◀ HU Jintao Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. HU Shi Hú Shì ​胡 适 1891–1962 New Culture Movement leader Hu Shi was a leader of the early twentieth cen- tried his hand at writing fiction in the vernacular. He also tury New Culture Movement. Hu was known had his first taste of student protest there when students for his writings on language reform and lit- demanded participation in drafting school regulations erature revolution. Labeled as the leader who but were refused by the authorities and expelled from the school. After a brief period of teaching at a middle sought construction, not destruction, Hu Shi school, Hu Shi passed the national examination for the was criticized by conservatives and Commu- Boxer Indemnity Fellowship. In taking the examination, nists alike for his efforts and views during the Hu took the name of “Shi” (to adapt), which carried a Movement. distinctive flavor of social Darwinism at the time. In 1910 he went to Cornell University on the fellowship and, at the advice of his brother, enrolled in the College of Ag- u Shi, an educator and a major leader in the New riculture. His interest in the humanities soon led him to Culture Movement, was born as Hu Hongxing transfer to philosophy. He was attracted to U.S.-​­style de- in Shanghai in 1891. Hu Shi lost his father, a gov- mocracy when he observed the pre-​­election process in ernment official, when he was only three. Growing up in a 1913, participated in public rallies, and gave many public family of declining fortune, Hu Shi witnessed the struggle lectures on Chinese affairs—​­at the cost of nearly failing of his mother, widowed at the age of twenty-​­two, in deal- his course. In 1914 he graduated with a bachelor’s degree ing with the irresponsible and insolent step-​­sons of her and went to Columbia University to study philosophy husband’s deceased former wife, quarrelsome daughters- with educator John Dewey, the leading advocate of prag- in-law, and creditors who came to collect debt every New matism, an influential school in American thought of the Year’s Eve. His mother’s self-​­restraint and resilience in- twentieth century. fluenced Hu Shi to make pragmatic choices in both his Hu began to participate in China’s New Culture personal life and public career. Movement, a movement among intellectuals advo- Hu Shi’s education began in the Chinese tradition at cating a new Chinese culture based on Western-​­style age three, first under the tutelage of his father in Shang- (rather than Confucian) thought and ideals, while still hai, then at a traditional school in his native county of Jixi a student in the United States. Between 1915 and 1916 he in Anhui Province. In 1904 Hu Shi returned to Shanghai and a few other friends at Cornell and Harvard engaged for education at so-​­called “modern” schools. He had his in a debate on the use of the vernacular, as opposed first exposure to vernacular writing at the China Public to classical, in literature. “A Preliminary Discussion Institute, where he was an editor of a student periodi- on Reform in Literature,” an article published in New cal, Commitment Ten-​­Day Weekly (Jingye Xunbao), and Youth Magazine in 1917, was Hu Shi’s national debut in 1078 H © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC HU Shi n Hú Shì n 胡适 1079 Isms vs. Problems In contrast to the political radical Chen Duxiu and cultural radical Qian Xuantong, Hu took moderate, pragmatic ap- proaches to both politics and culture, arguing for the need of gradualism to attain revolutionary ends. His most well- known solutions were “less talk on isms, more discussion on problems” in his 1919 rejoinder to Li Dazhao, the co- founder of the Chinese Communist Party, and “bold hy- pothesis, careful investigation” for scholarly research. Thus, Hu emerged among the leaders of the New Culture Move- ment as the one who sought construction, not destruction. He became a vocal advocate for the vernacular and wrote A History of Vernacular Literature for its historical justifica- tion; he researched the authorship of A Dream of Red Cham- ber and issues relating to several other important fictions and ancient works, such as The Water Margin and Journey to the West. Hu’s efforts raised the status of these vernacular fictions and made them canonized works in Chinese litera- ture. His research method also influenced generations of scholars after him. Some of them, such as Gu Jiegang, Luo Ergang, Fu Sinian, and Yu Pingbo, became leaders in the study of Chinese history and literary history. Hu Shi’s liberalism made him an uncomfortable ally of the National Government under the Guomindang but an even harsher critic of the Chinese Communists in the late 1920s. He opposed hasty confrontation with Japan Hu Shi, the famous advocate of vernacular when its aggressive expansion in China escalated after the language reform. Hu took a moderate, Manchurian Incident in 1931. However, he turned away pragmatic approach to both politics and from what others viewed as appeasement after the War of culture, arguing that one moved gradually Resistance against China (also known as the Second Sino- to reach revolutionary ends. Japanese War) broke out in 1937 and supported resistance by offering himself to government service. In 1938 he ac- cepted the mission to the United States and Europe as a the vernacular language movement, to be followed by semiofficial emissary seeking Western support of China’s more writings on language reform and literature revolu- war effort. Between 1939 and 1942 he was China’s ambas- tion. In the same year Hu Shi returned to China, mar- sador to the United States. He stayed in the United States ried Jiang Dongxiu, an illiterate girl betrothed to him for the remaining years of the war and researched Annota- through his mother’s arrangement when both were in tion on the Book of Rivers by Li Daoyuan (d. 527) and the their teens, and began teaching philosophy at the pres- Qing dynasty (1644– 1912) scholarship of the book. Hu tigious Beijing University. Hu’s approach to the history returned to China in 1946 and was appointed chancellor of Chinese philosophy was ridiculed by conservatives of National Beijing University. In 1949, when the ruling but instantly popular among students. He also joined Nationalist government collapsed on the mainland, Hu the New Youth editorial board in 1918 and contributed Shi went to the United States and was curator of the Gest regularly to the weekly. Library at Princeton University between 1950 and 1952. © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 1080 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 宝 库 山 中 华 全 书 Caught in the Crossfire Chow Tse-tsung.​­ (1960). The May Fourth Movement: Intel- lectual revolution in modern China. Cambridge, MA: Throughout his life Hu Shi was criticized by both the Harvard University Press. conservatives and the Communists alike for his radical Fei Haij. (1970). Hu Shi zhuzuo yanjiu lunwenji [Research influence in the New Culture Movement or for his prag- essays on Hu Shi’s works]. Taipei, Taiwan: Commer- matism and gradualism. On the mainland Hu Shi was cial Press. Grieder, J. B. (1970). Hu Shih and the Chinese renaissance: the target of a Communist ideological campaign in 1954 Liberalism in the Chinese revolution, 1917– 1937. Cam- in which he was criticized for promoting John Dewey’s bridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pragmatism movement. In the same year Hu accepted Hu Shi. (1921). Hu Shi wencun [Collected essays of Hu the presidency of Academia Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan. His Shi]. Shanghai: Yadong tushuguan. appointment immediately provoked the publication of Hu Shi. (1933). Sishi zishu [A self-account​­ at forty]. Shang- books in Taiwan that attacked him for causing the social hai: Yadong tushuguan. and cultural disorientations in China that opened the Hu Shi. (1953). Hu Shi wencun, 1- 4 ji [Collected essays of way to the Communist revolution. Still presiding over Hu Shi, collections 1– 4] (Rev. ed.). Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica, Hu died in 1962. In the 1980s and 1990s, Yuandong tushu gongsi. scholarly interest in Hu Shi revived on the mainland as Hu Shi. (1959). Hu Shi liuxue riji [Hu Shi’s diary while volumes of monographs were published and his impor- studying abroad]. Taipei, Taiwan: Commercial Press. tance in history recognized. (Original work published 1939) Hu Shi Sixiang Pipan [Critical assessments on Hu Shi’s LU Yan thought]. (1955– 1956). Beijing: Sanlian shudian. Hu Songping. (1984). Hu Shizhi xiansheng nianpu chang- bian chugao [Chronological biography of Mr. Hu Shi- Further Reading zhi, a preliminary version]. Taipei, Taiwan: Lianjing Chen Jin’gan. (Ed.). (1989). Hu Shi yanjiu ziliao [Research chubanshe. materials on Hu Shi]. Beijing: Beijing shiyue wenyi Yi Zhuxian. (1987). Hu Shi zhuan [A biography of Hu Shi]. chubanshe. Wuhan, China: Hubei renmin chubanshe. HU Yaobang ▶ © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC.