Contents Index § Sumario PREFACE History. Languages. Contents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE BONES JOINTS MUSCLES TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. VESSELS SKIN and ACCESSORIES. GENERAL JOINTS. MUSCLE and TENDON. NERVES. EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests. GENERAL. BONES JOINTS MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESSORIES. VESSELS. PATHOLOGY CONGENITAL BONES. JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS. GENERAL. BONES. JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS. SKIN CREASES THE HAND JOINT MOTION General rules THE ELBOW THE FOREARM THE WRIST THE FINGERS THE THUMB Top Sumario TERMINOLOGY FOR HAND SURGERY PREFACE ANATOMY GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE BONES JOINTS MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA and APONEUROSIS. NERVES. VESSELS. SKIN and ACCESSORIES. FUNCTION GENERAL JOINTS. MUSCLE and TENDON. NERVES. CLINICAL EXAMINATION: Symptoms, signs and tests. PATHOLOGY TREATMENT. GENERAL. BONES. JOINTS. MUSCLES. TENDONS. FASCIA. NERVES. SKIN and ACCESORIES. VESSELS. SUPPLEMENT SKIN CREASES THE HAND JOINT MOTION Top PREFACE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR SURGERY OF THE HAND Committee on Standardization of Nomenclature 1970 • Chairman:Mr. H.G. Stack, England • Members:Dr. D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany Dr. I. Isaksson, Sweden Dr. E. B. Kaplan, U.S.A. Dr. F. Paredes, Portugal Dr. P. Rabischong, France Prof. T. Tajima, Japan Dr. E. Zancolli, Argentina 1985 • Chairman: Mr. N.J. Barton, England • Members: Dr.D. Buck-Gramcko, W. Germany Dr. R. I. Burton, U.S.A. Dr. F. Iselin, France Dr. A. de Negri, Italy Dr. A. Pernet, Brazil Dr. F. Enriquez de Salamanca,Spain Mr. H. G. Stack, England Prof. T. Tajima, Japan 1998 • Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain) • Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom) Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany) Prof. Dr. Hans - Martin Schmidt (Germany) The present booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery is an updating of the previous publications by the Committee on Standardisation of Nomenclature of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. The aim of the Nomenclature Committee is to select the most appropiate vocabulary to define the different anatomical structures and conditions used by those interested in the study, prevention and treatment of alterations affecting the hand. Not only will this help communication between workers who use different languages, but also we hope to achieve a uniform vocabulary, with the added benefit of precision, for professionals using the same language Related Topics: History. Languages. Contents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Top History. The first booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery was published in June 1970, and it was restricted to anatomical terms and a short description of motor and sensory functions. There were 422 terms, with their equivalent translation in five languages, in adtion to an atlas of joint motion, in English, following the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. In 1983 a Clinical Section on Hand Terminology was published in the International Supplement of the Journal of Hand Surgery (Guide to terminologY* for hand surgery.~ Report of the Nomenclature Committee: Barton N. J Hand Surg 19 8 3; vol 8, No 5, Part 2:814-828). Both publications were later compiled and updated in a third publications printed by The Pilgrims Press for the IFSSH on November of 1985. Twelve years later, in 1997, Dr. Giorgio Brunelly (Italy) President of the IFSSH had asked to produce a new booklet on Terminology for Hand Surgery. We reviewed all the data compiled in the previous publications, as otherwise thig would have been a monumental task if we had to start from the beginning. Top Languages. The first problem that we were faced with was the selection of languages. The first booklet was published in 1970, with Mr. Guy Pulvertaft (England) being the President of the IFSSH, representing only 10 National and Regional Societies around the world. At present there are 48 National and Regional Societies represented by the IFSSH, communicating with a wide spectrum of languages. Although only 11 official languages have been recognised by the UNESCO, in Europe alone, 54 languages are currently in used. Although the number of languages is considerably larger around the world, it was decided to continue using the languages employed in the previous Terminology for Hand Surgery. Latin is used for the description of all anatomical terms, as this is recommended language by the Anatomists (Nomina Anatomica). The four living languages are English, German, French and Spanish. Dr. Schmidt was responsible for the Latin terms, Dr. Hooper for the English, Dr. Lanz for the German, Dr. Kapandji for the French and Dr. Lluch for the Spanish. We would like to apologize for not including other languages, as Japanese, Russian, Italian, etc, used by a large number of highly qualified Hand Surgeons around the world. This is something that we should take into consideration in the very near future. The costs and time needed to print the Terminology in as many languages as possible is a non viable project, and perkaps the solution would be to place the Terminology on Internet. By doing so, National Societies using other languages can incorporate their terms next to the ones in the present publication. Another advantage would be to keep the Nomenclature updated in almost on a dayto-day basis. All the Members of the present Committee were selected from Europe, solely for logistic reasons and to get the project finished on time. Top Contents. The booklet has been divided into four parts: I.Anatomy, 2.Function, 3. Clinical and 4. Treatment. Chapter 3 (Clinical) has been subdivided in two: 3. 1. Examination, that includes all terms related to symptoms, signs and tests, and 3.2. Pathology. The terms listed in each of the four chapters have been classified into the eight major anatomic structures composing the hand: 1.8ones, 2.Joints, 3.Muscles, 4.Tendons, 5.Fascia and aponeurosis, 6.Nerves, 7.Vessels and 8.Skin and accessories. The reader can easily find the appropiate term for any structure in relation to its anatomy, function, pathology or treatment. The search is further facilitated by the inclusion of an index of contents on the first page. The exception being congenital deformities, which are described in separate heading within the chapter on pathology, as they relate to many anatomical structures simultaneously. Following the guidelines of previous publications, the chapter on congenital anomalies avoids the use of eponims as well as of animal comparisons used -for the description of certain hand anomalies. Latin and Greek terms used for most of the anomalies have also been obviated as they are the same for all languages. However, the chapter on congenital anomalies is more of a classification than a list of words. We transcribed the classification recommended by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (Classification for congenital limb malformations. Swanson AB. J Hand Surg 1976; 1:8-22). We are of the opinion that this chapter will need an updating in the near future, accepting the fact that it will never be a perfect classification, as many congenital hand deformities are combined. We have to regret that Chapter 3.2.3. Pathology of Joints does not include a section on carpal instabilities. The reason is that this subject is still under discussion in two different Forums: the International Wrist Investigators Workshop and the Anatomy and Biomechanics Committee of the IFSSH. There seems to be slightly different opinions about the proper definition and use of the term "instability", and even more when referring to "static instability", two apparently condradictory words. To compensate for this, the Chapter 1.3. Anatomy of Joints includes a very comprehensive and updated listing of wrist ligaments. At the end of the booklet there is an Atlas of Surface Anatomy and Joint Motion. New schematic drawings were made to show the guidelines for measuring joint mobility. The neutral position or zero starting position (00) for each joint is defined, and the range of flexion is described as positive degrees, while extension is described as negative degrees. This is a divergence from the previous Nomenclatures that followed the guidelines proposed by the AAOS for the measurement of joint motion. Top ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the Chairman and Members of the preceeding Nomenclature Committees, who deserve our recognition for the tremendous task that represents the publication of the previous Nomenclatures for Hand Surgery. We have just deleted or added some terms in line with the natural evolution and better understanding of hand anatomy, physiology and pathology. • Chairman: Alberto Lluch, MD PhD. (Spain) • Members: Geoffrey Hooper, FRCS (United Kingdom) Dr. Adalbert Kapandji (France) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Lanz (Germany) Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Schmidt (Germany) May 1998. Top GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE • Brachium • Arm • Arm • Bras • Brazo • Cubitus • Elbow • Ellenbogen • Coude • Codo • Antebrachium • Forearm • Unterarm • Avant-bras • Antebrazo • Manus • Hand • Hand • Main • Mano • Carpus • Wrist • Handwurzel • Poignet • Muñeca • Metacarpus • Metacarpal region • Mittelhand • Métacarpe • Región metacarpiana • Digiti manus • Fingers (Digits) • Finger • Doigts de la main • Dedos • Pollex • Thumb • Daumen • Pouce • Pulgar • Index • Index finger • Zeigefinger • Index • Indice • Digitus medius • Middle finger • Mittelfinger • Medius •