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For Official Use GOV/TDPC(2014)20 For Official Use GOV/TDPC(2014)20 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 05-Nov-2014 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English PUBLIC GOVERNANCE AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT DIRECTORATE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY COMMITTEE For Official Use Official For GOV/TDPC(2014)20 Governing The City 32nd Session of the Territorial Development Policy Committee 26-27 November 2014, Day 1: 9:30-18:00, Day 2: 9:30-13:00 OECD CONFERENCE CENTRE, Room CC9 This document is submitted to delegates for APPROVAL. For further information please contact Rudiger Ahrend (E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +33 1 45 24 94 86) or Abel Schumann (E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +33 1 45 24 99 15). English JT03365600 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format - This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of Or. English international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. GOV/TDPC(2014)20 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared for the OECD Urban Trends and Governance project funded by the DG Regional and Urban Policy of the European Commission and carried out in the OECD Regional Development Policy Division directed by Joaquim Oliveira Martins. The report was drafted and co-ordinated by Soo-Jin Kim, with substantial contributions from Abel Schumann on the Metropolitan Governance Survey, under the supervision of Rudiger Ahrend. Case studies featured in Chapter 4 were drafted by: Dorothée Allain-Dupré (Aix-Marseille), Ioannis Kaplanis (input on Athens-Attica), Soo-Jin Kim (Athens-Attica, Daejeon, and Puebla-Tlaxcala), and Olaf Merk (Chicago and input on Athens-Attica), from the OECD Secretariat, and independent expert Paul Bernd Spahn (Frankfurt). The OECD Secretariat wishes to thank the local, regional and national authorities that organised field missions in the six case study regions. Valuable comments from Dorothée Allain-Dupré, Monica Brezzi, Claire Charbit, Isabelle Chatry, Oscar Huerta Melchor, Karen Maguire, Maria Varinia Michalun, Marissa Plouin, Alexis Robert, and William Tompson from the OECD Secretariat as well as independent experts Christian Lefèvre and Lee Mizell on primary drafts of this report are gratefully acknowledged. Kate Lancaster, Gemma Nellies and Ulrike Chaplar provided editorial assistance. Jennifer Allain prepared the manuscript for publication. 2 GOV/TDPC(2014)20 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. HOW DO OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS GOVERN THEMSELVES? ......................... 7 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 7 Metropolitan governance mechanisms are widespread, but rarely binding ................................................. 8 Three key factors guide the choice of a metropolitan governance arrangement ....................................... 13 NOTES .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 17 ANNEX A.1. TYPOLOGY OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS ACROSS OECD COUNTRIES ..................................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2. A CLOSER LOOK AT TWO STRATEGIC SECTORS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE: TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL PLANNING .................................................................. 21 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 21 Governance of transport: both a vehicle and a bottleneck for growth in metropolitan areas .................... 22 Governance of spatial planning: managing the growth of metropolitan areas more effectively ............... 28 Reconciling transport and spatial planning policies in metropolitan areas ................................................ 34 CHAPTER 3. STEPS FOR EFFECTIVE METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE REFORMS ..................... 44 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 44 Motivate collaboration by identifying concrete metropolitan projects ...................................................... 45 Build metropolitan ownership among key stakeholders ............................................................................ 50 Tailor reliable sources of metropolitan financing ...................................................................................... 61 Design incentives and compensations for metropolitan compromises ...................................................... 68 Implement a long-term process of metropolitan monitoring and evaluation ............................................. 70 NOTES .......................................................................................................................................................... 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4. CASE STUDIES OF SELECTED OECD METROPOLITAN AREAS ............................... 74 1. Aix-Marseille (France) .......................................................................................................................... 75 NOTES .......................................................................................................................................................... 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 86 2. Athens-Attica (Greece) .......................................................................................................................... 88 NOTES ........................................................................................................................................................ 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 106 3. Chicago (US) ....................................................................................................................................... 108 NOTES ........................................................................................................................................................ 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 121 3 GOV/TDPC(2014)20 4. Daejeon (Korea) ................................................................................................................................... 124 NOTES ........................................................................................................................................................ 134 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 135 5. Frankfurt (Germany) ............................................................................................................................ 136 NOTES ........................................................................................................................................................ 149 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 152 6. Puebla-Tlaxcala (Mexico) ................................................................................................................... 154 NOTES ........................................................................................................................................................ 163 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 163 Figures Figure 1.1. Average number of metropolitan governance bodies created (or reformed) in OECD countries per decade ............................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 1.2. Share of OECD metropolitan areas with and without a metropolitan governance body ............ 11 Figure 1.3. Share of metropolitan governance bodies active in a policy field .............................................. 11 Figure 1.4. Breakdown of metropolitan areas by type of governance arrangement ...................................... 13 Figure 1.5. Average population in OECD metropolitan areas by type of governance arrangement ............. 13 Figure 1.6. Budget of metropolitan governance bodies by type .................................................................... 16 Figure 4.1. Limits of the metropolitan area of Aix-Marseille as defined by the OECD metropolitan database ................................................................................................................................................. 76 Figure 4.2. Population
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