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A Research About the Word “Nazar” 161 Reza Kasravi, Ahmadali Farzin • Geoffrey, A. (1994). Words involved in Quran. lication. Tehran: Saba publication. Translation: Freydoon Badraie.Mashhad: Tous. • Raghib Isfahani, H. (2009). Mofradat alFaz • Hosseini Tehrani, H. (2006). Olum al Arabiyeh Quran. Translation and Interpretation: Gholam [Arabiya science], Elm al sarf. Qom: publisher: Reza Khosravi Hosseini. Tehran : Almktb Al Akhlagh. Mrtzavyh Asar Al Jafarieh. • Joneidi, F. (2007). Farhang-e hozvaresh-ha-ye • Schmidt, R. (2004). Iranian language guide, Dabire- ye Pahlavi [encyclopedia of hozva- volum 1: Iranian ancient languages of Middle resh-ha-ye Dabire- ye Pahlavi]. Tehran. Balkh. Iran, translation by Arman Bakhtiary and others. • Kasai marvazi. (1995). Divan-e kasai marvazi. First Edition. Tehran. Correction of Mohammad Amin Riahi, Tehran: • Shir, U. (1990). Mujam Alfaz Alfarsi Almoarr- Elmi. ab Beirout: Lebenon: Mktab Riaz Al Solh. • Lazard, G. (1975). The Rise of the New Persian • Tabrizi, M. (1964). Loghatnameh borhan-e Language, in Frye, R. N. , The Cambridge History ghate [Overwhelming proof dictionary written of Iran, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. by Mohammad Moin]. Second edition. Tehran: • Mashkoor, M. (1968). Farhang-e tatbighi-ye Ibn Sina. arabi ba zabanha-ye sami va Irani [Comparative • Tarjanizadeh, A. (2004). Muallaqat-e sabe. Arabic culture with Semitic and iranain languag] Tehran: Moaseseh Soroush. Second volume.Tehran: Iran Bonyad Farhang • Zarghani, M. (2011). Kalamat-e Farsi dar ghad- publication. imitarin farhang nameh-e arabi [Persian words in • Matvaf, L. (2008). Al monjed fi allghh. Trans- the oldest Arabic dictionary]. Science-research lation by Mostafa Rahimi Ardestani. Third pub- Journal. (171). 151 quarterly, No.11 | Spring 2016 nkr, as mentioned earlier the word nazar is in The book of foreign words involved in Quran the form of NSR in Aramaic language. More- written by Arthur Jeffry, English linguist, is a over, due to belonging these two words to two major source of Quran lexicon, and has collect- different species of Indo-Iranian-European and ed Persian ,Turkish and …of Quran. A research African-Asian, therefore it is unlikely to have the in this book indicates that according to Jeffrey, same root. In some of the Persian linguistics, the the word nazar is not included in foreign words word “negar” is considered the root of the word of Quran. Arabic “nekar” means nimble, and the theory of The two words manzar and manzareh are both its relation with “nazar” is a point that recently Arabic, their plural is manazer and are the same has been proposed. semantically. A research in the oldest poem col- The words nazar and nasar are the same seman- lections indicates that the word manzareh is used tically in Arabic languages, and are derived from more than the word manzar and has been used as the same root and means looking and support. the meaning of Kooshk in Persian poems. In to- Farahidi the author of Al ayn, the oldest Ara- tal, and according to what was said it seems that bic dictionary, is from Iran and because of be- despite general similarities and even conceptual ing Persian the origin of the words entered from of the two words Arabic nazar and Persian negar, Persian to Arabic is mentioned. Farahidi has not the word nazar is one of the original words of mentioned the Persian form of the word nazar, Arabic language, therefore is not moarrab and moreover the unique position of Quran as a mus- by entering it in to Persian language has found lim holy book, has made it the subject of wide a wide usage in culture and especially Iranian research of muslim and non-muslim linguists. architecture. Endnote 1. The “Nazar” is an arabic word has been widely used after entering the persian language. (TarjaniZadeh,2004) أَنِ ْي ٌـق ِلعَ ْي ِـن النَّ ِـاظ ِر ُالمتَ َو ِّسـم َوفِ ْيهـِ َّن َم ْل َه ًـى ِللَّ ِط ْي ِف َو َم ْن َظ ٌـر .2 Reference list • Ajam, M. (2007).Ahamiat-e zaban-e Farsi dar [Dehkhoda dictionary]. Tehran: Tehran Univer- asr-e dehkade-ye jahani [The importance of Per- sity printing and publishing. sian language in the era of the global village]. • Farahidi, A. (1984). Al ayn. Mehdi Makhzoomi Tehran: Moaseseh Hamshahri. and Ibrahim Sameriai. Qom: Dar al Hejreh. • Azarnoosh, A. (2016). Interview with the au- • Farah-vashi, B. (1974). Farhang-e Farsi be thor. pahlavi [Pahlavi Persian dictionary]. Tehran: • Dehkhoda, A. (1999). Loghat nameh Dehkhoda Tehran University. A Research About the Word “Nazar” 141 Reza Kasravi, Ahmadali Farzin at the end of the word manzareh is part of the home on the height, elevated part of the palace weight of the word and do not make any differ- and the palace like a balcony without door (De- ence between the meaning of manzar and man- hkhoda, 1999), and as we know Kooshk has a zareh (Azarnoosh, 2016). The second opinion: long history in the tradition of architecture and “h” is the sign of diversity. Manzareh is a place gardening in Iran. noun but a place that multiplicity of doing the As mentioned before, according to Dozy’s opin- verb looking is considered in it such as school ion in the book zyly on Arab Gvamys, manza- or farm that plays a multitude of studying and reh in Arabic language means a large space that agriculture (Hosseini Tehrani, 2006) . The third is located on the first floor and is the equivalent opinion: contrary to previous opinion “h” is the of French Belvedere, Moreover in lexicon of sign of unity (unit, one seed in number) and con- Al ayn means a place on top of the mountain siders manzareh as a manzar (Azarnoosh, 2016). that a guard stands on it and watch out enemies, and besides in the book of Al Monjed it means Entering of the word nazar in to pre-Islam a land that is slightly higher, a building that is Persian language alittle taller and the visitor stands on it and look Review on the oldest poem collections of Per- around. Therefore, it seems that the word man- sian poets of Iran after Islam indicates that the zareh is borrowed from Arabic language for ex- word nazar in two forms of manzar and manza- pressing the meaning of something that in Ira- reh, have been used from the first years of com- nian architecture means Kooshk or perspective. posing Persian poems after Islam. Manzareh has Another point is that the word negar is the record been used before manzar in Persian language of nikir in Pahlavi language. And it is worth to and firstly in Kasai Marvazi collection, the early mention that the word nazar in pre and after-Is- Persian poet, that historically lived roughly coin- lam Arabic language is recorded the same, but sides with Rudaki Samarqandi means Kooshk, negar in Persian Pahlavi language is recorded has been used as home of the supreme floor, different from Dari Farsi after-Islam. Conclusion The below summary is presented by comparison compared with the word nikir not with negar in of the two words Arabic nazar and Persian negar Dari Persian that is common in Iranian language with respect to linguistic and historical points after-Islam. As mentioned in etymology of the and a research on source books in Persian and word nazar in Sami languages, this word has a Arabic linguistic and Quran: long presence in Sami languages. The history Negar is the Persian form of the word nikir. Ac- of the word nazar in ancient Aramaic language cording to the history of the word nazar in Ar- goes back to about 500 years before Christ that ab’s poems that is in the corresponding period roughly coincides with the formation of the lan- of Pahlavi in Iran, it should be noted that despite guage of Achaemenid era in Iran. The record of the formal and conceptual similarity between the word negar in Aramaic language nekar and these two words, the word Arabic nazar must be in Jewish Aramaic languages is in the form of 131 quarterly, No.11 | Spring 2016 3- reflection, attention and thought other meaning of the word manzar: a great hall 4- God’s mercy and forgiveness that is located on the first floor and means land- 5-means waiting scape: landscape is a home on the ground floor 6-surprise in the works (Dozy, 1991). 7-Adjacent and neighbor 8- a thought or science that leads to belief • Al- Monjed 9- nazer: middle black of the eye pupil This dictionary about the word nazar says: the 10- nazereh and manzareh: watchful and guard word nazar is infinitive and it means looking, 11- debate: struggle. watching, thinking, reflecting, waiting, selling and judging. Manzar: something that you look at The word nazar in Arab Gvamys it and maybe you like or even unlike it. Manaz- • Al-ayn er, plural form of manzar and manzareh: means The oldest Arabic dictionary is the book Al ayn a hight land. Manzare: something you look at it written by Khalil ibn Ahmad Farahidi. Farahidi and maybe you like or even unlike it. As it is is an Iranian scholar who lived between the years clear, manzar and manzareh exactly means the 100 to 170 AD. Since in the history studies the same. originality of the resource has a clear relation The second meaning of manzareh: a land that is with its age ,therefore historical value of the book a little higher, the earth that is slightly taller, the Al Ayn in determining the meanings of the word building that is taller and the visitors stand on nazar is greater than all subsequent Mujam and it and look around.
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  • Tasnif Genre and Structural Analysis in Tasnifs of Aref Ghazvini

    Tasnif Genre and Structural Analysis in Tasnifs of Aref Ghazvini

    Tasnif Genre and Structural Analysis in Tasnifs of Aref Ghazvini Ali Pedram Mirzaei Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Literature, Payame Noor University, P.O.Box 19395-4697, Iran Mostafa Gorji Professor, Department of Persian Literature, Payame Noor University, P.O.Box 19395-4697, Iran Mostafa Jouzi PhD student, Department of Persian Literature, Payame Noor University, P.O.Box 19395-4697, Iran Abstract: Linkage and relationship between poetry and music has old age and long record of history. The most beautiful and excellent glorious sign of this linkage can be sought in tasnif. This linkage is rooted as some researchers believe that poetry in Iran was nothing but tasnif before Islam and life of poetry was accompanied by music. The Constitution period is the era of real manifestation and evolution and elevation of tasnif. The Constitution period is the era of real manifestation and evolution and elevation of tasnif. Among them, Aref Ghazvini has had special role in ingenuity and prosperity of this effective and public literary type. By keeping priority of sheida, Aref plays an important role in tasnif as a literary genre in the Constitution era. In this research, the external form of the aref's tasnifs is analyzed while tasnif is introduced as a literary genre. In this regard, metre and format have been selected as elements of the external form index of tasnif because most of the tasnif's deconstruction occurs in the external form and particularly metre and format and interaction and linkage of these two categories. Final outcome of the research shows that melody and intonation play determining role in the external structure and system of tasnif.