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Clean Laboratories and Clean Rooms for Analysis of Radionuclides and Trace Elements

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Clean Laboratories and Clean Rooms for Analysis of Radionuclides and Trace Elements IAEA-TECDOC-1339 Clean laboratories and clean rooms for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements January 2003 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria CLEAN LABORATORIES AND CLEAN ROOMS FOR ANALYSIS OF RADIONUCLIDES AND TRACE ELEMENTS IAEA, VIENNA, 2003 IAEA-TECDOC-1339 ISBN 92–0–100603–9 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2003 Printed by the IAEA in Austria January 2003 FOREWORD The need for reliable and accurate measurements of elements at trace and ultra trace concentrations is now well established and has been addressed in numerous textbooks and in a number of publications of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Less well known might be the fact that the reliable analysis of samples is often found to be hampered by insufficient control of the analytical blank. As methods become more and more sensitive, the target elements of major interest in natural matrices become less abundant (e.g. platinum metals in the environment, ultra traces in biomedical research, or semiconductor analysis) and there is increasing demand for speciation analysis, where only fractions of the total trace element content are targeted. Because of the need for stringent control of contamination during sample handling, preparation, separation and enrichment as well as during the determination process, establishment of a clean laboratory environment is mandatory. Particulate contamination in the laboratory air may be controlled by the use of high efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters, which were developed during World War II for the Manhattan Project and were used to provide containment of radioactive particulates within the laboratory. Today the same application of HEPA filters is used in radioactivity laboratories worldwide. The Class 100 specifications for measurement of particulate air quality apply for clean room facilities as laid down in the regulations, such as Federal Standard 209E or the ISO Guide 14644. This publication summarizes the requirements of clean laboratory environments, for construction materials as well as for materials used during routine analysis, maintenance, and pitfalls in the analysis of radionuclides and elements at trace- and ultra trace levels. Included are papers contributed by experts from India, the Netherlands, the United States of America and the IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf. The IAEA wishes to thank all the experts who helped in the preparation of this manuscript for their valuable contributions. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were A.V.R. Reddy and M. Rossbach of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Clean facility options...........................................................................................................1 1.2. Classification of cleanliness ................................................................................................2 1.3. Calculation of particulate concentration..............................................................................2 1.4. Origin and control of particulate matter ..............................................................................3 2. TYPES OF CLEAN FACILITIES..................................................................................................4 2.1. Inflatable glove bags............................................................................................................4 2.2. Simple clean bench..............................................................................................................5 2.3. Clean glove boxes................................................................................................................6 2.4. Recirculating clean bench....................................................................................................7 2.5. Clean exhausted hoods ........................................................................................................8 2.6. Air shower enhancement .....................................................................................................9 2.7. Recirculating clean room...................................................................................................10 2.8. Clean laboratory concepts .................................................................................................11 3. CLEAN ROOM ATTIRE .............................................................................................................14 3.1. Clothing .............................................................................................................................14 3.2. Basic components ..............................................................................................................14 3.3. Gloves................................................................................................................................15 4. MATERIALS................................................................................................................................15 4.1. Materials for construction of the clean room ....................................................................15 4.2. Laboratory materials for ultra trace analysis.....................................................................15 4.3. Plastics...............................................................................................................................16 4.4. Purification of reagents......................................................................................................16 5. OPERATIONAL PROTOCOLS ..................................................................................................16 5.1. Monitoring of facility parameters......................................................................................17 5.2. Use of the facility ..............................................................................................................18 6. EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................19 6.1. Particle counts ...................................................................................................................19 6.2. Blanking.............................................................................................................................19 6.3. Control samples .................................................................................................................20 6.4. Control charts....................................................................................................................20 7. TECHNIQUES..............................................................................................................................20 7.1. Radionuclide measurement................................................................................................20 7.2. Neutron activation analysis ...............................................................................................21 7.3. Mass spectrometric techniques..........................................................................................22 7.3.1. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry....................................................22 7.3.2. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry..................................................................22 7.3.3. Secondary ionization mass spectrometry ..............................................................22 7.3.4. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) .................................................................23 8. MAINTENANCE OF THE FACILITY .......................................................................................23 9. STAFF AND TRAINING.............................................................................................................23 10. CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................................................................24 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................25 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Metal free clean room for ultra trace analysis ..................................................................................... 29 T.R. Mahalingam Quality control of the laboratory environment....................................................................................
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