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Organized Animal Protection in the United States 1866-1930

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Organized Animal Protection in the United States 1866-1930 CHAPTERV "THEHUMANE SOCIETY TO CROWN THE WHOLE": GEORGE ANGELL ANDTHE PROM OTION OF KINDNESSTO ANIMALS Humane reformin New England tookshape under the guidance of George Thorndike Angell (1823-1909), a self-made man who retired fromthe law at forty-five to campaign not only against crueltyto animals but also against foodadulteration and other public health dangers. To the assertivecampaigning approach of Henry Bergh, and the institution-building focus of Caroline Earle White, Angell brought the third component of American animal protection--the broad-based public education initiative. In the 1870s, Angell put his approach to the test in what became a national campaign to raise awareness of the suffering of animals in transportation and slaughter. Over time, he narrowed his focusto the humane instruction of youth, and pioneered in the production of materials geared toward that goal. Angeli's unrelenting emphasis on education as a means of promoting kindness-to-animals helpedto push this approach to the forefrontof 1 humane work during the last quarterof the nineteenth century. "there is much wrong in the treatment of animals" Even as an 1870 New York Times articledubbed him "The Boston Bergh," its author underscored the distinctions between Angell and his New York counterpart. 1 "GeorgeThorndike Angell," Boston Transcript 16 Mar. 1909, 12; and National Cyclopedia of American Bioera,hy(1897), s. v. "Angell, GeorgeThorndike." 185 186 Appropriating the hyperbole that would characterize Angeli's own rhetoric in years to come, the piece asserted that, in his hands, humane work was "a triumphof social science, destined not only to save our dumb animals from abuse, but to strikeat the foundations of society." Such labors promised, moreover,"the solution of the labor question, the abolition of war and the brotherhoodofman." 2 It was a sweeping, utopian, and quixotic vision, one that reflectedboth Angell' s optimism and his faith in the essential goodness of humankind. Angeli's mother was a schoolteacher, and his father a Baptist minister who died when Georgewas four. Born in Southbridge, Massachusetts,Angell survived a precarious childhood in which he was placed with relatives. After graduating from Dartmouthin 1846, he taught in Boston public schools. In 1851, Angell was admittedto the bar, and became a junior partnerof Massachusetts abolitionist Samuel Sewall. While not personally involved in the abolitionist cause, Angell knew many of its principals, including William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Charles Sumner. By his own account, Angell had been fondof animals since childhood and had oftenintervened to protect them from cruelty. On August 22, 1864, he executed a will expressing his view that "there is much wrong in the treatment of domestic animals." Angell directed his trusteesto employ his estate forproduction and circulation, in common schools and Sunday schools, of literature that "will tend most to impress upon 2 '1beBoston Bergh," NewYork Times [hereafter N. Y. Times!, 4 Nov. 1870, S. 187 the minds of youth their duty toward thosedomes tic animals which God may make dependent uponthem. "3 Less than fouryears later, Angelldecided to organize a society to protectanimals, afterreading accounts of a horse race, against time, in which the contestant horse, "Empress," was driven to death. Angell' s announcement seeking support appeared in the Boston Daily Advertiser on February25, 1868. He did not have to wait very long, foron that day he received a visitor, Emily Appleton, who had already taken steps toward the organization of a society. She had met Henry Bergh months earlier and had been corresponding with him. By October 1867, Appleton had collected close to ninety names of interested parties, and submitted paperworkfor an act of incorporation with the Committee on Agriculture of the state legislature. With her consent, Angell redraftedthe papers of incorporation, which the legislature quickly approved, and, on March 3 l, 1868, the MassachusettsSociety for the Prevention of Crueltyto Animals (MSPCA) conducted its firstofficial day of business. The acquaintances of Emily Appleton and her husband William, a prominent publisher, becamethe firstdonors, and foryears the Appleton home was an important venue forAngeli's interactions with prominent New Englanders.4 3 "A Brief History of the Work," Our Dumb Animals [hereafterODAI 5 (June 1872), 212; and GeorgeT. Angell, Autobiographical Sketches and PersonalRecollections (Boston: AmericanHumane Education Society, n. d.), 7-8. 4 Berghto Emily Appleton, 29 Oct 1867, American Societyfor the Prevention of Crueltyto Animals Archives, New York, NY [ASPCA-NY),LBK 3: 137-38; "Long Race-Deathof the Winning Horse," Boston Daily Advertiser. 24 Feb.1868, 4; GeorgeT. Angell, "Crueltyto AnimaJs," Boston Dailv Advertiser. 25 Feb. 1868, 2; "A BriefHistory of the Work."ODA 5 (June 1872), 209; "Massachusetts Record,"ODA 9 (June 1876), 8; "Crueltyto Animals," BostonJournal 10 Apr. 1874, Pennsylvania Societyfor the Preventionof Crueltyto AnimalsArchives, Philadelphia, PA [PSPCA-PAI, SBK 1866- 1877; and"Emily Appleton," OurAnimal Friends 32 (Aug. 1905), 545. Angell citedthree prior incidents thatdrew him to the causein "What Led You, Mr.Angell, to GoInto this Work?"ODA 41 (Jan. 1909), 115. 188 Angell proved himself an exceptional promoter, and before long the MSPCA was thriving. The organization conducted an annual fair, and sponsored contests for the best essays on methods to prevent cruelty. Angell and his supporters also initiated competitions to encourage inventions designed to eliminate or relieve the suffering of animals. Angell did his best to gain access to the nation's pulpits and other speaking platforms, and, here, too, he enjoyed considerable success. He wrote to prominent citizens throughout the country soliciting endorsements; Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the firstto respond.5 Angeli's unique early accomplishment was the movement's first steady publication, Our Dumb Animals, which he edited with help from Abraham Firth and Frank Fay. In June 1868, Angell produced the first issue, printing 200,000 copies. Through a political contact, he secured the help of the Boston police force for door-to­ door delivery, a method of distribution that lasted forsome years. Before long, supporters in other parts of the countrywere ordering copies to circulate. Each month's issue included a compendium of recent news on animal protection, narratives of animal fidelity, heroism, and sagacity, recommendations forbasic animal care, and accounts of humane inventions. Angell once told William 0. Stillman of the American Humane Association ( AHA) that he sent the magazine to every doctor, lawyer, and clergyman in Massachusetts, because they were most "apt to be consulted when people make a will. "6 5 "Fair Held at Honicultural Hall, Boston,by the Ladies, fo r the Benefitof the SPCA," Frank Leslie's, 30 December 1871, 2S1; and Angell, Autobiographical Sketches, 18. 6 Stillmanrecalled Angeli's remarksin AHA, Ann. R 1920, S. 189 Its children's department was an importantfeature of Our Dumb Animals, offeringa steadyfare of selectionson kindness to animals. As a formerschoolteacher, Angell tooka special interest in humane education, and it quickly became the hallmarkof the MSPCA's campaigns. From its inception, the organization offeredprizes for compositions on the treatment of animals. In the earlyyears, Angell frequentlylamented the paucity of humane literature for children. In 1873, he expressed his delight at the publication of Julia Eastman's Striking forthe Right, a progenitor of Black Beauty. Eastman drew upon real incidents fromthe MSPCA' s case files. In her narrative, children in a Massachusetts townform a kindness club under the guidance of a teacher who supportstheir desire to take active steps to halt cruelty. Their effortsprompt numerous changes in the way the townspeople treat animals. Showing them the way, their young teacher contradicts the town pastor in regard to the rights of animals, challenges the cruelty of teamsters, and criticizes methods used to transportcattle. One boy's crueltyhas bitter consequences, but even his storyends in redemption. Eastman's book sounded many of the themes that Angell liked to emphasize, and the appearance of Strikingfor the Right put him on the lookout forsimilar publications. 7 In 1871, Angell abandoned his already neglected law practice in order to campaign full-time for animals. His approach greatly differed fromthat of Bergh; none of the rich apocryphal lore that surrounds the New York crusaderattends his Massachusetts counterpart. Angell did not share Bergh' s nativism or his commitment to 7 JuliaEastman, Striking for the Right (Boston: D. Lothrop andSons, 1872); "Strikingfor the Right,"ODA S (Jan. 1873), 264; and "Is 'Striking forthe Right' Exaggerated?" ODA S (Feb. 1873), 274. 190 prosecution. Instead, he preferredto promote public educationas a means to encourage humane conduct. At a meeting of the American Social Science Association in 1874, Angell expressed his conviction that "it is quite as possible to develop the heartas the intellect." When this is "required and done," he continued,"we shall not only have higher protection fordumb creatures .. .but also human life betterdeveloped and better worthliving. " 8 The Identification and Relief of Animal Suffering Like his colleagues elsewhere, Angellfirst concerned himself with the common cruelties of the urban environment. The MSPCA's earliest priority was the problem of overburdened horses.
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