DOCSLIB.ORG

Brassicales: an Update on Chromosomal Evolution and Ancient Polyploidy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brassicales: an Update on Chromosomal Evolution and Ancient Polyploidy Plant Systematics and Evolution (2018) 304:757–762 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1507-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Brassicales: an update on chromosomal evolution and ancient polyploidy Martin A. Lysak1 Received: 24 January 2018 / Accepted: 5 March 2018 / Published online: 7 April 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Brassicales comprise 17 families, c. 400 genera and more than 4600 species. Despite the mustard family (crucifers, Bras- sicaceae) continuing to be the subject of intensive research, the remaining 16 families are largely under studied. Here I sum- marize the available data on chromosome number and genome size variation across Brassicales in the context of a robust phylogenetic framework. This analysis has revealed extensive knowledge gaps in karyological data for non-crucifer and species-rich families in particular (i.e., Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, Resedaceae and Tropaeolaceae). A parsimonious inter- pretation of the combined chromosomal and phylogenetic data set suggests that the ancestral pre-Brassicales genome had 9 or 14 chromosome pairs, later multiplied by the At-β (beta) whole-genome duplication (WGD) to n = 18 or 28. This WGD was followed by post-polyploid diploidization marked by diversifcation to 12 or 13 families and independent decreases in chromosome numbers. Family-specifc WGDs are proposed to precede the diversifcation of Capparaceae, Resedaceae and Tropaeolaceae. Keywords Ancestral genome evolution · Chromosome number evolution · Paleogenomics · Paleopolyploidy · Post- polyploid diversifcation · Whole-genome duplications Introduction and importance of Brassicaceae, the largest Brassicales fam- ily comprising of 3997 species in 341 genera (BrassiBase The Brassicales order, despite its name referring to crucifer accessed on January 18, 2018), over shadow the remaining species (Brassicaceae) primarily dominating the northern sixteen families. The exceptions are the papaya tree (Carica Hemisphere, is an eco-geographically and morphologically papaya, Caricaceae), commonly grown for its feshy berries diverse clade spread over all continents except Antarctica. in tropical and subtropical regions of the world; the caper Brassicales comprise 17 families and some 400 genera and c. bush (Capparis spinosa, Capparaceae), cultivated for edi- 4700 species (Christenhusz and Byng 2016; Cardinal-McTe- ble fower buds (capers) and fruits (caper berries); and the ague et al. 2016; Edger et al. 2018). Due to the pivotal role lesser-known but multi-purpose drumstick tree or moringa of Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassicaceae species as (Moringa oleifera, Moringaceae). model organisms in various research disciplines, Brassicales The recently published phylogenetic analyses of Brassi- made their way into contemporary textbooks. The diversity cales (Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2016; Rockinger et al. 2016; Edger et al. 2018) show a renewed interest in evolution of this group. The robust phylogenetic frameworks permit Handling editor: Karol Marhold. the reinterpretation of existing data sets, identifcation of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this knowledge gaps and formulation of new hypotheses. Here I article (https​://doi.org/10.1007/s0060​6-018-1507-2) contains am reassessing what is currently known about chromosome supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. number and genome size variation across Brassicales and how these data can be used to reconstruct chromosomal and * Martin A. Lysak [email protected] genome evolution patterns in this order. Furthermore, three family-specifc whole-genome duplication (WGD) events 1 CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, are inferred, and chromosome numbers of an ancestral Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 758 M. A. Lysak pre-Brassicales genome and the paleotetraploid genome four bispecifc families—Akaniaceae, Bataceae, Koeber- shared by the core Brassicales are discussed. liniaceae and Tovariaceae. Chromosome number varia- tion is relatively well characterized in smaller Brassicales families, such as Caricaceae (all 6 genera, c. 21 out of 35 Chromosome number and genome size data: species), Gyrostemonaceae (3 out of 4 genera, 3 out of 20 knowledge gaps spp.), Limnanthaceae (all 8 spp.), Moringaceae (5 out of 13 spp.) and Salvadoraceae (2 out of 3 genera, 4 out of Chromosome numbers for Brassicaceae species are continu- 11 spp.). ously updated in BrassiBase (Kiefer et al. 2014; Koch et al. Among the species-rich families, Brassicaceae is the best 2018), and several new counts for Caricaceae were published researched Brassicales family. Warwick and Al-Shehbaz by Rockinger et al. (2016). The Chromosome Counts Data- (2006) reported chromosome counts for 232 out of 338 base (CCDB, Rice et al. 2015) represents the most compre- genera (69%) and for 1558 out of 3709 species (42%). Since hensive chromosome number data resource for Brassicales 2006, the number of known chromosome counts for Bras- species, and CCDB was explored to draw the conclusions sicaceae species has further increased (cf. BrassiBase and detailed on the following lines (see also Online Resource 1 CCDB). On the other hand is Tropaeolaceae, with counts and Fig. 1). for only eight species (8% of species); Capparaceae, with Chromosome number data are lacking for three mono- records for 38 species (12% of species) in 13 out of 30 gen- specific Brassicales families, namely Emblingiaceae, era; Cleomaceae, with 49 (14%) species counted; and Rese- Pentadiplandraceae and Setchellanthaceae. Chromosome daceae, with chromosome number counts for c. 39 species numbers are known for only one of the two species in in fve genera (36% of species). At-α 4, 5 - 8 - 21, 28, 29, 35, ... Brassicaceae (328/3 628) [157 - 4 626] Cs-α 9 - 12, 15 -18, 20, 28, 29, 35 Cleomaceae (1/346) [303] 7 - 13 -16, 18 - 22 Capparaceae (30/324) 14 Tovariaceae (1/2) 14 Gyrostemonaceae (4/20) [636] 6, 10, 12 - 17, 20, 24, 28, 30 Resedaceae (12/107) [342 - 499] ? Pentadiplandraceae (1/1) ? Emblingiaceae (1/1) 22 Koeberliniaceae (1/2) At-β 11 Bataceae (1/2) [445] 18 / 28 10 - 12 Salvadoraceae (3/11) [411] 5 Limnanthaceae (2/8) [1 359] ? Setchellanthaceae (1/1) 7 - 9 Caricaceae (6/35) [318 - 968] 9 / 14 14 Moringaceae (1/13) [596] 14 Tropaeolaceae (1/94) [1 300] 9 Akaniaceae (2/2) Fig. 1 Phylogeny of Brassicales with plotted chromosome numbers the uncertainty of its phylogenetic placement (Edger et al. 2018). and genome sizes for each family. Known haploid chromosome num- Three red stars symbolize WGDs purported at the base of Cappa- bers, number of genera/number of species and genome sizes (Mb, in raceae, Resedaceae and Tropaeolaceae. Note that Cleomaceae can square brackets) are given for each family (the most frequent chro- be treated as containing only Cleome species or 18 diferent genera mosome numbers are underlined in three families). Inferred ancestral (Patchell et al. 2014). The plastid phylogeny was adopted from Edger haploid chromosome numbers are marked in black. A star represents et al. (2018), the number of taxa follows Christenhusz and Byng a whole-genome duplication; two stars for the At-β duplication refect (2016) and karyological records are based on Online Resource 1 1 3 Chromosomal and genome evolution in Brassicales 759 At least one genome size record is available for ten out Limnanthes douglasii (Limnanthaceae) having its 1360-Mb of 17 Brassicales families (Online Resource 1 and Fig. 1). genome divided among only fve chromosomes (Fig. 2). Not surprisingly, Brassicaceae is the family with the most extensive genome size variation knowledge. Genome sizes in other species-rich families remain largely unexplored. Ancient WGDs in Brassicales Kew’s Plant DNA C-values database (Bennett and Leitch 2012, accessed on January 20, 2018) contains only a single The frst ancient WGD in Brassicales was detected during C-value for Cleomaceae and Tropaeolaceae, and only two the Arabidopsis genome sequencing and assembly, when entries for Resedaceae. Not a single value is available for several genome regions were found to be duplicated on the Capparaceae, harboring more than 300 species. same or diferent chromosomes (Arabidopsis Genome Ini- This statistics summary reveals that the least known are tiative 2000). This paleotetraploid event was referred to as chromosome numbers for three monospecifc families (i.e., 3R or α (alpha), or alternatively as At-α duplication (e.g., Emblingiaceae, Pentadiplandraceae and Setchellanthaceae) Bowers et al. 2003; Maere et al. 2005; Barker et al. 2009). and that four species-rich Brassicales families (i.e., Cappar- The At-α is shared by all Brassicaceae tribes including aceae, Cleomaceae, Resedaceae and Tropaeolaceae) remain Aethionemeae (Schranz et al. 2012), the tribe sister to all largely understudied. The knowledge gap on genome size other Brassicaceae tribes. Similarly, Cleomaceae, the second variation in Brassicales is even more evident, with genome largest Brassicales family (Christenhusz and Byng 2016), sizes either unknown or reported only for c. 1% of species in experienced a WGT referred to as Cs-α or Th-α duplication all families, except Brassicaceae and Caricaceae. To expe- (Schranz and Mitchell-Olds 2006; Cheng et al. 2013). Both dite and navigate future comparative phylogenomic studies Brassicaceae and Cleomaceae, but not Caricaceae, share an in Brassicales, a collaborative efort should be undertaken older WGD, called At-β (beta) (Ming et al. 2008; Barker to compile basic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CAPPARACEAE 1. BORTHWICKIA W. W. Smith, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 24: 175. 1912
    CAPPARACEAE 山柑科 shan gan ke Zhang Mingli (张明理)1; Gordon C. Tucker2 Shrubs, trees, or woody vines, evergreen (deciduous in some Crateva), with branched or simple trichomes. Stipules spinelike, small, or absent. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple or compound with 3[–9] leaflets. Inflorescences axillary or superaxillary, racemose, corymbose, subumbellate, or paniculate, 2–10-flowered or 1-flowered in leaf axil. Flowers bisexual or sometimes unisex- ual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, often with caducous bracteoles. Sepals 4(–8), in 1 or 2 whorls, equal or not, distinct or basally connate, rarely outer whorl or all sepals connected and forming a cap. Petals (0–)4(–8), alternating with sepals, distinct, with or with- out a claw. Receptacle flat or tapered, often extended into an androgynophore, with nectar gland. Stamens (4–)6 to ca. 200; filaments on receptacle or androgynophore apex, distinct, inflexed or spiraled in bud; anthers basifixed (dorsifixed in Stixis), 2-celled, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil 2(–8)-carpellate; gynophore ± as long as stamens; ovary ovoid and terete (linear and ridged in Borthwickia), 1-loculed, with 2 to several parietal placentae (3–6-loculed with axile placentation in Borthwickia and Stixis); ovules several to many, 2-tegmic; style obsolete or highly reduced, sometimes elongated and slender; stigma capitate or not obvious, rarely 3-branched. Fruit a berry or capsule, globose, ellipsoid, or linear, with tough indehiscent exocarp or valvately dehiscent. Seeds 1 to many per fruit, reniform to polygonal, smooth or with various sculpturing; embryo curved; endosperm small or absent. About 28 genera and ca. 650 species: worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and a few in temperate regions; four genera and 46 species (10 en- demic) in China.
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Crambe: a North Dakotan Case Study
    Crambe: A North Dakotan case study Sue Knights Joint Centre for Crop Innovation, The University of Melbourne, Horsham, Vic. 3401 www.jcci.unimelb.edu.au Email [email protected] Abstract Crambe (Crambe abyssinica), an industrial oilseed, has been successfully grown, processed and marketed on a commercial scale in North Dakota, USA, since 1990. A major reason for its success has been a multidisciplinary team involved in the research, development and commercialisation of the species through the auspices of the High Erucic Acid Development Effort (HEADE). Ecologically, crambe has offered a unique opportunity for farmers to diversify their crop rotations in North Dakota as it shares few pests with more commonly grown crops. It also shows tolerance to a wide range of insects and is produced using standard small grain equipment. However, crambe has one short fall; due to its low-test weight it is only economic to process it locally. In recent years, the production of crambe in North Dakota has fluctuated as the commercial players involved in the industry have changed. Its future will depend upon both the future of biorenewable resources together with innovative research to develop additional markets for the crop. This paper presents a brief case study of the development of the North Dakotan crambe industry. Key Words Crambe, oilseed, new crop, case study Introduction Hundreds of crops have been domesticated and cultivated by humankind during the history of agriculture, utilised for food, forage, fibre and medicine. However, only a small number provide the bulk of the raw material necessary for human survival. The limited diversity has increased the vulnerability of crops to adverse climatic conditions and fluctuating markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Arthur Monrad Johnson Colletion of Botanical Drawings
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7489r5rb No online items Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion of botanical drawings 1914-1941 Processed by Pat L. Walter. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections Division History and Special Collections Division UCLA 12-077 Center for Health Sciences Box 951798 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1798 Phone: 310/825-6940 Fax: 310/825-0465 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/ ©2008 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion 48 1 of botanical drawings 1914-1941 Descriptive Summary Title: Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion of botanical drawings, Date (inclusive): 1914-1941 Collection number: 48 Creator: Johnson, Arthur Monrad 1878-1943 Extent: 3 boxes (2.5 linear feet) Repository: University of California, Los Angeles. Library. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections Division Los Angeles, California 90095-1490 Abstract: Approximately 1000 botanical drawings, most in pen and black ink on paper, of the structural parts of angiosperms and some gymnosperms, by Arthur Monrad Johnson. Many of the illustrations have been published in the author's scientific publications, such as his "Taxonomy of the Flowering Plants" and articles on the genus Saxifraga. Dr. Johnson was both a respected botanist and an accomplished artist beyond his botanical subjects. Physical location: Collection stored off-site (Southern Regional Library Facility): Advance notice required for access. Language of Material: Collection materials in English Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Arthur Monrad Johnson colletion of botanical drawings (Manuscript collection 48). Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections Division, University of California, Los Angeles.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species from Sichuan (China)
    CARDAMINE XINFENII (BRASSICACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM SICHUAN (CHINA) IHSAN A. AL-SHEHBAZ1 Abstract. Cardamine xinfenii, a new species from southern Sichuan Province, is described and illustrated. It does not seem to be closely related to any of the known Asian species of the genus. It is easily distinguished by the scapose habit and by having slender stolons, 7–9-foliolate, strongly toothed basal leaves, spreading floral parts, and filiform, non-auriculate cauline leaves (bracts) subtending the base of lowermost 1 or 2 pedicels of the raceme. Keywords: Brassicaceae, Cardamine, China, Cruciferae, Sichuan. During my 2014 visit to the main herbaria in Sichuan clawed, 4–4.5 mm x 2.5–3 mm, spreading, apex obtuse; Province (China), CDBI and SZ, to work on the treatment stamens subequal, spreading; filament 2.5–3 mm; anthers of Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) for the Flora of Pan-Himalayas, yellowish brown, oblong, ca. 1 mm; median nectaries absent; the following new species of Cardamine L. was discovered. lateral nectaries oblong, to 0.5 mm; style in developing Unfortunately, no other collections of the species were found fruits 1–2 mm. Mature fruits and seeds unknown. among the holdings of these and other Chinese herbaria. Eponymy: This novelty is named after Dr. Gao Xinfin, Although the type locality of this novelty falls outside the director of the herbarium CDBI, Chengdu Institute of boundaries of that flora, two other species, C. hongdeyuana Biology. Al-Shehbaz and C. pseudotrifoliolata Al-Shehbaz, have Distribution: China (south Sichuan). Known only from recently been described from Xizang (Al-Shehbaz, 2015a, b).
    [Show full text]
  • Arabidopsis Thaliana
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on September 28, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press RESEARCH A Physical Map of Chromosome 2 of Arabidopsis thaliana Eve Ann Zachgo, 2,4 Ming Li Wang, 1'2'4 Julia Dewdney, 1'2 David Bouchez, 3 Christine Carnilleri, 3 Stephen Belmonte, 2 Lu Huang, 2 Maureen Dolan, 2 and Howard M. Goodman 1'2'5 1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and 2Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; 3Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 78026 Versailles CEDEX, France A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC] physical map of chromosome 2 of Arabidopsis thaliana has been constructed by hybridization of 69 DNA markers and 61 YAC end probes to gridded arrays of YAC clones. Thirty-four YACs in four contigs define the chromosome. Complete closure of the map was not attained because some regions of the chromosome were repetitive or were not represented in the YAC library. Based on the sizes of the YACs and their coverage of the chromosome, the length of chromosome 2 is estimated to be at least 18 Mb. These data provide the means for immediately identifying the YACs containing a genetic locus mapped on Arabidopsis chromosome 2. The small flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is ters (Maluszynska and Heslop-Harrison 1991; A1- an excellent model system for metabolic, genetic, bini 1994; Copenhaver et al. 1995). We present and developmental studies in plants. Its haploid here a YAC contig physical map of chromosome nuclear genome is small (-100 Mb), consisting of 2 of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxa Named in Honor of Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz
    TAXA NAMED IN HONOR OF IHSAN A. AL-SHEHBAZ 1. Tribe Shehbazieae D. A. German, Turczaninowia 17(4): 22. 2014. 2. Shehbazia D. A. German, Turczaninowia 17(4): 20. 2014. 3. Shehbazia tibetica (Maxim.) D. A. German, Turczaninowia 17(4): 20. 2014. 4. Astragalus shehbazii Zarre & Podlech, Feddes Repert. 116: 70. 2005. 5. Bornmuellerantha alshehbaziana Dönmez & Mutlu, Novon 20: 265. 2010. 6. Centaurea shahbazii Ranjbar & Negaresh, Edinb. J. Bot. 71: 1. 2014. 7. Draba alshehbazii Klimeš & D. A. German, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 158: 750. 2008. 8. Ferula shehbaziana S. A. Ahmad, Harvard Pap. Bot. 18: 99. 2013. 9. Matthiola shehbazii Ranjbar & Karami, Nordic J. Bot. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00326.x, 10. Plocama alshehbazii F. O. Khass., D. Khamr., U. Khuzh. & Achilova, Stapfia 101: 25. 2014. 11. Alshehbazia Salariato & Zuloaga, Kew Bulletin …….. 2015 12. Alshehbzia hauthalii (Gilg & Muschl.) Salariato & Zuloaga 13. Ihsanalshehbazia Tahir Ali & Thines, Taxon 65: 93. 2016. 14. Ihsanalshehbazia granatensis (Boiss. & Reuter) Tahir Ali & Thines, Taxon 65. 93. 2016. 15. Aubrieta alshehbazii Dönmez, Uǧurlu & M.A.Koch, Phytotaxa 299. 104. 2017. 16. Silene shehbazii S.A.Ahmad, Novon 25: 131. 2017. PUBLICATIONS OF IHSAN A. AL-SHEHBAZ 1973 1. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1973. The biosystematics of the genus Thelypodium (Cruciferae). Contrib. Gray Herb. 204: 3-148. 1977 2. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1977. Protogyny, Cruciferae. Syst. Bot. 2: 327-333. 3. A. R. Al-Mayah & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1977. Chromosome numbers for some Leguminosae from Iraq. Bot. Notiser 130: 437-440. 1978 4. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1978. Chromosome number reports, certain Cruciferae from Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Agrobiodiversity.2019.2585-8246.323-332
    https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2019.2585-8246.323-332 AGROBIODIVERSITY FOR IMPROVING NUTRITION , HEALTH AND LIFE QUALITY 2019 ACCUMULATION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE RAW OF CRAMBE L. SPECIES Vergun Olena*, Shymanska Oksana, Rakhmetov Dzhamal, Fishchenko Valentyna, Bondarchuk Oleksandr, Rakhmetova Svitlana M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Received: 29. 11. 2019 Revised: 1. 12. 2019 Published: 6. 12. 2019 Investigation of accumulation of different compounds in above-ground part of these plants an important aspect for evaluation of perspective of use. The aim of this study was to compare the peculiarities of the biochemical composition of Crambe species dynamically. Plant material collected from the experimental collection of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. It was studied above-ground parts of C. cordifolia Steven, C. koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch, C. maritima L., C. steveniana parameters was studied: dry matter by drying to consist weight at the 105 °C; content of sugars by Bertrand‘s method Rupr. At using the spring of glucose vegetation, scale; buddingascorbic stage, acids flowering, with 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol, and fruitage. Following biochemical tannins with indigo carmine discoloration, organic acids by sodium hydroxide titration with phenolphthalein; vegetation was from 9.76 (C. cordifolia, budding) to 22.54 (C. maritima at the fruitage) %, total content ofcarotene sugars withfrom gasoline6.54 (C. maritimegalosh spectrophotometrically; at the fruitage) to 33.18 ash ( C.in cordifolia muffle over. at the The budding) dry matter %, ascorbic during acid from 139.85 (C. maritima at the spring vegetation) to 987.02 (C.
    [Show full text]
  • Butte Co. Meadowfoam
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Air Force, respectively. All of the Fort Ord occurrences are on land within the Habitat Management Plan Habitat Reserve lands and will be conserved and managed in perpetuity (W. Collins in litt. 2005; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1997). The population at Travis Air Force Base, including over 20 acres of adjacent restored vernal pools, is protected as a special ecological preserve, with protective measures and appropriate management for the species provided in the Travis Air Force Base Land Management Plan. Seasonal managed cattle grazing has been returned to two conservation sites supporting Lasthenia conjugens: 1) the Warm Springs Seasonal Wetland Unit of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge in Alameda County, and 2) the State Route 4 Preserve managed by the Muir Heritage Land Trust in Contra Costa County. The L. conjugens population at the Warm Springs Unit has declined during the last 10 years due to many factors including competition by nonnative plant species. During this time period, grazing, which occurred intermittently at the Warm Springs Unit since the 1800s, has been excluded by the Refuge until a management plan could be developed. The decline in the L. conjugens population at the Warm Springs Unit cannot be attributed to a single factor, but most likely results from the complex interaction of several variables including current and historical land uses, the abiotic environment, and annual climatic variation. The increasing dominance of nonnative grasses, however, coincides with the suspension of livestock grazing, suggesting that the lack of a disturbance regime may be a primary factor in the degradation of habitat for L.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
    Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Total Alkaloid Extracts of Crateva Religiosa G. Forst. (Capparidaceae)
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2018; 6(6): 175-179 ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 Antibacterial pharmacochemical activity “in vitro” of NAAS Rating: 3.53 JMPS 2018; 6(6): 175-179 total alkaloid extracts of Crateva religiosa G. forst. © 2018 JMPS Received: 24-09-2018 (Capparidaceae) versus amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid Accepted: 25-10-2018 on germs responsible of human common affections Ferdinand M Adounkpe Laboratoire National des Stupéfiants (LNS)/Centre Ferdinand M Adounkpe, Thierry CM Medehouenou, John R Klotoe and Béninois de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation Victorien T Dougnon (CBRSI), Université d’Abomey- Calavi. 03BP 1659 Cotonou, Abstract Bénin The phytochemical screening of Crateva religiosa G. Forst, a plant used in Benin in traditional veterinary medicine, has shown its richness in alkaloids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial Thierry CM Medehouenou pharmacochemical activity "in vitro" of total alkaloids extracts of C. religiosa leaves and roots on Unité de Recherche en pathogenic germs in comparison to Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (AMC), a conventional broad-spectrum Microbiologie Appliquée et antibiotic. The extraction of these alkaloids was made by the Stas-Otto method followed by thin layer Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles/Laboratoire de chromatography. Total alkaloid extracts from leaves and roots were found to be more active than AMC Recherche en Biologie against species of Staphylococcus aureus (38), Escherichia coli (28), Klebsiella pneumoniae (26), Appliquée/Ecole Polytechnique Streptococcus agalactiae (23), and Citrobacter freundii (12) following agar-well diffusion method using d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 2009 two concentrations (50 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml).
    [Show full text]