DOCSLIB.ORG

The Status of the Dixie Valley Toad

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Status of the Dixie Valley Toad Western North American Naturalist Volume 77 Number 2 Article 3 5-19-2017 Between hot rocks and dry places: the status of the Dixie Valley toad Matthew J. Forrest University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, CA, [email protected] Josefin Stiller University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, CA, [email protected] Tim L. King U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, [email protected] Greg W. Rouse University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, CA, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Forrest, Matthew J.; Stiller, Josefin; King, Tim L.; and Rouse, Greg W. (2017) "Between hot rocks and dry places: the status of the Dixie Valley toad," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 77 : No. 2 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol77/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 77(2), © 2017, pp. 162–175 BETWEEN HOT ROCKS AND DRY PLACES: THE STATUS OF THE DIXIE VALLEY TOAD Matthew J. Forrest1,3, Josefin Stiller1, Tim L. King2, and Greg W. Rouse1 ABSTRACT.—In Dixie Valley, Nevada, an isolated population of toads has been the subject of proactive conservation measures by the Nevada Department of Wildlife and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service since 2008 due to concerns about potential habitat degRadation ReSulting fRom exploitation of neaRby geotheRmal eneRgy ReSouRceS. TheSe toadS appear to belong within the Anaxyrus boreas species group but are commonly referred to as Dixie Valley toads (DVTs). The DVT is currently confined to an extremely narrow habitat range (370 ha) that is geographically isolated from any other A. boreas population. In this study, genetic variations in mitochondrial genes and 11 microsatellite loci were used to assess the affinities of DVTs in relation to members of the A. boreas species group. We compared results from DVTS with pReviouSly publiShed data Spanning much of the Range of A. boreas in the United StateS and new data fRom a nearby toad population within Dixie Valley. Data from both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites placed DVTs inside the A. boreas species group. In particular, DVTs fell into a cluster of A. boreas from Washington and California, along with other species from the A. boreas species group, namely A. nelsoni, A. canorus, and A. exsul. Genetic differentiation of DVTS waS loweSt between A. boreas populationS in WaShington and CalifoRnia. HoweveR, allele fRequencieS weRe Significantly diffeRent between DVTS and all otheR populationS, including a neaRby locality within Dixie Valley. ThiS genetic differentiation, along with the DVT’s geographical isolation and restricted habitat, warrants recognition of the DVT as a distinct management unit. RESUMEN.—Desde el 2008 en el Valle Dixie, en Nevada, Estados Unidos, el Departamento de Fauna de Nevada y del Servicio de Pesca y Fauna de los Estados Unidos ha tomado medidas proactivas de conservación de una población aislada de sapos, debido a la preocupación de una posible degradación del hábitat resultado de la explotación de los recursos energéticos geotérmicos cercanos. Estos sapos parecen pertenecer al grupo de especies de Anaxyrus boreas, pero se los conoce comúnmente como sapos del Valle Dixie (DVT, por sus siglas en inglés). Actualmente, los DVT están confinadoS a un Rango de hábitat extRemadamente eStRecho (370 hectáReaS), geogRáficamente aiSlado de otRaS pobla- ciones de A. boreas. Se utilizaron las variaciones genéticas en los genes mitocondriales y 11 loci microsatélitales para evaluar las afinidades de los DVT en relación con los miembros de los grupos de la especie A. boreas. Comparamos a los DVT con datoS pReviamente publicadoS de gRan paRte del Rango de A. boreas en loS EStadoS UnidoS, con datoS nuevoS de una población cercana de sapos en el Valle Dixie. Tanto el ADN mitocondrial como los microsatélites colocan a los DVT dentro del grupo de A. boreas. En particular, los DVT se incluyeron dentro de un grupo de A. boreas de Washington y de California junto con otras especies del grupo de A. boreas, como, A. nelsoni, A. canorus y A. exsul. La diferenciación genética de los DVT fue la menor entre las poblaciones de A. boreas en Washington y en California. Sin embargo, las frecuencias alélicas fueron significativamente diferentes entre los DVT y todas las demás poblaciones, incluyendo la de una localidad ceRcana dentRo del Valle Dixie. ESta difeRenciación genética, junto con Su aiSlamiento geogRáfico y la restricción del hábitat, avala el reconocimiento de los DVT como una unidad de manejo diferente. Dixie Valley toads (DVTs) are morphologi- population (K. URquhaRt, peRSonal communi- cally unusual toads with an extremely narrow cation 2016). TheSe agencieS aRe conceRned diStRibution (appRoximately 370 ha) within Dixie that exploitation of geotheRmal and gRound - Valley, ChuRchill County, Nevada (Fig. 1). water resources within Dixie Valley may cause Although the toad is not formally described, it diStuRbanceS to eSSential wetland habitat foR has been suggested that the DVT represents a DVTS (BLM, CCD 2013, BLM 2014). The DVT SepaRate SpecieS (Wildlife Action Plan Team occuRS within the Range of Anaxyrus boreas 2012, RoSe et al. 2015), and the Nevada DepaRt- (Fig. 2), and shares morphological similarities ment of Wildlife (NDOW), the BuReau of with otheR toadS fRom the A. boreas SpecieS Land Management (BLM), and the U.S. FiSh gRoup (WRight and WRight 1949, StebbinS and Wildlife Service (USFWS) currently con- 2003, Dodd 2013). Note that Anaxyrus mem- SideR it an impoRtant and potentially vulneRable beRS aRe tReated aS being in the genuS Bufo 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA. 2Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV. 3E-mail: [email protected] 162 2017] STATUS OF THE DIXIE VALLEY TOAD 163 Fig. 1. Satellite map of Dixie Valley, Nevada, area showing locations of sampling sites for Dixie Valley toads and toads from McCoy Ranch. Courtesy of J. Harter, USFWS. 164 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 77 Fig. 2. Map of the Sampled populationS of the A. boreas SpecieS gRoup, mainly fRom SwitzeR et al. (2009). New genotypeS aRe fRom 2 populationS in Nevada: toadS fRom McCoy Ranch (NV2) and Dixie Valley toadS (NV3, in puRple). The daShed line coRReSpondS to the main Split in the micRoSatellite data aS indicated thRough the Structure aSSignment (See Fig 6A). by Some authoRS (See Pauly et al. 2009 foR no perennial streams in the Stillwater Range; fuRtheR diScuSSion). theRefoRe, Recent connectivity between the Currently, DVTs rely on 4 wetlands fed by DVT and thiS A. boreas population iS veRy geotheRmal SpRingS, the only peRennial SouRceS unlikely. of habitable freshwater in their native habitat The Anaxyrus boreas (BaiRd and GiRaRd (Fig. 1). The SuRRounding SoilS aRe pRimaRily 1852) SpecieS gRoup compRiSeS 2 SubSpecieS very dry, alkaline playa deposits covered with that aRe bRoadly diStRibuted acRoSS weSteRn Salt cRuStS (GaRcia et al. 2014), which likely North America and 3 other species with local- SeRve aS impaSSable baRRieRS foR amphibianS. ized diStRibutionS (Fig. 2; StebbinS 2003, Temperatures on the Dixie Valley floor range Goebel et al. 2005, 2009, Dodd 2013). The fRom <0 °C in winteR to >40 °C in SummeR, weSteRn toad, Anaxyrus boreas (BaiRd and with daily fluctuations often exceeding 20 °C. Girard 1852), occurs from the east slope of the Mean annual precipitation from 2006 to 2011 Rocky MountainS to the Pacific Ocean, and waS 102 mm (GaRcia et al. 2014). The geo- fRom noRtheRn Baja CalifoRnia, Mexico, to gRaphically cloSeSt population of A. boreas Alaska and the Yukon of Canada (Goebel et al. toads outside of Dixie Valley is approximately 2009, Dodd 2013). The SubSpecieS Anaxyrus 30 km to the southwest in the Stillwater Wet- boreas boreas (BaiRd and GiRaRd 1852), com- landS (K. URquhaRt, peRSonal communication monly referred to as the boreal toad, occupies 2016). HoweveR, the StillwateR Range, which most of this range. The second subspecies, the iS 110 km long and ReacheS heightS of 1000– CalifoRnia toad, Anaxyrus boreas halophilus 2500 m, SepaRateS the Still wateR WetlandS (Baird and Girard 1853), occurs from northern from Dixie Valley. Water is scarce, as there are California south to Baja California, Mexico. 2017] STATUS OF THE DIXIE VALLEY TOAD 165 The 3 other narrowly distributed Anaxyrus METHODS species also considered by Goebel et al. (2009) to be members of the A. boreas species group We collected SampleS fRom Dixie Valley aRe A. exsul (MyeRS 1942), A. nelsoni (StejnegeR toads (site NV3 in Fig. 2) and from toads in a 1893), and A. canorus (Camp 1916). The black small population at nearby McCoy Ranch (site toad, A. exsul, occuRS only in Deep SpRingS NV2). The latter were included in the analyses Valley in eaSt centRal CalifoRnia (MyeRS 1942, because of their proximity to the DVT habitat Fellers 2005). Similarly, the Amargosa toad, A. (about 50 km away; Fig. 1); thiS iS the only nelsoni, occupies a very limited range, and is otheR known population of A. boreas toadS cuRRently only found in the AmaRgoSa RiveR within Dixie Valley (K. URquhaRt, peRSonal dRainage of SouthweSteRn Nevada (Altic and communication 2016). We integRated new Dodd 1987, Goebel et al. 2005, Forrest et al. Sequence data foR mitochondRial geneS and 2015). The YoSemite toad, A. canorus, iS naR- micRoSatellite genotypeS fRom theSe SampleS Rowly diStRibuted at high elevationS in the with pReviouSly publiShed data fRom the A. Sierra Nevada in California, and is sympatric boreas SpecieS gRoup (Simandle et al. 2006, with A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Myxozoan and Helminth Parasites of the Dwarf American Toad, Anaxyrus Americanus Charlesmithi (Anura: Bufonidae), from Arkansas and Oklahoma Chris T
    51 Myxozoan and Helminth Parasites of the Dwarf American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus charlesmithi (Anura: Bufonidae), from Arkansas and Oklahoma Chris T. McAllister Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745 Charles R. Bursey Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University-Shenango Campus, Sharon, PA 16146 Matthew B. Connior Health and Natural Sciences, South Arkansas Community College, El Dorado, AR 71730 Stanley E. Trauth Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467 Abstract: We examined 69 dwarf American toads, Anaxyrus americanus charlesmithi, from McCurtain County, Oklahoma (n = 37) and Miller, Nevada and Union counties, Arkansas (n = 32) for myxozoan and helminth parasites. The following endoparasites were found: a myxozoan, Cystodiscus sp., a trematode, Clinostomum marginatum, two tapeworms, Cylindrotaenia americana (Oklahoma only) and Distoichometra bufonis, five nematodes, acuariid larvae, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Oswaldocruzia pipiens, larval Physaloptera sp. (Arkansas only), and Rhabdias americanus (Arkansas only), and acanthocephalans (Oklahoma only). We document six new host and four new geographic distribution records for these select parasites.©2014 Oklahoma Academy of Science Introduction (McAllister et al. 2008), Cosmocercoides The dwarf American toad, Anaxyrus variabilis (McAllister and Bursey 2012a) and americanus charlesmithi, is a small anuran tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. (McAllister that ranges from southwestern Indiana and et al. 2014c) from A. a. charlesmithi from southern Illinois south through central Arkansas, and Clinostomum marginatum from Missouri, western Kentucky and Tennessee, dwarf American toads from Oklahoma (Cross and all of Arkansas, to eastern Oklahoma and and Hranitz 2000). In addition, Langford and northeastern Texas (Conant and Collins 1998). Janovy (2013) reported Rhabdias americanus It occurs in various habitats, from suburban from A.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Toad Taxonomy Description
    WESTERN TOAD TAXONOMY Scientific name: Bufo boreas (Baird and Girard, 1852) Common name: Western toad Family: Bufonidae Taxonomic comments: Hybridizes with the red-spotted toad (Bufo punctatus) at Darwin Falls, Inyo County, California, and sometimes with Canadian toad (B. hemiophrys) in central Alberta. B. nelsoni was formerly included in this species. Molecular data indicate that B.exsul is phylogenetically nested within B. canorus; further data are needed to determine whether B. exsul should be subsumed with B. canorus (Shaffer et al. 2000). "Stephens (2001) examined mitochondrial DNA from 8 Yosemite toads (selected from the samples examined by Shaffer et al. (2000) to represent the range of variability found in that study) and 173 western toads. Stephens' data indicate that Bufo in the Sierra Nevada occur in northern and southern evolutionary groups, each of which include both Yosemite and western toads (i.e., toads of both species are more closely related to each other within a group than they are to members of their own species in the other group). Further genetic analysis of Yosemite toads sampled from throughout their range, and from other toad species surrounding their range is needed to fully understand the evolutionary history and appropriate taxonomic status of the Yosemite toad." (USFWS 2002). DESCRIPTION Basic description: A toad. General description: A chunky, short-legged, warty amphibian with dominant parotoid glands at the back of the head and a conspicuous light-colored stripe running down the middle of the back. Coloration varies from brown, green to gray above and white with dark mottling below. Females are usually larger, more blotched, and have rougher skin than males (Hodge 1976, MacDonald 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure of the Herpetofaunal Assemblage in the Douglas-Fir/Hardwood Forests of Northwestern California and Southwestern Oregon
    The Structure of the Herpetofaunal Assemblage in the Douglas-Fir/Hardwood Forests of Northwestern California and Southwestern Oregon Hartwell H. Welsh, Jr., and Amy J. Lind Authors structural components associated with older forests were the best predictors of increased numbers of salamanders. Anal- HARTWELL H. WELSH, JR., and AMY J. LIND are wild- yses of microhabitat associations indicated that large, well- life biologists, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Serv- decayed logs were the most heavily used woody debris, ice, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, though use of particular size- and decay-classes varied Arcata, California 95521. among salamander species. Abstract Harvesting forests without immediately affecting herpe- Terrestrial and aquatic herpetofauna were sampled by three tofauna is probably not possible; however, strategies can be methods, time-constrained searches, pitfall traps, and area- developed to minimize long-term adverse effects. We pro- constrained searches from 1984 to 1986 in northwestern vide a summary of management recommendations designed California and southwestern Oregon. The 54 terrestrial and to assure long-term viablity of herpetofauna in areas subject 39 aquatic study sites were in Douglas-fir/hardwood forest to logging. stands that ranged in age from 30 to 560 years. Results of these surveys are presented in terms of species richness, Introduction equitability, relative abundance, relative biomass, and Old-growth forests are a unique and complex ecosystem macrohabitat and microhabitat associations. where many life forms occur in numbers disproportionate to their occurrence in other parts of their range (Thomas and Although species richness did not differ among forest age- others 1988), but the nature of the ecological dependencies classes, the composition of the herpetofauna was notably (Ruggiero and others 1988) between these species and the different.
    [Show full text]
  • American Toad (Anaxyrus Americanus) Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus Fowleri
    Vermont has eleven known breeding species of frogs. Their exact distributions are still being determined. In order for these species to survive and flourish, they need our help. One way you can help is to report the frogs that you come across in the state. Include in your report as much detail as you can on the appearance and location of the animal; also include the date of the sighting, your name, and how to contact you. Photographs are ideal, but not necessary. When attempting to identify a particular species, check at least three different field markings so that you can be sure of what it is. To contribute a report, you may use our website (www.vtherpatlas.org) or contact Jim Andrews directly at [email protected]. American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) The American Bullfrog is our largest frog and can reach 7 inches long. The Bullfrog is one of the three The American Toad is one of Vermont’s two toad species. Toads can be distinguished from other green-faced frogs in Vermont. It has a green and brown mottled body with dark stripes across its legs. frogs in Vermont by their dry and bumpy skin, and the long oval parotoid glands on each side of their The Bullfrog does not have dorsolateral ridges, but it does have a ridge that starts at the eye and goes necks. The American Toad has at least one large wart in each of the large black spots found along its around the eardrum (tympana) and down. The Bullfrog’s call is a deep low jum-a-rum.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Population of The
    Species Status Assessment Report for the Eastern Population of the Boreal Toad, Anaxyrus boreas boreas Prepared by the Western Colorado Ecological Services Field Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction, Colorado EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This species status assessment (SSA) reports the results of the comprehensive biological status review by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) for the Eastern Population of the boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas) and provides a thorough account of the species’ overall viability and, therefore, extinction risk. The boreal toad is a subspecies of the western toad (Anaxyrus boreas, formerly Bufo boreas). The Eastern Population of the boreal toad occurs in southeastern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and most of Utah. This SSA Report is intended to provide the best available biological information to inform a 12-month finding and decision on whether or not the Eastern Population of boreal toad is warranted for listing under the Endangered Species Act (Act), and if so, whether and where to propose designating critical habitat. To evaluate the biological status of the boreal toad both currently and into the future, we assessed a range of conditions to allow us to consider the species’ resiliency, redundancy, and representation (together, the 3Rs). The boreal toad needs multiple resilient populations widely distributed across its range to maintain its persistence into the future and to avoid extinction. A number of factors influence whether boreal toad populations are considered resilient to stochastic events. These factors include (1) sufficient population size (abundance), (2) recruitment of toads into the population, as evidenced by the presence of all life stages at some point during the year, and (3) connectivity between breeding populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Springs and Springs-Dependent Taxa of the Colorado River Basin, Southwestern North America: Geography, Ecology and Human Impacts
    water Article Springs and Springs-Dependent Taxa of the Colorado River Basin, Southwestern North America: Geography, Ecology and Human Impacts Lawrence E. Stevens * , Jeffrey Jenness and Jeri D. Ledbetter Springs Stewardship Institute, Museum of Northern Arizona, 3101 N. Ft. Valley Rd., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA; Jeff@SpringStewardship.org (J.J.); [email protected] (J.D.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 12 May 2020; Published: 24 May 2020 Abstract: The Colorado River basin (CRB), the primary water source for southwestern North America, is divided into the 283,384 km2, water-exporting Upper CRB (UCRB) in the Colorado Plateau geologic province, and the 344,440 km2, water-receiving Lower CRB (LCRB) in the Basin and Range geologic province. Long-regarded as a snowmelt-fed river system, approximately half of the river’s baseflow is derived from groundwater, much of it through springs. CRB springs are important for biota, culture, and the economy, but are highly threatened by a wide array of anthropogenic factors. We used existing literature, available databases, and field data to synthesize information on the distribution, ecohydrology, biodiversity, status, and potential socio-economic impacts of 20,872 reported CRB springs in relation to permanent stream distribution, human population growth, and climate change. CRB springs are patchily distributed, with highest density in montane and cliff-dominated landscapes. Mapping data quality is highly variable and many springs remain undocumented. Most CRB springs-influenced habitats are small, with a highly variable mean area of 2200 m2, generating an estimated total springs habitat area of 45.4 km2 (0.007% of the total CRB land area).
    [Show full text]
  • FOOTHILL YELLOW-LEGGED FROG (Rana Boylii) Natural History
    FOOTHILL YELLOW-LEGGED FROG (Rana boylii) Natural History Don T. Ashton, Amy J. Lind, and Kary E. Schlick. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, CA 95521. The following is a literature review augmented with personal observations from several years of study of this species along a 39 mile stretch of the Trinity River, Trinity County, California. The study area extended from Lewiston Dam downstream to the confluence with the North Fork Trinity River near Helena. Personnel at the Redwood Sciences Laboratory conducted research with funding from the USDI Bureau of Reclamation. OUTLINE 1. Description 2. Taxonomy 3. Range and Distribution 4. Reproduction and Growth 5. Food Habits 6. Movement and Dispersal 7. Habitat 8. Predation and Mortality 9. Conservation 1. DESCRIPTION The foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii) is a moderate sized frog, with adults measuring 37.2 - 82.0 mm snout-urostyle length (SUL) (Jennings and Hayes 1994). The dorsal color is highly variable, but is usually a light and dark mottled gray, olive, or brown, often with variable amounts of brick red. The posterior portions of the abdomen and ventral surfaces of the rear legs are yellow, fading to white anteriorly. The yellow color is 1 absent on younger individuals (Leonard et al. 1993). The throat, chest, and posterior surfaces of the rear legs usually have dark mottling. During the breeding season, adult males have swollen nuptial tubercles on the medial surfaces of the thumbs to improve the grip during amplexus. The hind feet are fully webbed and toe tips are slightly expanded (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History Account for Western Toad
    California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System California Department of Fish and Wildlife California Interagency Wildlife Task Group WESTERN TOAD Anaxyrus boreas Family: BUFONIDAE Order: ANURA Class: AMPHIBIA A032 Written by: S. Morey Reviewed by: T. Papenfuss Edited by: R. Duke, E. C. Beedy DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND SEASONALITY Widely distributed in California, the western toad is present everywhere except the deserts and highest mountains. Elevations of occurrence extend from sea level to 3050 m (10,000 ft) (Stebbins 1985). Throughout its range the western toad can be scarce or common, depending on habitat quality. The western toad occurs in most California habitats except the deserts. It is uncommon in the high Sierra and in densely forested areas. SPECIFIC HABITAT REQUIREMENTS Feeding: Adults take a variety of terrestrial insects and other small arthropods (Stebbins 1972). Less commonly eaten are earthworms, snails, and slugs. Tadpoles filter suspended plant materials and tiny planktonic organisms from water, or feed on bottom detritus (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Cover: During periods of inactivity, this toad seeks cover inside or under surface objects such as boards, tree bark, rotting logs, large rocks and boulders. Toads will also use rodent burrows and rock fissures, or temporarily bury themselves in loose soil (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Reproduction: Breeding and egg-laying normally occur in quiet waters less than 30 cm (12 in) deep (Stebbins 1954). Almost any source of standing water can be used for reproduction, including lakes, ponds, vernal pools, roadside ditches, irrigation canals, permanent and intermittent streams, and rivers. The presence of predatory fishes may reduce tadpole survival. Water: Standing water is essential for reproductive success.
    [Show full text]
  • Signs of the Seasons: a New England Phenology Program Indicator
    Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program Indicator Species Fact Sheet Eastern American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus The American toad is commonly found throughout New England and is native to eastern North America. Considered habitat generalists, these toads can be found anywhere that moisture and ample food are available, including multiple forest types, fields and urban areas. Toads play an important ecosystem role as insect consumers, thereby keeping populations in check. Appearance: Toads are shades of brown in color and are covered with warts. They have a wide head and short front limbs. Behind the eyes, there are kidney bean shaped glands; J.D. Willson, USGS Savannah River Ecology Lab, http://srel.uga.edu/ these paratoid glands produce toxins that give the toad an unpleasant taste. The toads range in length from 2-4 ½ inches. Females are slightly larger than males and lack the characteristic dark colored throat seen on males. Feeding: American toads are known to feed from early morning into the evening. They consume what is available and may eat a variety of larval insects, slugs, spiders, and centipedes, for example. Tadpoles feed on algae within their pools. Life History: Breeding season is triggered by the arrival of warmer temperatures and longer days. It begins in March or April when the toads arrive at shallow, fresh water pools. Males grasp the females around the belly in order to fertilize the eggs as they are laid. Between 4,000-12,000 eggs are laid in long parallel strands. They will hatch in 3-12 days, requiring 5-10 weeks to complete metamorphosis and 2-4 years to reach sexual maturity.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Toad (Anaxyrus Boreas) Predicted Suitable Habitat Modeling
    Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) Predicted Suitable Habitat Modeling Distribution Status: Resident Year Round State Rank: S2 (Species of Concern) Global Rank: G4 Modeling Overview Created by: Bryce Maxell & Braden Burkholder Creation Date: October 3, 2017 Evaluator: Bryce Maxell Evaluation Date: October 3, 2017 Inductive Model Goal: To predict the distribution and relative suitability of summer breeding habitat at large spatial scales across the species’ known range in Montana. Inductive Model Performance: The model appears to adequately reflect the distribution of Western Toad summer breeding habitat suitability at larger spatial scales across the species’ known range in Montana. Evaluation metrics suggest a good model fit. The delineation of habitat suitability classes is well-supported by the data. However, note that because Western Toad is known to travel long distances from breeding sites, it is best to use this model output for identification of potential breeding sites and to use the deductive model output for broader landscape management needs. Deductive Model Goal: To represent the ecological systems commonly and occasionally associated with this species year-round, across the species’ known range in Montana. Deductive Model Performance: Ecological systems that this species is commonly and occasionally associated with reasonably represent the amount of suitable habitat used by Western Toad adults and juveniles away from breeding sites across the species’ known range in Montana. Suggested Citation: Montana Natural Heritage Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial DNA Evolution in the Anaxyrus Boreas Species Group
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50 (2009) 209–225 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the Anaxyrus boreas species group Anna M. Goebel a,b,*, Tom A. Ranker c,1, Paul Stephen Corn d, Richard G. Olmstead e,2 a University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, 265 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0265, USA b Florida Gulf Coast University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA c University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA d USGS Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, 790 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59801, USA e E.P.O. Biology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA article info abstract Article history: The Anaxyrus boreas species group currently comprises four species in western North America including Received 1 May 2007 the broadly distributed A. boreas, and three localized species, Anaxyrus nelsoni, Anaxyrus exsul and Anaxy- Revised 10 June 2008 rus canorus. Phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA 12S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase I, control region, and Accepted 24 June 2008 restriction sites data, identified three major haplotype clades. The Northwest clade (NW) includes both Available online 8 July 2008 subspecies of A. boreas and divergent minor clades in the middle Rocky Mountains, coastal, and central regions of the west and Pacific Northwest. The Southwest (SW) clade includes A. exsul, A. nelsoni, and Keywords: minor clades in southern California. Anaxyrus canorus, previously identified as paraphyletic, has popula- Amphibia tions in both the NW and SW major clades.
    [Show full text]
  • Dixie Meadows Geothermal Utilization Project Environmental Assessment I Table of Contents
    Stillwater Field Office, Nevada ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ORNI 32, LLC Dixie Meadows Geothermal Utilization Project DOI-BLM-NV-C010-2016-0014-EA US Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Carson City District Stillwater Field Office 5665 Morgan Mill Road Carson City, NV 89701 775-885-6000 Cooperating Agencies: Nevada Department of Wildlife US Fish and Wildlife Service US Navy, Naval Air Station Fallon May 2017 It is the mission of the Bureau of Land Management to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. DOI-BLM-NV-C010-2016-0014-EA TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE AND NEED .......................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1-4 1.3 Purpose and Need ........................................................................................................................ 1-8 1.4 Land Use Plan Conformance Statement ................................................................................. 1-8 1.5 Relationship to Laws, Regulations, Policies, Plans, and Other Environmental Analyses .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]