1 Musical Instruments in Western European Art an Iconographical

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Musical Instruments in Western European Art

An Iconographical Guide

The Flute -- 16th century

Status of August 2007

PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.

However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to

Mary Rasmussen Music Department University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 (USA)

I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. I am quit capable of looking at page 257 and writing down 277, and I seem to have difficulty telling right from left. Sorry.

The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).

Many thanks to Isabel Gray and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.

[GB] BRITISH ARTISTS 2

V: Mythology

Muses (unidentified): [BI London 1579] Anon. Title page of William Daman, The Psalmes of David in English Meter. London, John Daye, 1579. woodcut. Includes the Muses. One of them plays a flute. David (playing a harp) takes the place of Apollo. (Fraenkel no. 55 [fine reproduction])

VII: Allegory

Months/Zodiac (April): [BI London 1579] Anon. "Aprill," from Edmund Spenser, The Shepheardes Calendar. London, printed by Hugh Singleton, 1579. woodcut. Ladies of the court play bass viol, harp, lute and flute. A shepherd plays a cornett (?). (E. Spenser. The Shepheardes Calendar, 1579. Menston 1968)

XII: Decorative Elements

[Intarsia Hardwick Hall] British, ca.1568? The Eglantine Table. Hardwick Hall, N. T., Derbyshire. inlaid wooden table. Many musical instruments, etc., including a flute case. (D. Collins. "A 16th-century manuscript in wood. The Eglantine table at Hardwick Hall." Early Music 4 [1976] 275-279, reproduced p. 276, with a drawing by Llewellyn Jewitt from the Reliquary, July 1882)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Garden Parties: [Pa private collection] Gheraerts, Marcus, the Elder (1516/21- a.1604), attr. Queen Elizabeth and her Court at Kenilworth Castle. private collection. Includes figures under a portico singing and playing bass viol, lute and flute. Elsewhere, a lute player serenades picknickers. Commedia dell'arte players brandish a viola da braccio and beat a frame drum. (T. F. Heck et al. Picturing Performance ... Rochester NY 1999. p. 73 [useless reproduction], as ca.1560, perhaps by Lucas van Valckenborch or one of his circle, representing a scene from one of the Hapsburg courts; Burlington 76 [1940] 70 [poor reproduction], as 1575, attr. Gheraerts)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Animals: [BI London 1556] Anon. Military Review, from John Heywood, The Spider and the FUe: a Parable of the Spider and the Flie. London, Thomas Powell, 1556. woodcut. The spiders hold a military review, accompanied by spiders playing flute and frame drum. (MGG VI, cols. 371-72)

Military Musicians: [Ms Oxford BL Bodley Rolls 19] British, ca.1539. Initial T, from a survey made in 1539 of the property of Glastonbury Abbey in the form of a certificate from Richard Pollard and Thomas Moyle. Oxford BL, Ms Bodley Rolls 19. manuscript drawing. Includes liveried figures playing flute and drum. Also an owl playing a shawm 3 and a monkey playing a drum. (O. Pächt and J. J. G. Alexander. Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts, III. Oxford 1973. cat. no. 1185, pl. CX)

[NL] DUTCH ARTISTS

VII: Allegory

Heaven/Hell: [Swart van Groningen Dr] Swart van Groningen, Jan (ca.1500-p.1553). The Highway to Hell. Berlin KsK. drawing. The procession is led by players of flute and drum. (Marburg 230 604)

Vice/Virtue: [Monogrammist AP Pr] Monogrammist AP (fl. ca.1540-45). The Consequences of Drink. woodcut. A scene in an inn/brothel. There is a hurdy-gurdy player outside the door. A crippled musician plays a fiddle. Another figure plays a flute. There is a fool with a belled cap. (de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. p. 168 [not exhibited]; K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 62)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Inn (Brothel)/Barn Interiors: See also Allegory, Vice/Virtue.

Interiors (not Church, Inn): [H Vredeman de Vries Pa] Vredeman de Vries, Hans (1527-1606). Architectural Fantasy with Musicians (1596). Vienna KH. On a loggia a man and a woman sing, a woman plays a lute, and men play positive organ, bass viol, lute and flute. The figures seem to be a pastiche, with the organ (reversed) and one lute derived from Joos van Winghe's Nocturnal Masquerade (Brussels MRBA). (H. Jantzen. Das niederländische Architekturbild. Leipzig 1910. Abb. 30; E. Iwanoyko. Gdánski okres Hansa Vredemana de Vries ... Poznan 1963. p. 319 [poor reproduction], as by Hans and Paul Vredeman de Vries; exh Antwerp KMSK 2002: Hans Vredeman de Vries und die Renaissance im Norden. no. 175, pp. 338 [ok color reproduction], 146, 180-81 [splendid color detail], as Garden of Love [the musicians are sort of indoor/outdoor, on a loggia beside a courtyard]; exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica; Musik in der Malerei des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. S. Ferino-Pagden, ed. no. V.5, p. 268 [fine color reproduction]; Burlington 144 [2002] 771 [small color reproduction], as by Hans and Paul Vredeman de Vries and Dirk de Quade van Ravesteyn; Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 18 [1967] 161. Notes T. von Frimmel. Kleine Galeriestudien. Leipzig 1895, pp. 53-54, who suggests the figures are possibly by Pieter Isaaks.; The Dictionary of Art. vol. 32, p. 726 [fair reproduction]; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 29 opp. p. 33 [detail of the musicians])

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Military Musicians: [Claesz Pr] Claesz, Allaert (1508-ca.1555). Standard Bearer, Drummer and Flutist. engraving. (Hollstein [Dutch] IV, p. 149 [poor reproduction])

4 Musicians (amateur and professional): [Mander Pa] Mander, Karel van (1547- 1606). Concert. Amalienborg, Christian VII's Palace. trompe l'oeil ceiling painting. "Peasants," peering down "through the ceiling," sing and play two bagpipes, flute, nine whistles or tiny recorders, and perhaps a jew's harp. It must have been quite a serenade. (E. Lassen et al. Dansk kunst historie, II. Copenhagen 1973. opp. p. 184)

[B] FLEMISH ARTISTS

I: Old Testament

Jubal/Tubalcain: [M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler (1550-1600) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). Jubal as an Instrument-Maker (Genesis 4: 21-23), from Boni et mali scientia ... (1583). engraving. There is a flute among the numerous instruments in and about the maker's shop. Dancers are accompanied by players of a viola da braccio, a bagpipe and a flute. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLV, no. 35, p. 18; IB 72/2, no. 7001.027, p. 46 [fair reproduction], as Jubal, Father of Musicians; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 23; exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica; Musik in der Malerei des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. S. Ferino-Pagden, ed. no. II.4, p. 190. Notes that it is completely independent of a Biblical text; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 106, p. 143 [ok reproduction]; Early Music 1 [1973] 186-7; Musica calendar 1973: 18-31 March [fine reproduction])

[M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] ______. The Descendants of Lamech. engraving. A small child (Jubal, son of Lamech) plays a woodwind instrument (looks like a flute stuck in its mouth). (IB vol. 70/1, no. 7001.025, p. 44)

Other: See also Allegory, Vice/Virtue.

II: New Testament

Nativity -- Annunciation to the Shepherds: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Angels.

Parables -- Prodigal Son: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Garden Parties.

[Pr Anon.] Flemish (?), ca. 1560-70. The Parable of the Prodigal Son. engraving. Figures eating and drinking under an arbor. A woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. (R. Goldron. Music of the Renaissance. n.p. 1968. [History of Music, 4]. p.109; E. Hyams. A History of Gardens and Gardening. New York 1971. p. 107, as German, ca.1600; Early Music 3 [1975] 9)

[Pa Paris Carnvalet] Flemish, ca. 1540/50. The Parable of the Prodigal Son. Paris, Musée Carnavalet. With a view of Paris in the background, including the Île de la Cité and Nôtre-Dame Cathedral. Women play lute and flute and a man (the Prodigal) may sing. These figures also appear in Pieter Coecke van Aelst's The Prodigal Son at the 5 Whores (Venice, Museo Correr) (see below) and in two paintings attributed to the Master of the Female Half Figures (location unknown, see below). (D. Heartz. "Au pres de vous -- Claudin's chanson and the commerce of publishers' 'arrangements'." Journal of the American Musicological Society 24 [1971] 214-222, notes [p. 215] that the flutist's music book exactly reproduces the Superius of Claudin de Sermisy's "Au pres de vour," in the à 4 version [Attaignant, Chansons nouvelles ... 1527]; Komma p. 93 [fair reproduction], as Flemish, ca. 1530; J. de la Monneraye and R. A. Weigert. Paris. Paris 1968. opp. p. 16 [ok color reproduction]; B. de Montgolfier. La Musée Carnavalet, l'histoire de Paris illustrée. Paris 1986. p. 26 [color reproduction], as mid- 16th century; K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 41; C. Slim. The Prodigal Son at the Whores' ... Irvine CA 1976. p. 14 [poor reproduction]; Muziek & Grafiek. p. 24 [small reproduction]; exh Paris, Petit Palais, 1965-66: Le XVIe siècle européen. Peintures et dessins dans les collections publiques françaises. no. 358, p. 292 [small reproduction]; Paris au XVIe siècle et sous le règne d'Henri IV. Salles permanentes du Musée Carnavalet. = Bulletin du Musée Carnavalet 32 [1979] nos. 1-2, p. 12 [fine color reproduction]; MGG II, Taf. 33/2 [poor reproduction, as illustrative of a performance of a chanson]; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 20 after p. 32; Early Music 7 [1979] 6; Musica calendar 1984: 16-29 September [fine color reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 375.F915.90[i]) Copy: School of Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen (1500-1559). Group Eating and Making Music on the Bank of the Seine. Budapest SM. (C. Slim. The Prodigal Son at the Whores' ... Irvine CA 1976. p. 15; T. Gerszi. Bruegel and his Age [Budapest MFA]. Transl. L. Halapy. Budapest 1970. pl. 3 and 4 [detail]; Early Music 17 [1989] 165)

[Bol Dr] Bol, Hans (1534-1593). Banqueting Scene in a Garden/The Parable of the Prodigal Son (1570). location unknown. drawing. The foreground scene represents the Prodigal Son among the whores and includes a woman playing a lute and a man playing a flute. On the ground there are a lute case (open) lying on top of a partly visible flute (?) case, a generic woodwind instrument (probably intended to represent a recorder) and an open music book. (C. Slim. The Prodigal Son at the Whores' ... Irvine CA 1976. p. 12 [ok reproduction])

[Bol-Momper Pr] Bartholomeus de Momper (1535-p.1597) after Hans Bol. Feast in a Garden Pavilion/The Parable of the Prodigal Son (1559). engraving (from two plates). The principal scene depicts the Prodigal Son among the whores. Outside the pavilion a woman plays a lute. On the ground beside her there are a lute case (open), a flute (or recorder) case, a flute and a recorder. Inside the pavilion a woman plays a virginal and men play flute and shawm. There is a clapper bell in a little belfry over the gatehouse at the left. (Hollstein [Dutch] III, no. 218, p. 53 [useless reproduction]; Gitarre & Laute II/3 [May-June 1980] 28-29 [fine reproduction])

[Coecke van Aelst Pa] Coecke van Aelst, Pieter (1502-1550). The Prodigal Son Feasting with Harlots. Venice Correr. The Prodigal sings and two of the whores play lute and flute. These figures also appear in the Franco-Flemish painting of the Parable of the Prodigal Son in the Musée Carnavalet (see above). (H. C. R. Landon and J. J. 6 Norwich. Five Centuries of Music in Venice. London 1991. p. 66 [ok color detail]; G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 167, pl. LXIV, as in the style of Ambrosius Benson; C. Slim. The Prodigal Son at the Whores' ... Irvine CA 1976. p. 19, as ca. 1550; Die Weltkunst 29, no. 24 [15.XII.1959] 13 [before and (?) after restoration])

[Master of the Prodigal Son Pa] Master of the Prodigal Son (op. ca. 1530-1560). The Parable of the Prodigal Son. Vienna KH. Includes two rather tattered figures playing flute (a flute case at his back) and deep drum, and a crippled beggar with a lute on his back. (K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 6, as ca. 1550; Oud- Holland 84 [1969] 71; G. Marlier. "L'Atelier du Maître du Fils Prodigue." in Antwerp KMSK Jaarboek 1961, pp. 75-112, this reproduced p. 76, as Antwerp artist, op. mid- 16th century; Vis. Coll. 374.1.C596.25P, as by Hendrik III von Cleve)

[F I Pourbus Pa] Pourbus, Frans I (1545-1581), attr. The Parable of the Prodigal Son. Antwerp, Museum Mayer van den Bergh. The foreground depicts the Prodigal among the harlots. Around a table women play lute and flute and a man plays a shawm as a man and a woman read from a (music) book. There is a lute on the ground beside the figure of the Idle Man (the Prodigal?), who holds up a small music book. (B. Haak. The Golden Age... New York 1985. p. 89; K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 43; exh The Hague 1994: Music and Painting in the Golden Age. p. 53 [ok reproduction, not exhibited]; Minneapolis Institute of Arts Bulletin 61 [1974] 80 [ok reproduction])

[M de Vos-Anon. Pr] Anonymous artist after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). The Return of the Prodigal Son, from Typus divinae indulgentia atque misericordiae/Examples of Repentant Sinners from the Old and New Testament. engraving. In the background the Prodigal and harlots dine al fresco beside a pergola. A woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute (? -- not clear). (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1143, p. 109)

[M de Vos-C I de Passe Pr] Crispijn I de Passe (ca.1565-1637) after Maarten de Vos. The Prodigal Son Feasting with Harlots. engraving (tondo). Includes five principal figures: Harlots playing violin, lute and flute, the Prodigal, and another harlot. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLV, no. 589, p. 199 [small reproduction]; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 39, p. 90 [small reproduction])

IV: Saints

St. Cecilia: [M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler (1550-ca.1600) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). St. Cecilia/"Caecilia et cantum spernens ..." from Speculum pudicitiae .../The Mirror of Chastity, a series of Chaste Women (18 plates). engraving. She is surrounded by numerous musical instruments, including a flute. unimp. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 952, p. 65; Mirimonde Sainte Cécile. pl. 102a; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 25, p. 74 [small reproduction]; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst … no. 58, p. 154 [fine reproduction], with German and English translation 7 of the [2-line] text)

V: Mythology

Muses (unidentified): See also Allegory, Other.

[BI Louvain 1547] Anon. Apollo and the Muses. woodcut. Passe-partout vignette of the Louvain publisher Pierre Phalèse. A rather un-Apollonian Apollo plays a lute, surrounded by Muses singing and playing bass viol, harp, bladder pipe, crumhorn, flute, recorder and cornett. (MGG II, cols. 1075-76, title page of Des Cha[n]sons Reduictz en Tabulature de Lvt ... 1547 [small reproduction, but clear]; others in Besseler Musik p. 255 [ok reproduction]; E. Closson et al. La musique en Belgique ... Brussels 1950. p. 103; Dufourcq Musique vol. I, p. 124; Komma p. 93; MGG X, col. 1182 [late impression, very worn])

[Spranger-Goltzius Pr] Hendrik Goltzius (1558-1617) after Bartholomeus Spranger (1546-1611). The Wedding of Amor and Psyche (1587). engraving. Includes an angel (Fame?) on a cloud, looking down and holding two straight trumpets, and a putto beside her playing a tambourine. Apollo plays a violin/viola, Pan holds panpipes, and Muses sing and have a positive organ, bass viol (sort of), harp, lute, flute and shawm. (IB vol. 3, no. 277, p. 244; B. Haak. The Golden Age ... New York 1984. p. 168 [small reproduction]; A. Lowenthal. Joachim Wtewael ... Doornspijk 1986. fig. 4; W. L. Strauss. Hendrick Goltzius, the Complete Engravings and Woodcuts. New York 1977. no. 255; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 151; Art History 13 [1990] 463) The drawing for this: Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet. (W. L. Strauss. Hendrick Goltzius, the Complete Engravings and Woodcuts. New York 1977. no. 255; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 150; Art History 13 [1990] 463)

Muses (Euterpe): See also Miscellaneous Figures, Putti.

[M de Vos-Anon. Pr] Anonymous engraver after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). Euterpe, from a series of the Nine Muses. engraving. She plays a conical straight trumpet and holds a recorder. At her feet and beside her are bagpipe, crumhorn, flute case, flute, cornett and trumpet. In the background women around a fountain play bagpipe, crumhorn, flute and straight trumpet or very long shawm. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1301, p. 167 [small reproduction]; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 3d, p. 53 [ok reproduction], as Philips Galle after Maarten de Vos)

Satyrs/Fauns: See also Allegory, Love and Sex.

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

[BI Antwerp 1553] Nicolai, Arnaud (doc.1550-1596). Allegorical figures before the Palace of Love, from Hernando de Acuña, El Cavallero determinado. Antwerp, Jan Steelsius, 1553. woodcut. Three couples in the Palace of Love include two ladies 8 playing (separately) harp and lute. Above them men play two flutes (right and left handed), two shawms (?), trombone and perhaps one or two more instruments. (A. J. J. Delen. Oude Vlaamsche Graphiek. Antwerp 1943. unnumbered page. On the next page he reproduces an engraved version published in Antwerp, Plantijnsche drukkerij, 1591, where the wind ensemble seems to include a flute [very long], another very long flute or perhaps a bassoon of some sort, and three or four shawms.)

VII: Allegory

Ages of Man: [M de Vos-C I de Passe Pr] Crispijn I de Passe (1564-1637) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). "Adolescentia amori" (1596), from a Four Ages of Man series. engraving. Includes a handsome youth playing a lute as he is admonished by Venus and while Amor takes aim with his bow and arrow. Beside Venus is a cello or a viol and beside the youth there are several books and musical instruments: cittern, flute, pommer (?), recorder and cornett. In the background a woman plays a double bass as a couple dances. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1458, p. 222; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 83, p. 146; I. M. Veldman. Profit and Pleasure. Print Books by Crispijn de Passe. Rotterdam 2001. p. 19; exh Pittsburg, The Frick Art Museum, 1986: Gardens of Earthly Delight ... Ed. K. J. Hellerstedt. no. 5, p. 16 [ok reproduction]) Copy by Crispjin de Passe as Idleness leads to Lechery, from Deliciarum juvenilium libellus (I. M. Veldman. Profit and Pleasure. Print Books by Crispijn de Passe. Rotterdam 2001. fig. 14, p. 265)

[M de Vos-R Sadeler Pr] Raphael I Sadeler (1560/61-ca.1628 or 1632) after Maarten de Vos. "Amor," from a Four Ages of Man (Amor, Labor, Honor, Dolor) series. engraving. A youth in classical costume plays a lute. In the background elegant company in a formal garden includes figures singing and playing bass viol, lute and flute. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1462, p. 224; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst ... no. 16, p. 65 [lok reproduction], with German and English translation of the text; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1967] 322 [small reproduction]) Another version, by an anonymous Dutch engraver [probably after the Sadeler engraving?]. (Muziek & Grafiek. no. 16, p. 65 [ok reproduction])

Elements: [M de Vos-C I de Passe Pr] Crispijn I de Passe (1564-1637) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). Terra/Earth, from a Four Elements series. engraving. The personifications are a man playing a lute and a woman singing. Among the many objects on the table in front of them are a cittern, a flute, a recorder and a cornett. In the background there are a woman playing a bass viol and men playing lute and flute. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1353, p. 185; P. Fischer. Music in Paintings of the Low Countries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam 1975. p. 34 [ok reproduction], as ca. 1590; Hirth no. 1422 [ok reproduction]; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 107 [ok reproduction]; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 61, p. 109 [small reproduction]; exh Amsterdam RM, 1976: tot Lering en Vermaak ... p. 24 [small reproduction, not exhibited]; Early Music 10 [1982] 249 [fair reproduction]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 68 [1966] 276)

9 Life and Death: [P I Bruegel Pa] Bruegel, Pieter I (ca.1525/30-1569). The Triumph of Death. Madrid Prado. A woman sings and a dying man plays a lute (a flute and flute [?] case beside him) as Death fiddles behind him. Skeletons play hurdy-gurdy, violin (?) and kettledrum. Skeletons ring a large bell hung from a tree. (Castelli Demoniaco. pl. 40 [detail]; B. Claessens and J. Rousseau. Our Bruegel. Antwerp 1969. p. 204 [fair color reproduction], p. 207 [ok detail of Death and the lovers]; K. Ertz. Pieter Brueghel der Jüngere ... Die Gemälde ... Lingen 1988/2000, p. 259 [small reproduction]; F. Grossmann. Bruegel: The Paintings. London 2/1966. pl. 20 [whole], pl. 25 [detail of Death and the lovers]. 3/1973 as Pieter Bruegel. Complete Edition of the Paintings. pl. 32 [whole], pl. 34 [detail with Death, the lovers, and the skeleton playing kettledrums]; R. H. Marijnissen. Bruegel de Oude. Brussels 1969. p. 47 [ok color reproduction]; W. Stechow. Pieter Bruegel the Elder. New York n.d. p. 11 [fair color reproduction], p. 17 [clear color detail of Death and the lovers]; C. de Tolnay. Pierre Bruegel l'ancien. Brussels 1935. cat. no. 7, pll. XXI, XXII; Newsweek. Great Museums of the World. Prado. New York 1968. pp.136-137 [fine color reproduction]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1967] 330 [detail]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B833.4T)

Copy (1626) by Pieter II Breughel (1564-1638): Cleveland, The Mildred Andrews Fund. (K. Ertz. Pieter Brueghel der Jüngere ... Die Gemälde. Lingen 1998/2000. cat. no. 200, p. 229 [color reproduction]; exh Antwerp KMSK, 1998: Breughel-Brueghel. cat. no. 16, p. 71 [ok reproduction]) For other versions by Pieter II see Ertz.

Copy by Pieter II Brueghel. London art market (1974). (sale, Sotheby's, London, 10.VII.1974; Burlington 116 [1974] June ad p. lxiv [poor reproduction])

Copy by Jan I Brueghel (1568-1625). Graz LM Joanneum. (exh Essen/Vienna 1997-98: Breughel-Brueghel. cat. no. 14, p. 113 [color reproduction]; exh Antwerp KMSK, 1998: Breughel-Brueghel. cat. no. 17, p. 77 [ok color reproduction], as ca. 1610-20 [considers the1597 date suspect]) For another version by Jan I see Ertz.

Love and Sex: See also Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures; Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor, Parties/Music Parties.

[Broeck Pa] Broeck, Crispijn van den (1523/24-a.1591), attr. Amorous Banquet beside the Fountain of Love. private collection. Men play lute (left handed) and flute (faun?). A woman holds a cittern. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1967] 340)

Months/Zodiac (January/Aquarius): [Bol-Collaert Pr] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1560- 1618) after Hans Bol (1534-1593). January/Aquarius, from a Twelve Months series. engraving (tondo). Includes a little Twelfth-Night procession in the Market Place in front of the Grote Kerk, Bergen op Zoom, led by figures playing flute and drum. (S. Beck and E. Roth. Music in Prints. New York 1965. no. 20; Hirth no. 1145; Muziek & Grafiek, no. 85, p. 129; exh Amsterdam, Historisch Museum, 1977: Opkomst en bloi. cat. no. 4 10 [small reproduction]) The drawing (1580) for this is in a private collection. (exh Amsterdam, Historisch Museum, 1977: Opkomst en bloi. cat. no. 3, as De Grote Markt te Bergen op Zoom)

Months/Zodiac (April/Taurus): [Ta Kansas City Nelson] Flemish (Brussels -- Andreas Mattens?), 16th century. April/Taurus, from a Mois Lucas series. Kansas City, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. tapestry. In the foreground a man and a woman sing and women play dulcimer and lute. In the background there is a flute player standing in a boat. (E. A. Standen. "Drawings for the 'Months of Lucas' tapestry series." Master Drawings 9 [1971] 6)

[Ta private collection] Flemish (Brussels, atelier Willem de Pannemaker), 16th century. April/Taurus, from a Mois Lucas series. private collection. tapestry. In the foreground a man and a woman sing and women play dulcimer and lute. In the backgroud there is a flute player standing in a boat. (M. Ffoulke. The Ffoulke Collection of Tapestries. New York 1913. opp. p. 54)

Months/Zodiac (May/Gemini): [Ta Zaragoza La Seo] Flemish (Brussels), ca.1550-60. May/Gemini. Zaragoza, La Seo. tapestry. Includes a man in a boat playing a flute, with a woman playing a tiny lute. Rather insignificant detail. unimp. (E. Torra de Arana et al. Los tapices de La Seo de Zaragoza. Aragon 1985. ser. XVII, no. 3 [fine color reproduction]; Catalogo monumental de España. Zaragoza. Madrid 1957. fig. 214 [miserable reproduction])

[Bol-Collaert Pr] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1560-1618) after Hans Bol (1534-1593). May/Gemini, from a Twelve Months series. engraving (tondo). Includes a woman playing a lute and a flute case on the ground. (Hollstein [Dutch] IV no.5, p. 206 [tiny reproduction]; Hirth no. 1149 [ok reproduction]; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 150; exh Pittsburgh, The Frick Art Museum, 1968: Gardens of Earthly Delight ... Ed. K. J. Hellerstedt. p. 13 [minuscule reproduction, not exhibited], also reproduces a painting after this [Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute, Museum of Art], cat. no. 3, p. 12) The group including the lute player also appears in a painting by Jacob Grimmer (1525-1590) dated 1588. Brussels art market. (Die Weltkunst 57 [1987] 319)

[Floris-Doetechum Pr] Johannes (Jan) van Doetechum (fl.1554-a.1600) after Frans Floris (1519/20-1570). Maius/May, from a Twelve Months series. engraving. Includes a female singer, a very muscular woman playing a lute and a man (?) playing a flute. (exh Rotterdam BvB, Prentenkabinet, 1965 : Zuid Nederlandse Grafiek uit de 16. eeuw. no.107, pl. 20)

[M de Vos-C I de Passe Pr] Crispijn I de Passe (ca.1565-1637) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). May, from a Twelve Months series. engraving (tondo). Includes a couple in a boat playing lute (the woman) and flute (the man). (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1446, p. 218 [small reproduction]; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 145 [ok reproduction]; Utrecht CM 1952 catalog: Catalogus der schilderijen. cat. no. 901, pl. 148; Revue du 11 Louvre 12 [1962] 138 [small reproduction]; Musica calendar 1985: 19 May-1 June [fine reproduction])

Music/Poetry/Liberal Arts: See also Allegory, Vice/Virtue.

[Duchemin Pr] Duchemin, Isaac (op. second half, 16th century). "Tabula asinaris: Inscitiae saeculi, vivum exemplum (1582). engraving. A herd (it’s called a “pace”) of asses is trampling artifacts representing the seven Liberal Arts, including a lute, a case of flutes and a huge pommer. (exh Rotterdam BvB, 1974: Dessins flamands et hollandais du dix-septième siècle, no. 21) Cf. Cornelis Cort (ca.1530-1578)(?), parody after Francesco Primaticcio (1504-1570). tondo engraving. (U. Härting. Frans Francken ... Freren 1989. p. 88)

[Floris-Cock Pr] Hieronymus Cock (1518-1570) after Frans Floris (1519/20-1570). Musica, from a Liberal Arts series. engraving. The personification plays a lute. She is really ugly. There are a number of unplayed musical instruments around her feet: viol (and bow), harp, flute, flute case with flutes sticking out, recorder, tiny shawm plus music books and a music sheet. (C. van de Velde. Frans Floris ... Brussels 1975. cat. P111, Afb. 257, as by Monogrammist HIV after Frans Floris; Hollstein [Dutch] IV, no.52, p. 184, as Hieronymus Cock after Floris, probably 1550 or 1551; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 4, p. 55 [ok reproduction], as by Hieronymus Cock and Floris)

[Floris-Cort Pr] Cornelis Cort (ca. 1530-1578) after Frans Floris (1519/20-1570). Musica/Music, from a Seven Liberal Arts series (1565). Pub. Hironymus Cock. . engraving. A woman plays a virginal and two men play lutes. There is also a large number of unplayed musical instruments, including flutes and a flute case. (IB vol. 52, no. 228, p. 206; R. M. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931/R 1949. p. 132; van Dijk-Koopman no. 23; C. van de Velde. Frans Floris ... Brussels 1975. cat. no. P121, Afb. 274, as engraving after a painting of ca. 1556; exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica; Musik in der Malerei des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. S. Ferino-Pagden, ed. no. I.56, p. 183, as pub. Hieronymus Cock 1565; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 6, p. 56 [ok reproduction]; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst … no.6, p. 30 [ok reproduction], with German and English translation of the short text; Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Bulletin 13 [1964] 184)

[Floris-Galle Pr] Philips Galle (1537-1612) after Frans Floris. Musica, from a Seven Liberal Arts series (1565). engraving. Women play cittern and lute. Men play harp, bagpipe, flute and shawm. There are three flutes on the table (one large, two very small). The instruments are poorly depicted. (R. M. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931/R 1949. p. 115; C. van de Velde. Frans Floris ... Brussels 1975. cat. no. P132, Afb. 285; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst … no.7, p. 31 [ok reproduction], with German and English translation of the text; exh Rotterdam BVB Prentenkabinet, 1965: Zuid-Nederlandse grafiek uit de zestiende eeuw. no. 5, pl. 22)

[M de Vos-C I de Passe Pr] Crispijn I de Passe (ca.1565-1637) after Maarten de Vos 12 (1532-1603). Music, from a Liberal Arts series. engraving. The personification plays a lute, with an unplayed cittern, pommer and cornett at her feet. In the background at the right a man and a woman promenade, both playing lutes. In the background at the left figures play flute, cornett and two more. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1514, p. 245)

Planets (Venus): [Hemessen Pa] Hemessen, Jan Sanders van (ca.1504-a.1566), attr. The Children of Venus. London art market (1955) (ex coll. Sir Kenneth Clark). A man beside a table plays a flute. A lutenist accompanies dancers/promenaders. A pair of lovers sing, a lute and flute (?) lying beside them. A street singer has a sort of mandolin (?). The painting is large and the musical details are very small. (G. A. Trottein. "The Children of Venus in late Medieval and Renaissance Iconography." Diss. Univ. of Illinois. 1986. fig. 74, as ca. 1550; Howard sale, Sotheby's, 25.XI.1955)

[M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler (1550-ca.1600) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). The Children of Venus, from a Seven Planets series (1585). engraving. In a panoramic landscape. Includes two groups with musicians: one with a harper and a woman and two men singing; the other with a woman playing a lute and men playing bass viol, lute and flute. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI no. 1385, p. 195; IB vol. 70/3, no. 7001.482, p. 79; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 76, p. 135 [ok reproduction])

Seasons (Spring): [Bol Dr/Pr] Bol, Hans (1534-1593). "Ver"/Spring, from a Four Seasons series (1573). Braunschweig HAUM. drawing. Women sing, hold a violin and play a lute. A man plays a flute. (Die Weltkunst 58 [1988] 102 [small reproduction]) Engraving by Justus Sadeler (1572/83-ca.1620) (Hirth no. 1118) =? Engraving by H. van Schoel. (Hollstein [Dutch] XXVI, no. 4, p. 17 [minuscule reproduction])

[L Valckenborch Pa] Valckenborch, Lucas (ca.1540-1597). Spring, from a Four Seasons series. Vienna KH. Includes dancers accompanied by players of three shawms/pommers and a trombone; three women and two men sing; and there is a pile of unplayed instruments: cello, two small viols or citterns, a case of flutes and a cornett. (Vienna. Kunsthistorisches Museum. Katalog der Gemälde. Teil II. Vienna 1958. fig. 46 [poor reproduction]; MgB III/9, Abb. 68 [color reproduction], as 1587; Vis. Coll. 374.1.V232.8[a]0)

Seasons (Summer): [M de Vos-Anon. Pr] Anon. after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). "Aestas"/Summer, from a Four Seasons series. engraving. This is similar and related to the Hearing, from a Five Senses series by Raphael I Sadeler after Maarten de Vos (Hollstein [Dutch] XXII, no. 200, p. 205). The personification plays a lute and there are numerous musical instruments surrounding her, including a flute case. In the left background a couple dances, the man playing a lute. There is also a seated couple, she playing a lute (? -- back view) and he playing a flute. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI no. 1425, p. 212)

Seasons (Winter): [Bol Pa] Bol, Hans (1534-1593). Winter, from a Four Seasons series (1586). Munich Residenz. painted miniature. Includes a Twelfth Night 13 procession, with figures playing flute and drum. These figures are adapted from his drawing for January (see above). (exh Washington, etc., 1986-87: The Age of Bruegel ... p. 74 [small reproduction, not exhibited]) There is a similar painting (1594) by Frans Boels (b. ca.1550-1594) (Stockholm NM). (Lesure [German] no. 55, [English] pl. 48)

Senses (Hearing): [Floris-Cort Pr] Cornelis Cort (ca.1530-1578) after Frans Floris (1519/20-1570). Auditvs sersorivm exterivs est avris et crassvs qvidam ... /Hearing, from a Five Senses series. engraving (pub. Hieronymus Cock). The personification ("Avditvs") tunes a lute. There are music books and a large number of unplayed musical instruments: positive organ, violin, cello (fretted, with bow), bagpipe, case of flutes (bits of the flutes are visible), recorder, reed cornett, cornett, trumpet and large frame drum. (IB vol. 52, no. 232, p. 266 [ok reproduction]; J. A. Riggs. Hieronymus Cock ... Printmaker and Publisher in Antwerp. Ann Arbor 1976. no. 83, p. 331; C. van de Velde. Frans Floris ... Brussels 1975. cat. P136, Afb. 289; exh Cremona, 1996-97: Immagini del sentire. S. Ferino-Pagden, ed. n. p. 1996. no. III.8, p. 110, as 1561; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 8, p. 59 [ok reproduction]; exh Braunschweig HAUM, 1978: Die Sprache der Bilder. cat. no. 10b, p. 68)

[L van Valckenborch Pa] Valckenborch, Lucas van (ca. 1535-1597). Allegorical Banquet (Five Senses?). private collection. Figures play tenor viola da braccio, double bass, harp, lute and flute. (exh Münster, Baden Baden, 1979/80: Stilleben in Europa. no. 212, p. 403, as ca. 1580)

[M de Vos-A Collaert Pr] Adriaen I Collaert (ca.1560-1618) after Maarten de Vos (1532- 1603). Hearing, from a Five Senses series. engraving. The personification plays a lute, surrounded by a viol, cittern, harp, lyre, case of flutes and cornett. The instruments and flute case (four parallel, cylindrical tubes) are rather crudely depicted. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI no. 1494, p. 236; and [reversed] no. 1499, p. 239; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 7, p. 60 [ok reproduction]; exh Cremona, 1996-97: I cinque sense nell'arte/Immagini del sentire. ed. S. Ferino-Pagden. no. III.8b, p. 114 [ok reproduction]) There is another engraving, after this, by Gregorius Fentzel (op. ca. 1650). (Early Music 6 [1978] 143; Musica calendar, 1970: 31 May-13 June [fine reproduction])

[M de Vos-Cool Pr] Pieter Cool (17th century) after Maarten de Vos. Hearing from a Five Senses series. engraving. The personification plays a lute, with a pommer and a trumpet on her lap. There are also several instruments depicted as decorations on her chariot, including a flute. very unimp. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1503, p. 241)

[M de Vos-R Sadeler Pr] Raphael I Sadeler (1561-ca.1628) after Maarten de Vos. Hearing, from a Five Senses series. engraving. The personification tunes a lute, surrounded by musical instruments including double bass, cittern, lyre, bagpipe, case of flutes, cornett and trumpet. (Hollstein [Dutch] XXII, no. 200, p. 205; XLVI, no. 1508, p. 243; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst ... no. 15, p. 43 [clear reproduction], with German and English translations of the caption; exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica; Musik in der Malerei des 16. und 17. 14 Jahrhunderts. S. Ferino-Pagden, ed. p. 185 [ok reproduction])

Times of Day (Night): [M de Vos-A Collaert Pr] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1560-1618) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). "Nox"/Night from a Times of Day/Ages of Man series. engraving. Figures accompanying a torchlight procession (carnival) play flute and frame drum. There are also Winter (Four Seasons) aspects. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1457, p. 221; S. Shesgreen. Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition. Ithaca NY 1983. p. 31 [ok reproduction], as ca.1562, with English translation of the text)

Vice/Virtue: See also New Testament Parables – Prodigal Son; Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor, Inn (and Brothel)/Barn Interiors.

[Broeck-Wierix Pr] Jan Wierix (ca.1549-ca.1618) after Crispijn van den Broeck (1523/24-by 1591). The Choice of Hercules. engraving. Includes figures playing violin, lute and two flutes, with a tenor bowed stringed instrument, a lute and a woodwind instrument (shawm?) on the ground beside them (small background details). (E. Panofsky. Hercules am Scheidewege. Leipzig 1930. pl. 40)

[P I Bruegel Pa] Bruegel, Pieter I (ca.1525/30-1569). The Contest between Carnival and Lent. Vienna KH. Includes various figures playing guitar, bagpipe, grate and knife, breadboard and knife "fiddle," and rommel pot, plus a flute and drum pair. (K. Ertz. Pieter Brueghel der Jüngere ... Die Gemälde ... Lingen 1998/2000. p. 222 [small reproduction]; Raupp Bauernsatiren. p. 97; A. Stix. Meisterwerke aus Oesterreich. Zürich 1949. no. 71; C. de Tolnay. Pierre Bruegel l'ancien. Brussels 1935. cat. no. 5, pll. XII [ok reproduction], XIII [detail with bagpipe, flute, drum, breadboard], XIV [detail with guitar, breadboard, rommel pot]; exh Essen/Vienna 1997/98: Breughel-Brueghel p. 337 [small reproduction, not exhibited]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B833.4C)

Copy by Pieter II Breughel (1564-1638): Brussels MRBA. (Gazette des Beaux- Arts 135 [March 2000] La chronique des arts no. 1574, p.33 [small, useless reproduction])

Copies by Pieter II Breughel: See K. Ertz. Pieter Brueghel der Jüngere … Die Gemälde … Lingen 1998/2000. cat. nos. 184-186.

[P I Bruegel Dr/Pr] ______. Temperantia/Temperance, from a Seven Virtues series. Rotterdam BvB. drawing. Includes a choir accompanied by musicians playing positive organ, lute, bagpipe, two shawms, cornett and trombone (?). There are also a number of unplayed instruments on the ground, including a fiddle, a harp, a lute (beneath the organ) and a case of flutes (?) (partly visible beneath the organist). (H. Mielke. Pieter Bruegel. Die Zeichnungen. n.p. 1996. no. 51, p. 174; Vis. Coll. 374.1d.B833.4Te) Engraved by Philips Galle. (Komma p. 95 [fair reproduction]; Lavalleye pl. 68 [fine reproduction]; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du Edle Kunst … no. 22, pp.36 [ok reproduction], 37 [detail of musicians and instruments], as probably ebgraved by Philips Galle in 1559/60, pub. Hieronymus Cock. Notes that Temperantia is surrounded by 15 scenes depicting each of the Seven Liberal Arts, including Music; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 27, p. 78)

[Cleve Pa] Cleve, Marten van (1527-1581). Flemish House-Keeping. Vienna KH. Includes figures just inside the door playing a flute and holding a frame drum. (Die Sekundärgalerie des Kunsthistorischen Museums, I. Vienna 1968. no. 6; exh Cremona, 1998: Breughel-Brueghel. p. 99 [minuscule reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.C599.90[a])

[A Francken-Wierix Pr] Jan Wierix (ca.1549-ca.1618) or Jerome Wierix (ca.1553-1619) after Ambrosius Francken (1544-1618) (attr.). A Triumph (of Noon). engraving. Temeritas brandishes a lute and a tambourine. There is a small frame drum underfoot. A child dances to a jingle ring and a woman plays a flute. The horse of Temeritas has a collar of pellet bells. (Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 38 [1975] 48 [small reproduction])

[Hogenbergh Pr] Hogenbergh, Frans (ca.1541-ca.1590). The Battle between Carnival and Lent (1558). engraving. Includes a bagpiper leading a little procession, two dancing couples accompanied by a drummer, a flute and drum pair with two lancers, and a bell in the church belfry. (C. de Tolnay. Pierre Bruegel l'ancien. Brussels 1935. pl.XV [small reproduction])

[Jode Pr] Jode, Gerard de (1509 or 1517-1591) (publisher and artist?). To Squander Time is to Lose Heaven, from the series The Use and Abuse of Time. engraving. In the center foreground, a man plays a lute and a woman plays a flute. At a table, with a fool, a man plays a harp. A figure holding a cittern is being dragged into Hell. (Simiolus 21 [1992] 247)

[Gemäldegalerie Berlin. Gesamtverzeichnis. Berlin 1996. cat. no. 558, fig. 631 [ok reproduction]; Monogrammist Pa] Brunswick Monogrammist (op. ca.1540/45), attr. Inn Scene with Couple Fighting/Allegory of the Consequences of Drink. Berlin SMPK. Includes a man holding a flute. (C.Brown. Images of a Golden Past. New York 1984. p. 193 [small color reproduction], as ca.1540; Friedländer XII. no. 235, pl. 126; K. Moxey. Peasants, Warriors, and Wives. Popular Imagery in the Reformation. Chicago 1989. p. 24 [ok reproduction]; K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 65, as an allegory of the Consequences of Drink; Brussels MRBA Bulletin 14 [1965] 145. Considers the attribution to the Brunswick Monogrammist false; Vis. Coll. 374.1 H373.90[b], as by Jan Sanders van Hemessen) Copy (St. Petersburg Hermitage). (N. N. Nikulin. Netherlandish Painting, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Transl. Y. S. Pamfilov. Florence 1989. [The Hermitage. Catalogue of Western European Painting, 5] no. 88, p. 167)

[M de Vos-Passe Pr] Crispijn I de Passe (ca.1563-1637) after Maarten de Vos (1532- 1603). "Negligenti[a]e et Socordi[a]e Typus, from a series on the Use and Abuse of Time. engraving. A couple dances, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1263, p. 149; K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 16 1970. Abb. 57; Simiolus 21 [1992] 249)

[M de Vos- Passe Pr] Crispijn I de Passe after Maarten de Vos. "Heu male sana cohors ..."/The People of Nineveh Feasting under a Pergola, from The Story of Jonah (Jonah 1: 2), no. 1. engraving. Includes three singers and men playing two lutes (one partly visible) and a woman playing a flute. In the background there are also figures playing three wind instruments. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLV, no. 142, p. 70 [small reproduction]; M. Westermann. The Amusements of Jan Steen ... Zwolle 1997. p. 207 [small reproduction]; exh Pittsburgh, The Frick Art Museum, 1986: Gardens of Earthly Delight ... Ed. K. J. Hellerstedt. no. 11, p. 32 [ok reproduction])

[M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler (1550-1600) after Maarten de Vos. "Creuit in immensum ..."/The Perniciousness of Man, from the series Bonorum et malorum consensio (the story of the family of Seth, Genesis 6: 1-8) (1586). engraving. In the left foreground semi-nude figures on a garden terrace include women singing and playing cittern and flute. Men sing and hold a lute (partly visible). In the right background there is a lute payer. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLV, no. 49, p. 24, notes also an engraving by Crispijn I de Passe which condenses the scene in the upper right; IB vol. 70/1 Supp., no. 7001.037, p. 58; Muziek & Grafiek. no. 41, p. 91; exh Pittsburgh, The Frick Art Museum, 1986: Gardens of Earthly Delight ... Ed. K. J. Hellerstedt. no. 10, p. 30 [ok reproduction]) These figures appear beside a map of the "Royaume d'amour en l'isle de cythère," engraved by the younger Johannes Sadeler (1588-1665). (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 89 [1977] 138)

[M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] ______. Noah's Ark. engraving. In the background, representing Mankind before the Flood, there are dancers accompanied by figures playing the flute and one other musical instrument. (IB vol. 70/1, no. 7001.041, p. 62 [fair reproduction])

War and Peace: [Floris-Galle Pr] Philips Galle (1537-1612) after Frans Floris (ca.1518-1570). Bellona/The Arts of War, from a series depicting man's activities (1574). engraving. The artifacts of Bellona include a tiny flute (perhaps), an S-shaped trumpet and a very deep frame drum. (C. van de Velde. Frans Floris ... Brussels 1975. cat. no. P129, Afb. 282)

Other: [M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler (1550-1600) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). "Occidens," from a series of the Four Cardinal Points and the Four Winds. engraving. Apollo plays a cittern and Muses play bass viol, lute, flute and shawm and hold three straight trumpets. (IB vol. 70/3, no. 7001.473, p. 63)

X: Portraits

[Lombard Pa] Lombard, Lambert (1506-1566), attr. Flute Player. Liège, Musée de l'art Wallon. He holds a very large (partly visible) flute. (M. Janssen-Delvaux. La Renaissance à Liège. XVIe siècle. Gembloux 1971. fig. 14 [fine reproduction], as by 17 Lambert Lombard; Friedländer XIII, no. 108, pl. 55, as by Lambert Lombard; C. van de Velde. Frans Floris ... Brussels 1975. Afb. 311, as copy after Frans Floris; Musées de la ville de Liège. Brussels 1952. unnumbered p. [fine reproduction], as by Lambert Lombard)

XII: Decorative Elements

[Ms Münster WLM] Flemish? (Liège?), 16th century. Border of musical instruments from a Missal for the Bishop of Liège (1562). Münster WLM. manuscript illumination. The main illumination is the Ascension of Christ. The border presents myriad musical instruments, including a case of flutes or recorders. (exh Münster, Baden, 1979/80: Stilleben in Europa. no. 255, p. 496; Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 42 [1979] 107, as Liège, 1560)

[M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler (1550-1600) after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). Title page of Boni et mali scientia ... (1583). engraving. With musical trophies, including one with a cittern, a bagpipe, a case of flutes and a jingle ring. The case is short and fat and one would be tempted to call it a case for recorders, except that the ends of the flutes are visible. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLV, no. 25, p. 13; IB vol. 70/1, no. 7001.017, p. 36)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles, Encampments and Other Military Scenes: [Vermeyen Pa] Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz (1500-1559). The Battle of Pavia (25 February 1525). private collection. Includes a figure playing an S-shaped trumpet, and (elsewhere) players of flute and frame drum. (Francis Cook. A Catalogue of the Paintings … in the Collection of Sir Frederick Cook. Ed. H. Cook. London 1913. no. 473)

Boating Parties: [H Vredeman de Vries-P IV van der Borcht Pr] Pieter IV van der Borcht (1545-1608) after Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527-1606). Architecture and Garden Design, one of six architecture and garden projects from Hortorum Viridariorumque, Antwerp, ca. 1601 (first published 1583-87). Includes a woman in a boat playing a lute and a man in another boat playing a flute. (Hollstein [Dutch] III, no. 395, p. 101 [useless reproduction]; exh Pittsburgh, 1986: Gardens of Earthly Delight ... no. 31e, p. 76)

Fairs/Festivals: [Bol Pr] Bol, Hans (1534-1593). A Rheinland Town Festival/Goose- Snatching. etching. Includes figures in a boat playing flute and frame drum. (Hollstein [Dutch] III, p. 43 [poor reproduction]; Hirth no. 1295 [fine reproduction, but musicians in the page crease]; Rotterdam BvB Prentenkabinet, cat. no. 5, 1965: Zuid-Nederlandse grafiek uit de zestiende eeuw. pl. 17 [small reproduction])

[M Valckenborch Pa] Valckenborch, Martin van (1542-1604). A Rhineland Town Festival/Goose-Snatching. London art market (1960). Includes figures in a boat playing 18 flute (?) and frame drum. Related to the Bol etching, above. (Connoisseur 145 [1960] May ad p. lxxvi)

Garden Parties: See also Allegory, Seasons (Spring).

[Dr London BM] Flemish, mid-16th century. A Party Dining and Feasting in a Garden (The Prodigal Son among the Whores?). London BM 1864-5-14-251. drawing. A man holds a lute and drinks from a "flute" glass, another plays a flute, and two men and a woman sing from a single music book (the flute player looks on). Costume ca. 1550. (British Museum. Catalogue of Drawings by Dutch and Flemish Artists. London 1915- 1932. vol. V, pl. LXXXI, as perhaps by Lambert van Noort (ca.1520-1570/71); Vis. Coll. 374.1d.F6216.91[a])

[Master of the Female Half-Figures Pa] Master of the Female Half-Figures (op. first half, 16th century), attr. Party on a Terrace. London art market (1925). Includes singers and a man and a woman with large flutes. (sale, Christie's, London, 5.VI. 1925)

Landscapes: [Dr Chatsworth]. Flemish, 16th century. Duck Pond, Buildings and Seated Figures. private collection (Chatsworth, Coll. Duke of Devonshire). drawing. Includes figures playing lute, flute, and treble recorder (?). (H. Mielke. Pieter Bruegel. Die Zeichnungen. n.p. 1996. No. A46,7, p. 225 [ok reproduction], as "Meister der Kleinen Landschaften"; Vis. Coll. 374.1d.B635.80[e], as Hans Bol?)

[Cleve Dr] Cleve, Maarten van (1521-1581). Winter Landscape. London art market (1997). Includes village musicians playing hurdy-gurdy, flute and pipe and tabor. (de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. p. 51 [not exhibited])

[Grimmer Pa] Grimmer, Jacob (ca.1525-1590). Landscape with Festive/Carnival Scenes. St. Petersburg Hermitage. Includes militia figures leading two "kings" and playing flute and drum (Twelfth-Night figures). (N. N. Nikulin. Netherlandish Painting, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Transl. Y. S. Pamfilov. Florence 1989. [The Hermitage. Catalogue of Western European Painting, 5] no. 51, p. 109 [fair reproduction])

Pastorales: [Ta Cividale?] Flemish (Brussels), 16th century. Scenes of Courtly Life in a Decorative Field. Cividale? tapestry. A woman plays a harp and a man plays a flute. They are not necessarily playing together. (A. Santangelo. Cividale. Rome [1936]. [Catalogo delle cose d'arte e di antichità d'Italia] p. 24)

Processions: [Ta Vienna KH] Flemish (Brussels), 16th century. Procession, from The Deeds of Joao de Castro in Portugese India series. Vienna KH. tapestry. One group of musicians plays three shawms and (slide?) trumpet. Another plays flute and drum. (Göbel I/2, no. 112. as 1538)

[Stradanus Dr] Stradanus, Johannes (Jan van der Straet) (1523-1605). Procession of 19 Archduke Cosimo I dei Medici. Amsterdam RM. drawing. There is a unit with flutist and drummer, several trumpeters playing, and several figures holding straight trumpets. (Oud-Holland 91 [1977] 101) Engraved by Philips Galle (IB vol. 56, no. 5601.102:16, p. 399; Oud-Holland 91 [1977] 101)

Tournaments: [CI Brussels 1569] Sport of the Spanish Soldiers in the Market Square, Brussels, 1569. etching. Includes an impromptu sort of tournament (on foot) accompanied by four groups of a flutist and 1-3 drummers (the drums are shallow and played vertically). In the background a figure is borne on a litter between two horses and preceded by a mounted trumpeter. (Hirth no. 1112; A. G. G. Wouters. Histoire des environs de Bruxelles ... vol. I. Ed. F. Marien. Brussels 1971. p. 137)

[Ta Florence Uffizi] Flemish (Brussels), second half, 16th century. Tournament (Barriers), from the so-called Valois tapestries. Florence Uffizi. tapestry. Includes two units of players of flute and two frame drums and two units of four (?) trumpeters. The trumpeters stand on a higher level than the flutists and drummers. (R. Strong. Splendour at Court, Renaissance Spectacle and the Theater of Power. Boston 1973. p. 123 [detail]; F. Yates. The Valois Tapestries. London 1959. pl. VII [poor reproduction])

Other: [CI Brussels 1568] Hogenberg, Franz (ca.1540-1590). Execution of the Nobles, Brussels, 1 June 1568. etching. In the foreground there are figures playing a flute and four large, deep frame drums. A nobleman being led to his execution is preceded and followed by a pair of drummers (playing shallow frame drum played vertically). (Hind no. 1111; MgB III/9, fig. 46)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Banquets: [Ne Landen Ste. Gertrude] Flemish, 16th century. Feast Celebrating the Betrothal of Gertrude, daughter of Pépin of Landen. Landen, Église Ste. Gertrude. needlework medallion from a chausible. Only six figures. One plays a flute and another holds a lute. It looks like any other little group around a table. (A. G. G. Wouters. Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, II. Ed. F. Marien. Brussels 1971. p. 240)

Inn (and Brothel)/Barn Interiors: See also Allegory, Vice/Virtue; Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor, Parties/Music Parties..

[Brunswick Monogrammist Pa] Brunswick Monogrammist (op. ca.1540/45), attr. Brothel Scene. Cambridge MA, Harvard University, Busch-Reisinger Museum. Includes a woman (and perhaps a man) who may sing, and a man playing a flute. (K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 64; Vis. Coll. 374.H3644.90[a]C], as Jan Sanders van Hemessen [ca.1500-ca.1574]; Cf. Friedländer XII, no. 238a, pl. 127. As Brunswick Monogrammist, Copy. In poor condition, as location unknown)

[Matsys Pa] Matsys (Massys), Jan (1509/11-1575/80). Merry Company. Stockholm 20 NM. Women sing (?) and play lute and cittern. A man plays a flute. Brothel scene. (Friedländer XIII, no. 45, pl. 23 [ok reproduction]; MgB III/9, p. 83 [ok reproduction]; Antwerp KMSK Jaarboek 1965, p. 115 [fair reproduction])

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Coffermans Pa] Coffermans, Marcellus (a.1530-p.1578). Assumption of the Virgin. Berlin, Deutsches Museum. Many musical angels, includes one playing a flute. (Vis. Coll. 374.1.C655.31A[a])

[M de Vos-Anon. Pr] Anon., after Maarten de Vos (1532-1603). Joy in Heaven at One Repentant Sinner, from Typus divinae indulgentiae atque misericordiae/Examples of Repentant Sinners from the Old and New Testament. engraving. Angels lead the procession, playing harp, lute (partly visible) and flute (narrow cylinder, partly visible). (Hollstein [Dutch] XLVI, no. 1146, p. 110)

[M de Vos-J I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler after Maarten de Vos. Picture-Motet with a five-part Magnificat by Cornelius Verdonck (1585). engraving. Angels play tenor (?) and bass viols, flute and cornett. (Hollstein [Dutch] XLV, no. 726, p. 243; exh Munich Sgs 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst ... no. 63, p. 170 [ok reproduction]; P. Fischer. Music in Paintings of the Low Countries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam 1975. p. 19; MGG I, Taf. XXII/2)

Animals: [Borcht Pr] Borcht, Pieter IV van den (1545-1608). Apenfeest/Monkeys' Festival. engraving. Four monkey couples dance, accompanied by a bagpiping monkey sitting in a tree. Twelve monkeys dance in a circle, accompanied by monkeys playing flute and drum. In the background a chain of monkeys dance, accompanied by another bagpiping monkey. (Muziek & Grafiek no. 46b, p. 96 [small reproduction])

Military Musicians: [Pr Anon.] Flemish (Antwerp), 16th century. New Year's Greeting of the Antwerp Town Drummers. woodcut. The main illustration depicts a flutist and a drummer in elegant costumes. At the top, flanking a cartouche, two putti blow straight trumpets. The trophy in the left border includes two (very partly visible) trumpets and a kettledrum (with snare). The trophy in the right border includes a frame drum. (Muziek & Grafiek. p. 139 [ok reproduction])

[Ta private collection] Netherlands, 16th century. Flutist, Drummer and Standard Bearer. private collection. tapestry. (Franz Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein. Schlösser in Bayern. Munich 1972. Abb. 52)

[P I Bruegel Pa] (ca.1525/30-1569). Three Soldiers. New York Frick. grisaille. Two of them play flute and drum. (1984 catalog of Paintings, vol. I, p. 143; Connoisseur 157 [1964] 118 [fair reproduction]; Early Music 10 [1982] 452; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [February 1967] La Chronique des arts no. 1261, p. 74 [minuscule reproduction])

21 Musicians (Amateur and Professional): [Pr Anon.] [Flemish?} 16th century. A Couple Making Music. engraving. The woman plays a fiddle, the man plays a flute. (A. Girard. Histoire et richesses de la flute. Paris 1953. pl. VI)

[Master of the Female Half Figures Pa] Master of the Female Half Figures (op. first half, 16th century). Three Women Making Music. private collection (Harrach Collection). They sing and play flute and lute. There is a lute case hanging on the wall. The opened partbook has the top part of the four-part chanson "Jouissance vous donneray," music by Claudin de Sermisy, text by Clément Marot, published by Attaingnant in Paris in 1531. (Besseler Musik p. 274 [poor reproduction], as ca. 1530; Friedländer XII no. 106, pl. 45; G. Glück. Die Harrachsche Bildergalerie. Vienna 1923. pl. 14 [fine reproduction]; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928 [ok reproduction]; G. Heinz. Katalog der Graf Harrach'schen Gemäldegalerie. Vienna 1960. frontispiece [color reproduction, not as good as the reproduction in Glück]; exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica; Musik in der Malerei des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. S. Ferino-Pagden, ed. no. V.1, p. 267 [fine color reproduction], front cover [splendid color detail]; Imago musicae 1 [1984] 53; MgB III/9, Abb. 72, as ca. 1520; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 18, after p. 32, as Anon.; J. A. Parkinson. "A Chanson by Claudin de Sermisy." Music and Letters 39 [1958] 118-122, repr. opp. p. 122 [poor reproduction]; MGG IV, cols. 343-4 [poor reproduction]; The New Grove vol. 6, p. 678; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M391.70[a]) There is a variant of this in Schloss Meiningen. (G. Voss. Bau- und Kunst-Denkmäler Thuringens. Herzogthum Sachsen-Meiningen, I/1. Jena 1909. opp. p. 180; Imago musicae 1 [1984] 57, as formerly Meiningen, Herzogliches Schloss) There is a rather awkward copy in St. Petersburg, Hermitage. (N. N. Nikulin. Netherlandish Painting, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Transl. Y. S. Pamfilov. Florence 1989. [The Hermitage. Catalogue of Western European Painting, 5] no. 74, pp. 146 [ok reproduction], 147 [detail of the hands of the flute player]; Hermitage. Les grands maîtres de la peinture. Paris 1958. pl. 83 [small reproduction]; N. N. Nikulin. Niderlandskaia zhivopis XV-XVI vekov v Ermitazhe. Leningrad 1972. pl. 78, p. 130 [fine detail of the partbook], pl. 77 [detail with the lute and flute]; Imago musicae 1 [1984] 55; Music and Letters 39 [1958] 118-122, repr. opp. p. 122 [poor reproduction]; There is another version in a private collection in Brazil (since 1955, 1953 on the Brussels art market). (Imago musicae 1 [1984] 59)

[Master of the Female Half Figures Pa] ______, attr. A Man, Two Ladies and a Fool. location unknown. The ladies play lute and flute, and the man gestures toward a music book. These also appear as the three central figures of the Franco-Flemish Parable of the Prodigal Son (Paris, Musée Carnavalet) (see above) and in Pieter Coecke van Aelst's The Prodigal Son at the Whores’ (Venice, Museo Correr) (see above). (C. Slim. The Prodigal Son at the Whores' ... Irvine CA 1976. p. 16 [fair reproduction], notes reproduction in Connaissance des Arts 35 [1955] 42, as School of the Brunswick Monogrammist)

[Master of the Female Half Figures Pa] ______, attr. Three Women and a Fool. 22 location unknown. The women sing and play lute and flute. These are similar to the figures above and to the three central figures of the Franco-Flemish Parable of the Prodigal Son (Paris, Musée Carnavalet) (see above). The man is now a woman. (C. Slim. The Prodigal Son at the Whores' ... Irvine CA 1976. p. 17 [poor reproduction, apparently after the de Vassy sale, Amsterdam, Muller, X.20-27.1942, no. 60])

Putti: [Candid Dr] Candid, Peter (1540-1628), and assistant, attr. Euterpe. private collection. Euterpe has a fancy set of panpipes. Putti play flute, cornett, straight trumpet and trombone. Unplayed: pommer, shawm (?). (exh Munich, 1979: Peter Candid, Zeichnungen. Ed. B. Volk-Knüttel. cat. no. 28, Abb. 102)

[F] FRENCH ARTISTS

V: Mythology

Fortuna: See also Emblems.

Mercury: [Prieur Workshop Sc] Prieur, Barthélemy (1536-1611), Workshop. Mercury. Munich art market (1992). bronze statuette. He holds a flute. unimp. (Burlington 134 [1992] September ad p. xvii [ok reproduction])

Muses (unidentified): See also Allegory – Music/Poetry/Liberal Arts.

[BI Paris 1558] Anon. Muses. Decorative woodcut block of the Parisian printers Adrian Le Roy and Robert Ballard. One of the Muses plays a substantial flute. (Fraenkel no. 31, for Claudin de Sermisy et al. Missae. Paris 1558)

[BI Paris 1570] Anon. Muses. Passe-partout woodcut title-page border of the Parisian publisher Nicolas du Chemin. One of the Muses plays a flute. (Fraenkel no. 36, for Pierre Certon, Les Meslanges ... Paris 1570; MGG II, cols. 977-978, for Les Meslanges ... 1570)

[Cousin Dr] Cousin, Jean (ca.1522-1594), attr. The Birth of Adonis. Princeton, University Art Museum. Muses sing and play viola da braccio and flute. (exh Fontainebleau, 1972: L'école de Fontainebleau. no. 70; exh Ottawa NGC, 1973: Fontainebleau, l'art en France (1528-1610). p. 167)

Venus: [Monogrammist LD Pr] Monogrammist LD (Leon Davent? op. 1540-1556). Venus et Amor sur un lit de repos. etching. Female (?) figures play viola da braccio, viol, lute and flute. There is also a male figure (statue?) with a fanciful horn horn. unimp. (exh Paris, Grand Palais, 1972-73: L'École de Fontainebleau. no. 400 [minuscule reproduction])

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures 23

[BI Paris 1545] Delaune, Etienne (1518-1595), attr. The First Day, from Le Decameron. Transl. Antoine Le Maçon. Paris, Etienne Roffet, 1545. engraving. At the left a woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute; another man plays a flute. At the right two women sing and men play bass/double bass viol and lute. (Journal of the American Musicological Society 24 [1971] 220 [small reproduction])

[BI Paris 1545] ______. The Second Day. as above. Three couples and a woman dance. A woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. (Journal of the American Musicological Society 24 [1971] 220 [small reproduction])

[Dr location unknown] French, 16th century. The Wedding of Gombaut and Macée. location unknown. drawing. Includes a village wedding procession lead by a bagpiper and a flute player (both pausing). (Gazette des Beaux-Arts sér. 4, tome 15 [Oct.-Dec. 1919] 360, as formerly de Croze collection)

VII: Allegory

Life and Death: [Pr Anon.] French, second quarter, 16th century. "Mort au mylieu de tout plaisir mondain ..." woodcut. Includes musical putti playing fiddle, flute, and woodwind; a putto clambering up a tree holding a small frame drum; and a hurdy-gurdy and a small viola da braccio (fretted) hanging from the tree. (Art Bulletin 19 [1937] 433 [ok reproduction])

Months (May): [En Paris Louvre] Anon., mid-16th century. May/Le Grande Sénécal (Diane de Poitiers) a Anet [from a Twelve Months series?]. Paris Louvre. enamelled plaque. A group of men play viola da braccio, pommer (? no fontanelle) and crumhorn (?). Women sing and play play keyboard instrument (?), lute and flute (very large). The instruments are all crudely drawn. (Dufourcq Musique. vol. I, p. 134, as Un concert, by Léonard I Limosin [ca.1505-1575/77]; Revue du Louvre 15 [1965] 211)

[En London art market] French (Limoges), 16th century. May, from a Twelve Months series. London art market (1956). enamelled plate. Includes a man playing a flute and a guitar (lute head) lying on the ground. (Connoisseur 137 (1956) May inside front cover [poor reproduction])

[Delaune Pr] Delaune, Etienne (1518-1583?). May/Gemini, from a Twelve Months series. engraving. A scene in the gardens of an estate. A casually reclining man plays a lute. A man, two women and two children sing. Women play two bass viols, harp, and one more instrument. There are many musical instruments in the border, including a case of flutes. (The flutes are very partly visible, but they stick out farther than usual.) (Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 140; Gazette des Beaux-Arts ser. 6, t.38 [1951] July- December p. 53)

Music/Poetry/Liberal Arts: [Me Cologne Kunstgewerbemuseum] French (after 24 engravings by Etienne Delaune). "Adam and Eve Plate." Cologne, Kunstgewerbemuseum. tin plate. Includes female personifications of the Liberal Arts in ovals in the middle field. Music plays cymbals, and there are two unplayed lutes and a flute. (Kunstgewerbemuseum der Stadt Köln. Zinn. Cologne 1968. [Catalog no. 3] pll. 7-11) Another (Schloss Burg an der Wupper) (J. C. Roselt. Das Bergische Museum Schloss Burg an der Wupper. Hamburg 1969. pl. 25, as by a successor of François Briot, [b. ca.1550])

[Delaune Dr] Delaune, Etienne (1518-1583?). Allegory of Music, from a Liberal Arts series. Paris Louvre. drawing. Nine women (Muses) make music with virginal, four viols, harp, lute, flute and cornett. Six figures sing around a table. Not played: lute, shawm, two pommers, cornett. In the background a shepherd plays a bagpipe and (separately) a nude man plays a cornett. (M. Laclotte. French Art from 1350 to 1850. New York 1965. p. 165; van Marle Iconographie. vol. II, p. 259; exh Paris, Grand Palais, 1972-73: L'Ecole de Fontainebleau. no. 72; exh Paris Louvre, 1965: Le XVIe siècle européen. no. 245; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 27 after p. 32; Vis. Coll. 375d.L373.4M)

Seasons (Spring): [Caron Pa] Caron, Antoine (1521-1599), attr. Diversion by a Château by the Loire/Triumph of Spring, from a Four Seasons series. private collection. Musicians play from a gallery in a ruined tower: flute and large, deep frame drum; two shawms and straight trumpet. (exh Jacksonville, Cummer Gallery of Art, 1964: French Art of the Sixteenth Century. no. 13, as ca.1580; Marsyas 6 [1950-53] pl. III/2, as from the 1580s; Vis. Coll. 375.C224.4D1)

VIII: Emblems and Proverbs

[BI Lyon 1553] Anon. "Bien peult dancer ...," from Guillaume de La Perrière, La Morosophie. Lyon, Macé Bonhomme, 1553. no. 91. woodcut. Fortuna plays the flute for a man dancing in a garden. An emblem of the insecurity of Fortune. (Henkel and Schöne. cols. 1802-03)

Bien peult dancer àque Fortuna sone, Mais que le chant dure longue sayson: Lorsque son chant plus doucement resone, Garde toy bien de son mortel poyson [poison].

[BI Paris 1543] Anon. "Comment ilz denotoient vn homme qui prend trop de plaisir aux musiques & danses," from Orus Apollo. Paris, Kerver, 1543. woodcut. Men seated around a tree play harp, two small cellos and flute. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 73 [1969] 102 [small reproduction])

X: Portraits

[Pa Paris Louvre] French, 16th century. Portrait of a One-Eyed Flute Player (1566). 25 Paris Louvre. It's a large flute with a very long head. (C. Sterling and H. Adhèmar. Peintures. École française XIVe, XVe et XVIe siècles. Paris 1965. pl. 242 [ok reproduction]. Suggests a German musician at the court of Charles IX; Musique- Images-Instruments 5 [2003] 218; Revue du Louvre 15 [1965] 210)

XII: Decorative Elements

See also Decorative Elements.

[Ring Pa] Ring, Hermann tom (1521-by1597). Portrait of a 25-Year-Old Music Lover (1543). Münster LM. There is a (partly visible) flute on the table in front of him (an appropriate instrument for his age), with music books with recent madrigals by Verdelot and Arcadelt. (exh Münster, Baden Baden, 1979/80: Stilleben in Europa. no. 128, p. 227 [fine reproduction]. Identifies the sitter as Johannes Münstermann; Burlington 96 [1954] 116 [fair reproduction]; Musica calendar, 1962: 28 January-10 February [ok reproduction])

XI: Still Life

[Stör Dr] Stör, Lorenz (op. 1550-1570). Still Life of Musical Instruments and Books. Cologne WRM. drawing. Includes a flute and case of flutes among the numerous musical instruments. (exh Cologne WRM, 1965: Handzeichnungen des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts ... no. 22)

XII: Decorative Elements

[Sc Freiberg Dom] Zerroen, Antonius van (op. ca.1558-1563). The Moritzmonument. 32 Freiberg, Dom, Fürstengruft. sculpture. The cenotaph of Kurfürst Moritz von Sachsen (1521-1553). Delivered ca.1563. Depicts many musical instruments. Groups include clavichord, three viols of unequal sizes, two lutes and flutes; flutes (including case), pommer, dulcian, corno torto and S-shaped trumpet; flute and frame drum; two flutes and frame drum. (Imago musicae 9-12 [1992-95] 255 [only a few of the musical instruments are illustrated, including the flute case, but they are all listed on p. 254], Heise no. 19, as by Anton von Zerroen, after designs by the brothers de Thola)

[BI Wittenberg 1538] Anon. Decorative border for the Discantvs partbook of Georg Rhau, Symphoniae ivcvndae. Wittenberg, Georg Rhau, 1538. woodcut. Presumably a passe-partout border. Several musical instruments, including a flute. (Fraenkel no. 7 [ok reproduction])

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). A Woman Playing an Organ, from his Kunstbuchlin ... Frankfurt am Main 1599. woodcut. Unplayed: flute case, recorder, pommer. (IB vol. 20/2, no. 4.75, p. 448)

[Amman Pr] ______, attr. Border for a Portrait of Robertvs R. F. XXXVII (Robert I), from the series Effigies Regum Francorum. engraving and etching. Includes two musical trophies, one with a lute and a partly visibled stringed instrument (psaltery?), the other with a viol, flute (?) case and a curvy horn (partly visible, rusticated bell). (IB vol. 21/1, no. 10.15, p. 147)

[Amman Pr] ______, attr. Border for a Portrait of Henricus II Rex Franco LIX (Henry II), as above. The border includes fiddle, lute, harp, case for/of flutes, curved horn, trumpet and drum. very unimp. (IB vol. 20/1, no. 10.37, p. 158)

[H S Beham Pr] Beham, Hans Sebald (1500-1550). Ornament with Angel and Musical Trophy with Harp and Flute Case. woodcut. unimp. (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.344)

[Kirmer-Jenichen Pr] Balthasar Jenichen (doc.1568-ca.1621 or 1599) after Michel Kirmer (doc.1552-1570). Ornamental Frame (1569). engraving. Includes a little trophy with flute case and shawm. very unimp. (Hollstein [German] XVB, no. 255, p. 90. The central illustration is Pyramus and Thisbe.)

[Stimmer Pr] Stimmer, Tobias (1539-1584). Decorative Portrait Border. woodcut. Includes a woman holding a chalice and a lute, surrounded by various objects including a bowed stringed instrument (scroll only visible) and a flute case (very partly visible). very unimp. (Strauss The Single-Leaf Woodcut. Vol. III, no. 17, p. 1004. Border for a portrait of Melchior Neusidler, who holds a partly visible lute)

[Zündt Pr] Zündt, Matthias (fl. 1551-1570). Portrait of Graf Nicolaus Zrinyi von Sigeth. etching. One of the border trophies includes a flute, flute case (with tips of flutes emerging), trumpet (partly visible) and frame drum (vent hole, with sticks). Elsewhere there is a single kettledrum. (Hirth no. 1091, p. 733 [ok reproduction]) 33

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles, Encampments and other Military Scenes: [Ms Aarau Kantonsbibliothek] Anon. Bivouac in a Town Square, from Christoph Silbereisen von Baden, Grosse Schweizer Chronik (1576). Aarau, Kantonsbibliothek, Ms Bibl. Wettingen 16, fol. Bd. 1. manuscript drawing. Figures playing flute and frame drum accompany officers dining. (Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 79)

[BI Zürich 1548] Anon. Battle, from Johann Stumpf, Schweizerchronik. Zürich 1548. woodcut. Includes figures in the midst of it playing flute and frame drum beside their standard. (Hirth no. 710)

[CI Ingolstadt 1546] Mielich, Hans (1516-1573). The Siege of Ingolstadt by Emperor Charles V, 1546. woodcut. Includes a trumpeter, a flute player and a drummer, a drummer drumming, a drummer resting against his drum, and soldiers gambling (?) on a drum. (Hirth nos. 961-976)

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). "Das new fenlein deutscher lanczknecht." woodcut [5 blocks]. Includes players of flute (slender) and frame drum (huge) beside the standard bearer. (It’s an enormous flag.) (Hollstein [German] I, p. 29. Notes copy in reverse by J. T. de Bry [Hollstein (Dutch] IV, p. 35]; Hirth no. 1007 [fine detail]; Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. pp. 28-29)

[Brun Pr] Brun, Franz (op. 1559-1590). Frieze with Landsknechts. engraving. Includes players of flute and large frame drum. They are related to those in Hans Senger's Fencing School (see below). They accompany a military exercise with very long poles. (Hollstein [German] V, no. 71, p. 11)

[Solis Pr] Solis, Virgil (1514-1562). A Troop of Soldiers (1542). Engraving (frieze). The right half includes two flute players (cases on their backs) and two drummers with huge drums beside two standard bearers with enormous banners. The left half has another group with flute and two frame drums. (IB vol. 19/1, no. 264, pp. 1228-129; Hirth no. 894 [right half])

[Stoer Pr] Stoer, Niklas (doc. 1523-m.1562/63). Drummer and Flute Player, from a "Soldatenzug" series. woodcut (six blocks in all). They march with their standard- bearer. The flute player has a case of/for flutes at his hip. (Geisberg-Strauss nos. G.1374-1379 [the whole series, this G.1374]; MGG XIII, Taf. 28/2 [detail])

[Wandereisen Pr] Monogrammist HW/Hans Wandereisen (doc.1519-ca.1548). Encampment/"Der profantplatz und Mumplatz bin ich genant/Allen Kriegsslewten wolbekant." woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and large frame drum (back view, snare on bottom head) as an officer dines in his tent. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 1480-10. Notes a copy by Wolfgang Strauch [op.1554-1572] which is Geisberg-Strauss no. 1066; 34 H. Röttinger. Die Bilderbogen des Hans Sachs. Strasbourg 1927. [Sdk, 247] pl. XIV [fair reproduction])

Dances and Dancers: [Ms drawing Zürich ZB] Anon. The Zürich Sword Dance of 1578, from the chronicle collection (1560-1587) of Johann Jakob Wick (Wickiana). Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, Sign Ms F27, fol. 62. manuscript drawing. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. The dancers have bells around their knees. (G. Duthaler et al. Vom Trommeln und Pfeifen. Basel 1986. p. 57 [ok reproduction]; MgB III/9, Abb. 26)

[Mayer Pr] Mayer, Lucas (doc. 1566-1590). Fahnentanz in Nuremberg (1592). woodcut. The standard bearer prances with his flag, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (MgB IV/4, p. 89)

Garden Parties: [Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Music Party. woodcut. Figures around a table, with men playing lute and flute (and paying no attention to one another). (Hirth no. 1120 [fine reproduction]; Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. I, no. 33, p. 66 [fine reproduction])

[Amman Pr] ______. Scene of Courtly Life. woodcut. Includes a man playing a lute (and a woman who may sing). There are also two couples dancing to the accompaniment of flute and pipe and tabor. (Hollstein [German] I, p. 18]; Hirth no. 1067)

[J II Breu Dr] Breu, Jörg II (ca.1510-1547). Dance on a Garden Terrace. Darmstadt HLM. drawing. Five couples promenade/dance, accompanied by figures playing flute and frame drum. (exh Paris Louvre, 1971: Dessins du Musée de Darmstadt. no. 33, pl. XI; MgB III/9, p. 110 [small reproduction])

[J II Breu Dr] ______. Figures on a Terrace (1534). private collection. Dancers are accompanied by players of flute and large frame drum in a gallery above. There is a bell in a tower. (loan exh 1969-70: Old Master Drawings from Chatsworth. no. 106; Vis. Coll. 373d.B76.91[a])

[Mielich Pa] Mielich, Hans (1516-1573). Outdoor Banquet. Hartford, Wadsworth Atheneum. Musicians in the foreground include two men and a woman playing flutes. With the arms of Albert V of Bavaria above the banqueters. (Musica calendar 1985: 16-29 June [fine color detail of the foreground ensembles]; Connoisseur 123 [1950] 112 [poor reproduction]; 1978 catalog, no. 99, pp. 165-7)

Naval Scenes: [Jenichen Pr] Jenichen, Balthasar (fl.1560-90). "Warhaftige Conter/fettung der Grossen Galleen ..."/The Great Galley (1571). engraving. With a tiny bird's-eye view of Venice. There are players of flute and frame drum in the bow of the ship. (Hollstein [German] XVB, no. 141, p. 50) 35

Processions: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Views.

[CI Dresden 1574] Daniel Bretschneider (ca.1550-p.1625) after Friedrich Bercht (doc.1570-m.1585). A Group of Musicians Dressed as Wild Men and Women. One of them (a man) plays a flute. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 34)

[CI Strasbourg 1576] Stimmer, Tobias (1539-1584). Shooting Match in Strasbourg, 1576. woodcut. Includes numerous trumpeters, flutists and drummers. Some of the flutists and drummers play together in pairs. (Hirth nos. 1386-89; Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. III, pp. 1010-11)

[Dr Nuremberg GNM] Anon, third quarter, 16th century. The "Burgerzug" of Augsburg, 12 August 1545. Nuremberg GNM Sign. HB 2587. drawing. A column of militia sets off on maneuvers, with four units of players of two flutes and two two large frame drums accompanying the standards. (MgB III/9, Abb. 47 [fair reproduction])

[Gl Basel HM] Swiss, 16th century. Guild Procession/Auszug der Doppelzunft, from a Scheibe of the guild-master Th. Öttlin (1556). Basel HM. stained glass. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. unimp. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 3)

[H S Beham Pr] Beham, Hans Sebald (1500-1550), attr. Sleigh Ride, from a series of horse-drawn sleighs. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (Geisberg-Strauss G.240, as ca.1530; Hirth no. 374; MgB III/9, Abb. 51)

Shooting Matches: [CI Strasbourg 1576] Stimmer, Tobias (1539-1584). Shooting Match in Strasbourg, 1576. woodcut. Includes numerous trumpeters, flutists and drummers. Some of the flutists and drummers play together in pairs. (Hirth nos. 1386- 89; Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. III, no. 25, pp. 1010-11)

[CI Zwickau 1573] Anon. (Monogrammist R). Shooting Match in Zwickau, 1573. woodcut. "Stattpfeyffer" play one or two shawms, cornett and two trombones. Outside the shooting arena there are players of 11 trumpets and a pair of kettledrums; inside, mocking musicians play shawm, curved horn and small frame drum. Two groups of peasants are accompanied each by a flutist (perhaps only in one group) and drummer. (Hirth no. 1115 [ok reproduction]; Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Sachsen, 12: Zwickau. Dresden 1889. opp. p. 76 [fine reproduction, but folded]; MgB III/9, Abb. 24)

[Lang Dr] Lang, Hieronymus (1541-1582). Shooting Match. Karlsruhe SKH. drawing (Scheibenriss). Includes figures playing flute and large frame drum. (Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 112)

Street Scenes: [BI Strasbourg 1549] Anon. Street Serenade, from Sebastian Brant, 36 Der Narren Spiegel. Strasbourg, Wendel Rihel, 1549. woodcut. Men playing lute and flute serenade below a lady's window (who rewards them with a bucket of slop). (Haas Aufführungspraxis. p. 122; Early Music 7 [1979] 413 [small reproduction]) National Union Catalog. Pre-1956 Imprints, vol. 72, p. 635 [not illus.]: "one of numerous unauthentic, grossly mutilated editions."

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Nocturnal Serenade. woodcut (oval). Well- dressed figures serenade with a little violin (three strings), lute and flute -- and get doused with a chamber pot for their efforts. A player of a plucked stringed instrument (three strings -- colascione?) who was probably part of the serenade, flees. (Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. I, p. 67 [fine reproduction])

Tournaments: See also Allegory, Vice/Virtue.

[BI Simmern 1532] Anon. Tournament in a City Square, from Georg Rüxner. Anfang, Ursprung und Herkomen des Thurniers inn Teutscher Nation ... Siemern, Hieronymus Rodler, 1532. woodcut. Includes two mounted trumpeters and, across the street, a flutist and drummer on foot. (Hirth no. 707; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 129 [after Hirth?])

[Lautensack Pr] Lautensack, Hans (ca.1520-ca.1565). "Primus martialium ludorum pedestris conflictus 1560"/ITournament on Foot (Barriers). engraving. Includes two groups of players of two flutes and frame drum. (Hollstein [German] XXI, no. 78, p. 117 [small reproduction]; exh Rotterdam BvB Prentenkabinet, 1973: Duitse grafiek 1470- 1700. no. not recorded [miserable, useless reproduction], as a tournament in Vienna)

Views: [CI Cologne 1531] Woensam, Anton (a.1500-1651). Panoramic View of Cologne (1531). woodcut (9 blocks). Includes military figures in a boat (rowing exercise?), accompanied by figures playing flute and frame drum. (Geisberg-Strauss nos. 1562-1570)

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). The Departure of The Doge, Venice. woodcut (fourteen blocks). Includes figures sitting very casually in a gondola, playing viol, flute, shawm and cornett. There is also a flute case. (IB vol. 20/2, no. 27, pp. 824-25; Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. I, no. 5, pp. 34-35 [the area with the gondola is not clearly impressed, as based on a woodcut by Giovanni Andrea di Vassore after Titian [B.27]; Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 83 [clear detail of the group in the gondola)

[J Murer Pr] Murer, Jos (1530-1580). Map of Kanton Zürich. woodcut. Includes a boat with two trumpeters in the bow and players of flute and drum in the stern. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 22: Kanton Zürich Stadt II. Basel 1949. p. 389)

Other: [Ms Aarau Kantonsbibliothek] Anon. Proclamation, from Christoph Silbereisen von Baden, Grosse Schweizer Chronik (1576). Aarau, Kantonsbibliothek, Ms Bibl. 37 Wettingen 16, fol. Bd. 1. manuscript drawing. Includes players of flute and frame drum. (G. Duthaler et al. Vom Trommeln und Pfeifen. Basel 1986. p. 52)

[Dr Erlangen UB] Anon, ca.1575. Das Rennen der jungen Gesellen und gemeinen Frauen um ein Barchentuch beim Augsburger Armbrustschiessen, from a manuscript collection of Sebastian Schertlin. Erlangen UB. drawing. Women, or men dressed as women, play flute and large frame drum. (The bachelors are nearly nude.) (G. Duthaler. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel. Basel 1985. p. 13)

[Gl Hartford Wadsworth] Swiss, 16th century. Outdoor Scene. Hardford, Wadsworth Atheneum. stained glass. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (A. von Saldern. German enamelled glass; the Edwin J. Beinecke Collection [Corning Museum of Glass]. Corning NY 1965. p. 20 [minuscule reproduction])

[Pa Linz OÖLM] Anon., 1538. Country Pleasures. Linz OÖLM. A pastiche with many musical figures including dancing couples accompanied prominently by players of flute and large, deep frame drum. (W. Salmen. Bilder zur Geschichte der Musik in Österreich. Innsbruck 1979. p. 50)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Balls: [CI Munich 1568] Solis, Nicolaus (op. 1567-70). Ball on the Evening of the Wedding Day of Duke Wilhelm V of Bavaria to Princess Renée of Lorraine, Munich, 12. February, 1568, from Hans Wagner, Kurtze, doch gegründte Beschreibung ... Munich 1568. etching. The dancers are accompanied by an ensemble of pipe and tabor, string drum (?), and two woodwind instruments. There are also a number of musicians in a gallery, including players of two flutes and a frame drum. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. figs. 27 and 27a [blurred detail]; Schönes altes München. Munich 1965. p. 207; Early Music 10 [1982] April front and back covers [color reproduction of a hand-colored print])

[CI Vienna 1560] Monogrammist FA/AF. Grand Ball in the Hofburg, Vienna, 1560 (1561). etching. Four trumpeters lead promenading dancers around the floor, while four shawmists (one pausing) and two slide trumpeters also play. A flutist and a drummer wait, the flutist with a case of flutes on his back. There is also a man carrying two instrument cases and two conical instruments (probably shawms). (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 134 [cropped]. Identifies the promenading dancers as dancing a pavane; Hirth no. 1028 [fine reproduction, but the shawmists are in the page crease, alas]; Kinsky p. 117 [useless reproduction]; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 17 [fine reproduction, but the shawmists are in the page crease, after Hirth?], as "Grand Ball" at a residence in Vienna in the year 1566; MgB III/9, Abb. 112 [fuzzy reproduction])

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Tournament Ball, from his Turnierbuch. Frankfurt am Main 1566. Promenading dancers are led by four trumpeters, while three shawmists and two (slide?) trumpeters play. A flutist and drummer also play and a figure has a case of flutes (?) under his arm. Compare the Viennese ball above [CI 38 Vienna 1560]. (Hirth no. 1076; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 38, after Hirth?)

Banquets: [Ms Vienna OeNB 10116] Flexel, Leonhard (op. mid-16th century). Banquet in the Rathaus, Graz, from his Schützenbuch. Vienna OeNB, Ms 10116, fol. 58v-59r. manuscript drawing. Music is provided by a flute and drum pair and by two trumpeters. (Salmen Katalog. p. 47)

[CI Munich 1568] Solis, Nicolaus (op.1567-1570), attr. The Bavarian Court Chapel under Orlando di Lasso at the Wedding of Duke Wilhelm of Bavaria with Renata of Lorraine, Munich, St. Georgs-Saal der Münchner Neuveste, 22 February 1568. engraving. Players of two large violas (da braccio), two tenor viols and two double basses tune up to a pitch given by the player of a positive organ. There are several unplayed wind instruments on a chest in the center foreground, including at least one flute. (Besseler Musik. p. 230, after Hirth; Bowles Musical Ensembles. figs. 25, 25a [detail, both unclear of the instruments on the chest], as Anon.; Hirth no. 1089, as by Nicolaus Solis; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst … no. 33, pp. 82-83 [ok, but in page crease]; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 50, after Hirth?; MGG I, cols. 1435/36 [poor reproduction, but at least is't not cropped]; MGG IX, col. 890 [poor detail], as by Nikolaus Solis)

[Gl Chur] Swiss (Chur [Graubünden]), 16th century. Guild Banquet, band above a double portrait of Handwerksmeister Hans Mösli and Bartli Joss (1578). Chur, Rätisches Museum. stained glass. Includes figures playing flute and large frame drum. (MgB III/9. Abb. 55)

[Lang Dr] Lang, Hieronymus (1541-1582). Civic Banquet for the Gemeinde Döttingen (1554). Zürich SLM. drawing (Scheibenriss). Includes figures in the lower corners playing flute and frame drum. unimp. (Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 107)

Music Lessons: [Dr Erlangen] Anon, 1579. Organist and Musicians/"Pavlvs Lavtensack/Anno 1579." Erlangen, Graphische Sammlung der Universitätsbibliothek, Sign. B 534. drawing. There are an organist, a cornett player (straight cornett) and a boy singer. Hanging on the wall: two viols, a lute and a very partly visible case of/for flutes. Paul III Lautensack (m. 1598) was an organist at St. Sebald in Nuremberg from 1571. (E. Bock, ed. Die Zeichnungen in der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen. Frankfurt am Main 1929. no. not recorded [ok reproduction]; MgB III/9, Abb. 137 [ok reproduction]; MGG XVI, Taf. 66 [ok reproduction])

39 Other: [BI Simmern 1532] Anon. Departure for the Tournament, from Georg Rüxner. Anfang, Ursprung und Herkommen des Thurniers im Teutscher Nation ... Simmern, Hieronymus Rodler, 1532. woodcut. Includes musicians in a little gallery playing flute and frame drum. (Hirth no. 705)

[Senger Pr] Senger, Hans (op. ca.1570). Fencing School. woodcut (8 blocks). Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. They are related to those in Franz Brun's Frieze with Landsknechts (see Scenes of Everyday Life – Outdoor, Battles, above). (Strauss. The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. III, pp. 972-73)

[Stimmer Pr] Stimmer, Tobias (1539-1584). Fencing with Axes, from Joachim Meyer, Grundliche Beschreibung der ... Kunst des Fechtens. Strasbourg, T. Berger, 1570. woodcut. Includes players of flute and frame drum in a niche. (Hirth no. 1340)

[Stimmer Pr] ______. Fencing with Swords. as above. In the background players of flute (case on his back) and frame drum depart (not playing) (insignificant figures). (Hirth no. 1334)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Musicians (amateur and professional).

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Four Ornamental Panels. woodcut. One of the panels depicts musical angels, including one playing a flute. (Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. I, p. 68 [fine reproduction])

Animals: [Sc Bern] Swiss, 16th century. Bears. Bern, Kindlifresserbrunnen. sculpture. A frieze of bears around the base includes two playing flute and frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 28: Kanton Bern Stadt I. Basel 1952. p. 281 [drawing of the frieze], as ca.1545/56)

[Ms Munich BSB] Fischer, Sebastian (doc.1534). View of the East Side of the Zeitglocken of Bern, with its Astronomical Clock and its Mechanical Clock, from Fischer's Wanderbuch (1534). Munich BSB. drawing. Includes two trumpeters in towers, a fool with bells, a bell ringer, and decorative bears playing woodwind (flute?) and frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 28: Kanton Bern Stadt I. Basel 1952. p. 123)

[Deutsch Dr] Deutsch, Hans Rudolf Manuel (op.1525-m.1571). Scheibenriss of Hans Rudolf Manuel: Berner Venner with City Flag. Bern, Kunstmuseum. drawing. Bears (emblematic of Bern) play flute and frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 28: Kanton Bern Stadt I. Basel 1952. p. 12)

[Kallenberg Dr] Kallenberg, Jakob (ca.1510-1565). Scheibenriss with Standard Bearers (1536). Bern, Kunstmuseum. drawing. A troop of bears across the top 40 includes players of flute and frame drum. unimp. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... no. 16, p. 164)

Children: [BI Strasbourg 1574] Anon. School Theater, from Johann Rasser, Ein schön Christlich new Spil von Kinderzucht ... Strasbourg, Thiebolt Berger, 1574. woodcut. Children dressed as Swiss soldiers play flute and frame drum as Aleator leaves his mother Jezebel. (MgB III/9, Abb. 97)

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Two Little Boys, from his Kunstbuchlin ... Frankfurt am Main 1599. woodcut. One plays a flute (poorly depicted) and the other a pot and ladle. (IB vol. 20/2, no. 4.6, p. 413)

[Amman Pr] ______, Portrait of an Officer, from Lienhart Fronsperger, Kriegsbuch. Frankfurt am Main 1571. woodcut. In the border children in military costume play flute and small, rather shallow frame drum. (Hirth no. 1284)

[Master CB Pr] Master CB (fl. 1531). A Frieze with Children. engraving. Two of them, dressed as soldiers, play flute and frame drum (large bur rather shallow). (IB vol. 14, no. 4, p. 237)

Military Musicians: [Sc Innsbruck Herzog-Friedrich-Strasse 16]. Anon. (Neo-Gothic reworking of 1862 [after 16th-century models?]). Three musical ensembles. Innsbruck, Herzog-Friedrich-Strasse 16, Erkerbrustung. sculpture. On one panel two figures play flute and frame drum. (H. Hammer. Kunstgeschichte der Stadt Innsbruck. Innsbruck 1952. p. 61; Music in Art 25 [2000] 53 [view of the Erker with all four panels, as ca.1530], 55 [the flute and drum panel “vor der Restaurierung von 1998”])

[BI n.p. n.d.] Anon. Flute Player, Drummer and Standard Bearer. Fontispiece of the anonymous pamphlet Der Altermechtigste und unüberwindtlichste Keyser ... n.p., n.d. woodcut. (K. Moxey. Peasants, Warriors, and Wives. Popular Imagery in the Reformation. Chicago 1989. p. 98)

[BI Augsburg 1532] Schäufelein, Hans (ca.1483-1539/40). Standard-Bearer with Mercenaries. Frontispiece of Hans Busteter, Ernstlicher Bericht, wie sich ain frume Oberkayt ... Augsburg, H. Stayner, 1532. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (K. Moxey. Peasants, Warriors, and Wives. Popular Imagery in the Reformation. Chicago 1989. p. 77)

[Dr Augsburg Stadtbibliothek] Anon., 16th century. Two Trumpeters, Flutist and Drummer. Augsburg, Stadtbibliothek. drawing. (Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 161)

[Gl Schwyz] Swiss, 16th century. Armorial stained-glass panel (the Entlebuch-Scheibe) (1562). Schwyz, Schmiedgasse, Redinghaus. stained glass. Includes figures in the upper corners playing flute and large frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 2: 41 Kanton Schwyz II. Basel 1930. p. 606)

[Gl Winterthur KM] Swiss, 16th century. Wappenscheibe of Winterthur (1564). Winterthur, Kunstmuseum. stained glass. includes figures in the upper corners playing flute and frame drum. unimp. (Unsere Kunstdenkmäler 25/2 [1974] front cover)

[Me Schloss Burg] German? 16th century? Flute Player and Drummer. Schloss Burg an der Wupper. engraved metal sword. (P. Luchtenberg. Schloss Burg an der Wupper. Ratingen 1957. p. 69, figs. 69-70)

[Me private collection] Anon, 16th century. Flute Player and Drummer. private collection. metal plaque. (E. W. Braun. Die deutschen Renaissanceplaketten der Sammlung Alfred Walcher Ritter von Molthein in Wien. Vienna 1918. no. 63, pl. XIV, as ca.1565-70, probably after an engraving by Franz Brun)

[Po Cologne Kunstgewerbemuseum] German (Cologne), second quarter, 16th century. Flute Player and Drummer. Cologne, Kunstgewerbemuseum. pottery pitcher. (Kunstgewerbemuseum der Stadt Köln. Steinzeug. Ed. G. Reineking - von Bock. Cologne 1971. [Catalog no. 4] cat. no. 311, pl. 9 [flute player only])

[Pr Anon.] Anon. (1543). Der Pfeyffer/Die Lautenschlagerin -- Soldier and Lute Player. pub. Augsburg, Anthony Formschneyder. woodcut. The soldier plays a flute/fife and the lady (a prostitute/camp follower in feathered hat and striped skirt) plays a lute. (Geisberg-Strauss G.1588; H. Röttinger. Die Bilderbogen des Hans Sachs. Strasbourg 1927. [SdK 247] pl. 10; Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 43; Muziek & Grafiek p. 25 [small reproduction])

[Wsc Amsterdam RM] German, mid-16th century. Chessmen. Amsterdam RM. wooden chess set. The pawns are soldiers, and each side has its flute player and drummer. (Rijksmuseum. Beeldhouwkunst in het Rijksmuseum. Amsterdam 1973. no. 820, p. 469 [useless reproduction])

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Flute Player and Drummer, from Lienhart Fronsperger, Kriegsbuch. Frankfurt am Main 1555. woodcut. The flute player has a prominent case for/of flutes at his back. The drum is huge. (Hirth no. 1005)

[Amman Pr] ______. Blank Escutcheon, from his Kunstbuchlin. Frankfurt am Main 1599. woodcut. Flanking the escutcheon are a military figure playing a flute (left) and a Leierin playing a hurdy-gurdy (right). (IB vol. 20/2, no. 4.290, p. 555; M. Bröcker. Die Drehleier, Ihr Bau und ihre Geschichte. Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1977. fig. 139)

[Amman Pr] ______. Drummer and Flute Player, from the Latin edition (Panoplia …) of his Ständebuch. Frankfurt am Main, S. Feyerabent, 1568. woodcut. The flute player has a flute case on his back. The drum is huge. The flute case is much too fat for an instrument of the small, narrow bore of the flute that is being played. (IB vol. 20/2, no. 42 8.132, p. 700; Hirth no. 1275)

[Amman Pr] ______. Trumpeter, as above. He has a case for/of flutes (?) beside him. The case compartments are rather short and wide. (IB vol. 20/2, no. 8.130, p. 700; Hirth no. 1273; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone . no. 58 [after Hirth?])

[B Beham Pr] Beham, Barthel (1502-1540). Standard-Bearer, Drummer and Flutist (1525). engraving. The drummer plays, the flute player holds his flute. unimp. (Hollstein [German] II, p. 208; IB vol. 15, no. 50, p.27; J. Muller. Barthel Beham. Kritischer Katalog ... Strasbourg 1958. [SdK, 318] no. 72, p. 48; exh Austin TX, 1983: Nuremberg. A Renaissance City ... Ed. J. C. Smith. p. 318)

[H S Beham Pr] Beham, Hans Sebald (1500-1550). Standard-Bearer, Drummer and Flutist (1543). engraving. An expanded copy, in reverse, of the print by Barthel Beham (above). (Hollstein [German] III, p. 113; IB vol. 15, no. 198, p.107; H. Zschelletzschky. Die "Drei gottlosen Maler" von Nürnberg ... Leipzig 1975. no. 260, p. 31)

[H S Beham Pr] ______. Pfeyffer. woodcut. Printed by Hans Guldenmund. A flute player with a case of flutes at his back. A pair with a Drumelschlager. (Geisberg- Strauss no. G. 280 [drummer], G.281 [flute player] [fine reproductions], as ca.1540; Kinsky p. 80; Early Music 23 [1995] 115 [small reproduction])

[Binck Pr] Binck, Jakob (ca.1500-1569). Flute Player, from a series of sixteen plates of officers and soldiers (1555). engraving. He has a flute case (barely visible) on his back. There is also a drummer in the series. (Hollstein [German] IV, pp. 82-83; IB vol. 16, no. 71, p. 52)

[Binck Pr] ______. Standard-Bearer, Drummer and Flutist. engraving. The drummer is back to the viewer, plumed hat. The flute player is barely visible. unimp. (Hollstein [German] IV, no. 158, p. 74. Copy by J. Wierix)

[Binck Pr] ______. Standard-Bearer, Drummer and Flutist. engraving. The drummer faces the viewer, bare headed, with moustache. (Hollstein [German] IV, p. 81, as perhaps a copy after Barthel Beham.)

[Glaser Pr] Glaser, Hans (doc. 1540-1572). Standard-Bearer, Drummer and Flutist. woodcut. Both instruments are partly visible. unimp. (Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. p. 358)

[Müller Gl] Müller, Michael (doc.1544-m.ca.1590/1596). Standesscheibe von Zug (1552). Zug, Historisch-Antiquarisch Sammlung. stained glass. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 6: Kanton Zug II. Basel 1935. p. 34)

[Solis Pr] Solis, Virgil (1514-1562). Flute Player. engraving. He plays a long, narrow- 43 bore flute and has a prominent flute case on his back. A pair with IB no. 252. (IB vol. 19/1, no. 247; Early Music 23 [1955] 121)

[Solis Pr] ______. Flute Player. engraving. He also has a flute case. A pair with IB no. 244. (IB vol. 19/1, no. 245, p.116; Kunstgewerbemuseum der Stadt Köln. Steinzeug. Ed. G. Reineking - von Bock. Cologne 1971. [Catalog no. 4] pl. 9)

[Solis Copy Dr] Solis, Virgil (1514-1562), copy after? Drummer and Flute Player. Oxford Ashmolean. drawing. The flute player has a huge case and the drum is also huge. (Nuremberg GNM Anzeiger 1974. p. 51. Notes is the same drummer as the one by Monogrammist AM [Erlangen])

[Stillhart Gl] Stillhart (Stilhart), Caspar (doc. 1531-m.1547). Stadtscheibe Stekborn (1543). Stein am Rhein, Rathaus. stained glass. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 39: Kanton Schaffhausen II. Basel 1958. p. 194 [poor reproduction])

Musicians (Amateur and Professional): [Ms Berlin Kunstbibliothek] German (Nuremberg) ca.1560-80. Drummer and Flute Player, from the Heldt'schen Trachtenbuch. Berlin, Kunstbibliothek. manuscript drawing. They have the costume and badges of civic musicians. (Ott, fig. 37 [fine reproduction]) . [Ms Munich BSB Mus. Ms. A. II] Mielich, Hans (1516-1573). The Bavarian Hofkapelle under Orlande de Lassus, from Orlande de Lassus, Busspsalmen. Munich BSB Mus. Ms. A.II, fol. 187. One of the numerous musicians plays a flute. The room depicted is the St. Georgssaal of the Neuen Veste, which burned down in 1750. (R. M. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931, R/1949. Taf. VIII; Komma no. 231; H. C. R. Landon and J. J. Norwich. Five Centuries of Music in Venice. London 1991. p. 121 [ok color reproduction]; Pincherle p. 60 [ok reproduction]; MgB III/9, Abb. 106 [ok color reproduction]; MGG VII, Taf. 11 [ok color reproduction]; Early Music 9 [1981] 341 [small reproduction]; Early Music 22 [1994] August front cover [ok color reproduction, cropped]; Musica calendar 1982: 3-16 October [ok color reproduction])

[Stammbuch Munich BNM Bibl.245] Anon. Music-Making around a Table (1569) from the Sammbuch of of the Augsburg Domorganist Abel Prasch (ca.1540-1592). Munich BNM Bibl. 245, fol. 152b recto. Stammbuch illustration. Amateurs (students?) play small pentagonal spinet, harp, lute, flute and trombone. A fool sings. In the foreground a monkey plays a small harp. (exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edlt Kunst … p. 86, not exh.)

[BI Leipzig 1571] Anon. Title woodcut of Elias Nicolaus Ammerbach, Orgel oder Instrument Tablatur. Leipzig, J. Berwalds Erben, 1571. woodcut. Musicians sing and play positive organ, (very partly visible) flute, bass pommer (?), trumpet and slide trumpet (perhaps a proto-trombone). (A. Baines. Brass Instruments ... London 1976. p. 106; Kinsky, p. 77; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 69) 44

[BI Munich 1573] Nel, Johann. Title-page vignette the Munich publisher Adam Berg. woodcut. At the bottom of the page two boys sing and men play clavichord or virginal, bass viol, viola da braccio, lute, flute, two cornetts and two trombones. In a little vignette at the top of the page angels ("Laudate Dominum omnes gentes") sing and play flute and three straight trumpets. Two figures of Fame each have two straight trumpets (one played, one held). There are two small trophies of crossed cornetts. A passe-partout illustration. There are two versions. In one (A), the line of the table top bisects the left center bouts (incurving) of the bass viol; in the other (B, a rather crude copy), the center bouts are completely below the table top. (Hollstein [German] XXX, no. 5, p. 21 [A], title page of Lassus, Cantionum quas motetas vocant opus novus. Munich, Adam Berg, 1573; Dufourcq Musique vol. I, p. 189 [A]; Fraenkel no. 44 [A]; R. M. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931, R/1949. p. 140 [A]; MGG I, col. 789-90 [A], title page of Lassus, Patrocinium musices. Munich, A. Berg, 1573; MGG VIII, col. 274 [A]; Mg B III/9, p. 158 [A, detail]; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. nos. 67, 68 [A, detail], title page of Lassus, Missae aliqvot qvinqve vocvm. Munich, A. Berg, 1589; Fraenkel no. 45 [B, title page of Lassus, Psalmi Davidis poenitentiales. Munich, A. Berg, 1584]; MGG I, col. 1679-80 [poor reproduction], [B, title page of G. G. da Immola, Sdegnosi ardori. Munich, A. Berg. 1585]; MGG IX, cols. 137-38 [fair reproduction] [B, title page of Jacob Regnart, Teutsche Lieder. Munich, A. Berg, 1583])

[BI Nuremberg 1575] Anon. Title page of Elias Nikolaus Ammerbach, Ein New Kunstlich Tabulaturbuch. Nuremberg, Dietrich Gerlach (printed by Johannes Beyer), 1575. woodcut. Numerous musicians, including one playing a flute. (Fraenkel no. 47; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 219 [detail of the musicians]; M. Remnant. Musical Instruments of the West. London 1978. p. 207 [detail of the musicians]; MGG I, Taf. XVII; The New Grove VII, p. 270 [small reproduction])

[Fr Goldegg Schloss] Anon, 1536. Musician. Goldegg, Schloss, Rittersaal. fresco. He holds both a lute and a flute. It looks very odd. (R. Hootz. Kunstdenkmäler in Oesterreich ... I: Salzburg - Tirol - Vorarlberg. Munich, Berlin 1965. p. 39; W. Salmen. Bilder zur Geschichte der Musik in Österreich. Innsbruck 1979. p. 41; W. Salmen. Der Spielmann im Mittelalter. Innsbruck 1983. Abb. 38; Alte und moderne Kunst 21/H.147 [1976] 19 [small reproduction, sort of in situ]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 89 [May-June 1977] La Chronique des Arts 1970-71 [i.e. 1300-01] 20 [small reproduction])

[textile location unknown] Anon., 1562 or 1568. Tablecloth for the Wedding of a Graf von Henneberg. location unknown. silk-embroidered with gold and silver threads. Many elegant musical figures, one of whom plays a fute. (drawing after: Haas Aufführungspraxis. Taf. IX, after C. Decher and J. von Hefner. Kunstwerke und Gerätschaften des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Frankfurt am Main 1852. l. Bd. 7.45)

[Stammbuch Munich] German, ca.1572. Men Making Music beside a Tree, from the Stammbuch of the Augsburg Domorganist Abel Prasch (ca.1540-1592). Munich BNM 45 Bibl. 245, fol. 136b recto. Stammbuch illustration. Amateurs (a ollegium musicum?) sing and play a small triangular spinet, lute, flute, shawm and cornett. (exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst … no. 34, p. 85)

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Family Tree of the Pfinzing Family. Nuremberg GNM. drawing. They are a lively lot. A woman plays a lute. There is a man dancing to his lute, and a duo of lute and singer. On the fourth line from the bottom there is a row of figures playing violin, double bass, harp, lute, flute, pipe and tabor, shawm, and one more. A flute player serenades his lady friend. (Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 1968. p. 177)

[Amman Pr] ______. The Two of "Bumpers" Suit from Künstliche und wolgerissene Figuren, in ein new Kartenspiel/Charta Lvsoria. Nurembeg, Leonhard & Heussler, 1588. woodcut playing card. Three figures play double bass, harp and flute. (Hollstein [German], p. 50)

[Amman Pr] ______. "Drey Pfeiffer," from Eygentliche Beschreibung aller Stände auff Erden ... Frankfurt am Main, Sigmund Feyerabent, 1568. woodcut. They play crumhorn, flute and straight cornett (?). (IB vol. 20/2, no. 8.105, p. 694; Hirth no. 1264; Kinsky p. 81 [tiny reproduction]; Early Music 27 [1999] 228)

[H S Beham Pr] Beham, Hans Sebald (1500-1550). Musicians, from Gassenhawer vnd Reutterliedlin. woodcut. One group consists of players of fiddle, cello or small double bass and two lutes. Another has two flute players. There are also groups of three woodwind (recorder?) players and a cornett and trombone pair. Elsewhere a fool (? -- fool’s cap, costume completely different from the other figures), has a large case of/for flutes (?) under his arm. (G. Pauli. Hans Sebald Beham. Nachträge ... Strasbourg 1911 [SdK, 134] pl. VI [small, fuzzy reproduction])

[Dorndorf Fr] Dorndorf, Jobst. Flute Player. . Pirna, Stadtkirche. fresco. Includes figures playing harp and flute. (Imago musicae 9-12 [1992-95] 273, Heise no. 62, as 1544-46)

[Stillhart Gl] Stillhart (Stilhart), Caspar (doc.1531-m.1547). Musicians (1542). ex Berlin, Schlossmuseum. stained glass (fragment). Musicians play tenor viol, large bass viol and three flutes. They may or may not be the entire original ensemble. (Oberrheinische Kunst I/1 [1925] pl. XV)

[Stillhart Gl] ______. Wappenscheibe of Hans Sailer. St. Gallen, Historisches Museum. stained glass. Includes four groups of musicians: three curved woodwinds (crumhorns?); three singers; an ensemble of harp, lute and one more (?); and three flutes. (Oberrheinische Kunst I/1 [1925] pl. XV, Abb. 9)

[Stimmer Pr] Stimmer, Tobias (1539-1584). Flute Player, from a series of Lady Musicians. woodcut. (Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. III, no. 1025 46 [fine reproduction]; Hirth no. 1079 [fine reproduction]; Bulletin of the New York Public Library 64 no. 1 [January 1960] 15, with English translation of the caption text, pp. 14- 15)

Putti: [Ms St Gallen 542] Härtli, Kasper. Putto Playing a Flute, from the Barberini Codices. St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, cod. 542, p. 11. manuscript illumination. It plays a large flute, almost as tall as it is. (Ikonographische Zeugnisse zu Musikinstrumenten in Mitteleuropa. Michaelstein 2000. p. 94, as 1561-65. This putto spears in the bass part. There are apparently four flute-playing putti, one for each part, with a flute of appropriate size.)

[Ms St Gallen 542] ______. Putti with Military Instruments, from the Barberini Codices. St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, cod.542, pp.262-263. manuscript illumination. P. 262: putti play flute (standing, below) and S-shaped trumpet (seated, above). P. 263: putti play frame drum (standing, below) and kettledrums (seated, above). (Ikonographische Zeugnisse zu Musikinstrumenten in Mitteleuropa. Michaelstein 2000. p. 98, as 1561-65)

[BI Frankfurt am Main 1567] Anon. Title engraving for Andreas Alciati, Emblemata. Frankfurt am Main 1567. woodcut. Putti in the four corners of the border sing and play lute, flute and drum. In the roundel, Fame blows two straight trumpets. (A. Beyer et al, eds. Hülle und Fülle. Festschrift für Tilmann Buddensieg. Alfter 1993. p. 174)

[BI Wittenberg 1531] Anon. Title page of Georg Rhaw, Enchiridion utriusque musicae practicae. Wittenberg, Georg Rhaw, 1531. woodcut. Wingless putti play flute and large frame drum. (Fraenkel p. 7)

[Po Cologne Kunstgewerbemuseum] German (Cologne), second quarter, 16th century. Putti with Standard, Flute and Frame Drum. Cologne, Kunstgewerbemuseum. pottery pitcher. (Kunstgewerbemuseum der Stadt Köln. Steinzeug. Ed. G. Reineking - von Bock. Cologne 1971. [Catalog no. 4] no. not recorded)

[Amman Dr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). The Figure and Arms of a Herr Reich von Reichenstein. Munich [SgS?]. drawing (Scheibenriss). A putto at the upper left plays a drum. Putti at the upper right play lute, flute (?) and one more musical instrument. unimp. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 30)

Other: [Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Der Holtzdrechssler, from Eygentliche Beschreibung aller Stände auff Erden ... Frankfurt am Main, Sigmund Feyerabent, 1568. woodcut. With a little imagination one might discern a flute on his workbench. At least there seems to be a recorder. (Hirth no. 1247)

XVI: Treatise/Tutor Illustrations

47 [BI Wittenberg 1532] Anon. "Vier Schweitzer Pfeiffen," from Martin Agricola, Musica figuralis deudsch. Wittenberg, Georg Rhau, 1532. woodcut. Four flutes: "Discantus./Altus./Tenor./Bassus." (G. Duthaler et al. Vom Trommeln und Pfeifen. Basel 1986. p. 38)

[EP] SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE ARTISTS

II: New Testament

Herod, Feast of: [Anon. Pa] Catalan, 16th century. Feast of Herod. Sarocca de Bellera, St. Félix. The diners are accompanied by musicians playing vihuela de arco and flute. (Musique-Images-Instruments 7 [2005] 213 [fair reproduction])

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Sturm Pa] Sturm, Fernando (Hernando Sturmio) (doc.1537-1555). Assumption of the Virgin. Arcos de la Frontera, S. Pedro. Angels at the left play vihuela (?) and shawm. Angels at the right play flute (slender cylinder) and triangle. (Vis. Coll. 376.St9.20[a]13)

[I] ITALIAN ARTISTS

II: New Testament

Cana, Wedding at: [Vicentino Pr] Vicentino, Andrea (ca.1542-1614). The Wedding at Cana. engraving. A boy sings, and men play double bass and flute. (C. Donzelli and G. M. Pilo. I pittori del seicento Veneto. Florence 1967. pl. 17, opp. p. 418)

Nativity: [Mazzola Fr] Mazzola, Girolamo (Girolamo Mazzola Bedoli) (ca.1500- ca.1569). Nativity. Parma, S. Maria della Steccata. Shepherds play recorder (pausing) and bagpipe. Three other figures (nude to the waist) play flutes of various sizes. One of them has a flute case at his waist. (Tesori d'arte cristiana, IV: Il rinascimento. Bologna 1966-68. p. 347; Contributi dell'istituto di storia dell'arte medioevale e moderna. Milan 1972. pl. CXXVIII, as ca.1553-ca.1568 [small reproduction]; exh Viadana, Sodalizio Amici dell'Arte, 1971: Disgeni di Girolamo Bedoli. no. 50 [useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.M4597.22N[a], as 1553-1567)

IV: Saints

St. Cecilia: [Campi Circle Dr] Campi, Giulio (1502-1572), Circle (after Raphael). St. Cecilia with Four Saints. Venice Correr. drawing. St. Cecilia holds her portative organ upside down. She seems to have her foot on a flute. Angels above play a bowed stringed instrument, a harp, and perhaps more. (Bolletino dei Musei Civici Veneziani 1971/1-2, p. 21, no. 59 [poor reproduction]) Another, perhaps related, drawing attributed (optimistically??) to Raphael (1483-1520) is in Paris, Musée du Petit Palais. 48 (The angel clearly plays a renaissance fiddle.) (Mirimonde Ste. Cécile. P. 90) (In the painting in Bologna there is nothing but earth beneath her feet.)

V: Mythology

Apollo and Pan/Marsyas: [Carnevale Pa] Carnevale, Giovanni (doc. 1553-1575). Apollo and Marsyas. private collection. oil sketch. Apollo plays a flute. Hard to tell what Marsyas has. Vague. (E. Carli and G. A. dell'Acqua. Profilo dell'arte italiana, III. Bergamo 1964. p. 408)

Muses: [Primaticcio Dr] Primaticcio, Francesco (1504-1570), attr. The Birth of Adonis. Princeton, University Art Museum. drawing. The Muses sing and play a da braccio stringed instrument and a flute. (exh Fort Worth, Austin, 1965: The School of Fontainebleau. p. 14)

[Zuccharo-Hondius Pr] Hendrik I Hondius (1573-ca.1649) after Taddeo Zuccaro (1529- 1566). Muses/"Musarum officia" (1597). engraving. One of the Muses plays a flute. The text has no relation to the illustration. (The New Hollstein: Hendrick Hondius. Ed. N. Orenstein and G. Luijten. Roosendaal, 1994. no. 25, p. 31 [ok reproduction]; Hollstein [Dutch] IX, no.12, p. 86; exh Munich SgS 1999: O Musica du edle Kunst … no. 3, p. 25 [ok reproduction]; Kinsky p. 93; Early Music 3 [1975] 78 [ok detail]) Copy by Monogrammist AF (Dutch, op. ca.1550). (Hollstein [Dutch] XIII, no. 1, p. 4)

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

[Primaticcio-Florentin Pr] Dominique Florentin (ca.1506-1565) after Francesco Primaticcio (1504-1570). The Feast of Alexander the Great at Persepolis. engraving. Includes figures playing three or four flutes, while two or three trumpeters wait. Design for the Chambre de la Duchesse d'Etampes, Fontainebleau. (exh Ottawa NGC, 1973: Fontainebleau ... vol. I, p. 72)

[Vasari Fr] Vasari, Giorgio (1511-1574). Emperor Maximilian raising the Siege of Livorno, 1496. Florence, Palazzo Vecchio. fresco. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (P. Bargellini. Scoperta di Palazzo Vecchio. Florence 1968. p. 79)

VII: Allegory

Fortuna: [Pr Anon.] Anon., 16th century "Arboro di frvtti della fortvna"/The Tree of the Fruits of Fortune. woodcut. There are many objects in the branches of the tree (like Christmas presents), a very large proportion of them musical instruments, including perhaps a flute. A man below brandishes a lute. (Burlington 115 [1973] 212 [fair reproduction])

Life and Death: [Cimerlini Pr] Cimerlini, Giovanni Paolo (op. ca.1568). The Aviary of Death. engraving (two sheets). A figure has a long, tapered woodwind held like a flute. 49 Considering how badly Italians depicted flutes in the previous period, I suppose it is possible that he did indeed intend it to be a flute. (IB vol. 32, no. 36, p. 310, as by Giovanni Battista d’Angeli, but with the note “actually by G. P. Cimerlini”; Burlington 140 [1998] September ad p. v)

Love and Sex: [Primaticcio-Androuet Pr] Jacques Androuet du Cerceau (Ducerceau) (1510-1584) after Francesco Primaticcio (1504-1570)? Love Shooting his Arrows. engraving. Not played: viol (botched), lute (botched, scroll head, Cupid straddles its neck), flute (across a music book). In the border two youths blow large, reverse-curve trumpets. (IB vol. 33, no. 125, p. 400, as Anon.; F. Herbet. Les graveurs de l'école de Fontainebleau. Amsterdam 1969 [reproduction of the 1896-1902 edition], p. 159; exh New Haven, Yale University Art Gallery, 1986-87: The Art of Teaching ... Ed. P. Emison. cat. no. 29, p. 60)

Months/Zodiac (May/Gemini): [Cellini Imitator Sc] Cellini, Benvenuto (1500-1571), Imitator. May/Gemini. Florence, Palazzo Pitti. low relief gold (?) plate. A man holds a flute. Unplayed: lute, flute and case of flutes. The imagery is very Northern. (A. P. de Mirimonde. Astrologie et musique. Geneva 1977. pl. 143)

Other: [Frangipane Pa] Frangipane, Nicolò (op.1563-1597). Satirical Group. private collection. Includes figures with a bagpipe and a flute. There are also singers, one with the bass part of Lassus' "Bella guerriera mia" [pub. 1563]; another with the alto part of Lassus' "Dicesi che la morte." (Simiolus 6 [1972/73] 102, as a "satire on the performance of a madrigal." Notes that the one published in Burlington 88 [1946] 47 is a copy of this, and that there is another in Venice, Galleria Querini-Stampalia, which is closer to the Burlington version than this one is.) The copy in Burlington (only a suggestion of the bagpipe is visible) was sold, Christie's, 23.IV.1926, no. 107, as by "Aart Aertsen."

[Frangipane Pa] ______. Five Figures. location unknown. Two figures have woodwinds, perhaps flute and recorder. (Simiolus 6 [1972/73] 98)

[Micheli Pa] Micheli, Parrasio (a.1516-1578). Allegorical Group. Chicago AI. Women play organ and lute. A man plays a flute and a child sings (or at least looks at a music book). The lute player is quite naked from the waist up. (Vis. Coll. 372.M5868.90[a]; Vis. Coll. 372.B838.4M, as Domenico Brusasorci) Similar painting, but with a female organ player. Schwerin SM. Here the lute player's little finger is curved, in Chicago it is straight. (exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica; Musik in der Malerei des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. S. Ferino-Pagden, ed. no.IV.13b, p. 253 [fine color reproduction], as ca.1560/70)

[Tintoretto Pa] Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) (1518-1594). Six Women Making Music. Dresden, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. They sing (or at least point to a page in a music book), play regal, bass viol, cittern and flute (? mute cornett?). The woodwind instrument is not convincing either as a flute or as a cornett; but, considering the 50 difficulty Italian artists had in depicting the flute in the early sixteenth century (see 15th- 16th century index), it would seem not unreasonable to consider it a flute. (W. Balzer, ed. Dresdner Galerie. 120 Meisterwerke des 15. bis 18. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig 1956. pl. 42 [color reproduction]; Harrison and Rimmer, no. 98 [ok reproduction]; Kinsky, p. 113 [poor reproduction]; Komma, p. 105; Scherliess, pll. 25, 26 [details of the music]; C. Slim. "Tintoretto's 'Music-Making Women' at Dresden." Imago musicae 4 [1987] 45- 76, this reproduced p. 46. As 1566 or later, based on Zarlino's diagram of Six Consonances. Identifies [p. 49] the wind instrument as a mute cornett. Notes a restoration by Pietro Palmaroli in 1826/27, which may account for various inaccuracies; Early Music 17 [1989] 161 [ok reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.T492.60[i])

XII: Decorative Elements

[Po London V&A] Italian (Venetian) (attr. workshop of Domenigo da Venezia), ca. 1550- 60. Cupid and Plenty. London V & A. majolica dish. Decoration includes viol, lute and flutes, masks and military symbols. (1940 catalog of Italian majolica, no. 968, pl. 156 [tiny reproduction])

[Po London V&A] ______. Decoration. London V & A. majolica dish. The center and rim are a medley of weapons, musical instruments (viol, lutes, flutes, curved woodwind, frame drums, etc.), masks, books and globes. (1940 catalog of Italian majolica, no. 969, pl. 156 [tiny reproduction])

[Po London V&A] ______, ca. 1555-60. Decoration. London V & A. majolica plate. Includes a lute, pairs of flutes and a frame drum. (1940 catalog of Italian majolica, no. 976 [similar to no. 975], pl. 157 [tiny reproduction])

[Po London V&A] ______, 1557. Naked Boy. London V & A. majolica plate. The border includes a lute, several pairs of flutes, a drum and a tambourine. (1940 catalog of Italian majolica, no. 975, pl. 157 [tiny reproduction])

[Po London V&A] Italian (Castel Durante, lustred at Gubbio), 1537. Naked Boy. London V&A. majolica plate. Includes four flutes, four frame drums and two pairs of flutes. (1940 catalog of Italian majolica, no. 717, pl. 113 [tiny reproduction])

[Po London V&A] ______, ca.1535. Decoration. London V&A. majolica plate. The center medallion includes a prominent frame drum and two sets of three flutes. The border has numerous flutes (usually in pairs) and a frame drum. (1940 catalog of Italian majolica, no. 715, pl. 113 [tiny reproduction])

[Po Toronto ROM] Italian (perhaps Venice), ca.1550-70. Decoration. Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum. majolica vase. Includes a lute, a pair of flutes and a deep frame drum. (Apollo 113 [1981] 286)

[Po art market] ______. Decoration (1532). London art market (1979). majolica dish. 51 Includes in the border a music book and single, double and triple flutes. (sale, Sotheby's, London, 15.V.1979; Burlington 121 [1979] April ad p. xxxii)

[Zelotti Fr] Zelotti, Giambattista (1526-1578). Musical Trophy. Villa Godi, Lonedo di Lugo, Vicenza, Salon of the Arts. wall fresco (grisaille). Includes a bass or tenor viol, a lute, a case of/for flutes, music books, and more. (M. Muraro and P. Marton. Venetian Villas. Udine 1986. p. 169 (color, in sitù, fresco obscured by a chandelier)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Banquets: [Veronese Imitator Dr] Veronese, Paolo (Paolo Caliari) (ca.1528-1588), Imitator. Wedding Feast. no location. drawing. Musicians play flute, cornett and trombone. There may be a singer. Players of large bass viol and treble viol listen. (Vis. Coll. 372d.V593.90[o])

Dances and Dancers: [BI Rome 1555] Anon. "De chorea gladiatoria, vel armifera faltatione," from Olaus Magnus, Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus. Rome, Apud Ioannem Mariam de Viottis Parmense,1555. woodcut. Includes sword and hoop dancers accompanied by figures playing flute and frame drum. (Early Music 14 [1986] 368 [small reproduction])

Landscapes: Veronese, Paolo (Paolo Caliari) (ca.1528-1588), attr. Landsacpe with Shepherds and their Flock. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Johnson Coll. The shepherd leading the flock plays a flute. (John G. Johnson Collection. Catalogue of Italian Painting. Philadelphia 1966. p. 229, as by Veronese, derived from a more elaborate composition, perhaps by Titian, in a private collection.) Drawing (Vienna Albertina). (K. Oberhuber. Disegni di Tiziano e della sue cerchia. Venice 1976. fig. 12, as Titian) Etched (as Titian) by Valentin Lefebvre (ca.1642-1680/82) for Opera selectiora quae Titianus Vecellius ... Amsterdam?, Jacobus van Campen, 1682. (R. Pallucchini. Tiziano. Florence 1969. vol. 2, fig. 604; A. McN. Kettering. The Dutch Arcadia ... Montclair NJ 1983. fig. 138, as after Titian: Burlington 108 [1966] 416, as Anon.) Drawing (derived from the anonymous etching) by Anthony van Dyck) (Devonshire Coll.) (Burlington 108 [1966] 416)

Views: [CI Rome 1567] Faleti, Bartolomeo (publisher?). View of St. Peter's Square, Rome, with Pope Pius V giving the Papal Blessing, 1567. engraving. Includes four trumpeters and (elsewhere) players of flute and frame drum. (J. M. Wiesel. Rom in zeitgenossischen Darstellungen des 15. bis 19. Jahrhunderts. Herrenalb 1962. fig. 10)

Other: [BI Rome 1555] Anon. Musicians in Sweden, from Olaus Magnus, Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus. Rome 1555. woodcut. Includes trumpeters and (elsewhere) players of flute and frame drum. (Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 20; Early Music 9 [1981] 48)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor 52

Banquets: See also Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures.

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Farinato Dr] Farinato (Farinati), Paolo (1524-1606?). Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine. Florence, Uffizi. drawing. There are five musical angels, including one who may play a flute. unimp. (Vis. Coll. 372d. F22F.38C[a])

[Manzuoli Pa] Manzuoli, Tommaso d'Antonio (Maso da S. Friano) (1531-1571). Adoration of the Shepherds. Florence, SS Apostoli. Angels play lute and flute. (Bollitino d'Arte 61/1-2 [1976] fig. 7 after p. 78; Vis. Coll. 372.M316.22N)

[Poccetti Dr] Poccetti, Bernardino (1548-1612). Angel Concert. Florence, Palazzo Spini-Feroni, via Tornabuoni, capella. ceiling fresco. There are many, many musical angels, including perhaps one playing a flute. unimp (the instruments are rather crudely depicted). (M. Bucci. Palazzi di Firenze, III. Florence 1973. fig. 47 [fine reproduction])

[Pulzone Pa] Pulzone, Scipione (a.1550-1598). Assumption of the Virgin. Rome, S. Caterina dei Funari. There are at least eight musical angels, including one playing a flute or cornett. (Vis. Coll. 372.P965.31As)

[Pulzone Pa] ______. Assumption of the Virgin. Rome, S. Silvestro al Quirinale. There are eight musical angels, including one playing a flute. (Vis. Coll. P965.31As[a])

[Sormano Sc] Sormano, Giovanni Andrea (=? Giovanni Antonio, m. 1575). Angels (1557). Savona, Santuario di N. Signora della Misericordia, frontal of the crypt. sculpture. One of the angels plays a flute. (P. Rotondi. L'arte nel Santuario di N. Signora della Misericordia a Savona. Savonna [sic] 1959. pp. 26-27)

[Veronese Pa] Veronese, Paolo (Paolo Caliari) (ca.1528-1588), attr. Christ in Glory with SS Peter and Paul. Caen MBA. Several musical angels, including one playing a flute. (T. Pignatti. Veronese. Venice 1976. cat. A40, fig. 751)

[Veronese Pa] ______. The Martyrdom of S. Giustina. Padua, Chiesa di S. Giustina. There are numerous musical angels, including one playing a long flute. (T. Pignatti. Veronese. Venice 1976. cat. 182, pll. 469 [poor reproduction], 471 [detail – somewhat helpful], as probably in collaboration with his brother Benedetto, ca.1515; G. Piovene. L'opera completa del Veronese. Milan 1968. p. not recorded [useless reproduction], as 1575; TCI. Veneto. Milan 1952. [Attraverso lItalia, 18] p. 141 [fair reproduction]) Engraved by Agostino Carracci (IB vol. 39, no.78, p. 120)

[Veronese Pa] ______. The Martyrdom of St. George Verona, San Giorgio in Braida. Angels in the upper left play violin, double bass and flute. (T. Pignatti. Veronese. Venice 1976. cat. no. 161, p. 422, as 1566) Copy: Lille, Palais des Beaux-Arts. (T. 53 Pignatti. Veronese. Venice 1976. cat. no. A148, fig. 850) Drawing (copy): private collection. (T. Pignatti. Veronese. Venice 1976. cat. no. 161, pl. 425)

Musicians (amateur and professional: [Fasolo Fr] Fasolo, Giovanni Antonio (1530- 1572). Three Men Playing Flutes. Villa Campiglia Negri de’ Salvi, Albettone, Vicenza. wall fresco. The flutes are of at least two different sizes. (M. Muraro and P. Marton. Venetian Villas. Udine 1986. p. 299 [fine color reproduction])

Putti: [C Baschenis Fr] Baschenis, Cristoforo (il giovane) (doc. 1570-72). Penitent Magdalene. Bergamo, La Chiesa della Maddalena. fresco. There are numerous musical putti, including one perhaps playing a flute. (L. Angelini. I Baschenis. Bergamo 2/n.d. pl. XVII [poor reproduction])

[Raffaelle da Montelupo Dr] Raffaelle da Montelupo (ca.1505-ca.1566). A Sleeping Nude Woman surrounded by Putti. Amsterdam RM Rpk. drawing. One of the many musical putti seems to play a flute. He seems to read from the music of two singing putti. (exh Amsterdam RM Rpk, 1970: Italiaanse Tekeningen. cat. no. 33, p. 49 [fine reproduction]) 54