trapezium Grosses Vieleckbein (Trapezium) Trapèze Trapecio

• Tuberculum ossis trapezii • Tubercle of the trapezium • Tuberculum des Trapezium • Tubercule du Trapèze • Tubérculo del trapecio

Os trapezoideum Trapezoid kleines Vieleckbein (Trapezoid) Trapézoïde Trapezoide

Os capitatum Capitate Kopfbein (Kapitatum) Grand os Hueso grande

Os hamatum Hamate Hakenbein (Hamatum) Os crochu Hueso ganchoso

• Hamulus ossis hamati • Hook of the Hamate • Haken des Hakenbeines • Apophyse unciforme de l'os crochu • Gancho del ganchoso

• Ossa metacarpi (Metacarpalia) • Metacarpal bones • Mittelhandknochen

• Métacarpiens • Huesos metacarpianos

Os metacarpale pollicis, indicis, medius, anularis et digitus minimus) Thumb, index, middle, ring and small finger metacarpal bone Erster, zweiter,dritte, vierter, fünfter Mittelhandknochen Metacarpien du puce, de l'index, du medius, de l'anulaire et du auriculare Metacarpiano del pulgar, del índice, del medio, del anular y del meñique

• Basis • Base • Basis • Base • Base

• Corpus • Body • Schaft • Diaphyse • Diáfisis

• Collum • Neck • Hals • Col • Cuello

• Caput • Head • Köpfchen • Tête • Cabeza

• Ossa digitorum manus (Phalanges) • Bones of the fingers • Fingerknochen • Os de doigts de la main • Huesos de los dedos

Phalanx proximalis Proximal phalanx Grundgliedknochen (Grundphalanx) Phalange proximale (Phalange, P1) Falange proximal

Phalanx media Middle phalanx Mittelgliedknochen (Mittelphalanx) Phalange moyenne (Phalange, P2) Falange media

Phalanx distalis Distal phalanx Endgliedknochen (Endphalanx) Phalange distale (Phalange, P3) Falange distal

• Basis phalangis • Base of the phalanx • Basis des...gliedknochens • Base de la phalange • Base de la falange

• Corpus phalangis • Shaft of the phalanx • Schaft des...gliedknochens • Corps de la phalange • Diáfisis de la falange

• Caput phalangis • Head of the phalanx • Köpfchen des...gliednochens • Tête de la phalange • Cabeza de la falange

• Condylus • Condyles • Gelenkknorren • Condyles • Cóndilos

• Tuberositas phalangis distalis • Tuberosity of the distal phalanx • Nagelkranz des Endgliedknochens • Tubercule de la phalange distale • Tuberosidad de la falange distal

Ossa sesamoidea Sesamoid bones Sesambeine Os sésamoïde Huesos sesamoideos

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JOINTS • Articulationes • Joints • Gelenke • Articulations • Articulaciones

• Capsula articularis • Articular capsule • Gelenkkapsel • Capsule articulaire • Cápsula articular

• Ligamenta • Ligaments • Bänder • Ligaments • Ligamentos

• Membrana synovialis • Synovial membrane • Synovialmembran (Gelenkinnenhaut) • Membrane synoviale • Membrana sinovial

• Artticulatio humero-ulnaris • Humero-ulnar joint • Humeroulnar-Gelenk • Articulation Humero-ulnaire ou Humero-cubitale • Articulación húmero-cubital

• Articulatio humero-radialis • Humero-radial joint • Humeroradial-Gelenk • Articulation Humero-radiale • Articulación húmero-radial

• Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis • Proximal radio-ulnar joint • Proximales Radioulnar-Gelenk • Articulation radio-cubitale proximale • Articulación radio-cubital proximal

• Articulatio radio-ulnaris distalis • Distal radio-ulnar joint • Distales Radioulnar-Gelenk • Articulation radio-ulnaire distale • Articulación radio-cubital distal

Ligamentum radio-ulnare (dorsale et palmare) Dorsal and palmar radio-ulnar ligaments Lig. radioulnare (dorsale und palmare) Ligaments radiolunaires (dorsal et palmaire)

Ligamentos radio-cubitales (dorsal y palmar)

Discus articularis Triangular fibrocartilage complex Discus articularis (Zwischengelenkscheibe) Ligament triangulaire Fibrocartílago triangular

Ligamentum ulno-carpale Meniscus homologue Lig. ulnocarpale Ligaments ulno-carpiens Ligamentos cúbito-carpianos

• Articulatio radiocarpalis • Radiocarpal joint • Proximales Handwurzelgelenk • Articulation radio-carpienne • Articulación radio-carpiana

Ligamenta radio-carpalia dorsalia Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments Dorsale radiokarpale Bänder Ligaments radio-carpiens dorsales Ligamentos radio-carpianos dorsales

• Ligamentum radio-lunatum • Dorsal radiolunate ligament • Lig. radiolunatum • Ligament radio-lunaire • Ligamento radio-semilunar dorsal

• Ligamentum radio-triquetrum • Radiotriquetral ligament • Lig. radiotriquetrum • Ligament radio-pyramidal • Ligamento radio-piramidal

Ligamenta. radiocarpalia palmaria Palmar radiocarpal ligaments Palmare Radiokarpal-Bänder Ligaments radio-carpiens palmaires Ligamentos radio-carpianos palmares

• Ligamentum radio-scapho-capitatum • Radio-capitate ligament • Lig. radio-scapho-capitatum • Ligament radio-capital • Ligamento radio-capitate (-hueso grande)

• Ligamentum radio-lunatum longum • Long radio-lunate ligament

• Lig. radiolunatum longum • Ligament radiolunaire long • Ligamento radio-semilunar largo

• Ligamentum radio-lunatum breve • Short radio-lunate ligament • Lig. radiolunatum breve • Ligament radiolunaire court • Ligamento radio-semilunar corto

Ligamentum ulno-carpale palmare Palmar ulno-carpal ligaments Lig. ulnocarpale palmare Ligaments cubito-carpiens antérieurs (palmaires) Ligamentos cúbito-carpianos anteriores (palmares)

• Ligamentum ulno-triquetrum • Ulnotriquetral ligament • Lig. ulnotriquetrum • Ligament cubito-triquetral ou cubito-pyramidal • Ligamento cúbito-piramidal

• Ligamentum ulno-lunatum • Ulnolunate ligament • Lig. ulnolunatum • Ligament ulno-lunaire • Ligamento cúbito-semilunar

• Ligamentum ulno-capitate • Ulnocapitate ligament • Lig. ulnocapitatum • Ligament cubito-capital • Ligamento cúbito-capitate (-hueso grande)

• Articulatio mediocarpalis • Midcarpal joint • Distales Handwurzergelenk • Articulation médiocarpienne • Articulación mediocarpiana

Ligamenta intercarpalia dorsalia Posterior midcarpal joint ligament Ligamenta intercarpalia dorsalia Ligament intercarpien dorsal Ligamento mediocarpiano dorsal

• Ligamentum intercarpale dorsale • Triquetrum-scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid ligament (dorsal intercarpal) • Lig. intercarpale dorsale • Ligament trapezo-trapezoide-triquetral (intercarpien dorsal)

• Ligamento piramido-escafo-trapecio-trapezoide (transversal dorsal del carpo)

Ligamenta intercarpalia palmaria Anterior midcarpal joint ligaments Ligamenta intercarpalia palmaria Ligaments mediocarpiens anterieurs (palmaires) Ligamentos mediocarpianos anteriores (palmares)

Ligamentum triquetro-hamatum Triquetrohamate ligament Lig. triquetrohamatum Ligament pyramido-unciformien Ligamento piramidal-hueso ganchoso

Ligamentum triquetro-capitatum Triquetrum-capitate ligament Lig. triquetrocapitatum Ligament pyramido-caìtal Ligamento piramidal-capitate (-hueso grande)

Ligamentum scapho-capitatum Scaphocapitate ligament Lig. scaphocapitatum Ligament scapho-capital Ligamento escafo-capitate (-hueso grande)

Ligamentum scapho-trapezio-trapezoideum Scapho-trapezio-trapezoid ligament Lig. scaphotrapeziotrapezoideum Ligament scapho-trapezo-trapezien Ligamento escafo-trapecio-trapezoide

• Articulationes intercarpales • Intercarpal joint • Interkarpal-Gelenke • Articulationes intercarpiennes • Articulaciones intercarpianas

Ligamenta intercarpalia interossea (dorsale et palmare) Interosseous intercarpal ligaments (dorsal and palmar) Dorsale interkarpale Bänder (dorsale und palmare) Ligaments interosseux intercarpiens (dorsales et palmares) Ligamentos interóseos intercarpianos (dorsales y palmares)

• Ligamentum scapho-lunatum (dorsale et palmare) • Scapho-lunate ligaments (dorsal and palmar) • Lig. Scapholunatum (dorsale und palmare) • Ligament escapholunaire • Ligamentos escafo-semilunares (dorsal y palmar)

• Ligamentum luno-triquetrum (dorsale et palmare) • Luno-triquetral ligaments (dorsal and palmar) • Lig. Lunotriquetrum (dorsale und palmare) • Ligament lunotriquetral • Ligamentos luno-piramidales (dorsal y palmar)

• Ligamentum trapeziotrapezoideum • Trapeziotrapezoid ligament • Lig. Trapezio-trapezoideum • Ligament trapezo-trapezoidal • Ligamento trapecio-trapezoide

• Ligamentum trapezoido-capitatum • Capitotrapezoideum ligament • Lig trapezoidocapitatum • Ligament capitato-trapezoide • Ligamento trapezoide-capitate (-hueso grande)

• Ligamentum hamato-capitatum • Capitohamate ligament • Lig. hamatocapitatum • Ligament capitohamatal • Ligamento ganchoso-capitate (-hueso grande)

• Articulatio ossis pisiformis • Pisotriquetral joint • Articulatio ossis piriformis • Articulation piso-`yramidale • Articulación piso-piramidal

Ligamentum pisohamatum Pisohamate ligament Lig. pisohamatum Ligament pisounciforien Ligamento pisiforme-ganchoso

Ligamentum pisometacarpale Pisometacarpal ligament Lig. pisometacarpale Ligament pisi-métacarpien Ligamento pisiforme-metacarpiano

• Articulationes carpometacarpales • Carpometacarpal joints (CMCJ) • Karpometakarpal-Gelenke • Articulation carpometacarpie • Articulaciones carpometacarpianas

Ligamenta carpometacarpalia dorsalia Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments Ligg. carpometacarpalia dorsalia

Ligament carpométacarpien dorsal Ligamentos carpometacarpianos dorsales

Ligamenta carpometacarpalia palmaria Palmar carpometacarpal ligaments Ligg. Carpometacarpalia palmaria Ligaments carpométacarpiens palmaires Ligamentos carpometacarpianos palmares

• Articulatio carpometacarpale pollicis • Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (trapezio-metacarpal) • Karpometakarpal-Gelenk des Daumens (Daumen-Sattelgelenk) • Articulation carpométacarpienne du pouce (trapezo-metacarpienne) • Articulación carpometacarpiana del pulgar (trapecio-metacarpiana)

Ligamentum trapeziometacarpale (volar ligament) Anterior ligament Lig. trapeziometacarpale Ligament trapezo-métacarpien palmaire Ligamento trapecio-metacarpiano palmar

Ligamentum carpometacarpale obliquum anterius Anterior oblique liga,ent Lig carpometacarpale obliquum anterius Ligament trapezo-métacarpien oblique palmaire Ligamento trapezio-metacarpiano oblicuo anterior

Ligamentum carpometacarpale obliquum posterius Posterior oblique ligament Lig. carpometacarpale obliquum posterius Ligament trapezo-métacarpien oblique dorsal Ligamento trapezio-metacarpiano oblicuo posterior

Ligamentum carpometacarpale dorsoradiale Dorsoradial ligament Lig. carpometacarpale dorsoradiale Ligament trapezo-métacarpien oblique dorsoradial Ligamento trapezio-metacarpiano dorso-radial

• Articulationes intermetacarpales • Intermetacarpal joints • Intermetakarpal-Gelenke • Articulations intermétacarpennes • Articulaciones intermetacarpianas

Ligamenta metacarpalia dorsalia Dorsal metacarpal ligaments Ligg. metacarpalia dorsalia Ligaments métacarpiens dorsaux Ligamentos metacarpianos dorsales

Ligg. metacarpalia palmaria Palmar metacarpal ligaments Lig. metacarpalia palmaria Ligament métacarpien palmaire

Ligamentos metacarpianos palmares

Ligamenta metacarpalia interossea Interosseous metacarpal ligaments Ligg. metacarpalia interossea Ligament métacarpien inter-osseux Ligamentos metacarpianos interóseos

• Articulationes metacarpophalangeales • Metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJ or MPJ) • Metakarpophalangeal-Gelenke (Grundgelenke) • Articulations métacarpophalangiennes • Articulaciones metacarpofalángicas

Ligg. collateralia Collateral ligaments Seitenbänder (Kollateral-Bänder) Ligaments latéraux Ligamentos colaterales

Lig. palmare Palmar ligament (palmar plate) Palmares Band (Palmare Platte) Ligament palmaire Ligamento palmar (placa palmar)

Lig. metacarpale transversum profundum Deep transverse ligament of the palm (Interpalmar plate ligament) Tiefes queres Mittelhandband Ligament intermétacarpien transverse profond Ligamento transverso profundo de la palma (Ligamento interplaca palmar)

• Articulatio interphalangealis (proximalis et distalis) • Proximal interphalangeal joint (proximal and distal) • Interphalangeal-Gelenk (proximales und distales) • Articulation interphalangienne (proximale et distale) • Articulación interfalángica (proximal y distal)

Ligg. collateralia Collateral ligaments Seitenbänder Ligaments latéraux Ligamentos colaterales

Ligamentum collaterale accesorium Accessory collateral ligament Lig. collaterale accesorium Ligament lateral accesoire Ligamento colateral accesorio

Ligg. palmaria Palmar ligament Palmare Bänder (Palmare Platten) Ligament palmaire Ligamento palmar

• Fibrocartilago palmaris • Fibrocartilaginous portion (palmar plate) • Palmare platte (Knorpeliger Anteil) • Fibrocartilage glénoïdien • Porción cartilaginosa (placa palmar)

• ...... • Membranous portion (check-rein ligaments) • Membranöser Anteil (Zügelbänder) • Freins d'extension • Porción membranosa

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MUSCLES. • Musculi • Muscles • Muskeln • Muscles • Músculos

• Musculus brachioradialis • Brachioradialis (BR) • Brachioradialis • Long supinateur (Muscle húmero-stylo-radial) • Supinador largo

• Musculus extensor carpi radialis longus • Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) • Extensor carpi radialis longus • Premier radial • Primer radial

• Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis • Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) • Extensor carpi radialis brevis • Deuxième radial • Segundo radial

• Musculus extensor carpi ulnaris • Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) • Extensor carpi ulnaris • Cubital postérieur • Cubital posterior

• Musculus extensor digitorum • Extensor digitorum (ED) • Extensor digitorum • Extenseur commun des doigts • Extensor común de los dedos

• Musculus extensor indicis propius • Extensor indicis (EI) • Extensor indicis • Muscle extenseur prope de l'index • Extensor propio del índice

• Musculus extensor digiti minimi • Extensor digiti minimi (EDM) • Extensor digiti minimi (quinti) • Muscle extenseur prope du petit doigt • Extensor propio del meñique

• Musculus extensor pollicis longus • Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) • Extensor pollicis longus • Long extenseur du pouce • Extensor largo del pulgar

• Musculus extensor pollicis brevis • Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) • Extensor pollicis brevis • Court extenseur du pouce • Extensor corto del pulgar

• Musculus abductor pollicis longus • Abductor pollicis longus (EPL) • Abductor pollicis longus • Long abducteur du pouce • Abductor largo del pulgar

• Musculus pronator teres • Pronator teres (PT) • Pronator teres • Rond pronateur • Pronador redondo

• Musculus flexor carpi radialis • Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) • Flexor carpi radialis • Grand palmaire • Palmar mayor

• Musculus palmaris longus • Palmaris longus (PL) • Palmaris longus • Petit palmaire • Palmar menor

• Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris • Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) • Flexor carpi ulnaris • Cubital antérieur • Cubital anterior

• Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis • Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) • Flexor digitorum superficialis (Oberflächlicher Fingerbeuger) • Fléchisseur supeficiel des doigts • Flexor superficial de los dedos

• Musculus flexor digitorum profunds • Flexor digitorum profunds (FDP) • Flexor digitorum profundus (Tiefer Fingerbeuger) • Fléchisseur commun profond des doigts • Flexor profundo de los dedos

• Musculus flexor pollicis longus • Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) • Flexor pollicis longus (Langer Daumenbeuger) • Long fléchisseur propre du pouce • Flexor largo del pulgar

• Musculus pronator quadratus • Pronator quadratus (PQ) • Pronator quadratus • Carré pronateur • Pronador cuadrado

• ...... • Intrinsic muscles • Handbinnenmuskeln • Muscules intrinseques • Músculos intrínsecos

• Musculi lumbricales • Lumbrical Muscles • Lumbricales • Muscles lombricaux • Músculos lumbricales

• Musculi interossei dorsales • Dorsal interossei muscles • Interossei dorsales • Muscles interosseux dorsaux • Músculos interóseos dorsales

• Musculi interossei palmares • Palmar interossei muscles • Interossei palmares • Muscles interosseux palmaires

• Músculos interóseos palmares

• Musculi thenares • Thenar muscles • Thenarmuskeln (Daumenballenmuskeln) • Muscles thénariens • Músculos tenares

Musculus abductor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis (APB) Abductor pollicis brevis Court abducteur du pouce Abductor corto del pulgar

Musculus flexor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) Flexor pollicis brevis Court fléchisseur du pouce Flexor corto del pulgar

Musculus opponens pollicis Opponens pollicis (OP) Opponens pollicis Opposant du pouce Oponente del pulgar

Adductor pollicis Adductor pollicis (AP) Adductor pollicis Adducteur du pouce Aductor del pulgar

• Musculi hypothenaris • Hypothenar muscles • Hypothenarmuskeln (Kleinfingerballenmuskeln) • Muscles hypothenariens • Músculos hipotenares

Musculus abductor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi (ADM) Abductor digiti minimi Abducteur du petit doigt Abductor del meñique

Musculus flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis (FDM) Flexor digiti minimi brevis Court fléchisseur du petit doigt Flexor corto del meñique

Musculus opponens digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi (ODM) Opponens digiti minimi Opposant du petit doigt Oponente del meñique

Musculus palmaris brevis Palmaris brevis (PB) Palmaris brevis Palmaire cutané Palmar cutáneo

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TENDONS. • Tendines • Tendons • Sehnen • Tendons • Tendones

• Connexus intertendineus • Intertendinous connection • Connexus intertendineum • Bandelettes intertendineuses • Conexiones intertendinosas

• Aponeurosis dorsalis • Extensor apparatus of the finger • Streckapparat • Aponevrose dorsale du doigt ou digitale dorsale • Aparato extensor del dedo

Lamina intertendinea superficialis Extensor hood Strecksehnenhaube Dossière des extenseurs Cofia (capuchón) de los extensores

Pars transversa laminae intertendinae et ligamentum sagittale Sagittal bands Pars transversa der Lamina intertendinea (und Lig. sagittale) Cloisons sagitales Bandeletas sagitales

Tractus intermedius Central slip Mittelzügel Bandelette mediane Bandeleta central

Tractus laterales Lateral bands Seitenzügel

Bandelettes laterales Bandeletas laterales

Lamina triangularis Triangular ligament Lamina triangularis Ligament triangulaire Ligamento triangular

Pars terminalis tractus lateralis Distal extensor tendon Pars terminalis tractus lateralis Tendon extenseur dustal Tendón extensor distal

Ligamentum retinaculare transversum Transverse retinacular ligament Queres retinakulum (Landsmeer) Ligament retinaculaire transverse (Lig. de Landsmeer) Ligamento retinacular transverso

Ligamentum retinaculare obliquum Oblique retinacular ligament Schräges Retinakulum (Landsmeer) Ligament.. retinaculaire oblique (Ligament de Landsmeer) Ligamento retinacular oblicuo

• Vaginae fibrosa digitorum manus • Flexor tendon sheath • Fibröse Sehnenscheiden der Finger • Gaines fibreuses des tendons fléchisseurs • Vaina de los tendones flexores

Pars anularis vaginae fibrosae (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5) Annular pulleys Ringband der Sehnenscheide Poulies annulaires Poleas anulares

Pars cruciforme vaginae fibrosae (C1, C2, C3) Cruciform pulleys Kreuzförmiges Band der Sehnenscheide Poulies cruciformes Poleas cruciforme

Vaginae synoviales digitorum manus Synovial sheaths of the fingers (Synovial sheaths of the finger flexors) Synoviale Sehnenscheiden der Finger Gaines séreuses des tendons des doigts Vainas sinoviales de los tendones flexores de los dedos

• Vincula tendinea • Vincula of the tendons • Vincula tendinum • Mesotendons (vincula tendinum)

• Vínculas tendinosas

Vinculum longum Long vinculum Langes Vinculum Mesotendon long Víncula larga

Vinculum brevis Short vinculum Kurzes Vinculum Mesotendon court Víncula breve

• Chiasma tendinum • Chiasma of the tendom • Chiasma tendinum • Chiasma tendineux • Quiasma tendinoso

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FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. • Fascia • Fascia • Faszie • Aponévrose • Fascia

• Fascia antebrachili • Antebrachial fascia (forearm fascia) • Fascia anterbrachii (Unterarmfaszie) • Aponévrose de l'avant bras • Fascia del antebrazo (fascia antebraquial)

• Fascia dorsalis manus • Dorsal fascia of the hand • Fascia dorsalis manus (Handrückenfaszie) • Aponévrose dorsale de la main • Fascia dorsal de la mano

• Retinaculum extensorum • Extensor retinaculum • Retinaculum extensorum (Dorsales Handgelenksband) • Ligament annulaire dorsal du carpe • Retináculo extensor

• Retinaculum flexorum

• Flexor retinaculum • Retinaculum flexorum (Queres Handgelenksband) • Ligament annulaire antérieur du carpe • Retináculo flexor

• Aponeurosis palmaris • Palmar aponeurosis (fascia) • Palmaraponeurose • Aprnévrose palmaire • Aponeurosis (fascia) palmar

Fasciculi transversi Transverse fibres Querzüge der Palmaraponeurose Ligament transverse superficiel Fibras transversas

Fasciculi longitudinalis Longitudinal fibers (pretendinous bands) Längszüge der Palmaraponeurose Bandelettes prétendineuses Fibras longitudinales

Lig. metacarpale transversum superficiale Natatory ligament Schwimmband Ligament métacarpien transverse superficiel Ligamento natatorio

• Fascia digitorum • Digital aponeurosis • Fingerfaszie • Aponevrose des doigts • Fascia digital

...... Skin retaining ligament Hautbänder Ligament suspenseurs de la peau Ligamentos de retención cutánea

...... Clelenad's ligament Clelandsche Bänder Ligament de Cleland Ligamento de Cleland

...... Grayson's ligament Graysonsche Bänder Ligament de Grayson Ligamento de Grayson

...... Lateral digital bans of small finger

Abduktorstrang Bandelette laterale de l'auriculaire Bandeleta lateral del dedo meñique

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NERVES. • Nervi • Nerves • Nerven • Nerfs • Nervios

• Epineurium • Epineurium • Epineurium • Epinèvre • Epineuro

• Perineurium • Perineurium • Perineurium • Périnèvre • Perineuro

• Endoneurium • Endoneurium • Endoneurium • Endonèvre • Endoneuro

• Neuron (Axon, Dendritum, Glyocitus perophericus) • Nerve fiber (axon, dendrite, Schwann cells and connective tissue) • Nervenfaser (Axon, Dendrit, Schwannzellen und Bindegewebe) • Fibre nerveuse (axone, dendrite, celules de Schwann et tissue connective) • Fibra nerviosa (axón, dendrita, células de Schwann y tejido conectivo))

• Funiculus (fasciculus) • Bundle • Faszikel (Nervenfaserbündel) • Fascicule • Funiculo (fascículo)

• Plexus brachialis • Brachial plexus • Plexus brachialis (Armnervengeflecht) • Plexus brachial • Plexo braquial

Radices Roots Wuerzeln Racines Raices

Truncus superior Upper trunk Oberer Stamm (Primärstrang) Tronc primaire supérieur Tronco superior

Truncus medius Middle trunk Mittlerer Stamm (Primärstrang) Trone primaire moyen Tronco medio

Truncus inferior Lower trunk Unterer Stamm (Primärstrang) Tronc primaire inférieur Tronco inferior

Divisio anterioris Anterior divisions Vordere Aufteilung Branche antérieure Ramas anteriores

Divisio posterioris Posterior division Hintere Aufteilung Branche postérieure Ramas posteriores

Fasciculus lateralis Lateral cord Lateraler Strang Tronc secondaire antero-externe Cordón lateral

Fasciculus medialis Medial cord Medialer Strang Tronc secondaire antero-interne Cordón medial

Fasciculus posterior Posterior cord Posteriorer (Hinterer) Strang Tronc secondaire postérieur Cordón posterior

• Nervus radialis

• Radial nerve • Speichennerv • Nerf radial • Nervio radial

N. interosseus antebrachii posterior Posterior interosseous nerve of the forearm N. interosseus antebrachii posterior Nerf interosseux postérieur Nervio interóseo posterior

Ramus superficialis nervus radialis Superficial sensory branch of the radial nerve Ramus superficialis (Oberflächlicher Ast) Branche sensitive du nerf radial Rama sensitiva del nervio radial

• Nervus medianus • Median nerve • Medianus (Mittelnerv) • Nerf médian • Nervio mediano

N. interosseus antebrachii anterior Anterior intereosseous nerve N. interosseus antebrachii anterior Nerf interosseux anterieur Nervio interóseo anterior

Ramus palmaris n. mediani Palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve Ramus palmaris n. mediani Rameau thénarien (Branche thénarienne) Rama palmar cutanea del nervio mediano

Ramus muscularis tenaris Motor branch of median nerve Thenarast Branche musculaire thénarienne Rama tenar del nervio mediano

Ramus communicans cum n. ulnaris (Riche-Cannieu) Beanch Communicating with the ulnar nerve Ramus communicans cum n. ulnaris Rameau anastomotique avec le nerf cubital Ramo comunicante con el nervio cubital

Nervio digitales communes Common palmar digital nerves Nn. digitales palmares communes (gemeinsame Fingernerven) Nerf digital commun du 1er, 2ème, 3ème espace Nervios digitales comunes

Nervio digitales (palmares) propii Proper digital nerves

Nn. digitales (palmares) proprii (Fingernerven) Nerf collateraux palmaires (interne et externe) Nervios digitales propios (radial y cubital)

Nervi digitales dorsales Dorsal branche of the digital nerve Dorsale Fingernerven Rameau nerveux dorsal Rama dorsal del nervio digital

• Nervus ulnaris • Ulnar nerve • Ulnaris • Nerf cubital • Nervio cubital

Ramus communicans cum nervo mediano (Martin-Gruber) Communicating branch with the median nerve Ramus communicans cum n. mediano Rameau anastomotique avex le nerf médian Ramo comunicante con el nervio cubital

Ramus dorsalis nervi ulnaris Dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris Branche cutanée dorsale du rerf cubital Rama dorsal de nervio cubital

Ramus palmaris nervi ulnaris Palmar branch of the ulnar nerve Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris Branches palmaires du cubital Rama palmar del nervio cubital

Ramus profundus Deep motor branch Ramus profundus Branche profonde du nerf cubital Rama motora profunda del nervio cubital

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VESSELS. • Arteria • Arteries • Arterien • Arteres • Arterias

• Arteria radialis

• Radial artery • Arteria radialis (Speichenschlagader) • Artère radiale • Arteria radial

• Arteria ulnaris • Ulnaris Artery • A. ulnaris (Ellenschlagader) • Artère cubitale • Arteria cubital

• Arteria interossea posterior • Posterior interosseous artery • A. interossea posterior • Artère interosseuse postérieure • Arteria interósea posterior

• Arteria interossea anterior • Anterior interosseous artery • A. interossea communis • Artère interosseuse antérieure • Arteria interósea anterior

• Arteria mediana • Median artery • A. mediana • Artère du nerf médian • Arteria del nervio mediano

• Arcus palmaris superficialis • Superficial palmar arch • Oberflächlicher Hohlhandbogen • Artère radiopalmaire • Arco palmar superficial

• Arcus palmaris profundu • Deep palmar arch • Tiefer Hohlhandbogen • Arcade palmaire profonde • Arco palmar profundo

• Arteria metacarpales dorsales • Dorsal metacarpal arteries • Aa. metacarpales dorsales • Artères interosseuses dorsales de la main • Arterias intermetacarpianas dorsales

• Arteriae metacarpales palmares • Palmar metacarpal arteries • Aa. metacarpales palmares • Artères interosseuses palmares • Arterias intermetacarpianas palmares

• Rami perforantes • Perforating branches • Rami perforantes • Artères perforantes de la main • Ramas perforantes

• Arteriae digitales palmares communes • Common palmar digital arteries • Aa. digitales palmares communes • Artères interosseuses palmaires • Arterias digitales palmares comunes

• Arteriae digitales propriae • Proper digital arteries (radial and ulnar) • Aa. digitales propriae • Artères collatérales des doigts (interne et externe) • Arterias digitales propias (radial y cubital)

• Arteria princeps pollicis • Princeps pollicis artery • A. princeps pollicis • Artère dorsale du pouce • Arteria principal del pulgar

• Venae • Veins • Venen • Veines • Venas

• Rete venosum dorsale manus • Dorsal venous network of the hand • Rete venosum dorsale manus (Venöses Handrückengeflecht) • Arcade veineuse dorsale de la main • Red venosa dorsal de la mano

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SKIN and ACCESSORIES. • Cutis • Skin • Haut • Peau • Piel

• Epidermis • Epidermis • Epidermis

• Epiderme • Epidermis

• Corium (Dermis) • Dermis • Korium (Dermis) Lederhaut • Derme • Dermis

• Cristae cutis • Rugae • Cristae cutis (Papillarlinien) • Crêtes papilaires • Crestas papilares

• ...... • Finger prints • Fingerabdruck • Empreintes digitales. Emoreintes digito-palmaires. (Dermatoglyphes) • Huellas dactilares (Dermatoglifos)

• Tela subcutanea • Subcutaneous tissue • Unterhautfettgewebe (Subkutangewebe) • Tissu cellulaire sous cutanee • Tejido graso subcutáneo

• Sulci cutis • Skin creases • Furchen • Plis de flexion • Pliegues de flexión cutáneos

Linea carpi palmaris (proximalis et distalis) Wrist creases (proximal and distal) Handgelenksbeugefurche (proximale:Restricta; distale:Raszetta) Sillons du poignet Pliegues de flexión de la muñeca (proximal y distal)

Sulcus longitudinalis thenaris (lateralis) Longitudinal thenar crease Daumenballenfurche Pli palmaire superieur ou thenarien Pliegue longitudinal tenar

Sulcus longitudinalis medianus (intermedius) Longitudinal median crease Mittlere Furche Pli longitudinal interne Pliegue longitudinal medio

Sulcus longitudinalis hypothenaris Longitudinal hypothenar crease Ulnare Furche

Pli longitudinal hypothenarien Pliegue longitudinal hipotenar

Sulcus tranversalis radialis Proximal palmar crease Proximale Hohlhandbeugefurche Pli palmaire moyen Pliegue palmar proximal

Sulcus transversalis ulnaris Distal palmar crease Distale Hohlhandbeugefurche Pli palmaire inferieur Pliegue palmar distal

...... Palmar-digital crease Grundgliedbeugefurche Pli digito-palmaire Pliegue digito-palmar

...... Proximal interphalangeal joint crease Mittelgelenksbeugefurche Pli de l'interphalangienne proximale Pliegue de flexión de la articulación interfalángica proximal

...... Distal interphalangeal joint crease Endgelenksbeugefurche Pli de l'interphalangienne distale Pliegue de la articulación interfalángica distal

• Unguis • Nail • Nagel • Ongle • Uña

Matrix unguis Nail matrix Nagelmatrix Matrice Matriz ungueal

Lectulus (Solum unguis) Nail bed Nagelbett Lit de l'ongle (Sole unguéale) Lecho ungueal

Lunula Lunula Lunula Région lunulaire

Lúnula

Margo liber Free margin Freier Rand Extremité libre Extremo libre (borde libre)

Perionychium Naid bed plus nail wall Nagelhaut (Perionychium) Perionychium Perioniquio

Eponychium Cuticle Eponychium Eponychium Eponiquio

Hyponychium Hyponychium Hyponychium Hyponuchium Hiponiquio

Paronychium Paronychium Paronychium Paronychium Paroniquio

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GENERAL • Non prehensile functions • Nichtgreiffunktionen • Functions non prehensives • Funciones no prensiles • Prehensile functions • Greiffunktion • Fonctions de préhension • Funciones de prensión

• Power handling • Krattentwicklung • Prise de force • Prensión de fuerza

Power grip and hook grip

Kraftgriff (Grobgriff) und Hakengriff Poigne Prensión de puño y prensión de gancho

Lateral pinch (Key pinch) Fingerseitgriff, Schlüsselgriff Prise lateral Prensión lateral (Prensión de llave)

• Precision handling • Präzisionsgriff • Prise de precision • Funciones de precisión

Pulp to pulp pinch Feingriff Pince pulpaire Presión de pulpejo con pulpejo

Nail to pulp pinch Nagel-Kuppengriff Pince unguéo-pulpaire Prensión de uña a pulpejo

Nail to nail pinch Nagel-Nagel griff Pince unguéo-ungueal Prensión de uña a uña

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JOINTS. • Positions • Positionen (Stellungen) • Positions • Posiciones

• Rest position (Neutral position) • Ruhestellung (Neutralstellung) • Position de repos • Posición de reposo

• Functional position (position of arthrodesis) • Funktionsstellung • Position de fonction • Posición funcional (posición de artrodesis)

• Protective position or safe position (intrinsic plus) • Schutzstellung (Plateaustellung)

• Position de protection • Posición protectiva (intrínsico plus)

• Motion • Beweglichkeit • Mouvement • Movimiento

• Range of motion • Bewegungsumfang • Amplitude de movement • Grado de movilidad

• Active motion • Aktive Beweglichkeit • Mobilisation active • Movilidad activa

• Passive motion • Passive Beweglichkeit • Mobilisation passive • Movilidad pasiva

• Elbow • Ellleubogen • Coude • Codo

• Flexion • Beugung • Flexion • Flexión

• Extension • Streckung • Extension • Extensión

• Hyperextension • Überstreckung • Hyperextension • Hiperextensión

• Forearm • Unterarm • Avant Bras • Antebrazo

• Pronation (Internal rotation) • Pronation (Innendrehung) • Pronation • Pronación

• Supination (External rotation) • Supination (Aussendrehung) • Supination • Supinación

• Wrist • Handgelenk • Poignet • Muñeca

• Flexion • Beugung • Flexion • Flexión

• Extension • Streckung • Extension • Extensión

• Radial inclination • Radialduktion • Inclinaison radiale • Inclinación radial

• Ulnar inclination • Ulnarduktion • Inclinaison cubitale • Inclinación cubital

• Metacarpophalangeal • Grundgelenk • Métacarpophalangiennes • Metacarpofalángicas

• Flexion • Beugung • Flexion • Flexión

• Extension • Streckung • Extension • Extensión

• Hyperextension • Überstreckung • Hyperextension • Hiperextensión

• Radial inclination (Spreading abduction or divergence) • Abduktion (Abspreizung) • Inclinaison radiale

• Inclinación radial

• Adduction (Closing) • Adduktion (Anspreizung) • Inclinaison cubitale • Inclinación cubital

• Pronation (Internal rotation) • Pronation (Innendrehung) • Pronation • Pronación

• Supination (External rotation) • Supination (Aussendrehung) • Supination • Supinación

• Interphalangeal • Mittlse-und Endgelenk • Interphalangiennes • Interfalángicas

• Flexion • Beugung • Flexion • Flexión

• Extension • Streckung • Extension • Extensión

• Hyperextension • Uberstreckung • Hyperextension • Hiperextensión

• Trapezio-metacarpal • Sattelgelenk • Trapezo-metacarpienne • Trapecio-metacarpiana

• Radial abduction • Radiale Abduktion • Inclinaison radiale • Abducción radial

• Palmar abduction • Palmare Abduktion • Abduction palmaire (antepulsion) • Antepulsión (Abducción palmar)

• Adduction

• Adducktion (Flexion-Adduktion) • Adduction • Aduccion

• Dorsal adduction to zero position • Retroposition, Retropulsion • Adduction dorsal (Retropulsion) • Retropulsión

• Opposition • Opposition (Gegenüberstellung) • Opposition • Oposición

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MUSCLE and TENDON. • Motor function • Motorische Funktion • Fonction motrice • Función motora

• Muscle strength • Muskelkraft • Force musculaire • Fuerza de contracción muscular

• Agonistic muscles • Synergist • Muscles synergiques • Músculos agonistas

• Synergistic contraction • Synergistische Kontraktion • Contraction synergique • Contracción sinergística

• Antagonistic muscles • Gegenspieler (Antagonist) • Muscles antagonistes • Músculos antagonistas

• Trick movement • Trick-Bewegung • Mouvement simulé • Movimientos trucados

• Functional adaptation

• Funktionelle Anpassung (Funktionelle Adaptation) • Adaptation fonctionnelle • Adaptación funcional

• Tendon gliding • Sehnengleiten • Glissement (Jeu) tendineux • Deslizamiento tendinoso

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NERVES. • Sensory function • Sensible Funktion • Fonction sensorielle • Función sensorial

• Tactile sensibility • Taktile Sensibilität (Berührungsgefühl) • Sensibilité tactile • Sensibilidad tactil

• Epicritic sensation • Epikritische Sensibilität • Sensibilité épicritique • Sensibilidad epicrítica

• Stereognosis (Position sense) • Stereognosis (Lagesinn) • Stéréognosie (Sens de position) • Estereognosia (Sentido de posición)

• Proprioception • Propriozeptive Sensibilität (Muskelsinn) • Sensibilité proprioceptive • Sensibilidad proprioceptiva

• Protophatic sensation • Protopathische Sensibilität • Sensibilité protopathique • Sensibilidad protopática

• Protective sensibility • Schutzsensibilität • Sensibilité de protection • Sensibilidad protectiva

• Deep sensibility • Tiefensensibilität • Sensibiité profonde • Sensibilidad profunda

• Pain • Schmerz • Douleur • Dolor

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EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests. GENERAL. BONES JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESSORIES. VESSELS.

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GENERAL. • Injury • Verletzung • Blessure • Lesión

• Bruising • Prellung • Eraflure • Magullamiento

• Crushing • Quetschung • Ecrasement • Aplastamiento

• Wound • Wunde • Plaie • Herida

• Contamination • Contamination (Verschmutzung) • Contamination • Contaminación

• Swelling • Schwellung • Enflure, gonflement • Hinchazón

• Oedema or oedema • Ödem • Oedème • Edema

• Inflammation • Entzündung • Inflammation • Inflamación

• Pain (tenderness) • Schmerz • Douleur • Dolor

• Loss of function • Funktionsverlust • Perte de fonction • Impotencia funcional

• Impairement • Beeinträchtigung • Deficience • Deficiencia

• Handicap • Behinderung • Gêne (Limitation, Infirmité) • Minusvalía

• Dissability • Funktionverlust, Beeinträchtigung der Gebrauchsfähigkeit • Inaptitude • Discapacidad

• Lump • Beule, Schwellung, Knoten, Verdickung, Tumor

• Tumeur, masse, excroissance • Tumor, bulto

• Size • Grösse • Taille • Tamaño

• Shape • Form • Forme • Forma

• Consistency • Konsistenz • Consistance • Consistencia

• Fluctuation • Fluktuation • Fluctuation • Fluctuación

• Colo(u)r • Farbe • Coloeur • Color

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BONES • Crepitus • Krepitieren • Craquement, crépitation • Crepitación

• Exostosis • Exostose • Exostose • Exostosis

• Deformity • Deformität, Fehlstellung • Déformation • Deformidad

• Shortening • Verkurzung

• Raccourcissement • Acortamiento

• Rotational deformity (pronation and supination) • Drehfehlstellung (Torsionsfehlstellung) • Deformation en rotation axiale • Deformidad rotacional (pronación y supinación)

• Angular deformity (sagittal and coronal planes) • Knickelfstellung • Deformation angulaire, angulation • Deformidad angular (planos sagital y coronal)

• Plain Radiograph • Standard- Röntgenaufnahme • Radiographie simple • Radiografía simple

• Tomography • Schichtaufnahme • Tomographie • Tomografía

• Computed Axial Tomography (CAT Scan) • Computertomographie (CT) • Scanner • Tomografía Axial Computarizada (TAC)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (RMI) • Kernspintomographie (MRT) • Image en resonance magnetique (IRM, RMN) • Resonancia Magnética (RM)

• Bone scan • Knochen-Szintigraphie • Scanner • Gammagrafía ósea

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JOINTS. • Crepitus • Krepitieren (Reiben) • Craquement, crépitation • Crepitación

• Swelling • Schwellung

• Tuméfaction • Hinchazón

• Effusion • Erguss • Epanchement • Efusión

• Synovitis • Synovialitis • Synovite • Sinovitis

• Locking • Blockierung • Blocage • Bloqueo

• Extension lag • Streckdefizit • Déficit d'extension • Déficit de extensión activa

• Stiffness • Steife, Versteifung • Raideur • Rigidez

• Flexion contracture • Beugekontraktur • Blocage en flexion • Contractura en flexión

• Ankylosis • Versteifung (Ankylose) • Ankylose • Anquilosis

• Deformity • Deformität • Déformité • Deformidad

• Recurvatum • Úberstreckung • Courbure • Recurvatum

• Ulnar drift • Ulnare Deviation • Coup de vent cubital • Ráfaga cubital

• Zig-zag deformities • Zickzack • Zig-zag • Deformidades en zig-zag

• Claw deformity • Krallenstellung, Krauenstellung • Griffe • Deformidad en garra

• Mallet finger • Strecksehnenausriss am Fingerendglied, Hammerfinger • Doigt en maillet • Dedo en martillo

• Buttonhole deformity • Knopflochdeformität • Deformation en boutonnière • Deformidad en ojal

• Swan-neck deformity • Schwanenhalsdeformität • Deformation en col de cygne • Deformidad en cuello de cisne

• Opera-glass deformity • Opernglas-Deformität • Deformation "en lorgnette" • Deformidad en gemelos de teatro

• Ligamentous hyperlaxity • Bänderschlaffheit • Laxité ligamentaire • Hiperlaxitud ligamentosa

• Instability • Instabilität • Instabilité • Inestabilidad

• Bouchard's nodes • Bouchard-Knoten • Nodules de Bouchard • Nódulos de Bouchard

• Heberden's nodes • Heberden-Knoten • Nodules de Heberden • Nódulos de Heberden

• Plain radiograph • Standard-Aufnahme • Radiographie simple

• Radiografía simple

• Stress radiograph • Gehaltene Aufnahme • Radiographie sous contrainte • Radiografía forzada (en estrés)

• Arthrography • Arthrographie • Arthrographie • Artrografía

• Bone scan • Knochen-Szintigraphie • Scanner • Gammagrafía ósea

• Arthroscopy • Arthroskopie • Arthroscopie • Artroscopía

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MUSCLES. • Muscle force (Power) • Kraft • Puissance, force musculaire • Fuerza muscular

• Weakness • Schwäche • Faiblesse • Debilidad

• Paresia • Lähmung, Schwäche (Parese) • Parésie • Paresia

• Paralysis • Schlaffe Lähmung (Paralyse) • Paralysie • Parálisis

• Wrist-drop • Fallhand • Chute du poignet

• Caida de la muñeca

• Atrophy (wasting) • Atrophie (Muskelminderung) • Atrophie • Atrofia

• Spastidity • Spastizität, Spasmus • Spasticité, contracture • Espasticidad

• Thumb-in-palm • Beugekontraktur des Daumens • Pouce "adductus" • Pulgar en palma

• Contracture • Kontraktur • Retraction • Contractura

• Twitch • Zucken • Clonus • Fibrilación

• Trick movements • Trickbewegungen • Mobilité trichée • Movimientos compensatorios

• Intrinsic-plus • Intrinsic-plus • Intrinsèque plus • Intrínseco plus

• Lumbrical-plus • Lumbrikalis-plus • Lombrical plus • Lumbrical plus

• Intrinsic minus • Intrinsic-minus • Intrinsèque moins • Intrínseco minus

• Claw hand • Krallenhand • Griffe • Mano en garra

• Strength-duration curves (endurance)

• Muskelkraftkurve • Courbe d'endurance • Pruebas de resistencia muscular

• Electromyography • Elektromyographie • Electromyographie • Electromiografía

• Fibrilation potentials • Fibrillationspotentialle • Fibrilation • Potenciales de fibrilación

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TENDONS. • Tenosynovitis • Tenosynovialitis • Tenosynovite • Tenosinovitis

• Crepitus • Krepitation, Knistern, Knarren, Reiben • Crépitation • Crepitación

• Triggering • Shnellen, Schnappen, Schnellender Finger • Ressaut • Resorte (Engatillamiento)

• Locking • Blockierung • Blocage • Bloqueo

• Adhesions • Adhäsionen, Verklebungen, Verwachsungen • Adhérences • Adheréncias

• Tenodesis • Tenodese • Tenodèse (Adhérence tendineuse) • Tenodesis

• Bow-stringing

• Bogensehneneffekt • Trajet en corde de l'arc • Deformidad en cuerda de arco

• Tenography • Tenographie • Ténographie • Tenografía

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FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. • Nodule • Knoten • Nodule • Nódulo

• Cord • Strang • Bride • Cordón (Brida)

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NERVES. • Numbness • Taubheit • Engourdissement • Acorchamiento

• Par(a)esthesia • Parästhesie (Fehlemfindung) • Paresthésie • Parestesia

• Hyp(a)esthesia • Hypästhesie (Gefühlsverminderung) • Hypoesthésie • Hipoestesia

• Anaesthesia (Anesthesia) • Anästhesie (Gefühlosigkeit) • Anesthésie

• Anestesia

• Thermoan(a)esthesia • Warm-Kaltempfindungslosigkeit • Anesthesie thermique • Termoanastesia

• Analgesia • Analgesie • Analgesie • Analgesia

• Hyperalgesia • Hyperalgesie • Hyperalgesie • Hiperalgesia

• Dys(a)esthesia • Dysästhesie (Missempfundung) • Dysesthésie • Disestesia

• Phantom limb • Phantom • Membre fantome • Miembro fantasma

• Causalgia • Kausalgie • Causalgie • Causalgia

• Astereognosis • Astereognose • Astéréognosie • Anestereognosis

• Light touch • Leichte Berührung • Effleurement • Tacto superficial

• Two-point discrimination (Weber test) (moving and static) (2 PD) • Zweipunke-Unterscheidungsvermögen, Zweipunkte - Diskrimination, ( 2- PD) • Reconnaissance de deux points • Discriminación de dos puntos (en movimiento y estáticos)

• Pressure filaments (von Frey and Semmes- Weinstein test) • Semmes-Weinstein-Haartest • Presion de filaments • Test de los filamentos de Semmes-Weinstein

• Vibrometers (tunning fork) (30 and 256 cps)

• Simmgabel-Test • Diapason • Vibrómetro (diapasón)

• Pain sensation • Schmerzempfindung • Sensibilité douloureuse • Sensación dolorosa

• Temperature sensation • Temperaturempfindung • Sensibilité thermique • Sensación térmica

• Stereognosis • Stereognose • Stéréognosie • Estereognosis

• Tinel's sign • Hoffmann-Tinel-Zeichen • Signe de Tinel • Test de Tinel

• Neurography • Neurographie • Neurographie • Neurografía

• Conduction studies (NCS) • Nervenleitungsuntersuchungen • Etude des conductions • Estudio de la conducción nerviosa

• Nerve conduction velocity (sensory and motor) (NCV) • Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit • Vitesse de conduction nerveuse • Velocidad de conducción nerviosa (sensitiva y motora)

• Latency • Latenz • Latence • Latencia

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SKIN and ACCESSORIES. • Itching

• Jucken • Démangeaison, Prurit • Prurito

• Sweating • Schwitzen • Sudation • Sudoración

• Anhidrosis • Anhidrose, Hautttrockenheit • Anhidrose • Anhidrosis

• Hyperhidrosis • Hyperhidrose, starkes Schwitzen • Hyperhidrose • Hiperhidrosis

• Fragility • Brüchigkeit • Fragilité • Fragilidad

• Puncture • Stich • Piqure • Pinchazo

• Blister • Blase • Ampoule, phlyctène • Flictena

• Laceration or cut • Zerreissung oder Schnitt • Plaie franche, coupure • Herida (corte)

• Sinus • Sinus, Fistel • Fistule • Fístula

• Ulcer • Geschwür, Ulkus • Ulcère • Ulcera

• Eschar • Schorf, Borke • Escarre • Escara

• Scar • Narbe • Cicatrice • Cicatriz

Contracture Kontraktur Cicatrice rétractile Contractura

Hypertrophic Überschiessend, hypertroph Hipertrophique, Chéloïde Hipertrófica

Hyperpigmentation Hyperpigmentation Hyperpigmentation Hiperigmentación

Depigmentation Pigmentlosigkeit Dépigmentation Despigmentación

Adherence Verwachsung, Verklebung Adhérence Adherencia

• Nail and nail bed • Nagel und Nagelbett • Ongle et lit unguéal • Uña y lecho ungueal

• Pitting • Krypte, Einziehung, Delle • Tomentueux • Picoteado

• Splitting • Gespalten • Friable • Partida

• Groving or guttering • Rille, Furche, Rinne • En tuile (cannelure) • Estrías ungueales

• Non-adherent • Nicht verwachsen • Décollé

• Despegada

• Remmant • Rest • Résidu • Residual

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VESSELS. • Pallor • Blässe • Paleur • Palidez

• Cyanosis • Zyanose • Cyanose • Cianosis

• Raynaud's phenomenon • Raynaud-Phänomen • Phénomène de Raynaud • Fenómeno de Raynaud

• Hyper(a)emia • Hyperämie • Hyperémie • Hiperemia

• Pulse • Puls • Pouls (Pulsation) • Pulso

• Pulselessness • Pulslosigkeit • Sans pouls, ansphygmie • Ausencia de pulso

• Capillary refilling • Kapillar-Reflux, -Füllung • Retour capillaire • Relleno capilar

• Petechiase • Petechien, Blutfleck • Pétéchies

• Petequia

• Ecchimosis • Ekchimose • Echymose • Equimosis

• H(a)emorrhage • Blutung • Hemorragie • Hemorragia

• H(a)ematoma • Bluterguss • Hématome • Hematoma

• Splinter h(a)emorrhages • Blutung unter dem Fingernagel • Suffusion hémorragique sous-unguéale, Hematome sous unguéal • Hematoma subungueal

• Arteriography • Arteriographie • Artériographie • Arteriografía

• Doppler ultrasonic scanner • Doppler • Examen Doppler (Velocimetrie par Doppler) • Doppler

• Venography • Venographie (Phlebographie) • Phlébographie • Venografía (Flebografía)

• Lymphangiography • Lymphographie • Lymphangiographie • Linfografía

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PATHOLOGY CONGENITAL BONES.

JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS.

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CONGENITAL Congenital abnormalities: Note: The Greek names formely used to describe congenital abnormalities of the hand anf arm are not included here because they are the same in any modern language and because their use is discouraged by the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. Syndromes known by the name of a person are also omitted here, as they are the same in any language. A full list with definitions of greek terms and eponymic syndromes is given at the end of A.E. Flatt's book The Care of Congenital Hand Abnormalities (St. Louis,1977, The C.V. Mosby Co), and in Dieter Buck-Gramcko's chapter on "Congenital Malformation" in Handchirurgie, vol. I, edited by H. Nigst, D. Buck-Gramko, and H. Millesi (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme). The recommended system is that evolved by American Society for Surgeryu of the hand and described in Swanson AB: Classification for congenital limb malformations. J Hand Surg 1:8-22, 1976. This is not so much a vocabulary as a method of description, but we list below the words that are most commonly used in descriptions and some examples of vernacular names of the parts affected to describe the abnormality in each individual. Angeborene Fehlbildungen: Anmerkung: Die früher gebräuchlichen griechischen Bezeichnungen für angeboreme Fehlbildungen der Hand und des Armes sind hier nicht eingeschlosen, da sie in jeder modernen Sprache in fast gleicher Weise gebraucht werden un ihre weitere Verwendung dunch die Vrschläge der International Federation of Societes for Surgery of the Hand nicht mehr empfohlen wurden. Ebenso sind syndrome, die durch den Namen einer Person gekennzeichnet sind, ausgelassen worden, da sieebenfalls in jeder Sprache gleichartig lauten Eine vollständige Liste und Definition der griechischen und lateinischen Bezeinchnungen und mit Namen vervundenden Sydromen findet sich am Ende des Buhes von A.E. Flatt, The Care of Congenital Hand Abnormalities (St. Louis, 1977, The C.V. Mosby Co.) Und in Dieter Buck-Gramcko's Kapitel über angeborene Fehlbikdungen der Hand im I. Band des Buches Hand-chirurgie, herausgegeben von H. Nigst, D. Buck-Gramcko und H. Millesi, (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme). Das zur Benutzung empfohlene System ist von der Amerikanischen Gesellschaft für Habdcgirurgie ebtwickelt und beschrieben in Swanson AB: Classification for congenital limb malformations. J. HAND SURG 1:8-22, 1976. Es handelt sich dabei nicht so sehr um eir Wörterverzeichnis, als mehr eine Beschreibung. Nachfolgend haben wir eine Reihe von Wörten

und Begriffen aufgelistet, die am häufigsten benutzt werden, und einige Beispiele von fachlichen Bezeichnungen hinzugefügt. Diese Bezeichnungen werden meist gemeinsam mit den gewöhnlichen anatomischen Bamen der beteiligten Körperteile benutzt, um die Fehlbildungen der einzelnen Person zu beschreiben Anomalies congénitales: Note: Les termes grecs autrefois utilisés pour décrire les malformations congénitales du membre supérieur n'ont pas été retenus ici car ils sont les mêmes dans toutes les langues et surtout leur emploi n'est pas approuvé par la Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Chirurgie de la Main. De même les syndrômes portant un nom prope n'ont pas été retenus car ils sont également les mêmes dans chaque langue. Une liste complète avec la définition des termes grecs et des syndrômes à noms propes existe à la fin du livre d' A. E. Flatt, The Care of Congenital Hand Abnormalities (St. Louis, 1977, The C. V. Mosby Co.) et dans le chapitre écrit par Dieter Buck- Gramvko sur les maldormations congénitales dans Hand Chirurgie, vol. I, de H. Nigst, D.Buck Gramcko, and H. Millesi (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme). Le système proposé est celui qui a été retenu par la Société Américaine de Chirurgie de la Main et publié dans Swanson AB: Classifications. J Hand Surg 1:8-22, 1976. Il ne s'agit pas tant d'un vocabulaire que d'une méthode de description, mais nous avons donné ci-dessous les mots qui sont le plus souvent utilisés dans les descriptions et quelques exemples de termes propes à chaque langage pour désigner les éléments atteints afin de pouvoir décrire des anormalies propes à chaque cas particulier. Anomalías Congénitas: Nota: No se incluyen los nombres griegos comunmente utilizados para describir las anomalías congénitas de la mano y el brazo porque son los mismo utilizados en todos los idiomas modernos, y porque la Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Cirugía de la Mano desaconseja su uso. También se omiten los síndromes conocidos con el nombre de un autor, ya que son los mismos en cualquier idioma. En el final del libro de Flatt "The Care of Congenital Hand abnormalities," C:V: Mosby, St. Louis, 1977, y en el capítulo 1, editado por H. Nigst, escrito por D. Buck-Gramcko, y H. Millesi (Stuttgart, 1981, Thieme) se dá una lista completa de los términos griegos con su definición y de los síndromes eponímicos. El sistema recomendado es el desarrollo por la Sociedad Americana de Cirugía de la Mano y fue descrita Swanson AB: Clasification for Congenital limb malformations. J Hand Surg 1:8-22, 1976. No es tanto un vocabulario como un método de descripción. Más abajo se dan las palabras que son más usadas en las descripciones, y algunos ejemplos de nombres vernáculos de las partes afectas para describir la anomalía en cada individuo. • Failure of formation of parts, arrest of development: • Ausbleiben der Bildung einzelner Anteile, Hemmung der Entwicklung: • Arrèts de developpement: • Fallo de formación de partes, paro del desarrollo:

• Transverse terminal • Querverlaufend • Transverse • Terminal transversa

Absence (congenital amputation) Fehlen, Mangel Absence Ausencia (amputación congénita)

Finger nubbins Fingerstummel Résidus digitaux Muñones digitales

• Transverse intercalated • Quere interkalierte • Phocomelie • Transversa intercalada

• Longitudinal • Längsverlaufend • Longitudinal • Longitudinal

Radial Radial, speichenseitig Radial Radial

• Radial club-hand • Klumphand • Main bote radiale • Mano zamba radial

• Absence of thumb • Dammenaplasie • Agenesie/absence de pouce • Agenesia del pulgar

• Floating thumb • Flottierender Daumen, Wackeldaumen • Pouce flottant • Pulgar flotante

• Hypoplastic thumb • Daumenhypoplasie • Hypotrophie du pouce • Pulgar hipoplásico

Central (cleft hand, ectrodactily) Zentral (Spalthand) Central Central (mano hendida, ectrodactilia)

Ulnar Ulnar, ellenseitig Cubital Cubital

• Fauliure of separation or différentiation of parts: • Ausbleiben der Differenzierung oder Trennung von einzelnen Anteilen: • Absense de séparation, de différentiation: • Fallo de separación o diferenciación de partes:

• Undescended shoulder • Schulterblatthochstand • Scapula alta • Hombro no descendido

• Congenital fusions • Angeborene Synostosen • Fusion Congénitale • Fusiones congénitas

• Radio-ulnar synostosis • Radioulnare synostosis • Synostose radio-cubitale • Sinostosis radio-cubital

• Poland's syndrome • Polands Syndrom • Syndrome de Poland • Síndrome de Poland

• Congenital contractures • Angeborene Kontrakturen • Brides congénitales • Contracturas congénitas

• Congenital trigger digits • Angeborene schnellende Finger • Doigts à ressort • Dedos en resorte congénitos

• Clasped thumb • Daumen-Beugekontraktur • Pouce adductus • Pulgar flexo-adducto

• Camptodactyly • Kamptodaktilie • Camptodactylie • Camptodactilia

• Clinodactyly • Klinodactylie • Clinodactilie • Clinodactilia

• Delta phalanx • Deltaphalanx • Phalange "delta"

• Falanfe delta

• Duplication: • Verdoppelung: • Duplication: • Duplicación:

• Radial polydactily • Radiale Polydaktylie • Polydactylie radiale • Polidactilia radial

Bifid thumb Pollex bifidus Pouce bifide Pulgar bífido

• Central polydactily • Zentrale Polydaktylie • Polydactylie centrale • Polidactilia central

• Ulnar polydactily • Ulnare Polydaktylie • Polydactylie ulnaire (cubitale) • Polidactilia cubital

Mirror hand Spiegelhand Main en miroir Mano en espejo

• Overgrowth, gigantism • Überenentwicklung, Hypertrophie oder Makrodaktylie • Gigantisme, hyperplaste • Hipertrofia o giganstismo

• Undergrowth • Unterentwicklung oder Hypoplasie • Hypoplasie, sous-développement • Hipotrofia

• Hypoplastic hand • Handhypoplasie • Main hypoplasique • Mano hipoplásica

• Brachymetacarpia • Brachymetakarpie • Brachymetacarpie • Braquimetacarpiano

• Braquidactily • Kurzfingrigkeit

• Brachydactylie • Braquidactilia

• Constriction band syndrome • Schnürfurchen- oder Schnürring- Syndrom • Brides congénitales • Síndrome de las bridas de constricción

• Generalized skeletal abnormalities • Generalisierte Skelettfehbildungen • Malformations généralisées du squelette • Anomalías esqueléticas generalizadas

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BONES. • Fracture • Fraktur, Bruch • Fracture • Fractura

• Delayed union • Verzögerte Knochenheilung • Retard de consolidation • Retardo de consolidación

• Nonunion • Pseudarthose • Pseudarthrose • Pseudoartrosis

• Malunion • Fehlstellung • Cal vicieux • Consolidación en mala posición

• Epihyseal separation (epiphysiolysis) • Epiphysiolyse, (Epiphysenlósung) • Epiphysiolyse (séparation épiphysaire) • Lesión epifisaria (epifisiólisis)

• Osteopenia • Osteopenie • Ostéopénie • Osteopenia

• Osteoporosis • Osteoporose

• Ostéoporose • Osteoporosis

• Osteomalacia • Osteomalazie • Ostémalacie • Osteomalacia

• Hyperparathyroidism • Hyperparathyreoidismus • Hyperparathyroidisme • Hiperparatiroidismo

• Osteitis • Osteitis • Ostéite • Osteitis

• Osteomyelitis • Osteomyelitis • Ostéomyélite • Osteomielitis

• pyogenic • pyogene, eitrige • à pyogènes • piogena

• nonpyogenic • nicht-pyogene, nicht-eitrige • à germes banals • no piogena

• tuberculous • tuberkulöse • tuberculeuse • tuberculosa

• Periostitis • Periostitis • Périostite • Periostitis

• Aseptic (avascular) necrosis • Aseptische, avaskuläre Nekrose • Nécrose aseptique • Necrosis aséptica

• Kienböck's disease • Lunatum-Malazie, Mondbeinnekrose,Kienböck'sche Krankheit • Maladie de Kienböck • Enfermedad de Kienböck

• Preiser's disease • Preiser'sche Krankheit • Maladie de Preiser • Enfermedad de Preiser

• Cyst • Zyste • Géode, Kyste • Quiste

• Unicameral bone cyst • Einkammerige Knochenzyste • Kyste essentiel des os • Quiste óseo esencial

• Enchondroma • Enchondrom • Enchondrome • Encondroma

• Osteochondroma • Osteochondrom • Ostéochondrome • Osteocondroma

• Subungeal exostosis • Exostose -subunguale • Exostose sous-unguéale • Exóstosis subungueal

• Condromyxoid fibroma • Chondromyxoides Fibrom • Fibrome chondromyxoïde • Fibroma condromixoide

• Osteoid osteoma • Osteoid-osteom • Ostéome oséoïde • Osteoma osteoide

• Aneurysmal bone cyst • Aneurysmatische Knocehnzyste • Kyste anévrismal • Quiste oseo aneurismático

• Chondrosarcoma • Chondrosarkom • Chondrosarcome • Condrosarcoma

• Osteoclastoma (giant cell tumo(u)r of bone) • Osteoklastom oder Riesenzellgeschwulst • Tumeur à cellules géantes

• Osteoclasroma (tumor de células gigantes óseo)

• Osteogenic sarcoma • Osteosarkom • Ostéosarcome • Sarcoma osteogénico

• Ewing's sarcoma • Ewing-Sarkom • Sarcome d'Ewing • Sarcoma de Ewing

• Metastasis • Metastase • Métastase • Metástasis

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JOINTS. • Sprain • Verstauchung, Distorsion • Entorse • Esguince

• Torn or ruptured ligament • Ligament -oder Bänderzerrung, -ruptur • Ligament étiré ou rompu • Ruptura ligamentosa

• Dissociation • Dissoziation • Dissociatia • Dissociation

• Subluxation • Subluxation, Teilverrenkung • Subluxation • Subluxación

• Dislocation • Luxation, Verrenkung • Luxation • Luxación

• acute • akute • aiguë

• aguda

• chronic • chronische • chronique • crónica

• recurrent • wiederholte • récidivante • recidivante

• voluntary • willkürliche • volontaire • voluntaria

• Infective arthritis • Infektiöse Arthritis • Arthrite • Artritis infecciosa

• pyogenic (septic) • pyogene, eitrige • à pyogènes, septique • piógena (séptica)

• non-pyogenic • nicht-pyogene, nicht-eitrige • à germes-banals • no piógena

• Cristal arthropathy • Kristallarthropathie • Arthropatie cristalline • Artropatía por microcristales

• Gout (uric acid) • Gicht • Goutte • Gota (ácido úrico)

• Pseudogout (calcium pyrophospate) • Pseudogicht • Pseudo-goute • Pseudogota (pirofosfato cálcico)

• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Rheumatische Arthritis • Arthrite rhumatoïde • Artritis reumatoide

• Psoriatic arthritis

• Psoriatische, Psoriasis-Arthritis • Arthrite psoriasique • Artritis reumatoide

• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) • Lupus erythematodes • Lupus érithémateux • Lupus eritematoso sistémico

• Polyarteritis nodosa • Periarteriitis nodosa • Périartérite nouese • Poliarteritis nodosa

• Ankylosing spondylitis • Ankylosierende Spondylitis, Bechterew'sche Krankheit • Spondylite ankylosante • Espondilitis anquilosante

• Osteoarthrosis (degenerative osteoarthritis ) (OA) • Arthrose, Osteoarthrose • Arthrose déformante, ostéarthrite • Artrosis

• Acute calcification • Akute Verkalkung, Kalkablagerung • Calcification aiguë • Calcificación aguda

• Ganglion • Ganglion • Kyste synovial • Ganglión

• Carpo-metacarpal boss • Handrückenexostose • Exostose carpo –métacarpienne • Giba carpo-metacarpiana (carpo giboso)

• Pigmented villonodular synovitis (giant cell tumo(u)r of tendon sheath) (PVNS) • Villonoduläre Synovitis, gitartiger Riesenzelltumor, gutartiges • Synovite villonodulaire (tumeur bénigne à cellules géantes) • Sinovitis villonodular pigmentada (tumor de células gigantes de vainas tendinosas)

• Synovial sarcoma • Synovialsarkom • Synoviosarcome, synoviome malin • Sarcoma sinovial

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MUSCLES. • Absent • Fehlend • Absent • Ausente

• Accesory • Hinzutretend, zusätzlich • Accessoire • Accesorio

• Supernumerary • Anomal, abnormal oder abweiichend, abirrend • Surnuméraire • Supernumerario

• Compartment syndrome • Kompartment-Syndrom • Syndrome compartimental • Síndrome compartimental

• Volkmann's isch(a)emic contracture • Kontraktur -Volkmannsche ischämische Kontraktur • Rétraction -ischémique de Volkmann • Contractura isquémica de Volkmann

• Myositis • Myositis • Myosite • Miositis

• Myositis ossificans • Myositis ossificans • Myosite ossifiante • Miositis osificante

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TENDONS. • Absent • Fehlend • Absente • Ausente

• Accesory

• Hinzutretend, zusätzlich, akzessorisch • Accesoire • Accesorio

• Supernumerary • Überzählig • Surnumaraire • Supernumerario

• Laceration (division, cut) • Durchtrennung • Section • Sección

• complete • Komprett, vollständig • complète • completa

• partial or incomplete • teilweise oder inKomplett, unvollständig • partielle ou incomplète • parcial o imcompleta

• Avulsion • Ausriss • Avulsion • Avulsión

• Attrition • Abnutzung, Abreibung • Attrition • Atrición

• Rupture • Ruptur • Rupture • Rotura, ruptura

• Retraction • Retraktion • Rétraction • Retracción

• Adhesions • Verwachsung, Adhäsion • Adhérence • Adherencias

• Dislocation • Dislokation, Verrenkung, Verlagerung, • Luxation • Luxación (dislocación)

• Tendonitis (enthesopathy) • Tendinitis • Tendinite • Tendinitis (entesopatía)

• Tenosynovitis • Tenosynovialitis • Ténosynovite • Tenosinovitis

• septic • septische • infectieuse • séptica

• tuberculous • tuberkulöse • tuberculeuse • tuberculosa

• rheumatoid • rheumatoide • rhumatoïde • reumatoide

• Stenosing tenovaginitis • Stenosierende Tendovaginose, Sehnenscheidenentzündung • Ténosynovite sténosante • Tenovaginitis estenosante

• trigger finger • schnellender Finger • doigt à ressaut • dedo en resorte (gatillo)

• trigger thumb • schnellender Daumen • pouce à ressaut • pulgar en resorte (gatillo)

• De Quervain's disease • Stenosierende Tendovaginose des ersten Streckesehnenfaches (De Quervain) • maladie de De Quervain • enfermedad de De Quervain

• Acute calcification • Akute Verkalkung • Calcification aiguë • Calcificación aguda

• Ganglion • Überbein, Ganglion

• Kyste synovial • Ganglión

• Pigmented villonodular synovitis (giant cell tumo(u)r of tendon sheath) (PVNS) • Villonoduläre Synovialitis, gutartiger Riesenzelltumor • Synovite villonodulaire (tumeur bénigne à cellules géantes) • Sinovitis villonodular pigmentada (tumor de células gigantes de vainas tendinosas)

• Synovial sarcoma • Synovialsarkom • Synovio-sarcome, synoviome malin • Sarcoma sinovial

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FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. • Dupuytren's disease • Palmare fibromatose, Dupuytren'sche Erkrankung • Maladie de Dupuytren • Enfermendad de Dupuytren

• Knuckle pads • Knöchelpolster • Coussinets dorsaux (Nodules de Garrod) • Almohadillas en los nudillos (Nódulos de Garrod)

• Dupuytren's contracture • Rétraction de l'aponévrose palmaire • Dupuytren'sche Kontraktur • Contractura de Dupuytren

• Nodule • Knoten, Knötchen • Nodule • Nódulo

• Palmar cord or band (Pretendinous) • Palmar Strang, Fasciculi longitudinalis • Bride palmaire (Pretendineuse) • Brida o banda palmar (Pretendinosa)

• Digital cords • Digitale Stränge • Brides digitales • Bridas o bandas digitales

central Zentral

centrale central

oblique Schräg oblique oblícua

lateral Seitlich latérale lateral

"spiral" (central + oblique + lateral + Grayson's ligament spiral band, spiralig "spirale" (ídem) "espiral" ídem

retrovascular retrovaskulär rétro-vasculaire retrovascular

• Fibroma • Fibrom • Fibrome • Fibroma

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NERVES. • Neurapraxia • Neurapraxie • Neurapraxie • Neuroapraxia

• Axonotmesis • Axonotmesis • Axonotmésis • Axonotmesis

• Neurotmesis • Neurotmese • Neurotmésis • Neurotmesis

• Wallerian degeneration • Degeneration -Waller'sche • Dégénérescence wallérienne

• Degeneración walleriana

• Regeneration • Regeneration • Regenescense • Regeneración

• Neuropathy • Neuropathie • Neuropathie • Neuropatía

• Neuritis • Neuritis • Névrite • Neuritis

• Leprosy • Lepra • Lèpre • Lepra

• Laceration (cut, division) • Zerreissung oder Schnittverletzung • Section franche • Sección (corte)

• Traction • Dehnungs -(Traktions) schaden • Traction • Tracción

• Avulsion • Ausrissverletzung, Avulsion • Avulsion • Avulsión

• Compression (entrapment) • Kompression, Druckschädigung • Compression dans un défilé • Compresión

• Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) • Karpaltunnelsyndrom • Syndrôme du canal carpien • Síndrome del tunel carpiano (STC)

• Ulnar tunnel syndrome (arcade of Osborne) • Ulnariskompressionssyndrom in der ellenbogen (Osborne arkade) • Syndrome du cubital au coude • Síndrome del túnel cubital en en colo (arcada de Osborne)

• Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome

• Interosseus anterior-Syndrom (Kiloh-Nevin-Syndrom) • Syndrome du nerve interosseux anterior • Síndrome del nervio interóseo anterior (Kiloh-Nevin)

• Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome (arcade of Frohse) • Interosseus posterior-Syndrom • Syndrome du nerf interosseux posterieur • Síndrome del nervio interóseo posterior

• Hemiplegia • Hemiplegie, Halbseitenlähmung • Hémiplégie • Hemiplegía

• Tetraplegia • Tetraplegie • Tétraplégie • Tetraplegía

• Poliomyelitis • Poliomyelitis, Kinderlähmung • Poliomyélite • Poliomielitis

• Cerebral palsy • Spastische Lähmung • Paralysie cérébrale • Parálisis cerebral

• Neuroma • Neurom • Névrome • Neuroma

• Amputation neuroma • Amputationsneurom • Nevrome d'amputation • Neuroma de amputación

• Pseudoneuroma in continuity • Pseudoneurom • Nevrome en continuité • Pseudoneuroma en continuidad

• Bowler's thumb • Kegler-Daumen • Pouce des joueurs de boules • Pulgar del jugador de bolos

• Neurilemmoma (benibn schwannoma) • Neurilemmom, Neurinom oder Schwannom • Schwannome, neurilemmome • Neurilemoma (schwannoma benigno)

• Neurofibroma • Neurofibrom • Neurofibrome • Neurofibroma

• Lipofibromatous hamartoma (median nerve) • Lipofibromätoses Hamartom • Lipofibrome • Lipofibroma (nervio mediano)

• Neurofibromatosis • Neurofibromatose • Neurofibromatose • Neurofibromatosis

• Malignant nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma) • Neurofibrosarkom • Neurofibrosarcome • Neurofibrosarcoma (schwannoma maligno, tumor maligno de la la vaina nerviosa)

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SKIN and ACCESORIES. • Crush • Quetschung, Quetschwunde • Plaie contuse • Aplastamiento

• Abrasion • Abschürfung • Abrasion • Abrasión

• Wound • Wunde • Blessure • Herida

• Laceration or cut • Zerreissung oder Schittverlctzung • Coupure • Laceración o corte

• Bite • Biss • Morsure • Mordedura (mordisco)

• Degloving • Ablederung • Dégantement • Desguantamiento

• Burn • Verbrennung, Brandverletzung • Brûlure • Quemadura

Thermal Thermische Thermique Térmica

Scald Verbrühung Brûlure par échaudage Escaldadura

Chemical Chemische Chimique Química

Electrical Elektrische Électrique Eléctrica

from friction Reibung par friction por fricción

from radiation Strahlenschädigung, Strahlenfolge, Strahlenverbrennung par radiation por irradiación

• Pyogenic granuloma • Pyogenes Granulom • Granulome -à pyogènes • Granuloma piógeno

• Boil • Furunkel • Furoncle • Forunculo

• Intertrigo • Intertrigo • Intertrigo • Intertrigo

• Scar • Narbe • Cicatrice • Cicatriz

Hypertrophic Hypertrophisch Hypertrophique Hipertrófica

Keloid Keloid Chéloïde Queloide

• Scleroderma • Skleroderma • Sclérodermic • Escleriodemia

• Dermatomyositis • Dermatomyositis • Dermatomyosite • Dermatomiositis

• Epidermal inclusion cyst • Epidermoid-Zyste • Kyste epidermoïde • Quiste de inclusión epidérmico

• N(a)evus -junctional • Naevus - junktions • Naevus plan • Nevus

• Basal-cell carcinoma • Basalzellkarzinom, Basaliom • Carcinome basocellulaire • Carcinoma de células basales

• Squamous cell carcioma • Plattenepithelkarzinom, Spinaleom • Carcinome spinocellulaire • Carcinoma espinocelular

• Carcinoma, epithelioma • Karzinom, Ca, Epitheliom • Carciome, apithélioma • Carcinoma, epitelioma

• Nail and nail-bed: • Nagel und Nagelbett: • Ongle et Lit unguéal:

• Uña y lecho ungueal:

• Onychogryposis • Onychogryphose • Onychogrypose, hypertrphie unguéale • Onicogriposis

• Paronychial fungal infection • Paronychie durch Pilzinfektion, Mykose • Mycose périunguéale • Paroniquia por micosis

• Infectious paronychia (whitlow) • Infektionen -Paronychie oder Umlauf • Panaris peri-unguéal, tourniole • Paroniquia (uñero)

• Subungual h(a)ematoma • Subunguales Hämatom • Hématome sous-unguéal • Hematoma subungueal

• Glomus tumo(u)r • Glomustumor • Tumeur glomique • Tumor glómico

• Subungual melanoma • Subunguales Melanom • Mélanome sous-unguéal • Melanoma subungueal

• Subungual carcinoma • Subunguales Karzinom • Epithélioma sous-unguéal • Carcinoma subungueal

• Subcutaneous tissue: • Subkutangewebe, Unterhautfettgewebe: • Tissu sous- cutané: • Tejido graso subcutáneo:

• Cellulitis • Phlegmone • Cellulite • Celulitis

• Erysipeloid • Erysipeloid • Erysipéloïde • Erisipeloide

• Carbuncle

• Karbunkel • Anthrax • Forunculo

• Abscess • Abszess • Phlegmon • Abceso

• Pulp infection • Fingerkuppenabszess • Panaris pulpaire • Infección pulpar, panadizo

• Pilonidal sinus • Pilonidal-Sinus, -Zyste • Sinus pilonidal • Fístula pilonidal

• Rheumatoid nodule • Rheuma-Knoten • Nodule rhumatoïde • Nódulo reumatoideo

• Tophus • Tophus, Gichtknoten • Tophus • Tofo gotoso

• Calcinosis circumscripta • Calcinosis circumscripta • Calcinosis circumscripta • Calcinosis circunscrita

• Dermoid cyst • Dermoid-Zyste • Kyste dermoïde • Quiste dermoide

• Mucoid cyst • Mucoidzyste • Kyste mucoïde • Quiste mucoide

• Ganglion • Ganglion, überbein • Kyste synovial • Ganglión

• Dermatofibroma • Molluscum, dermato-fibrome • Dermatofibrom • Dermatofibroma

• Xanthoma • Xanthom • Xanthome • Xantoma

• Lipoma • Lipom • Lipome • Lipoma

• Liposarcoma • Lipsarkom • Liposarcome • Liposarcoma

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VESSELS. • Spasm • Spasmus • Spasme • Espasmo

• Isch(a)emia • Ischämie • Ischémie • Isquemia

• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) • Algodystrophie, SympatischeReflexdystrophie, Morbus Sudeck • Neuro-algodystrophie, Dystrophie sympathique • Distrofia Neurovascular Refleja (DNVR), Distrofia simpática refleja

• Raynaud's phenomenon • Raynaud'sches Phänomen • Phénomène de Raynaud • Fenómeno de Raynaud

• Raynaud's disease • Raynaud'sche Erkrankung • Maladie de Raynaud • Enfermedad de Raynaud

• Arteritis • Arteriitis • Artérite • Arteritis

• Thrombosis • Thrombose • Thombose • Trombosis

• Gangrene • Gangrän • Gangrène • Gangrena

• Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) • Arteriovenöse Fistel • Fistule artérioveineuse • Fístula arteriovenosa

• Aneurysm • Aneurysma • Anévrisme • Aneurisma

• H(a)emangioma • Hämangiom • Hémangiome • Hemangioma

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GENERAL. • Traction • Traktion oder Dehnung • Traction • Tracción

• Manipulation • Manipulation • Manipulation • Manipulación

• Reduction (realignment) • Reposition • Réduction • Reducción

• Immobilization • Immobilisation, Ruhigstellung • Immobilisation • Inmovilización

• Plaster cast • Gipsverband • Plàtre • Escayola

• Fiberglass polyuretane resin casting tape • ...... • Appareill de contention en resine • Vendaje de resina y fibra de vidrio

• Orthosis • Orthosen • Orthèse • Ortesis

• Splint, brace • Schienen • Attelle • Férula

• static • statische • statique • estática

• dynamic • dynamische • dynamique • dinámica

• Prothesis • Prothesen • Prothèse • Prótesis

• cosmetic • kosmetische • esthéstique • estética

• active • aktive • fonctionnelle • activa

• Mobilization • Mobilisation • Mobilisation • Movilización

• Rehabilitation • Rehabilitation

• Rééducation fonctionnelle • Rehabilitación

• Physiotherapy, physical, therapy (PT) • Physiotherapie, physikalische Therapie, Krankengymnastik • Physiothérapie • Fisioterapia (FT)

• Hand therapy • Handtherapy • Rééduction de la main • Fisioterapia de la mano

• Occupational therapy (OT) • Beschäftigungstherapie, Ergotherapie • Ergothérapie • Terapia ocupacional (TO)

• Exercices • Übungen • Exercices de mobilisation • Ejercicios

• active • aktive • active • activos

• passive • passive • passive • pasivos

• Stretching • Streckung oder Dehnung • Traction, elongation • Estiramiento

• Aspiration • Aspiration • Aspiration • Aspiración

• Injection • Injektion • Injection • Inyección

• Esmarch bandage • Esmarchsche Binde • Bande d'Esmarch • Venda de Esmarch

• Exsanguination • Auswickeln des Armes • Exsanguination • Exanguinación, expresión sanguínea

• Pneumatic tourniquet • Blutleere -pneumatische • Garrot –pneumatique • Torniquete neumático

• Optical magnification • Vergrösserung • Grossissement • Magnificación óptica

• Microsurgical technique • Mikrochirurgische Technik • Techniques micro-chirurgicales • Técnica microquirúrgica

• Exposure (approach) • Freilegung oder Zugang • Voie d'abord • Via de abordaje

• Incision • Inzision, Schnittführung • Incision • Incisión

• transverse • querverlaufend • transversale • transversa

• longitudinal • längsgerichtet • longitudinale • longitudinal

• midaxial (in the finger) • in der Mittellinie • médiane ou axiale • axial-media (en el dedo)

• midlateral (on the finger) • mediolateral -oder MittSeiten-Schnitt, Kantenschnitt • médio-latérale • mediolateral (en el dedo)

• s-shaped • bogenförmig • sinueuse

• sinuosa (en S)

• zig-zag • zickzack-förmig • en zig-zag • en zig-zag

• Surgical exploration • Revision, Exploration Chirurgische • Exploration chirurgicale • Exploración quirúrgica

• Drainage • Drainage • Drainage • Drenaje

• Excision • Exzision • Excision • Excisión

• Reconstruction • Reconstruktion • Rekonstruction • Reconstrucción

• Revascularization • Revaskularisation • Revascularisation • Revascularización

• Replantation • Replantation • Replantation • Reimplante

• Autografting • Autogreffe • Autotransplantation • Autoinjerto

• Allografting • Allotransplantation • Allogreffe, hétérogreffe • Aloinjerto

• Tension • Spannung • Tension • Tensión

• Rod

• Stab • Cordon, tige • Varilla

• Sheet • Schicht, Blatt, Folie • Feuille • Lámina

• Pull-out wire • Ausziehdraht • Fil d'extraction • Alambre extraible

• Primary repair • Primärversorgung • Suture primaire • Reparación primaria

• Delayed primary repair • Verzögert-primäre Versorgung • Suture secondaire précore • Reparación primaria diferida

• Secondary repair • Sekundärversorgung • Suture secondaire • Reparación secundaria

• Amputation • Amputation • Amputation • Amputación

• Ray excision (resection) • Fingerstrahleresektion • Résection d'un rayon • Resección de un radio digital

• Digital transfer • Fingertransposition • Translocation digitale • Transposición digital

• Pollicization • Pollizisation, Daumenbildung • Pollicisation • Pulgarización

• Toe transfer • Zehenübertragung, Zehentransplantation • Transfert d'orteil • Transferencia de un dedo del pie

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BONES. • Reduction of fracture • Reposition einer Fraktur oder eines Bruches • Réduction de fracture • Reducción de fractura

• closed • geschlossene • fermée • cerrada

• open • offene • ouverte ou sanglante • abierta

• Internal fixation (osteosynthesis) • Innere Fixation (osteosynthese) • Fixation interne (osteosynthèse) • Fijación interna (osteosíntesis)

• Plate and screws • Platte und chrauben • Plaque et vis • Placa y tornillos

• Intramedullary nail • Intramedulläre Negelung • Clou centro-medullaire • Clavo endomedular

• Staples • Klammer • Agrafe • Grapa

• Kirschner wire (K-wire) • Kirschnerdraht • Broche de Kirschner • Aguja de Kirschner

• Percutaneous fixation • Osteosynthese perkutane • Fixation percutanée • Fijación percutánea

• External fixation • Äussere Fixation (Fixateur externe) • Fixateur externe • Fijación externa

• Bone graft • Knochentransplantation, Knochenspanübertragung • Greffe osseuse • Injerto óseo

• Osteotomy • Osteotomie • Ostéotomie • Osteotomía

• wedge • Keil • coin • en cuña

• shortening • verkürzung • accourcissement • de acortamiento

• lengthening • Verlängerung • allongement • de alargamiento

• Excision • Exzision • Excision • Excisión

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JOINTS. • Arthrotomy • Arthrotomie • Arthrotomie • Artrotomía

• Capsulotomy • Kapsulotomie • Capsulotomie • Capsulotomía

• Capsulectomy • Kapsulektomie • Capsulectomie • Capsulectomía

• Arthrolysis • Arthrolyse • Arthrolyse • Artrolisis

• Capsulodesis • Kapsulodese • Capsulodèse • Capsulodesis

• Capsulorrhaphy • Kapselnaht • Capsulorraphie • Capsulorrafía

• Arthroplasty • Arthroplastik • Arthroplastie • Artroplastia

• resection (excision) • rexzisionsarthroplastik • résection • de resección

• interpositio • Interpositionsarthroplastik • Interposition • de interposición

• implant (replacement) • Implantationsarthroplastik, Alloarthroplastik • par substitution (implant, prothèse) • de implante

• Arthrodesis • Arthrodese • Arthrodèse • Artrodesis

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MUSCLES.

• Exercises • Übungen • Exercices • Ejercicios

• Decompression • Dekompression • Décompression • Decompresión

• Muscle Slide • Desinsertion oder Muskelursprungsverschiebung • Désinsertion pour allongement • Desinserción

• Epimysiotomy • Spaltung der Muskelfaszie • Myotomie • Epimisiotomía

• Excision, myectomy • Exzision, Myektomie • Excision, myectomy • Excisión, miectomía

• Transposition • Transposition, Tranfer • Tranfert, transposition • Transposición

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TENDONS. • Tenotomy • Tenotomie • Ténotomie • Tenotomía

• Tendon lengthening • Sehnenverlängerung • Plastie tendineuse d'allongement • Alargamiento tendinoso

• Tendon shortening • Sehnenverkürzung • Raccourcissement tendineux • Acortamiento tendinoso

• Tendon suture (tenorrhaphy) • Sehnennaht • Suture tendineuse (ténorraphie) • Sutura tendinosa (tenorrafia)

• Tendon advancement • Sehnenverschiebung, Reinsertion • Réinsertion • Avance tendinoso

• Two stage tendon repair • Zweizeitige Sehnenverschiebung • Reparation tendineuse en deux temps • Reparación tendinosa en dos tiempos

• Silicone rubber rod • Silikon-Stab • Tige de silicone • Varilla de silicona

• Tendon graft • Sehnentransplantation • Greffe tendineuse • Injerto tendinoso

• Tenolysis • Tenolyse • Ténolyse • Tenolisis

• Tenodesis • Tenodese • Ténodèse • Tenodesis

• Tenosynovectomy • Tenosynovialektomie • Ténosynovectomie • Tenosinovectomía

• Tendon transfer • Sehnentransposition, Sehnenverlagerung • Transposition tendineuse • Transferencia tendinosa

• Opponensplasty • Opponens-Plastik • Transfert d'opposition • Plastia de oponente

• Incision (excision) of fibrous tendon sheath • Inzision (Exzixion) der fibrösen Sehnenscheide • Incision (excision) de la gaine fibreuse

• Incisión (excisión) de la vaina tendinosa

• Pulley advancement • "Pulley advancement" • Avancement de poulie • Avanzamiento de polea

• Pulley reconstruction • Ringband-Rekonstruktion, Wiederherstellung • Reconstruction de poulie • Reconstrucción de polea

• Enlarging pulley-plasty • Ringbanderweiterungs-plastik • Plastie d'agrandissement de la poulie • Plastia de elongación de la polea

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FASCIA. • Fasciotomy • Fasziotomie • Aponévrotomie • Fasciotomía

• Fasciectomy • Aponeurektomie • Aponévrectomy • Fasciectomía

• partial • partielle, teilweise • partielle • parcial

• radical • radikale, vollständige • radicale • radical

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NERVES.

• Suture (repair) • Naht oder Wiederherstellung • Suture • Sutura (raparación, neurorrafia)

• epineural • epineural • épineurale • epineural

• perineural • perineural • périneurale • perineural

• fascicular • faszikulär • fasciculaire • fascicular

• Nerve grafting • Nerventransplantation • Greffe nerveuse • Injerto nervioso

• Pedicle graft • Gestielte Nerventransplantation • Greffe pédiculée • Injerto pediculado

• Decompression • Dekompression • Décompression • Descompresión

• Neurolysis • Neurolyse • Neurolyse • Neurolisis

• Epineurotomy • Spaltung des äusseren Epineuriums • Epineurotomie • Epineurotomía

• Internal neurolysis • Innere Neurolyse • Endoneurolyse • Endoneurolisis

• Transposition • Transposition • Transposition

• Transposición

• Excision of neuroma • Neuromexzision • Excision de névrome • Exéresis de neuroma

• Denervation • Denervation • Dénervation • Denervación

• Neurotomy • Neurotomie • Neurotomie • Neurotomía

• Neurectomy • Nervenresektion • Résecton nerveuse • Neurectomía

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SKIN and ACCESORIES. • Suture • Naht • Suture • Sutura

• Z-plastie • Z-Plastik • Plastie en Z • Plastia en "Z" (zetaplastia)

• Open-palm • "Open palm"- Technik • Paume ouverte • Palma abierta

• Excision • Exzision • Excision • Excisión

• Escharotomy • Nekrosenabtragung • Mise à plat, escharotomie, excision d'eschare

• Escarectomía, seciestrectomía

• Cover • Hautdeckung • Couverture • Cobertura

• Graft • Transplantat • Greffe • Injerto

• partial thickness (split thickness) • Spalthaut • grefe mince • grosor parcial

• full thickness • Vollhaut • de peau totale • grosor total

• Local flap • Lokale Verschiebelappen • Lambeau local • Colgjao local

• advancement • Dehnungslappen • d'avancement • de avanzamiento

• V-Y plasty • V-Y- Plastik • Plastie en VY • plastia en V-Y

• rotation • Rotationslappen • de rotation • de rotación

• transposition, transposed • Transpositionslappen • de glissement • de translación

• cross-finger • gekreuzter Fingerlappen • hétérodactyle • heterodigital

• flag

• Fähnchenlappen • en drapeau • en bandera

• thenar • Thenarlappen • thénarien • tenar

• neurovascular island • Neurovaskulärer Insellappen • Lambeau pédiculé • Neurovascular en isla

• Distant flap • Fernlappen • Lambeau à distance • Colgajo a distancia

• pedicled • Gestielt • pédiculé • pediculado

• tubed • Rundstiellappen • tubulé • tubulado

• cross-arm • Gekreuzter Armlappen • hétéro-brachial • brazo cruzado

• pectoral • Brusthautlappen • pectoral • pectoral

• abdominal • abdominal • Bauchhautlappen • abdominal

• groin • Leistenlappen • inguinal • inguinal

• cutaneous • Hautlappen • cutanée • cutáneo

• Composite: • Cusammengesetztier Lappen: • Composité: • Compuestos:

skin and fascia (dermofascial) Fasziokutan fascio-cutané fascio-cutáneo

skin and bone osteokutan osteo-cutané osteo-cutáneo

myocutaneous myokutaner Lappen myocutané miocutáneo

• Avulsion of nail • Nagelausriss • Avulsion unguéale • Avulsión ungueal

• Excision of nail-bed or matrix • Exzision des Nagelbettes • Excision du lit unguéal ou de la matrice • Excisión del lecho ungueal o de la matriz

• Nail bed graft • Nagelbett - Transplantat • Greffe du lit unguéal • Injerto de lecho ungueal

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VESSELS. • Arteriotomy • Arteriotomie • Artériotomie • Arteriotomía

• Revascularization • Revaskularisation • Revascularisation • Revascularización

• Microvascular anastomosis • Mikrovaskuläre Anastomose • Anastomose microvasculaire • Anastomosis microvascular

• Arterial suture or anastomosis • Arteriennaht oder -anastomose • Suture ou anastomose artérielle • Sutura o anastomosis arterial

• Venous suture or anastomosis • Venennaht oder -anastomose • Suture ou anastomose veineuse • Sutura o anastomosis venosa

• Vein graft • Venentransplantat oder -interponat • Greffe veineuse • Injerto venoso

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SKIN CREASES

The skin creases ("joints" of the digital and palmar skin) are listed in the different languages on FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. Palmar creases. In the palm there are three longitudinal and two transverse creases. The longitudinal creases are the thenar, the central and the hypothenar. The most constant and easily differenciated is the thenar crease, due to the wide mobility of the carpo-metacarpal joint ofthe thumb. The central and hypothenar creases are the reflection of the mobility at the carpo- metacarpal joints of the ring and small fingers. The two transverse creases are the proximal and the distal. The distal crease starts at the u1nar side of the hand and finishes in between the middle and index fingers, as most of the hand functionsare done with the uInar fingers in flexion for power grasp, while the index and the thumb remain inextension for precision manipulation. The middle finger can either help the thumb and index formanipulation, or the ring and small fingers if more power grasp is needed. The proximal creasestarts at the radial side of the hand along with the longitudinal thenar crease. Flexion of themetacarpo-phalangeal joints takes place in a transverse line between the origin of the distal palwarcrease on the uInar side and the proximal palmar crease on the radial side. Individuals with Down'ssyndrome just have one transverse palmar crease. Digital creases. Usually there are two creases at the level of each joint, being most prory,,inent theproximal one. The palmar digital crease of the triphalangeal fingers is usually located at theproximal third of the proximal phalanx. The palmar digital crease of the thumb is longitudinallyoriented and slightly proximal to the metacarpo-phalangeal joint.

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THE HAND

In order to avoid mistaken identity, the fingers are referred to by name, rather than the number.

Following the same rule, the bones of each finger are named by the name given to that finger. For example: the metacarpal of the index finger or the middle phalanx of the ring finger

The joints are named after the name of the bones that they unite. The triphalangeal or long fingers have two interphalangeal joints, wich will be named proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. The carpo-metacarpal joints of the thumb is also commonly referred as trapezio- metacarpal joint.

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JOINT MOTION General rules THE ELBOW THE FOREARM THE WRIST THE FINGERS THE THUMB

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General rules The anatomical or zero starting position is considered with the,upper extremity aligned next to

the trunk with the palm of the hand facing anteriorly. Any joint movement in the anterior direction is considered as flexion and should be recorded as positive degrees. On the contrary, any movement in a posterior direction is called extension, and should be recorded as negative degrees. The extension motion in joints that usually do not extend is called hyperextension. The terms dorsal flexion or dorsiflexion should be avoided. Dorsal extension is redundant and should not be used. Active and passive range of motion should always be recorded when examining a joint. Passive joint motion can be of greater magnitude in the presence of nerve, muscle or tendon pathology. In the following pages the most frequenty observed arcs of joint movility will be given as an orientation, although they may very up to 20" in many individuals. It is for this reason that all joint movements should be compared with the normal joint on the opposite extremity.

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THE ELBOW The main joint at the elbow is the humero-ulnar, which is a hinge joint, meaning that only moves in one plane. The neutral position is in full extension, whith the humerus axially aligned with the ulna, and this is considered as the zero starting position. The elbow flexes to an average of 145". The only restrains are the soft tissues in the anterior surface of the upper extremity and the bone contact between the coronoid fossa of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna. The motion in the direction of flexion is measured as positive degrees from the zero starting position. Some individuals can slightly hyperextend the elbow. This joint motion is measured as negative degrees.

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THE FOREARM

The movements of pronation and supination take place in the forearm. The radius rotates around the ulna along an slightly oblique axis crossing the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints. The hand is attached to the radius, and follows it during the movements of rotation. The amount of hand supination and pronation at the wrist level is negligible, although a slight degree of passive rotation can be noted. The scapulo-humeral joint can also internally and externally rotate, transmitting this movement to the hand. This movement of rotation at the shoulder will be blocked if the arm is kept next to the torax and the elbow is flexed 90".

External rotation is known as supination (the palm of the hand faces the anterior aspect of the arm), and internal rotation is known as pronation (the palm of the hand faces the posterior aspect of the arm), and Although the zero starting position, or anatomical position of the forearm, is ir,. full supination, it has been agreed that the neutral position should be considered at the mid point of the full arch of rotation. The neutral position or zero starting position is with the "thumb up", with the palm of the hand in the sagital plane. The rotation of the forearm with the palm facing up is known as supination and usually measures 85". The rotation of the forearm with the palm of the hand facing down is known as pronation, and usually measures 75", a little less than supination.

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THE WRIST The wrist can move in the sagital plane (flexion and extension) and in the coronal plane (radial and u1nar deviation). As mentioned before, the wrist allows for some degree of rotation, which can be observed by passive manipulation of the joint. However, this type of movement is almost negligible and cannot be clinically measured.

The neutral or zero starting position is with the longitudinal axis of the middle finger metacarpal aligned with that of the radius. The wrist usually extends 70º and flexes 80º. The arc of extension is generally smaller than the one of flexion. Flexion and extension varie among different individuals. Some individuals cannot flex further than 65º, while others with joint hyperlaxity can flex the wrist more than 90º.

Radial deviation usually measures 20º, while u1nar deviation is 40º. Wrist movements are usually measured with the forearm in pronation as this is the position with which the patient presents the hand to the examiner, however, it would be more accurate to perform all wrist measurements with the forearm in neutral positio, as there can be minor differences in total range of movement when the forearm is fully pronated.

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THE FINGERS The METACARPO-PHALANGEAL JOINTS can move in the sagittal plane (flexion and extension) and in the coronal plane (radial and u1nar deviation). Some degree of rotation is also possible, from selective contraction of the intrinsic muscles. This freedom of movement in pronation and supination is very usefull when performing tasks of precision handling. From the practical point of view it is very difficult to measure, and for this reason it is not usually recorded in clinical practice. The zero starting position is when the proximal phalanx is axially aligned with the metacarpal. The metacarpo-phalangeal joints flex an average of 90º. The index finger usually flexes less than 90º, but flexion progressively increases in the most u1nar fingers, being more than 90º in the small finger.

The MID joints can hyperextend up to 30º, and even more in individuals with joint hyperlaxity. Full MP joint hyperextension is generally accomplished with moderate interphalangeal joint flexion in order to relax the palmar skin. The motion of the MP joints in the coronal plane is defined as radial and u1nar deviation. The terms abduction and adduction could also be used, but confusion may arise when defining the longitudinal axis of reference. When using this terminology, the axis of the middle finger ray should be used, rather than the longitudinal axis of the body used for the rest of the joints. This method has the disadvantage of not differentiating the abduction of the middle finger in two opposite directions.

The INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS are hinge joints and can only move in the sagittal plane. The zero starting position is with the finger in extension, with the three phalanges aligned with each other. Full flexion is accomplished when both proximal and distal phalanx are parallel to each other, which means a combined flexion of 180". The PIP joint however flexes a little more than the DIP joint, averaging 105" and 75" respectively. Some hyperextension of the DIP joint is not unusual; however, hyperextension of the PIP joint is only seen in people with joint laxity.

Motion at the DIP joint should not be measured by holding the PIP joint in extension, as in this position DIP joint flexion will be restricted from preventing the lateral bands to glide to the sides of the PIP joint. Active DIP joint motion should be recorded with all the fingers flexed simultaneously, as the flexor digitorum profundus is a single muscletendon unit, with the occasional exceptions to the index finger.

A quick method of mesuring the composite finger motion is by measuring the distance from the fingertip to the palmar-digital crease (this measures flexion of both interphalangeal joints) or to the proximal palmar crease (this also measures the flexion of the MP joint). This method is not fully accurate as different examiners can use different parts of the finger tip as a reference: the free edge of the nail, the end o'l the fingertip or that part of the finger pulp closer to the skin crease.

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THE THUMB The mtions of the thumb, mainly at the carpometacarpal joint, are complex, and all definitions aresomewhat arbitrary. Motion of the interphalangealand metacarpo-phalangeal joints take place in aplane perpendicular to the one of the rest of thefingers. Motion at the INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT is limitedto flexion and extension, in a plane perpendicular tothe nail of the thumb. The zero starting position iswith the proximal and distal

phalanges aligned toeach other. Flexion averages 80", and manyindividuals can hyperextend the joint up to 45* ormore.

Motion at the METACARPO-PHALANGEAL JOINTis mainly in the plane of flexion and extension. Somelateral motion (radial and u1nar deviation) and rotation(supination and pronation) are also present. Whenthe pulp of the thumb is opposed to the pulp ofanother finger, with the fingernails parallel to each other, some radial deviation and pronation takesplace at the MP joint of the thumb. The triphalangealfinger also rotates slightly into supination. There is awide variation in the range of motion of the MP jointin the different individuals. More than in any otherjoint of the hand, motion of the MP joint shouldalways be compared to the one in the oppositethumb. Some individuals can only flex the joint about200, while others can flex it up to 90", and evenhyperextend it. .

The CARPO-METACARPAL JOINT (TRAPEZIO-METACARPAL) is a universal joint, in the sense that it can move in two planes and can also rotate along its longitudinal axis. The zero starting position is with the thumb metacarpal as parallel as possible to the index finger metacarpal. The thumb lies next to the antero-radial border of the palm.

Anteposition or Palmar abduction is the movement in wich the thumb metacarpal moves away from the index metacarpal at right angle to the plane of the palm. It is measured by the angle formed between the thumb and the index metacarpals, averaging about 40º.

Retroposition is the opposite to palmar abduction (anteposition). The thumb moves towards the back of the hand. Retropulsion is measured by the angle formed by the thumb metacarpal passing to the palm, averaging about 15º.

Abduction or Radial abduction (to differentiate it from palmar abduction) is the movement in which the thumb metacarpal moves away from the index finger metacarpal in the plane of the palm. It is measured by the angle formed between the thumb and index metacarpals, averaging about 40º.

Adduction is the opposite of radial abduction. The thumb metacarpal moves towards the center of the palm. The thumb al the T-MC joint is limited to about 15º

Opposition is a composite motion of the entire thumb ray by placing its pulp paralle to that of the rest of the fingers. Measuring the thumb's opposition is very difficult, because it combines movement a the trapeziometacarpal, metacarpophalalgeal and interphalangeal joints. It is the resul of different degrees of palmar abduction, pronation (internal rotation), adduction an flexion at the three joint levels. One way to evaluate this composite motion is by the Total Opposition Test (TOT). It i divided into 10 stages, according to the place where the pulp of the thumb reaches th differents parts of the fingers. Stages 7 to 10 do not measure true opposition, but rathe adduction of the T-MC joint, and flexion of MID and IP joints. The examiner should be aware that an apparent loss of thumb opposition to the smal finger can also be secondary to a loss of opposition of the latter, from hypothena muscle weakness or C-MC joint stiffness.

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