DOCSLIB.ORG

Writing the Laboratory Notebook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Writing the Laboratory Notebook DOCUMENT RESUME ED 344 734 SE 052 300 A1:4HOR Kanare, Howard M. TITLE Writing the Laboratory Notebook. INSTITUTION American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8412-0933-2 PUB DATE 85 NOTE 153p.; Photographs will not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROMAmerican Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 (paperback--ISBN-0-8412-0933-2, $14.95; clothbound--ISBN-0-8412-0906-5, $24.95). PUB TYPE Guides - Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MFOVPC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Elementary Secondary Education; *Ethics; Higher Education; Inventions; *Laboratory Experiments; Legal Responsibility; *Notetaking; Patents; Science Education; Scientific Researn; *Writing Skills ABSTRACT The purpose of this book is to teach the principles of proper scientific notekeeping. The principles presented in this book are goals for which working scientists must strive. Chapter 1, "The Reasons for Notekeeping," is an overview of the process of keeping a laboratory notebook. Chapter 2, "The Hardware of Notekeeping," is intended especially for the laboratory manager, purchasing agent, or school administrator who is responsible for specifying and obtaining laboratory notebooks, writing paper, and pens. The information that is included will also be valuable to librarians, archivists, record managers, and any scientist who is concerned about the permanence of written records. Chapter 3, "Legal and Ethical Aspects," discusses the ownership, rights, and obligations of the scientist and the employer, both in the university and industry. Chapter 4, "Management of Notekeeping," describes practices for issuance, use, and storage of notebooks. Chapter 5, "Organizing and Writing the Notebook," emphasizes the importance of being flexible and clear in writing. Chapter 6, "Examples of Notebook Entries," provides examples of the proper method of entering a variety of laboratory notes. Chapter 7, "Patents and Invention Protection," examines how the notebook is used to help secure patents and invention protection. Chaptr 8, "The Electronic Notebook," summarizes the advantages and disadvantagec of traditional, handwritten notekeeping systems and computer-based systems. Some suggestions for teaching laboratory notekeeping and photographs from the historical laboratory notebooks of famous scientists are appended. (KR) ************k********************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *******************k*************************************************** (142riting 'the?raberatmy J\6tSook U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educalronal Researchand Improvement -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) Rims document has been reproducedas received from the person or organization originating it r Minor changes have been made toimprove reproduction quality Points of view or opinions slated in Ibisdocu- ment do not necessarily represent official OE RI position or policy TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Howard M. Kanare BE T C:ITY AVAILABLE Writing the Laboratory Notebook Howard M. Kanare AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY WASHINGTON, D.C. 1985 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kanare, Howard M., 1953- \Writing thc laboratory notebook. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Laboratory notebooks. I. Title Q180.58.K36 1985 542. 85-15606 ISBN 0-8.!12-0906-5 ISBN 0-8412-0933-2 (pbk.) Copyright © 198.5 American Chemical Society All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the codeat the bottom of the first page of each chapter in this volume indicates the copyright owner'sconsent that reprographic copies of the chapter may bc made for personal or internal use or for the personalor internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copierpay the stated per copy fee through the Co ,yright Clearance Center, Inc., 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of thr U.S. Copyright 1.aw. Reprographiccopies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use or for the personalor internal use of specific clients. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any meal'sgraphicor electronicfor any other purpose, such as for general distribution, for advertisingor promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for informationstorage and retrieval systems. The citation of tradenames and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial productsor services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemicalprocess, or other data be regarded as a license or as aconveyance of any right or permission, to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce,use, or sell any patented invention oi copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks,etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof,arc not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED SIATES OF AMERICA Third printing 1989 About the Author Howard M. Kanare received his B.S. in chemistry from the Uni- versity of Connecticut in 1976, followed by an M.S. in mate- zials science from the Univer- sity's Institute of Materials Science. He worked in specialty chemical production before joining the Research and Devel- opment Laboratories of the Portland Cement Association, where he now holds the posi- tion of Senior Research Chem- ist.His recent work has in- cluded improving X-ray fluorescence analysis of minerals and supervising the production of cement standard reference materialsunder contracts with the National Bureau of Standards. "Live in the serene peace of laboratories and libraries." Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Adyice to young scientists attend- ing the ,Jubilee Celebration in Pasteur's honor, at the Sorbonne, 27 December 1892. f; I dedicate this book with love to my wife, Larina Veronica Kanare. Contents Preface xi 1 The Reasons for Notekeeping An Overview 1 2 The Hardware of Notekeeping Books, Pens, and Paper 11 3 Legal and Ethical Aspects Ownership, Rights, and Obligations29 4 Management of Notekeeping Practices for Issuance, Use, and Storage of Notebooks35 Organizing and Writing the Notebook Be Flexible53 ix 6 Examples of Notebook Entrie, 81 7 Patents and Invention Protection 103 8 The Electronic Notebook 113 Appendix A Some Suggestions for Teaching Laboratory Notekeeping 121 Appendix B Photographs from the Historical Laboratoly Notebooks of Famous Scientists 129 Index 141 X Li Preface This b(vk has a simple purpose: to teach the principles of proper nr.rekeeping. Few, if any, of us working scientists write notes a ully and completely as we should. We often lament not recording a seemingly unimportant detail that later proves crucial. Much experimental work could have been better understood, and much repetition of work avoided, if only we were more attentive in our notdkeeping. The principles presented in this book are goals for which we must strive; sometimes following all the principleswill be impracti- cal or impossible. Do the best that you can, and keep in mind that the extra effort and time put into notekeeping are worthwhile. Everyone develops a personal nor:keeping style; some are more efficient than others.If you would like to share the personal techniques that make your notes especially useful, please send your ideas to the ACS Books Department, 1155 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. Acknowledgments The comments, criticisms, technical information, and suggestions of many people have been invaluable.I would like to thank the following people for their aFsistance in th t. development and revision of this book: Donald W. Anstedt, Construction Technology Laboratories; Paul Banks, Columbia University; Henry A. Bent, North Carolina State University; Walter E. Buting, Genentech, Inc.; George J. Collins, U.S. Government Printing Office; Raymond E. Dessy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Hubert E. Dubb, Eleiskr, Dubb, Myer, and Lovejoy; Edmund L. d'Ouville, formerly with Standard Oil Company (Indiana); Merrily Smith, Library of Congress Preservation Office; John K. Taylor, National Bureau of Standards; Richard C. Toole, DuPont Experimental Station; and 'William K. Wilson, formerly with the National Bureau of Standards. xi Iacknowledge a personal debt of gratitude totwo of my professors, John T. Stock and Bertrand I. Chamber land, who,years ago, taught me the virtues of proper notekeeping. Since that time, many of my colleaguesinindustrialresearch positions have confirmed the value of careful notekeeping, especially in regulated environments. Their comments and suggestionsare appreciated. Howard M. Kanare Chicago, Illinois May 20, 1985 The Reasons for Notekeeping An Overview Alaboratory notebook is one of a scientist's most valuable tools. It contains the permanent written record of the researcher's mental andphysical activities from experiment and observation, to the ultimateunderstanding of physical phenomena. The act of writing in the notebook causesthe scientist to stop and think about what is beingdone in the laboratory. Itis in this way an essential part of "doing good science." The laboratory notebook is known by different names todifferent people. It is variously called the "lab notebook," "projectnotebook," "engineer's log book," or "research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geoffrey Wilkinson
    THE LONG SEARCH FOR STABLE TRANSITION METAL ALKYLS Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1973 by G EOFFREY W ILKINSON Imperial College of Science & Technology, London, England Chemical compounds in which there is a single bond between a saturated car- bon atom and a transition metal atom are of unusual importance. Quite aside from the significance and role in Nature of the cobalt to carbon bonds in the vitamin B 12 system and possible metal to carbon bonds in other biological systems, we need only consider that during the time taken to deliver this lec- ture, many thousands, if not tens of thousands of tons of chemical compounds are being transformed or synthesised industrially in processes which at some stage involve a transition metal to carbon bond. The nonchemist will pro- bably be most familiar with polyethylene or polypropylene in the form of do- mestic utensils, packaging materials, children’s toys and so on. These materials are made by Ziegler-Natta* or Philipps’ catalysis using titanium and chro- mium respectively. However, transition metal compounds are used as catalysts in the synthesis of synthetic rubbers and other polymers, and of a variety of simple compounds used as industrial solvents or intermediates. For example alcohols are made from olefins, carbon monoxide and hydrogen by use of cobalt or rhodium catalysts, acetic acid is made by carbonylation of methanol using rhodium catalysts and acrylonitrile is dimerised to adiponitrile (for nylon) by nickel catalysts. We should also not forget that the huge quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons processed by the oil and petrochemical industry are re-formed over platinum, platinum-rhenium or platinum-germanium sup- ported on alumina.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hidden Structure of Overimitation
    The hidden structure of overimitation Derek E. Lyons*†, Andrew G. Young‡, and Frank C. Keil* *Department of Psychology, Yale University, Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520; and ‡Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Brogden Hall, Madison, WI 53706 Edited by Susan E. Carey, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved October 18, 2007 (received for review May 11, 2007) Young children are surprisingly judicious imitators, but there are than in the utility of the actions that they copy. Others suggest that also times when their reproduction of others’ actions appears children overimitate ‘‘because they [see] the behavior of the dem- strikingly illogical. For example, children who observe an adult onstrator as intentional, even if they did appreciate that some parts inefficiently operating a novel object frequently engage in what of the demonstration were causally irrelevant’’ (ref. 10, p. 179). That we term overimitation, persistently reproducing the adult’s un- is, the intentionality of the adult’s action may constitute an implicit necessary actions. Although children readily overimitate irrelevant social demand for children, leading them to infer that they are actions that even chimpanzees ignore, this curious effect has ‘‘supposed’’ to imitate. A final possibility is that overimitation may previously attracted little interest; it has been assumed that chil- simply be a byproduct of habit. Overimitation may arise, in other dren overimitate not for theoretically significant reasons, but words, because imitation ‘‘remains habitual even in a specific rather as a purely social exercise. In this paper, however, we situation in which less fidelity would actually afford more effi- challenge this view, presenting evidence that overimitation re- ciency’’ (ref.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrea Deoudes, Kinetics: a Clock Reaction
    A Kinetics Experiment The Rate of a Chemical Reaction: A Clock Reaction Andrea Deoudes February 2, 2010 Introduction: The rates of chemical reactions and the ability to control those rates are crucial aspects of life. Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur, the factors that affect the speed of reactions, and the mechanisms by which reactions proceed. The reaction rate depends on the reactants, the concentrations of the reactants, the temperature at which the reaction takes place, and any catalysts or inhibitors that affect the reaction. If a chemical reaction has a fast rate, a large portion of the molecules react to form products in a given time period. If a chemical reaction has a slow rate, a small portion of molecules react to form products in a given time period. This experiment studied the kinetics of a reaction between an iodide ion (I-1) and a -2 -1 -2 -2 peroxydisulfate ion (S2O8 ) in the first reaction: 2I + S2O8 I2 + 2SO4 . This is a relatively slow reaction. The reaction rate is dependent on the concentrations of the reactants, following -1 m -2 n the rate law: Rate = k[I ] [S2O8 ] . In order to study the kinetics of this reaction, or any reaction, there must be an experimental way to measure the concentration of at least one of the reactants or products as a function of time. -2 -2 -1 This was done in this experiment using a second reaction, 2S2O3 + I2 S4O6 + 2I , which occurred simultaneously with the reaction under investigation. Adding starch to the mixture -2 allowed the S2O3 of the second reaction to act as a built in “clock;” the mixture turned blue -2 -2 when all of the S2O3 had been consumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics
    Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index Compiled by Andrew Fraknoi (U. of San Francisco, Fromm Institute) Version 7 (2019) © copyright 2019 by Andrew Fraknoi. All rights reserved. Permission to use for any non-profit educational purpose, such as distribution in a classroom, is hereby granted. For any other use, please contact the author. (e-mail: fraknoi {at} fhda {dot} edu) This is a selective list of some short stories and novels that use reasonably accurate science and can be used for teaching or reinforcing astronomy or physics concepts. The titles of short stories are given in quotation marks; only short stories that have been published in book form or are available free on the Web are included. While one book source is given for each short story, note that some of the stories can be found in other collections as well. (See the Internet Speculative Fiction Database, cited at the end, for an easy way to find all the places a particular story has been published.) The author welcomes suggestions for additions to this list, especially if your favorite story with good science is left out. Gregory Benford Octavia Butler Geoff Landis J. Craig Wheeler TOPICS COVERED: Anti-matter Light & Radiation Solar System Archaeoastronomy Mars Space Flight Asteroids Mercury Space Travel Astronomers Meteorites Star Clusters Black Holes Moon Stars Comets Neptune Sun Cosmology Neutrinos Supernovae Dark Matter Neutron Stars Telescopes Exoplanets Physics, Particle Thermodynamics Galaxies Pluto Time Galaxy, The Quantum Mechanics Uranus Gravitational Lenses Quasars Venus Impacts Relativity, Special Interstellar Matter Saturn (and its Moons) Story Collections Jupiter (and its Moons) Science (in general) Life Elsewhere SETI Useful Websites 1 Anti-matter Davies, Paul Fireball.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Burns Woodward
    The Life and Achievements of Robert Burns Woodward Long Literature Seminar July 13, 2009 Erika A. Crane “The structure known, but not yet accessible by synthesis, is to the chemist what the unclimbed mountain, the uncharted sea, the untilled field, the unreached planet, are to other men. The achievement of the objective in itself cannot but thrill all chemists, who even before they know the details of the journey can apprehend from their own experience the joys and elations, the disappointments and false hopes, the obstacles overcome, the frustrations subdued, which they experienced who traversed a road to the goal. The unique challenge which chemical synthesis provides for the creative imagination and the skilled hand ensures that it will endure as long as men write books, paint pictures, and fashion things which are beautiful, or practical, or both.” “Art and Science in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds: Retrospect and Prospect,” in Pointers and Pathways in Research (Bombay:CIBA of India, 1963). Robert Burns Woodward • Graduated from MIT with his Ph.D. in chemistry at the age of 20 Woodward taught by example and captivated • A tenured professor at Harvard by the age of 29 the young... “Woodward largely taught principles and values. He showed us by • Published 196 papers before his death at age example and precept that if anything is worth 62 doing, it should be done intelligently, intensely • Received 24 honorary degrees and passionately.” • Received 26 medals & awards including the -Daniel Kemp National Medal of Science in 1964, the Nobel Prize in 1965, and he was one of the first recipients of the Arthur C.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Premios Nobel De Química
    Los premios Nobel de Química MATERIAL RECOPILADO POR: DULCE MARÍA DE ANDRÉS CABRERIZO Los premios Nobel de Química El campo de la Química que más premios ha recibido es el de la Quí- mica Orgánica. Frederick Sanger es el único laurea- do que ganó el premio en dos oca- siones, en 1958 y 1980. Otros dos también ganaron premios Nobel en otros campos: Marie Curie (física en El Premio Nobel de Química es entregado anual- 1903, química en 1911) y Linus Carl mente por la Academia Sueca a científicos que so- bresalen por sus contribuciones en el campo de la Pauling (química en 1954, paz en Física. 1962). Seis mujeres han ganado el Es uno de los cinco premios Nobel establecidos en premio: Marie Curie, Irène Joliot- el testamento de Alfred Nobel, en 1895, y que son dados a todos aquellos individuos que realizan Curie (1935), Dorothy Crowfoot Ho- contribuciones notables en la Química, la Física, la dgkin (1964), Ada Yonath (2009) y Literatura, la Paz y la Fisiología o Medicina. Emmanuelle Charpentier y Jennifer Según el testamento de Nobel, este reconocimien- to es administrado directamente por la Fundación Doudna (2020) Nobel y concedido por un comité conformado por Ha habido ocho años en los que no cinco miembros que son elegidos por la Real Aca- demia Sueca de las Ciencias. se entregó el premio Nobel de Quí- El primer Premio Nobel de Química fue otorgado mica, en algunas ocasiones por de- en 1901 al holandés Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff. clararse desierto y en otras por la Cada destinatario recibe una medalla, un diploma y situación de guerra mundial y el exi- un premio económico que ha variado a lo largo de los años.
    [Show full text]
  • Cv Mlhg 2015
    CURRICULUM VITAE Name: GREEN, Malcolm Leslie Hodder Address: St Catherine's College, Oxford or Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road OXFORD, OX1 3QR Date of Birth: 16/4/36, Eastleigh, Hampshire Nationality: British Marital Status: Married. Three children Degrees: B.Sc.(Hons), London; D.I.C., M.A.(Cantab), M.A.(Oxon), C.Chem., F.R.S.C., Ph.D., F.R.S. ACADEMIC CAREER 1953-56 Acton Technical College, University of London, B.Sc Hons. Chemistry 1956-59 Imperial College of Science and Technology, London; D.I.C. Ph.D. in chemistry. Supervisor Professor Sir G. Wilkinson 1959-60 Post-doctoral Research Associates Fellow. Imperial College of Science and Technology 1960-63 Assistant Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry at Cambridge University 1961 Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 1963 Sepcentenary Fellow of Inorganic Chemistry, Balliol College, Oxford and Departmental Demonstrator, University of Oxford 1965 University Lecturer, University of Oxford 1971 Visiting Professor, University of Western Ontario (Spring Term) 1972 Visiting Professor, Ecole de Chimie and Institute des Substances Naturelles, Paris (six months) 1973 A.P. Sloan Visiting Professor, Harvard University, (Spring Semester) 1979-84 Appointed to the British Gas Royal Society Senior Research Fellowship 1981 Sherman Fairchild Visiting Scholar at the California Institute of Technology(4 months) 1984 Re-appointed British Gas Royal Society Senior Research Fellow (1984-6) 1987 Vice-master, Balliol College, Oxford (T.T.) 1989 Appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and Head of Department, Oxford University Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford 2004- present Emeritus Research Professor in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University Emeritus Fellow of Balliol College and St Catherine’s College Publications Two text books, 646 refereed papers and 8 patents.
    [Show full text]
  • CEAC 104 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Experiment 4 Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Rate of Reaction (Dissappearing Cross)
    CEAC 104 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Experiment 4 Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Rate of Reaction (Dissappearing Cross) Purpose: To observe the effect of concentration and temperature upon the rate of the reaction of sodium thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS: Sodium thiosulfate solution Thermometer Bunsen burner Hydrochloric acid Measuring cylinder Piece of paper Distilled water Conical flask Wire gauze THEORY: On the basis of experiments you've performed, you probably have already noticed that reactions occur at varying speeds. There is an entire spectrum of reaction speeds, ranging from very slow to extremely fast. For example, the rusting of iron is reasonably slow, whereas the decomposition of TNT is extremely fast. The branch of chemistry that is concerned with the rates of reactions is called chemical kinetics. Experiments show that rates of reactions in solution depend upon: 1. The nature of the reactants 2. The concentration of the reactants 3. The temperature 4. Catalysis. Before a reaction can occur, the reactants must come into direct contact via collisions of the reacting particles. However, even then, the reacting particles (ions or molecules) must collide with sufficient energy to result in a reaction; if they do not, their collisions are ineffective and analogous to collisions of billiard balls. With these considerations in mind, we can quantitatively explain how the various factors influence the rates of reactions. Concentration: Changing the concentration of a solute in solution alters the number of particles per unit volume. The more particles present in a given volume, the greater the probability of them colliding. Hence, increasing the concentration of a solute in solution increases the number of collisions per unit time and therefore, increases the rate of reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines and Suggested Title List for Undergraduate Chemistry Libraries, Serial Publication Number 44
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 040 037 SE 008 009 AUTHOR Marquardt, D. N., Ed. TITLE Guidelines and Suggested Title List for Undergraduate Chemistry Libraries, Serial Publication Number 44. INSTITUTION Advisory Council on Coll, Chemistry. PUB DATE Sep 69 NOTE 44p. AVAILABLE FROM Advisory Council on College Chemistry, Dept. of Chemistry, Stanford Univ., Stanford,California 94305 (free) EDRS PRICE EDRS P-: ice MF.40.25 HC-$2.30 DESCRIPTORS Advisory Committees, *Bibliographies,Booklists, *Chemistry, *College Science, *LibraryGuides, Research Reviews (Publications): *Resource Materials, Scholarly Journals IDENTIFIERS Advisory Council on College Chemistry ABSTRACT Contained are guidelines and an extensivelist of books and journals suitable for anundergraduate chemistry library. The guidelines are concerned with theorganization and acquisition policy of chemistry libraries, and withinter-library loan and photoduplication services. Various sections of the reportdeal with journals and abstracts, review serials,foreign language titles, U.S. Government publications and a suggestedtitles list. The books in the titles list are in the areas of analytical,biological, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. Ingeneral, introductory texts have not been included. The list isarranged alphabetically with entries by author or editor unless the workis better known by title. The library of Congress classification numberand the Dewey Decimal classification number, when available, aregiven for each entry. Book prices are also given. The reportconcludes with a directory of publishers and dealers. This report shouldbe most useful for college libraries, science teachers, and students. (LC) 0 GUIDELINES AND SUGGESTEDTITLE LIST for t...UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY LIBRARIES M CI Revised 1969 Co Co A Report Authorized by the ADVISORY COUNCIL ON COLLEGE CHEMISTRY Edited by D.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Burns Woodward 1917–1979
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD 1917–1979 A Biographical Memoir by ELKAN BLOUT Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 80 PUBLISHED 2001 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD April 10, 1917–July 8, 1979 BY ELKAN BLOUT OBERT BURNS WOODWARD was the preeminent organic chemist Rof the twentieth century. This opinion is shared by his colleagues, students, and by other distinguished chemists. Bob Woodward was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and was an only child. His father died when Bob was less than two years old, and his mother had to work hard to support her son. His early education was in the Quincy, Massachusetts, public schools. During this period he was allowed to skip three years, thus enabling him to finish grammar and high schools in nine years. In 1933 at the age of 16, Bob Woodward enrolled in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study chemistry, although he also had interests at that time in mathematics, literature, and architecture. His unusual talents were soon apparent to the MIT faculty, and his needs for individual study and intensive effort were met and encouraged. Bob did not disappoint his MIT teachers. He received his B.S. degree in 1936 and completed his doctorate in the spring of 1937, at which time he was only 20 years of age. Immediately following his graduation Bob taught summer school at the University of Illinois, but then returned to Harvard’s Department of Chemistry to start a productive period with an assistantship under Professor E.
    [Show full text]
  • Television Writing Notebook : Record Notes, Ideas, Courses, Reviews, Styles, Best Locations and Records of Television
    TELEVISION WRITING NOTEBOOK : RECORD NOTES, IDEAS, COURSES, REVIEWS, STYLES, BEST LOCATIONS AND RECORDS OF TELEVISION Author: Television Writing Journals Number of Pages: 102 pages Published Date: 11 Mar 2019 Publisher: Independently Published Publication Country: none Language: English ISBN: 9781090181824 DOWNLOAD: TELEVISION WRITING NOTEBOOK : RECORD NOTES, IDEAS, COURSES, REVIEWS, STYLES, BEST LOCATIONS AND RECORDS OF TELEVISION Television Writing Notebook : Record Notes, Ideas, Courses, Reviews, Styles, Best Locations and Records of Television PDF Book It demonstrates that extended droughts and catastrophic floods have plagued the West with regularity over the past two millennia and recounts the most disastrous flood in the history of California and the West, which occurred in 1861 - 62. However, not all Kindle Fire HD owners are unlocking the true potential of this device. Using an informal writing style that makes the information accessible to a wider audience, each chapter begins with a prologue followed by detailed discussion and concludes with a glimpse into future approaches and challenges. Coming out of a cinema to discover that fires made night as bright as day. By working through easy-to-follow, practical projects, you'll discover how to design, assemble, and prototype your own gadgets-all without ever lifting a soldering iron. Craven Prize of the Organization of American Historians Another Civil War explores a tumultuous era of social change in the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania. Complexity is a new and exciting interdisciplinary approach to science and society that challenges traditional academic divisions, frameworks and paradigms. They have completely revised the book to address the most recent vulnerabilities and have added five brand-new sins.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Spatial Reorientation
    •¢.*~ " " r', ;: , ." ,; ! COGNITION ELSEVIER Cognition 61 (1996) 195-232 Modularity and development: the case of spatial reorientation Linda Hermer*, Elizabeth Spelke Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Uris Hall, Ithaca NY 14853, USA Received 27 March 1995, final version 20 February 1996 Abstract In a series of experiments, young children who were disoriented in a novel environment reoriented themselves in accord with the large-scale shape of the environment but not in accord with nongeometric properties of the environment such as the color of a wall, the patterning on a box, or the categorical identity of an object. Because children's failure to reorient by nongeometric information cannot be attributed to limits on their ability to detect, remember, or use that.information for other purposes, this failure suggests that children's reorientation, at least in relatively novel environments, depends on a mechanism that is informationally encapsulated and task-specific: two hallmarks of modular cognitive processes. Parallel studies with rats suggest that children share this mechanism with at least some adult nonhuman mammals. In contrast, our own studies of human adults, who readily solved our tasks by conjoining nongeometric and geometric information, indicated that the most striking limitations of this mechanism are overcome during human development. These findings support broader proposals concerning the domain specificity of humans' core cognitive abilities, the conservation of cognitive abilities across related species and
    [Show full text]