TONAL VARIATIONS The That Phanom of Nakhon AND CHANGES IN A Phanom province was selected as the field site since three Tai languages, Lao, LANGUAGE MIXTURE Nyo, and Phuthai, are spoken there. The AREA : A CASE STUDY concept of Gedney's tone boxes was OF NORTHEASTERN adopted but lexically modified for the ()1 languages in question. The SIL CECIL programme was used for investigating the tonal systems and tonal characteris• Phinnarat tics. On the basis of the available litera• Akharawatthanakun2 ture, the prototypes of Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai tones were tentatively deter• mined. Abstract This study reveals that the prototypes In northeastern Thailand or "Isan";Lao, ofPhuthai tones are still retained in the otherwise known as the northeastern Phuthai language, while those of Lao Thai dialect, is used as a lingua franca and Nyo have been changed to a certain by people living in the area, in which extent due to mutual interference. That minority ethnic groups are scattered. is, their tones have been distorted from Some of the ethnic groups speak Tai dia• the tonal prototypes. This means that lects/languages, such as the Nyo, both major and minor languages spoken Phuthai, Saek, Kaloeng, Yoi, as well as in the same area are susceptible to others. When tonal languages belong• change; and that at least some of the ing to the same language family are spo• changes can be caused from external ken in an area with the respective speak• factors. Furthermore, it is questionable ers in constant contact, it is worthwhile whether the new data from the present to investigate to what extent their tonal research supports a single set of tonal systems and tonal characteristics have prototypes for Lao. To give definite an• influenced each other. To achieve this, swers, more research needs to be done. the earliest available literature has been examined to obtain what appear to be prototypical tonal systems for the three Introduction languages. The specific goal, then, was to determine how well these prototypes In northeastern Thailand, generally have been preserved in a region of high known as the Isan region, Lao or contact. Isan is spoken by the Lao or Lao , the majority group, and various minority languages are sporadically spo• I This paper is based on the author's ongo• ken. Some of the ethnic groups speak ing research and M.A. thesis (Akharawattha• Tai dialects/languages, such as the Nyo, nakun, 1998) which was supervised by Dr. Phuthai, Saek, Kaloeng, Yoi, as well as M.R. Kalaya Tingsabadh, as a point of de• others. It is generally understood that parture. Lao or Lao Isan is used as a lingua franca 2 Ph.D. Candidate, Department ofLinguis• by people living in the area while the tics, Faculty ofArts, Chulalongkom Univer- minorities use their own languages to sity, , Thailand. communicate within their own groups.

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As a Lao native speaker of Udonthani, Phuthai no.7, Lao no.53 = Nyo no.4, Lao a province in the Isan region, I am inter• no.54 = Nyo no.3, Lao no.55&56 - ested in Lao as well as other surround• Nyono.5&6).6 ing minority languages. It is noticeable that the accents of Lao spoken in some In addition to confirming the migration areas, for example in of each ethnic group, such similarity of and where Nyo and tone mergers and splits between Lao, Phuthai are minorities, are different Nyo, and Phuthai leads to questions from others I have heard, including about the influence on the tonal lan• mine. My special interest is in the tonal guages which might have occurred over systems which are perhaps the most use• very many years. Therefore, it is worth• ful criterion for dialect boundaries while to investigate to what extent the within the Tai-speaking area (Gedney tonal systems and tonal characteristics 1972). The suspicion is that the influ• have influenced each other when tonal ence on the tones in Lao and minority languages belonging to the same lan• languages can be one cause of such dif• guage family are spoken in an area ference between Lao accents. where the respective speakers are in constant contact. I have examined earlier available litera• ture, relating to the tonal systems of The Lao tonal systems in the That Lao3 ·and minority languages, mainly of Nakhon Phanom spoken in nothern Isan, Nyo4 as well as province had been investigated in my 5 Phuthai , and it is noticeable that while pilot study and it was found that the tonal most of the tonal systems in each lan• system of Lao spoken in the northern guage are distinctly different, there ap• area of the district was noticeably dif• pears no clear-cut difference between ferent from that spoken in the southern them. In other words, some tonal sys• area. Based on my personal experience, tems in the three languages show the I strongly suspected that the accent of same or similar patterns of tone merg• Lao spoken in the northern area was in• ers and splits (see the appendix 2 for the fluenced by some minority languages pairs of the same or similar tonal sys• spoken in the same locale. Therefore, tems in Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai, for ex• the northern area of the That Phanom ample Lao no. 45 - Nyo no.9&10, Lao district was selected as the field site for no.51 - Nyo no.l &2 = Phuthai no.6 - investigating the influence on the tonal languages, since three Tai languages, 3 From Brown (1965), Chamberlain (1975 Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai, are spoken there. & 1984 ), Chantanakhom & Rattanaprasert In the northern part of the That Phanom (1983), Chinchest (1989), Daecha (1987), district, there are a few villages of Dejvongsa et. al. ( eds.) (1972), Haas (1958), Phuthai and very few ofNyo, therefore, Ho~nchamlong ( 1985), Khanittanan ( 1973 ), Osatananda ( 1997), Panka ( 1980), we can infer that Lao is the majority in Pungpaopan ( 1984), Simmonds (1965), and that area. Wattanaprasert & Liamprawat (1985). 4 From Brown (1965), Chamberlain (1975 & 1984), Koowatthanasiri (1981), and Simmonds (1965). 6 The symbol = is used instead of the 5 FromBrown (1965), Chamberlain (1984), words "is the same as", and the symbol Khanittanan ( 1977), and Sritararat ( 1983). - as "is similar to".

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Twenty "Lao", fifteen "Nyo", and ten languages but the linguistic character• "Phuthai" were selected to be the istics of their speech show a consider• sources of information, according to the able degree of mixture. This paper aims ethnic name they call themselves and to show the tonal variations and changes their languages. Based on information in the languages ofthe "Lao", the "Nyo", from village headmen and villagers, as well as the "Phuthai", and also to each study location selected had to have show the patterns of tonal mixture in been inhabited only by a single group, these languages. Furthermore, there will and people from those villages had to be further discussion about the hypoth• have been in contact with each other for eses of tone changes in Lao and Nyo a very long time. languages.

From studying the earlier literature as Language data mentioned above, it can be claimed that most of the tone merger and split pat• As mentioned above, there is more than terns in these three languages are dif• one tonal system in the Lao, Nyo, and ferent as well as most of the tonal char• Phuthai spoken in the studied area, and acteristics. But on studying the tones in that led to questions about tonal varia• these three languages used in a language tions and changes in the three languages. mixture area, an unexpected phenom• Therefore, the earlier available literature enon was found: the "Lao" and the was examined to obtain what appear to "Nyo" tonal systems overlap while the be the prototypical distinctive merger ones of the "Phuthai" do not. Also, with and split patterns for the three languages. reference to the tonal characteristics, it The frequency of tone merger and split was found that these three languages patterns was the criterion for determin• share several similar tone shapes. It was ing the prototypical tonal system. In also found that the "Phuthai" is the only other words, the pattern which predomi• group which is consistant in using their nantly appears in each language will be own ethnic name, the name oftheir lan• proposed to be the prototypical one of guage as well as the linguistic charac• each language. The same method was teristics oftheir speech. Conversely, the used to determine the prototypical tonal "Lao" and the "Nyo" use their own re• characteristics. These can be seen in spective names for themselves and their Figure 1.

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Figure 1 The prototypical tonal systems of the Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai languages7

Lao Nyo Phuthai

A B c DL DS A B_lc DLtDS A B DS L 1 1 2 2 2 ~hl 3 ~ 3 v ~ r"' r 3 r 4 4 4 r 11 ~ t 1) A 1-23-4 1) A 123-4 1) A 123-4

2) B 1234 2) c 1234 2) DL 1234

3) C1=DL123 3) B4=C=DL4 3) A4=B123=DL

4)B;t:DL 4) B=DL 4) B4=C4

5) B=DL

The conclusion from earlier studies To determine how well these prototypes leads me to assume that the patt.ems have been preserved in a region of high which appear most in Lao are B 1234, language contact, these prototypical C 1=DL 123, and B DL; the ones in Nyo tones were compared to the ones in the are columns B, C, and DL coalescence; languages of the "Lao", the "Nyo", and and the ones in Phuthai are the mergers the "Phuthai". between columns A, B, and DL. Those patterns were then used to indicate the Method difference between the three languages. When considering the tonal character• To study the tones in the "Lao", the istics, some tones in the three languages . ;'Nyo", and the "Phuthai" languages, the share similar characteristics, especially concept of Gedney's tone boxes (see the the rising tone in columns A and DS, detail in Gedney, 1972) was adopted but and some in Nyo look similar to Phuthai, lexically modified for the languages in for example the mid-falling tone in col• question. In order for the tonal systems umn B. to be-judged by both,listening analysis and the instrumental analysis of the tonal characteristics, fifteen monosyllabic 7 See the tonal systems and the tonal words from the analogous set were se• characteristics ofLao , Nyo, and Phuthai lected from a minimal set which had from the earlier literature in the appen• been used in earlier tone studies (L• dix2. Thongkum et al. 1978, Tingsabadh 1980

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& 1990, Nuanchansang 1992, Banditkun less stop fmal consonants were also con• 1993, Kritsanapan 1995). To get the fun• trolled in the test words. Some of the damental frequency oftest vowels word, words from the analogous set were then without the perturbation of prevocalic used as well as some of Gedney's words and postvocalic consonants, as well as (lkhaa/ '!11 'leg', /paa/ th 'forest', /paa/ ih the vowel height, voiceless (aspirated) 'aunt', /khaat/ '!l1(11 'to be torn') as shown stop initial consonants were followed below,8 by the long mid vowel /aa/. The voice-

*AI: 'll1 tkh~aJ 'leg' *Bl: 1h tkhaw 'ginger' *C1: ih tkhaw 'I' *A2: .t.l1 tplia! 'fish' *B2: 1.h tpaw 'forest' *C2: ih tpaw 'aunt' *A3: I - *B3: *C3 *A4: f'\1 tkhliaJ *B4: fh tkhaw 'value' *C4: A• tkhaat 'to trade' 'to get stuck in'

*DLl: 'JJ1Vl tkhaatJ 'to be torn' *D1: -HVl tkhatJ 'to rub' *DL2: t.l1V1 tpaatJ 'to cut across' *D2: uVl tpatt 'to push away' *DL3: *D3: *DL4: fi1Vl tkhaatJ 'harrow' *D4: f)V) tkhav 'to copy'

In order to get accurate results, the word Results list consisted of 5 tokens of each test word arranged in random order: 1,500 When comparing the various tonal sys• test words of the "Lao" ( 15 word.s X 5 tems in the languages of the "Lao", the tokens X 20 informants); 1,125 words "Nyo", and the "Phuthai" in the That of the "Nyo" (15 words X 5 tokens X Phanom district with the prototypical 15 informants); and 750 words of the tonal systems, it was found, surprisingly, "Phuthai" (15 words X 5 tokens X 10 that there were five tonal system pat• informants). terns: the Lao pattern, the Non-Lao pat• tern (Nyo?), the Nyo pattern, the Non• The tonal systems were first evaluated Nyo pattern (Lao?) and the Phuthai pat- by listening, based on a system from the concept of Proto-Tai tonal systems of 8There is no test word in the 3'd row as there Li (1977) and Ge9ney(1972). Then, the has never been a 2-3 split in each column in instrumental analysis (the SIL CECIL the Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai tonal systems. programme -- Summer Institution of And in the 2nd row, the [paa] set was selected Linguistics's Computerized Extraction in place of the [kaa] one so as to suit the of Intonation in Language), was used to three languages, i.e. some words in the [kaa] examine the tonal characteristics and are meaningless in the three languages. And actually, in Central Thai, the word in A2 and confirm the tonal systems. DIA should be pronounced /plaa/ tll\1 and I khraat/ Al"1t11 respectively but there is no clus• ter in Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai, thus they are spelt t11 /paal and A1~ lkhaat/ respectively.

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tern (AlB). When examining the speak• lationship of the ethnic names, the lan• ers of each tonal system, the "Phuthai" guage names, and the linguistic charac• only has the Phuthai tonal system but teristics of the three groups is also ad• the "Lao" and the "Nyo" have both in• dressed in this study. The number of termixed Lao and Nyo patterns. There- speakers of each tonal system can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1 The relationship between the ethnic names, the language names, and the linguistic characteristics of the "Lao", the "Nyo", and the "Phuthai"

Ethnic names Tonal characteristics Number of speakers

Lao pattern 7 (35 %) "Lao" Non-Lao pattern (Nyo?) 13 (65 %)

Total 20 (100%)

Nyo pattern 7 (47%) "Nyo" Non-Nyo pattern (Lao?) 8 (53%)

Total 15 (100%)

Phuthai pattern (A)/(B) 5/5 (50%)/(50%) "Phuthai" Total 10 (100%)

In Table 1, we see that the "Phuthai" is the tonal systems of the "Lao", the the only group that has an obvious rela• "Nyo", and the "Phuthai" languages to tionship between their ethnic name, lan• the prototypical tonal systems. Based on guage name, and the_lingui stic charac• this evaluation, the tonal systems ofeach teristics, while the "Lao" and the "Nyo" of the three languages can be grouped name themselves and their languages by their degree of similarity to the pro• differently but their tonal systems show totypical tonal systems. The degree of patterns of mixture. Tone variations and the similarity (greater to lesser) can be changes were analyzed by comparing seen in Figure 2.

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Figure 2 The comparison between the tonal system of the "Lao", the "Nyo", the "Phuthai", and the prototypical pattern9

Lao Nyo Phutha.i

ABCDLDS " ~~~il:l ~Prototypical Lao Prototypical Nyo Prototypical~ Pbutbal

IN j-' (!)lli)]IP "-r V (!)(4) w (S) t- I ~~ 2P~ (I)~ (4)~

(1)lN~t--,f-- 1- t"

~m~(4) V'

~ri:I~Qrl (I) !- ~ S;lr~v~ (1)

(I"~)~ 9L~ (I)~

9 The number in the parentheses represent the number of speakers that use each tonal system

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As far as the change and variation of 5L : 3N pair carry both the pattern of tonal systems are concerned, Figure 2 the Lao and the Nyo, the Cl=DL123 indicates that the "Phuthai" is the only pattern, as well as the B=DL pattern re• group that still retains the prototypical spectively. The 7L : IN pair look the tonal mergers and splits even though the most similar to the prototypical Nyo, 2P pattern is slightly variable. The 3P especially the patterns of the tone C pattern is the most variable tonal sys• merger (C1234) and the B=DL pattern. tem, especially the merger of tone C (C1234) which is the pattern ofNyo pro• Turning now to the phonetic character• totype. When considering the tonal sys• istics, many tones in the three languages tems of the "Lao" and the "Nyo", all were found to be similar as shown in patterns of the tone merger and split in Figure 2. Similar to the case of the tone the "Lao" and the "Nyo" languages have merger and split patterns, the "Phuthai" both a greater and a lesser degree of is the only group that still retains most variation when compared to the proto• of prototypical tonal characteristics typical tones. The pattern of C and DL while the "Lao" and the "Nyo" vary from tone coalescence (Cl=DL123) and the their prototypes. What can be clearly B tone merger (B 1234) are still retained noticed is the similarity of many tonal in group I of the "Lao" (IL-3L) but a characteristics in the three languages, change that can be clearly seen is the B especially the rising tone [214, 324] in and DL tone coalescence (B=DL) which A123, the high tone [35, 45] in is the distinctive pattern in the Nyo and Bl23(4)=(C1)=DL123 ofthe "Lao", as Phuthai prototypes. Group ill (6L-9L) well as the "Nyo", and in A4=Bl23= of the "Lao" is changed considerably to DL1234 of the "Phuthai", and the rising be similar to the Nyo prototype; in other tone [25, 35, 45] in column DS of the words, there is no Lao pattern retained three languages. The tonal characteris• in this group at all. Similarly, the tonal tic that separates the "Phuthai" from the merger and split patterns of the "Nyo" "Lao"and the "Nyo" is the rising tone are variable from the prototypical one. [324, 335] in B4=C4 which comes from There is only lN pattern that still retains only three ofthe "Nyo" informants (5N- most ofthe Nyo prototype while the oth• 7N), but not of the "Lao". And the tone ers are changed. characteristic ofthe "Lao" that looks the same as the "Nyo" is the falling tone A more interesting phenomenon was [353, 354] in (B4)=C(1)234=DL4. that there were some tone merger and split patterns of the "Lao" which look These overlapping tonal systems and the the same as the ones ofthe "Nyo", they tonal characteristics of the "Lao" and the are patterns lL: 4N, 2L: 5N, 5L: 3N, "Nyo" lead to questions about language and 7L : 1N. And when c9mparing each interference which causes language pair with the prototypical tonal systems variations and changes. This, and other in each language, Lao, Nyo, and issues need to be discussed. Phuthai, it was found that the first two pair are similar to the Lao, i.e. there are Conclusion and discussion patterns of the tone B merger (B1234) and the C 1=DL 123 pattern, but the pat• The findings in this study are different tern that is not the same is the tone B from earlier studies on tones in Lao, and DL merger (B=DL). Differently, the Nyo, and Phuthai. Some patterns oftone

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mergers and splits in each language have pride at not being the minority. There never been mentioned, especially the are a large number of them living in the case of the tone mixture between the nearby district, Renu Nakhon, and they three languages. It remains doubtful that maintain constant contact with each some overlapping patterns in Lao, Nyo, other. Thus, their language tends to be and Phuthai that appear in the earlier less influenced by the other languages. studies (as mentioned in the introduc• tion section) can be seen as evidence of It is also evident that tones of the "Lao" language mixture as well. In other have been interfered with, which means words, it is questionable whether or not that in an area with multiple languages some tonal systems may be Lao, Nyo, spoken, major languages, as well as mi• or Phuthai as they were indicated, espe• nor ones, can face change. That is in cially in the case of Lao; for example accordance with the claim ofWeinreich Lao Ngaew and Lao Khrang may or may (1953, pp.92), describing what develops not be in the Lao group, and the dia• when there is extensive contact between lects/languages in some areas of Lao groups speaking different mother• PDR., such as Muang Ngoi, Vangviang, tongues. He states that congruent cul• Kasi, Nam Bak, Sam Nua, Muang Yong, ture and language contact seems to in• Muang Van, Muang San, may not be in vite interference of a lexical-cultural the Lao group either. To further this in• type. Also, there is no intrinsic reason vestigation, more evidence needs to be to assume that when a large group and a gathered. small group are brought into contact, the smaller group will borrow more exten• However, from the study of tone varia• sively than the larger one. From this tions and changes in the That Phanom study, it can be seen the phenomenon of district, a language mixture area, there tonal interference has occurred in the can still be no absolute conclusion about language of the "Lao" which is major• the language changes as more data on ity influenced by the "Nyo", or perhaps tones need to be collected. But what can by the "Phuthai", the minorities in this be proposed from this study is that when area. However, what needs to be further tonal languages belonging to the same discussed is the influence between the language family are spoken in an area languages: it cannot clearly be con• where the speakers are in constant con• cluded whether Lao influenced Nyo, tact, their tonal systems and tonal char• Nyo influenced Lao, or Phuthai influ• acteristics influence each other. The pro• enced Lao and Nyo, all ofwhich resulted totypes ofPhuthai tones are still retained in derived patterns of the Lao and Nyo in the language of the "Phuthai" so it tonal systems. can be concluded that the "Phuthai" tones were influenced minimally, while Moreover, the phenomenon oflanguage those of the "Lao" and the "Nyo" have variations and changes may cause con• been changed to a great extent due to fusion in identifying a group's ethnic mutual interference, that is, their tones name and language name. While collect• have been distorted from the tone pro• ing the tone data from the sources, it was totypes. noticed that the "Nyo" was the only group to have been confused when nam• One possible reason why the "Phuthai" ing themselves. When they were inter• keep their own prototypical tones is their. viewed, some immediately identified

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themselves as "Nyo", while some said clearer explanations for linguistic that they were actually not "Nyo" but change and variation. that they were "Lao". Because their ac• cent is different from the Lao that is References generally spoken, they have been called "Nyo" for a very long time, thus they Akharawatthanakun, Phinnarat. 1998. A have now accepted calling themselves Comparative Study ofthe Tonal System "Nyo". This leads to many hypotheses in the Speech of the "Lao", the "Nyo" about the ethnic groups and their lan• and the "Phuthai" in That Phanom Dis• guages in the studied area. For example, trict, . Un• there may actually be three groups in the published M.A. thesis, Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkom University. area, Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai. The Phuthai language has been less influ• Banditkun, Panchanit. 1993. Tones in enced while Lao and Nyo have been in• Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Words in terfered with greatly. Or, there may only Central Thai, Prachuap Khirikhan be Lao and Phuthai in the area and Province. Unpublished M .A. thesis, "Nyo" is the name of the group that has Department of Linguistics, Chulalong• derived tones which are the result ofthe kom University. interference between Lao and Phuthai. In other words, it is questionable Brown, J. Marvin. 1965. From Ancient whether or not "Nyo" may be the name Thai to Modern Dialects. Bangkok: of a creole. Even though the origin of Social Science Association Press. "Nyo" is said to be at Muang Nyo in Lao PDR., there is yet no obvious evi• Chamberlain, James R. 1975. A new look at the history and classification of the dence where Muang Nyo situated in Lao Tai languages. In Harris, Jimmy G. & PDR. This issue needs to be further dis• Chamberlain, James R. (eds.) Studies cussed. in Tai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney. Bangkok: Central Institute Furthermore, from researching the ear• of English Language, Office of State liest available literature to find the pro• University, pp. 49-66. totypes of the Lao tone, it was noticed that there are various patterns of tone Chamberlain, James R. 1984. The Tai dia• mergers and splits in Lao spoken in dif• lects ofKhammouanprovince: their di• ferent areas (see appendix 2). Except for versity and origin. In Saat Hang Phaa the patterns of tone B merger (B 1234) Saa (Science ofLanguage), September 1984, Department of Linguistics, Fac• and the Cl=DL123 pattern, there are ulty of Arts, Chulalongkotn University, other patterns as well. It is questionable pp. 62-95. whether there is only a single set of tonal pr<;>totypes for Lao, or there is such tonal Chantanakom, Wauna and Rattanaprasert, diversity in Lao resulting in its splitting Wauna. 1983. Lao Viang at Nong Nae. into different varities. To give definite Borannakhadi 26. Bangkok: Silpakom answers, more areas in both Thailand University, pp. 234-241. and Lao PDR. where Lao is spoken as the majority and minority language will Chinchest, Pornsri. 1989. Lao Ngaew Tones need to be selected as the sites for my in Citation Forms and in Connected future research. Hopefully, through fur• Speech. Unpublished M.A. thesis, De• ther study of such issues, I can find partment of Linguistics, Chulalongkom

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University. L-Thongkum et al. 1988. Sounds and Sound Systems in Southern Thai, 16 Crowley, Terry. 1994. An Introduction to in . Historical Linguistics (second edition). Project ofThai and Local Dialects, Lan• Oxford University Press. guage Institute, Chulalongkom Univer• sity. Daecha, Wilailuck. 1987. A Comparative Study ofthe Phonology ofSix Tai Dia• Li, Fang Kuei. 1977. A Handbook of Com• lects Spoken in Tha Tako, parative Tai. Hawaii: University Press Changwat . Unpub• of Hawaii. lished M.A. thesis, Department of Lin• guistics, Chulalongkom University. Nuanchansang, Chanya. 1992. Tones in Thai of Muang District, Nakhon Dejvongsa, Sulang et al. ( eds.) 1972. Khon• Pathom Province. Unpublished M.A. khwaa Phaasaa Lao. (Lao Language thesis, Department of Linguistics, Research). University. Osatananda, Varisa. 1997. Tone in Vien• Gedney, William J. 1972. A checklist for tiane Lao. Unpublished doctoral dis• determining tones in Tai dialects. In M. sertation, University of Hawaii. Estellie Smith ( ed. ). Studies in Linguis• tics in Honor ofGeorge L. Trager. The Panka, Kanchana. 1980. The Phonologi• Hague: Mouton, pp. 423-437. cal Characteristics of Lao Dialects in Amphoe Muang, . Un• Haas, Mary. 1958. The tones of four Thai published M.A. thesis, Departrn~nt of dialects. Reprinted from The Bulletin Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University. of the Institute of History and Philol• ogy. Academia Sinica Vol. XXIX Stud• ies Presented to Yuen Ren Chao on his Pungpaopan, Nongnut. 1984. The Charac• Sixty-fifth Birthday. Taipei, Taiwan, teristics of Lao Ngaew, Thong China, pp. 817-826. En, lnburi District, Singburi Province. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Silpakom Hooncharnlong, Yuphaphan. 1985. Tones University. in Pakse Lao: A preliminary analysis. (unknown source) Senisrisant, Rachanee. 1983. A Compara• tive Study ofSome Phonetic and Pho• Khanittanan, Wilaiwan Wichienrot. 1973. nological Aspects in the Speech of The Influence ofSiamese on Five Lao Maapplakhao Laophuan Speakers of Dialects. Unpublished doctoral disser- Different Age Groups. Unpublished tation, University of Michigan. . M.A. thesis, Department of Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University. Koowatthanasiri, Kanj ana. 1981. The Tones of Nyo. Unpublished M.A. thesis, De• Simmonds, E.H.S. 1965. Notes on some Tai partment of Linguistics, Chula1ongkom dialects of and neighbouring re• University. gions. In Lingua 14, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., pp. 133- Kritsanapan, Darinee. 1995. A connected 147. speech approach to tonal study: A case studyofPhetchaburi Thai. Unpublished Sritararat, Pojanee. 1983. A Tonal Com• doctoral dissertation, Department of parison of Phuthai Dialects in Three Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University. Provinces. Unpublished M.A. thesis, .

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Tingsabadh, Kalaya, M.R. 1980. A Phono• Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in Con• logical Study of the of tact. New York: Linguistic Circle and Suphanburi Province. Unpublished The Hague: Mouton. doctoral dis~ertation, University ofLon• don. Acknowledgement Tingsabadh, Kalaya, M.R. 1990. A Com• parative Study ofthe Thai Language of I would like to thank the Thailand Research Suphanburi Province in Monosyllabic Fund (TRF) for their financial support, and Words and Connected Speech. Depart• I am very grateful to Dr. ArthurS. Abramson, ment of Linguistics, Chu1alongkom Dr. Theraphan L-Thonglcum, and Dr. M.R. University. Kalaya Tingsabadh for their helpful com• ments. Wattanaprasert, Kantima. and Liarnprawat, Suwattana. 1985. The Phonology of Lao Dialects in Thacin River Basin. Department of Thai, Faculty of Arts, Silpakom University.

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Appendix! Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai tonal patterns based on the author's findings

Lao Nyo Phutbai ABCDLDS . A~DS

vht\ r l.1 1-\ i r

r:e- '-}:" ~ - 'F mProloC)l>lcal L8o Prototypical Nyo Prototypical Pbutbal

~IThll IN f-' IP f-,.1 V (S) hl_1djJ (!)~(4) @m(S) tv- I 2L~ (I)~ ~HPlB (4) (I)~ ~mt--'

(I)~JL~ (1)3Nm~-.. ~-- f- t" ®m3P !-'

~mr(4) r V'

:ITITn(I)~ ~ ~~:~~~vi (7)

(l)~8L~

9L ITITrrl (I)~

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Appendix 2 Lao, Nyo, and Phuthai tonal patterns based on the literature

Lao Tonal Patterns (see the sources on pages 46-47)

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Lao Tonal Patterns (continued)

A B C_ 0 1 D~_ A R COLDS A B C OL DS ~ ~ ~ ~ l-l- f'\ f.- l-- I-I r ~ r h r ...__...__ r-- '-- If- IF 1: ~ r.= j /. jj 34

ABCOL DS A B C DL DS A B C DL OS A B C Ol. OS A B C OL OS

R L ~ ~ t- t- ~ I-I r M ... )41' R t-I- '--1- .., ln4 ~ 'F ~ HH ~ ~r& I ~rDJ: I 40 41 42 43 44

B I>L OS LJ 1-...

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Lao Tonal Patterns (continued)

C DL OS A

~ 1- h. r r

~ 50 51 52 53

A OS h

R Nl' H 1-' I- r t" I- ~ I' r (<)

~ 1-- L I LM M

54 55 56 57 58

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Sources of Lao Tonal Patterns 18. 1750 Luang Prabang (adapted from Brown 1965) I. Vientiane Group (Thurakhom, 19. Luang Prabang Group (Kaen ) (adapted from Thao, Dan Sai, Loei) (adapted Brown 1965) from Brown 1965) 2. Vientiane (adapted from Simmonds 20. Luang Prabang (adapted from 1965) Brown 1965) 3. Lao Viang Amphoe Muang, 21. Lao Khrang Amphoe Muang, (Panka Nakhon Pathom Province (Panka 1980) 1980) 4. Lao Viang , Suphanburi, 22. Lao Khrang Chai Nat, Nakhon Pathom Provinces Suphanburi, Nakhon Pathom (Wattanaprasert and Liamprawat Provinces (Wattanaprasert and 1985) Liamprawat 1985) 5. Southern Lao Group (Ubon, Muang 23. Lao Ngaew Tambon Thong En, Samsip, Yasothon, Kam Khuean Amphoe Inburi, Singburi Province Kaeo, PaJ

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35. Southern Lao Group (Roi-et, 48. Lao Ngaew Amphoe Tha Tako, Thawatburi, Wapipathum, Non Nakhon Sawan Province (Daecha Phet) (adapted from Brown 1965) 1987) 36. 1550 Vientiane (adapted from 49. Muang Ngoi (Dejvongsa and et. Brown 1965) al. (eds.) 1972) 3 7. 1700 Vientiane (adapted from 50. Vangviang (adapted from Brown 1965) Osatananda 1997) 38. 1700 Southern Lao (adapted from 51. Kasi (2) (adapted from Osatananda Brown 1965) 1997) 39. 1650 Sakon Nakhon (adapted 52. Nam Bak (Dejvongsa and et. al. from Brown 1965) (eds.) 1972) 40. Phonhong (adapted from 53. Sam Nua (Dejvongsa and et. al. Osatananda 1997) (eds.) 1972) 41. Roi-et (Haas 1958) 54. Muang Yong (Dejvongsa and et. 42. Lao Viang , Singburi, al. (eds.) 1972) Provinces (Khanittanan 55. Muang Van (Dejvongsa and et. al. 1973) (eds.) 1972) 43. Lao Viang Amphoe Tha Tako, 56. Muang San (Dejvongsa and et. al. Nakhon Sawan Province (Daecha (eds.) 1972) 1987) 57. Kasi (1) (adapted from Osatananda 44. Lao Ngaew Tambon Thong En, 1997) Amphoe Inburi, Singburi Province 58. Sam Ni.ia (adapted from (Pungpaopan 1984) Simmonds 1965) 45. Khorat (adapted from Brown 59. Vientiane Prefecture (Nasaythong 1965) 1) (adapted from Osatananda 46. Lao Viang Amphoe Nong Nae, 1997) Province 60. Vientiane Prefecture (Nasaythong (Chantanakhom and 2) (adapted from Osatananda Rattanaprasert 1983) 1997) 4 7. Lao Khrang Amphoe Tha Tako, Nakhon Sawan Province (Daecha 1987)

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Nyo Tonal Patterns

2

A B C DL OS A B C OL OS A 8 C DL OS h 3 h - ~ r- 1 5 lJ 1'\ ~ v r r-- '--1-- r-t'\"- f---'l-" ~ 1 4 6 1= f 6 7 8 9 10

A B C OL OS A B C DL OS

v r ? ? I II'"II-' 11 12

10 The merger and split of the tones DL and DS were not included in this source.

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Sources of Nyo Tonal Patterns 6. Nyo Tambon Na Ngua, Tarnbon Ban Liaw Amphoe Na Wa, 1. Nho Tha Uten (Chamberlain 1975) Nakhon Phanom Province 2. Nho Na Kang (Chamberlain 1984) (Koowatthanasiri 1981) 3. Nyo Tambon Tha Uten, Tambon 7. Nyo Tambon Chaiburi Amphoe Ban Kho, Tambon Phon Sawan Tha Uten, Nakhon Phanom Amphoe Tha Uten, Tambon Ban Province (Koowatthanasiri 1981) Laopattana Amphoe Na Wa, 8. Nyo Tarnbon Woen Prabat Amphoe Nakhon Phanom Province Tha Uten, Nakhon Phanorn (Koowatthanasiri 1981) Province (Koowatthanasiri 1981) 4. Nyo Tambon Na Khamin Amphoe 9. Yo Sakon Nakhon (Chamberlain Tha Uten, Tambon Na Wa 1975) Amphoe Na Wa, Tambon 10. Nyo spoken in 13 Tambon, Phonbok, Nakhon Phanom Amphoe Muang, (Koowatthanasiri 1981) (Koowatthanasiri 1981) 5. Nyo Tambon Tha Champa, Tambon 11. Yo Amphoe Muang Sakon Nakhon Nontan Amphoe Tha Uten, (adapted from Brown 1965) Nakhon Phanom Province 12. Thai NyQ (, (Koowatthanasiri 1981) Nakhon Phanom-Province) (adapted from Simmonds 1965) 13. Nho Tha Uthen (Strecker 1979 (recorded by Gedney), in Cham• berlain 1984)

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Phuthai Tonal Patterns

2 3 4

A B C DL OS

lJ r I II r r r- ~ r r A _A 5 6 7 8

A B C DL DS

Y' t> ~ It> r

to. I L ~ .A. .A ';I

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Sources of Phuthai Tonal 6. Phu Thai Amphoe Wanonniwat, Patterns Sakon Nakhon Province, Amphoe Na Wa, Nakhon Phanom Province (Sritararat 1983) 1. Phu Thai Amphoe Muang, Amphoe 7. Phu Thai Kut Bak, Sakon Nakhon Wanonniwat, Sakon Nakhon Province (Sritararat 1983) (adapted from Brown 1965) 8. Phu Thai Amphoe Sawang Dandin, 2. Phu Thai Amphoe Kham Cha-ee, Warichaphum, Phang Khon, That Phanom, Nakae, Renu Sakon Nakhon Province, Amphoe Nakhon, Plapak, Muang, Nakhon Sahatsakhan, Somdet, Khao Wong Phanom Province, Amphoe (1), Province (Sritararat K.hamtakla, Sakon Nakhon 1983) Province (Sritararat 1983) 9. Phu Thai Amphoe Kham Muang, 3. Phu Tai Ban Dong Keum Sakon Nakhon Province (Khammouan) (Chamberlain (Sritararat 1983) 1984) 10. Phu Thai Amphoe Muang, Sakon 4. Phu Thai Nakhon Phanom Nakhon Province (Sritararat (Khanittanan 1977) 1983) 5. Phu Thai Amphoe Ban Muang, Phanna Nikhom, Kusuman, Sakon Nakhon Province, King Amphoe Huai Phueng, Khao Wong (2), (Sritararat 1983)

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