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Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Bandelier National Monument

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Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Bandelier National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Bandelier National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1036 ON THE COVER: In the lower part of Frijoles Canyon, layered red rock crops out along the Falls Trail. These are maar deposits, created where rising magma interacted with water associated with the ancestral Rio Grande about 3 million years ago. A massive lava flow and river gravels overlie these colorful beds. National Park Service photograph, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/bandeliernps/4748553919/ (accessed 26 December 2014). THIS PAGE: The Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff, shown here at Long House in Frijoles Canyon, contains natural cavities that ancient people further excavated, making cavates for habitation and storage. Photograph © George H. H. Huey. Bandelier National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1036 Katie KellerLynn Colorado State University Research Associate National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Geologic Resources Inventory PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 September 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://go.nps.gov/gripubs), and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: KellerLynn, K. 2015. Bandelier National Monument: Geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1036. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 315/129825, September 2015 iiii Contents Page Figures . v Tables . v Executive Summary . vii Products and Acknowledgments . .. xi GRI Products . xi Acknowledgments . xi Geologic Setting and Significance . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Geologic Features and Processes . .. 7 Volcanic Rocks and Volcanoes . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Jemez Mountains Volcanic Field . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Bandelier Tuff . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Features in Bandelier Tuff . 14 Rio Grande Rift . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Cerros del Rio Volcanic Field . 20 Lithic Resources . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 El Cajete Pyroclastic Beds . 26 Paleontological Resources . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 High-Elevation Features . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 Galisteo Formation . 28 Geologic Resource Management Issues . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 Fires, Fluvial Geomorphology, and Slope Movements . 29 Cliff Retreat and Rockfall . 36 Seismic Activity . 38 Cavate Deterioration . 39 Volcano Hazards . 40 Cochiti Dam and Reservoir . 40 Disturbed Land Restoration . 42 Paleontological Resource Inventory, Monitoring, and Protection . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Geologic History . 45 Rio Grande Rift . 45 Peripheral Volcanism . 45 Jemez Mountains Volcanic Field . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Landscape Evolution . 48 Humans on the Landscape . 48 Geologic Map Data . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49 Geologic Maps . 49 Source Maps . 49 GRI GIS Data . 50 GRI Map Poster . 50 Map Unit Properties Table . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Use Constraints . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Glossary . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 Literature Cited . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61 Additional References . 71 Geology of National Park Service Areas . 71 NPS Resource Management Guidance and Documents . 71 iii Contents (continued) Page Climate Change Resources . 71 Geological Surveys and Societies . 71 US Geological Survey Reference Tools . 71 Appendix A: Scoping Participants . 73 2005 Scoping Meeting Participants . 73 2014 Conference Call Participants . 73 Appendix B: Geologic Resource Laws, Regulations, and Policies . 75 GRI Poster . .in pocket Map Unit Properties Table . .in pocket iv Figures Page Figure 1. Geologic time scale . 2 Figure 2. Photograph of Bandelier Tuff . 4 Figure 3. Photograph of Tshirege Member cliff face . 4 Figure 4A. Map of Bandelier National Monument . 5 Figure 4B. Map of Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier National Monument . 6 Figure 5. Schematic illustration of volcano types. 7 Figure 6. Satellite imagery of Bandelier National Monument and vicinity . 9 Figure 7. Digital elevation model of the Jemez Mountains volcanic field . 10 Figure 8. Model of resurgent caldera formation . 11 Figure 9. Geologic sketch of the Pajarito Plateau . 12 Figure 10. Stratigraphic column for Bandelier Tuff . ..
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