A Basic Design Approach to Clean Room
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Personal Computing
Recent History of Computers: Machines for Mass Communication Waseda University, SILS, Science, Technology and Society (LE202) The communication revolution ‚ In the first period of the history of computers, we see that almost all development is driven by the needs and the financial backing of large organizations: government, military, space R&D, large corporations. ‚ In the second period, we will notice that the focus is now shifting to small companies, individual programers, hobbyists and mass consumers. ‚ The focus in the first period was on computation and control. In the second period, it is on usability and communication. ‚ A mass market for computers was created, through the development of a user-friendly personal computer. Four generations of computers 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Period 1940s–1955 1956–1963 1964–1967 1971–present ? Tech- vacuum transistors integrated micro- ? nology tubes circuits processors Size full room large desk sized desk-top, ? (huge) machine hand-held Software machine assembly operating GUI ? language language systems interface The microprocessor ‚ In 1968, the “traitorous seven” left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel. ‚ In 1969, Busicom, a Japanese firm, commissioned Intel to make a microprocessor for a handheld calculator. ‚ This lead to the Intel 4004. Intel bought the rights to sell the chip to other companies. ‚ Intel immediately began the process of designing more and more powerful microchips. Schematic: The Intel 4004 ‚ This has lead to computers small enough to fit in our hands. Consumer electronics ‚ The microprocessor made it possible to create more affordable consumer electronics. ‚ The Walkman came out in 1979. Through the 1980s video players, recorders and stereos were marketed. -
What You Should Know About Microfiber Pollution Scientists Estimate That Over 8 Million Tons of Plastic Enter Our Oceans Each Year
What You Should Know About Microfiber Pollution Scientists estimate that over 8 million tons of plastic enter our oceans each year. While we have all seen the plastic bottles, bags, and straws that contribute to the plastic pollution problem, one major source of plastic pollution is less obvious: our clothes. The majority of clothing on the planet is made from plastic-based materials like polyester, rayon, nylon, and acrylic. When washed, synthetic clothing sheds tiny plastic fragments known as microfibers. Microfibers are the most prevalent type of microplastic (plastic pieces less than 5 mm in diameter) found in the environment. Though we cannot see them, plastic microfibers are all around us. Researchers have found microfibers in a diverse range of land and aquatic ecosystems, from shorelines and the seafloor, to remote areas in US National Parks, and even in snow in the Alps and the Arctic. Once in the environment, microfibers are extremely difficult to clean up. For this reason, it is critical to prevent this type of pollution from entering the environment in the first place. Additional research is needed to understand how microfibers enter the environment and where they come from, but many studies suggest that washing clothes is one major source. A 2019 study by Ocean Wise estimated that the average household in the U.S. 1 and Canada releases 533 million microfibers – or 135 grams – of microfibers to wastewater treatment plants each year. Wastewater treatment plants filter out the majority of microfibers, but because they are so small, some microfibers pass through the wastewater treatment systems, entering our waterways and oceans. -
Cleanroom Design
CLEANROOM DESIGN by Douglas H Erickson Bachelor of Architecture Bachelor of Science in Architectural Studies Washington State University Pullman, Washington 1975 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June, 1987 © Douglas H Erickson 1987 The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly copies of this thesis document in whole or in part Signature of Author Douglas H Erickson Department of Architecture May 8, 1987 Certified by Dr. Leon Glicksman Senior Research Scientist Thesis Advisor Accepted by t bJulian Beinart Chairman MAzSSAOsmTS INSr~iDpartment Committee for Graduate Students F TECHNOLOGY tlr 1 UmgAES Room 14-0551 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 Ph: 617.253.2800 MITLib Email: [email protected] Document Services http://Ilibraries.mitedu/docs DISCLAIMER OF QUALITY Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction, We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. If you are dissatisfied with this product and find it unusable, please contact Document Services as soon as possible. Thank you. Some pages in the original document contain pictures, graphics, or text that is illegible. Pages 96 - 131 CLEANROOM DESIGN by Douglas H Erickson Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 8, 1987 in partial fulfinent of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies ABSTRACT The development of the integrated circuit which replaced the vacuum tube, started the size reduction process for computer components. -
Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM
Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM 1 Teachers’ Guide Table of Contents Purpose and Procedure ...................................3 FYI ...BackgroundInformationforTeachersandStudents CausesoftheAmericanCivilWar .........................5 TheBattleofGettysburg .................................8 CivilWarMedicalVocabulary ...........................12 MedicalTimeline ......................................14 Before Your Field Trip The Oath of Allegiance and the Hippocratic Oath ...........18 Squad #1 Activities — Camp Doctors .....................19 FieldTripIdentities .........................20 "SickCall"Play..............................21 CampDoctorsStudyMaterials ................23 PicturePages ...............................25 Camp Report — SickCallRegister .............26 Squad #2 Activities — BattlefieldDoctors .................27 FieldTripIdentities .........................28 "Triage"Play ...............................29 BattlefieldStudyMaterials ...................30 Battle Report — FieldHospitalRegister ........32 Squad #3 Activities — HospitalDoctors ...................33 FieldTripIdentities .........................34 "Hospital"Play..............................35 HospitalStudyMaterials(withPicturePages) ...37 Hospital Report — CertificateofDisability .....42 Your Field Trip Day FieldTripDayProcedures ..............................43 OverviewoftheFieldTrip ..............................44 Nametags .............................................45 After Your Field Trip SuggestedPost-VisitActivities ...........................46 -
Breaking Manufacturers' Aftermarket Monopoly and Restoring
APRIL 2020 Fixing America: Breaking Manufacturers’ Aftermarket Monopoly and Restoring Consumers’ Right to Repair DANIEL A. HANLEY CLAIRE KELLOWAY SANDEEP VAHEESAN 1 1 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................. 2 I. Introduction ........................................................................................... 3 II. History of Restricting Repair .............................................................. 4 The History of Open Aftermarkets ............................................................. 4 Early Efforts to Close Afternarkets ............................................................. 6 III. Methods of Restricting Repair .......................................................... 9 Tying of Aftermarket Parts and Service ...................................................... 9 Exclusive Dealing of Aftermarket Parts and Service ................................ 10 Refusal to Sell Essential Tools, Parts, Diagnostics, Manuals, and Software 10 Predatory and Exclusionary Design ........................................................ 11 Leveraging Copyright Law to Lock Software and Hardware .................... 12 Restrictive End User License Agreements ................................................ 13 IV. The Effects and Consequences of Restricted Repair ...................... 15 Increased Costs to Consumers ................................................................ 15 Stifling the Repair Economy and Local Resiliency .................................. -
Trace Evidence
Procedure Santa Ana Police Department 6101 Santa Ana PD Procedures Manual TRACE EVIDENCE 6101.1 PURPOSE This procedure establishes guidelines for the proper identification and collection of trace evidence. 6101.2 INTRODUCTION Trace evidence is defined as small evidentiary particles and includes, but is not limited to, hair, fibers, glass fragmentation, paint transfers / chips, gun shot residue, fire debris, botanical material, soil, and unknown chemical solids or liquids. Locard’s Exchange Principle states that whenever two objects come into contact a transfer of material will occur. The transfer may be primary (direct) or secondary (indirect) and usually involves trace evidence. Personnel responsible for the collection of trace evidence at any crime scene shall adhere to the following guidelines. Their actions or inactions should be based upon the particulars of each crime scene and firmly rooted in accepted forensic practices. 6101.3 PROCEDURE FOR LOCATING/IDENTIFYING TRACE EVIDENCE The following methods for detecting trace evidence at crime scenes are acceptable. No one method is correct for any given circumstance and it is recommended that more than one, if not all, methods be used to locate potential trace evidence at a scene. 1. Using direct light can be a very effective way of locating trace evidence. The brighter the light source, the more likely the forensic investigator will notice subtle differences in color and contrast of adhering surface particles. 2. Oblique lighting takes advantage of differences in the reflective qualities of particles versus the reflective qualities of the surface on which the particles reside. This method works well under low ambient light conditions. -
The Origin of Lint and Fuzz Hairs of Cotton^
THE ORIGIN OF LINT AND FUZZ HAIRS OF COTTON^ By A. G. LANG Formerly agent, Division of Cotton and Other Fiber Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry y United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION The mature seeds of most varieties of upland cotton are covered with two different types of hairs, (1) the long lint hairs that are ex- tensively used in the manufacture of fabrics, and (2) the short, thick-walled, fuzz hairs (linters) that form a dense, tangled mat close to the surface of the seed. Both lint and fuzz hairs are single-celled, tubular outgrowths that arise from the epidermal cells of the seed coat. Although the principal difference between the lint and fuzz hairs is the much greater length of the lint, it is usually difficult or impossible to draw a sharp line of demarcation between them on this basis. Very short lint hairs and long fuzz hairs may be indistinguish- able. It is sometimes possible, however, to distinguish between lint and fuzz by their position on the ovules and seeds. In some varieties of cotton both the Hnt and fuzz hairs are restricted to specific and sometimes separate areas on the surface of the seed, giving rise to various ''patterns.'' In the so-called naked seed varieties the fuzz hairs are entirely missing, so that removal of the lint leaves the seed coat smooth and free from hairs. In some varieties the lint and fuzz hairs are pigmented differently, and frequently pigment is present in the fuzz when it is entirely absent from the lint hairs. -
Download Our Educational Materials
2 Cotton: A Miraculous Fiber A Unique, Natural Fiber Cotton is a natural fiber with layers of highly organized cellulose surrounding a Even after 8,000 years, cotton remains Why we love Cotton hollow core. The pitch, or angle, of the cell the most miraculous fiber under the sun. Cotton is the most used fiber in the layers alternate, first one way then the No other single fiber comes close to dupli- world. It’s popular because it’s versatile. other, which accounts for cotton’s extraor- cating all the desirable characteristics It’s used in apparel, home furnishings, and dinary strength. combined in cotton. industrial and other consumer products. Recently, a science museum in Newark, Cotton is noted for its versatility, There isn’t a part of your day that you did- NJ, lifted a 3,500-pound car with seven appearance, performance, and above all n’t use something made from cotton. The pairs of denim jeans attached to the crane. else, its natural comfort. Cotton in today’s towel after your shower, the shirt and The hollowness and the layering of the fast-moving world is still nature’s wonder pants you put on, the seats in your car. cells also contribute to cotton’s ability fiber, providing thousands of useful prod- The money you used to buy a biscuit for readily to absorb water and to “wick” ucts and supporting millions of jobs. breakfast. All made from cotton. moisture away from the body. A 480 pound bale of cotton can produce: 1,200 men’s T-shirts, 3,000 baby diapers, 1,300 pairs of pillowcases, 690 terrycloth bath towels, more than 730 shirts or blouses, or 215 pairs of 100% Cotton, 100% Usable, men’s denim jeans. -
Michel Sotura, PE March 18 at Rock Bottom
Shaping Tomorrow’s Built Environment Today Volume 50, No. 7 March 2015 Punch List President’s Message Dear Chapter Members & Friends, energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions and outlines a Spring has arrived in Seattle with range of near-term (by 2015) and the prospect of extended daylight long-term (by 2030) actions to put Contents and so many options for outdoor Seattle on the path to achieving activities. Traditionally attendance • President’s Message ..........................1 those goals. to our meetings decrease in the • January Chapter Meeting ................2 second part of the year but I Several representative of the • Upcoming Meetings .........................3 chapter will meet in the coming • TAC Awards Winners..........................4 believe the upcoming chapter weeks with the city. Please • TAC Award Info & RP Thanks ...........5 programs should encourage you contact the board of governors • ASHRAE Winter Conference.. ..........6 to participate actively till May. if you would like your ideas to be • Outstanding Items .............................7 This month our chapter meeting expressed regarding this initiative. technical topic will be Clean Room design. The presentation will To conclude I would like to provide an overview of clean room encourage our members and standards, clean room theory and friends in participating to our Chapter Officers ventilation strategies. So please annual ASHRAE Golf Field Day that join us for our lunch meeting on benefit ASHRAE Research. President Michel Sotura, PE March 18 at Rock Bottom. The event takes place on Friday President-Elect Tamas Besnik, PE On March 25, the young ASHRAE June 5 at the Harbour Pointe Golf VP/Secretary Kathi Shoemake, PE engineers (YEA) will tour the Club in Mukilteo. -
Clean Laboratories and Clean Rooms for Analysis of Radionuclides and Trace Elements
IAEA-TECDOC-1339 Clean laboratories and clean rooms for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements January 2003 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria CLEAN LABORATORIES AND CLEAN ROOMS FOR ANALYSIS OF RADIONUCLIDES AND TRACE ELEMENTS IAEA, VIENNA, 2003 IAEA-TECDOC-1339 ISBN 92–0–100603–9 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2003 Printed by the IAEA in Austria January 2003 FOREWORD The need for reliable and accurate measurements of elements at trace and ultra trace concentrations is now well established and has been addressed in numerous textbooks and in a number of publications of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Less well known might be the fact that the reliable analysis of samples is often found to be hampered by insufficient control of the analytical blank. As methods become more and more sensitive, the target elements of major interest in natural matrices become less abundant (e.g. platinum metals in the environment, ultra traces in biomedical research, or semiconductor analysis) and there is increasing demand for speciation analysis, where only fractions of the total trace element content are targeted. Because of the need for stringent control of contamination during sample handling, preparation, separation and enrichment as well as during the determination process, establishment of a clean laboratory environment is mandatory. Particulate contamination in the laboratory air may be controlled by the use of high efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters, which were developed during World War II for the Manhattan Project and were used to provide containment of radioactive particulates within the laboratory. -
From Gin to Fabric Cotton Gins Like This One Are Mostly Located in Cotton Regions to Cut Transport Costs
CHAPTER 7 Processing: from Gin to Fabric Cotton gins like this one are mostly located in cotton regions to cut transport costs GINNING Cotton gins are factories that complete the first stage of processing cotton – separating the lint from the seed. Gin is short for en-“gin”. In Australia gins are located in cotton areas to avoid costly transport. Cotton is pressed under Before the gin was invented, the lint and seed were separated very high pressure by by hand. It took one person a whole day to separate only half a bale press into bales a kilo of the lint from the cottonseed. Modern gins can separate weighing 227kg each and bale about 230,000 kilograms of cotton in one day. THE GINNING PROCESS The seed cotton arrives at the gin in round bales or modules. The first step in the ginning process is where the cotton is vacuumed into tubes that carry it to a dryer. Cotton must be ginned with a moisture level of 5%. The cotton is dried out if it is too wet or water is added if it is too dry to ensure the correct moisture level. Next, the cotton goes through several Gin is short stages of cleaning equipment to remove leaf trash, sticks, for en-“gin” dirt and other foreign matter. After cleaning, the cotton is then ready for separation in the gin stand. The gin stand removes the seed from the lint. In Australia, most cotton is ginned with saw gins where fast moving circular saws grip the fibres and pull them through narrow slots. -
ABSTRACT: This Paper Mainly Reviews About the Legal Aspects Of
ABSTRACT: This paper mainly reviews about the legal aspects of reverse engineering while taking into consideration of its definitions and types of reverse engineering. It mainly concentrates on legal aspects of patent, copyright issues of reverse engineering like design copyrights and also discuss the laws according to some countries. While taking into consideration of its definition and types of reverse engineering and the tools used. DEFENITION OF REVERSE ENGINEERING: The process of systematically taking apart a chip or application program to discover how it works, with the aim of imitating or duplicating some or all of its functions. For example removing the body parts of a car to understand the mechanism of the car and refitting it. Or making another car that doesn’t resemble the model without copying anything from the original. Reverse engineering, as the name implies, in other words, the attempt to recapture the top level specification by analysing the product - "attempt" because it is not possible in practice, or even in theory, to recover everything in the original specification purely by studying the product. Reverse engineering is difficult and time consuming, but it is getting easier all the time thanks to IT, for two reasons: Firstly, as engineering techniques themselves become more computerised, more of the design is due to the computer. Thus, recognisable blocks of code, or groups of circuit elements on a substrate, often occur in many different designs produced by the same computer program. These are easier to recognise and interpret than a customised product would be. Secondly, artificial intelligence techniques for pattern recognition, and for parsing and interpretation, have advanced to the point where these and other structures within a product can be recognised automatically.