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Experiments in Modern Living: Scientists and the National Capital Private House 1925-1970

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Experiments in Modern Living: Scientists and the National Capital Private House 1925-1970 EXPERIMENTS IN MODERN LIVING: SCIENTISTS AND THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PRIVATE HOUSE 1925-1970 Milton Provan Cameron A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of the Built Environment The University of New South Wales December 2009 i Abstract “Experiments in Modern Living: Scientists and the National Capital Private House 1925-1970” examines how a group of scientists, brought to Canberra to take up leading roles in the establishment of national scientific institutions, commissioned private houses that rejected previous architectural styles and wholeheartedly embraced modernist ideologies and aesthetics. The dissertation compares the context in which these scientists commissioned their houses to the conditions identified by scientific writer Thomas Kuhn as being responsible for generating paradigm shifts in scientific theory. It will be established that the scientists were in an ideal position to welcome paradigm change in domestic architecture. They were all relatively young when they came to Canberra. Confident and progressive in outlook, many had benefited from overseas experience and from recent exposure to new developments in architecture and the arts. Building new careers and new lives in a city that was still in its infancy, they were not overly committed to maintaining an existing worldview, and were ready to accept change in their living environments. Furthermore, they could see that existing houses in Canberra were technically and environmentally deficient, and that a new type of house was required. To address these shortcomings they provided their architects with detailed and specific briefs. However the principal motivations that steered these clients towards modern architecture, and encouraged them to build the radical new houses that appeared on suburban Canberra sites in the post World War II years, were not pragmatic in origin. It was the presence of more subjective factors—the allure of the form, materials and colours of modern architecture, art and design, coupled with an attraction to abstract, conceptual thought— that seduced these scientist-clients into rejecting previous architectural styles and convinced them to embrace the cool aesthetic of modern architecture. Throughout the dissertation the houses are considered as cultural artefacts: products of synergies between architects and clients who were all attempting to find the right forms and spaces to express their ideals and aspirations. The study will offer new insights into a number of aspects of mid-twentieth-century Australian domestic architecture: the dynamics that trigger shifts in attitude towards architectural design, the importance of clients to the design process, and the nexus between Australian architecture and science. ii CONTENTS page Illustrations . vi Acknowledgements . xii Abbreviations . xv Location Map . xvi Select Inventory . xvii Introduction DOMESTIC VOYEURISM: ENTERING THE DISSERTATION . 1 CONSTRUCTING THE ARGUMENT . 5 MAPPING THE TERRAIN . 9 Scientific Discourse . 9 Canberra Discourse . 11 Australian Discourse . 13 International Discourse . 17 INTRODUCING THE CHAPTERS . 24 Chapter One ARTS AND CRAFTS ROOTS: DESBROWE-ANNEAR, THE LANE POOLES AND WESTRIDGE HOUSE . 30 Arts and Crafts Roots . 31 “More Than the Usual Public Servant’s Home” . 35 Publicity and Privacy . 44 An Atavistic Type? . 50 Chapter Two AGE OF THE MASTERS: ESTABLISHING A SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL COMMUNITY IN CANBERRA 1945-1970 . 67 The Formation of the Australian National University . 67 The Reformation of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research . 87 Legacy . 95 Chapter Three PARADIGM SHIFT: BOYD AND THE FENNER HOUSE . 109 A New Type . 112 The Aesthetic Imperative . 118 Imitation of Life . 124 iii Riposte . 133 Chapter Four AGENTS OF CHANGE: SEIDLER AND THE ZWAR HOUSE . 146 Promoting the New Paradigm . 149 Point Piper Laboratory . 157 The Dilemma of the Universal Paradigm . 165 Counterpoint . 169 Economy . 174 Chapter Five FORM FOLLOWS FORMULA: GROUNDS, BOYD AND THE PHILIP HOUSE . 183 A Collaborative Ethos . 185 “Physics in the Home” . 196 Conflating the Paradigms . 206 Chapter Six WHERE SCIENCE MEETS ART: BISCHOFF AND THE GASCOIGNE HOUSE . 219 Residence 19, Commonwealth Solar Observatory . 222 “A Feeling of Space and Air” . 228 An Informed Brief . 234 Protégé . 236 “Entry into the Art World” . 245 Chapter Seven THE ORIGINS OF FORM: GROUNDS, BISCHOFF AND THE FRANKEL HOUSE . 260 The Origins of Form . 263 The Mathematics of [Re]Production . 271 An Artistic Gesture. 283 Before and After Science . 296 Bibliography . 308 Appendix: Interviews . 326 iv Frank Fenner . 327 Ben Gascoigne . 339 Candida Griffiths . 358 John Zwar . 379 Colin Griffiths . 401 v Illustrations page i Map of Canberra c 1962. Drawn by the author, November 2009. (Drawing influenced by map of Los Angeles in Elizabeth Smith, Case Study Houses: the Complete CSH Program 1945-1966) . xvi ii J. P. Miller (illustrator), The Wonderful House . xix iii Grounds, Romberg and Boyd, Griffing House, Campbell, 1961 . 1 iv Robin Boyd, Verge House (“The Lantern”), Red Hill, 1964 . 1 v Robin Boyd, Fenner House, view from north-east, 1954 . 7 vi J. R. Conner, A Guide to Canberra Buildings, 1970, cover . 12 vii Australian Home Beautiful, January 1947, cover . 17 viii Arts and Architecture, selection of covers, 1943-1959 . 17 ix Esther McCoy, Modern California Houses: Case Study Houses 1945-1962, cover . 18 x Franklin Toker, Fallingwater Rising, Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America’s Most Extraordinary House, cover . 20 xi Ephemera related to design and construction of Miller House . 20 xii Sylvia Lavin, Form Follows Libido: Architecture and Richard Neutra in a Psychoanalytic Culture, cover . 23 1.1 Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Westridge House from north-east . 30 1.2 Ruth Pollexfen, Blackbirds embroidered cushion cover . 32 1.3 Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Westerfield, Frankston . 33 1.4 Robert Hamilton, Pinehill, Frankston . 34 1.5 Federal Capital Commission, Proposed School of Forestry Site . 37 1.6 Henry Rolland, preliminary sketch plan, Principal’s Residence, 1925 . 37 1.7 FCC, Director’s Residence, Institute of Anatomy, Acton . 39 1.8 Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Westridge House, ground floor plan . 42 1.9 Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Westridge House, first floor plan . 43 1.10 Advertisement for “Falco” Electric Cookers, Warburton Frank . 46 1.11 Henry Rolland, Director’s Residence, Mount Stromlo, 1926-27 . 49 1.12 Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Westridge House from south-east . 52 1.13 Ruth Lane Poole, armchair, Governor-General’s drawing room . 52 1.14 Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Broceliande, Toorak, 1916 . 54 1.15 Peter Behrens, Basset-Lowke House, c 1927 . 56 1.16 Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Westridge House from north-east . 56 1.17 Westridge House. Ground floor showing open plan living and dining vi area. Sketch by the author, 2009 . 58 1.18 Ruth Lane Poole, “the right way to curtain a window” . 59 2.1 Coombs and Chifley in front of Great Palm House at Kew, London . 70 2.2 James Stirling, Florey Building, Queen’s College, Oxford . 70 2.3 Oliphant, Hancock and Florey inspect the University site, Easter 1948 . 72 2.4 Brian Lewis, who was not invited . 72 2.5 Peto, the first Oliphant House, Barnt Green, Worcestershire . 73 2.6 John Proctor, Dorset House . 73 2.7 Moir and Sutherland, Oliphant House, O’Connor . 74 2.8 Roy Grounds and Brian Lewis, ANU staff house ‘Type D’ . 74 2.9 Collard and Clarke, site plan showing ANU staff houses . 76 2.10 Brian Lewis, ANU “Type F” staff houses, Brian Lewis Crescent, Acton . 76 2.11 Brian Lewis (with Ken Oliphant), ANU Vice-Chancellor’s House 77 2.12 Collard and Clarke, ground floor plan, Hancock House, Acton . 79 2.13 Collard and Clarke, Hancock House, view from north-east . 79 2.14 Brian Lewis, courtyard, University House, 1953 . 80 2.15 Fred Ward, low table, Australian Academy of Science, c 1959 . 80 2.16 Immigrant master-craftsmen admire chair by Oswald Paseka . 81 2.17 Mockridge, Stahle and Mitchell, model, Coombs Building, c 1961 . 81 2.18 Eccles House, Red Hill. View from north, 1952 . 83 2.19 Hocking, Warren and Associates (Bob Warren), Ennor House, 1955 . 83 2.20 The four medical professors study plans for JCSMR building . 84 2.21 Robin Boyd, Manning Clark House, Forrest . 85 2.22 Bunning and Madden (Noel Potter), Birch House, Yarralumla, 1968 . 87 2.23 Birch House, living room with view of Brindabella Ranges . 87 2.24 Bob Warren, model of unsuccessful proposal for AAS building . 89 2.25 Grounds, Romberg and Boyd, winning proposal for AAS building . 89 2.26 “Dr. Otto Frankel competing in the langlauf race” . 90 2.27 “Margaret and Otto Honeymoon, 1940, Lake Wanaka, New Zealand” . 90 2.28 “Otto’s two wives”, Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand . 91 2.29 Bill Sutton, Homage to Frances Hodgkins . 91 2.30 Ernst Plischke, Vienna, c 1930 . 92 2.31 “Otto with his Ford Street House and Builder”, c 1939 . 92 2.32 Otto Plischke, Frankel House, Opawa, Christchurch, c 1940 . 92 2.33 Otto Plischke, Frankel House, Opawa, Christchurch, c 1940 . 92 2.34 Grounds, Romberg and Boyd, Phytotron, CSIRO, Black Mountain . 94 2.35 Grounds, Romberg and Boyd, Phytotron, interior . 94 vii 2.36 Enrico Taglietti, Paterson House, view from Juad Place, c 1968 . 97 2.37 Alex Jelinek, Benjamin House, Deakin, 1957 . 98 2.38 Alex Jelinek, Benjamin House, Deakin, 1957, interior . 98 2.39 Moir and Sutherland, Waterhouse House, Deakin, 1958 . 99 2.40 Rudi Krastins, Slatyer and Stewart Houses, Hobbs Street, O’Connor . 100 3.1 Robin Boyd, Fenner House, view from north-east, 1956 . 109 3.2 Robin Boyd, Fenner House, view from west, 1954 . 110 3.3 Robin Boyd, Fenner House, floor plan, 1953 . 111 3.4 Viewing Canberra Medallion on wall of Fenner House, 1956 . 112 3.5 Temporary JCSMR laboratories . 114 3.6 Temporary JCSMR laboratories . 114 3.7 Robin Boyd, working drawing, Manning Clark House, 1952 . 117 3.8 Lindsay Pryor, landscape design, Fenner House, c 1954 .
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