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GIS Based Monitoring Tool to Analyze Inland Waterway Accidents in Thailand

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GIS Based Monitoring Tool to Analyze Inland Waterway Accidents in Thailand Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.13, 2019 GIS Based Monitoring Tool to Analyze Inland Waterway Accidents in Thailand Kanisa RUNGJANG a, Pattarapong PAKPOOM b a Department of Civil Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand a E-mail: [email protected] b Faculty of Engineering at Kamphang Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140 , Thailand b E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This research aims to develop Geographical Information System (GIS) based monitoring tool to analyze vessel accidents of Ayutthaya inland waterway during the logistics growth period of Ayutthaya. Nationwide statistics along with this focus area in Thailand crucial commercial and passenger waterway route are studied and analyzed. As for the analysis of the inland waterway transportation by Chao Phraya and Pa Sak rivers within Ayutthaya is high risk according to index of International Maritime Organization (IMO), traversing by ships is now even more vulnerable. The analysis shows that the principal cause of accidents is human error. According to the records, the city has been growing while inland waterway logistics activities arises in last decade of Ayutthaya. The result is a combination of GIS tool and accident analysis. The government can manage inland waterway, monitor traffic accidents, and develop safety policy in Chao Phraya River and Pa Sak River to reduce accident. Keywords: Waterway Accident Analysis, Inland Waterway Safety, Urban Logistics, GIS 1. INTRODUCTION One important aspect with respect to the vessel traffic safety is risk analysis. This research is to analyze risk of inland waterway of Ayutthaya. As for the main inland waterborne logistics distributor of Thailand, Ayutthaya, the center of Siamese kingdom in 1350-1767 located in central plain of Thailand, is main region of inland waterway transportation system. Ayutthaya, full name Phra Nokhon Si Ayutthaya, has area of 2556 square km. when travelling by roads, Ayutthaya is 75 km away in the north of Bangkok. However, it is 137 km away from Bangkok via river. Ayutthaya mainstream composes of four rivers, Chao Phraya River, Pa Sak River, Noi River, and Lopburi River as shown in figure 1. Vessels going through Ayutthaya mainly by Chao Phraya River and Pa Sak River, widely regarded as central Thailand artery, are the main streams of Thailand inland waterway system. Over 40 million tons of cargo are shipped through Chao Phraya and Pa Sak Rivers annually, which includes rice, sugar, construction material, and dangerous goods among others. Chao Phraya River begins from the north of Thailand from merging of two rivers at Nakhon Sawan province and runs through Sing Buri, Ang Thong, and Ayutthaya. It then runs through three provinces before reaching the Gulf of Thailand. Pa Sak is a main tributary of the Chao Phraya River flowing from Loei Province through Lopburi, Saraburi, Ayutthaya Province. It merges into Chao Phraya River in the southeast of the city near Wat Phanang Choeng. Chao Phraya runs through Ayutthaya for 55 Corresponding author. 1034 Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.13, 2019 kilometers at about 150 to 350 meters wide and the controlled depth is 1.7 meter from low tide. Pa Sak runs through Ayutthaya for 52 kilometers at about 100 to 200 meters wide and the controlled depth is 3 meters from low tide (four year provincial development plan of Ayutthaya 2557-2560). There are 83 commercial ports, 63 in Pa Sak, 20 in Chao Phraya (four year provincial development plan of Ayutthaya 2561-2564) along with factories and warehouses located along these two rivers within Ayutthaya province. Major traffic flows through the district of Tha Ruea which has one of the highest density of inland waterways shipment in Thailand. In 2018, Chao Phraya and Pa Sak Rivers served 22.145 and 33.420 million tons of goods, respectively. The main shipments by Chao Phraya River in descending order were construction material, rice, fertilizer, sugar, and cement. Pa Sak River mainly shipped, in descending order, mineral fuel, cement, tapioca, fertilizer, and construction material. Total number of ship-trip along both rivers were 64,618, of those 46,784 were downstream, 17,834 were upstream. Most ships were unspecified tonnage. The port and city development in Ayutthaya expands alongside each other in the last decade. Number of ports increases 84% from 45 in 2005 to 83 in 2016. Population arise 8.5% from 746,919 in 2005 to 810,320 in year 2016. In 2016, GPP (gross provincial product) accounted for 413,158 million baht (GPP per capita 475,795 baht). This increases 87% from 221,389 baht in 2005. GPP per capita increases 74% in the same period (National Statistical Office, 2017). Figure 1. Ayutthaya Provincial Map Source: National Statistical Office (2017) As waterway transport of Ayutthaya increases, the government should be concerning of the safety in inland waterway. Therefore, the analysis of vessel accident studies is of crucial needs. Most studies of causes and consequences of vessel accidents are focused on two circumstances, either on the circumstance of one particular or on statistical models relating casual factors circumstances to the occurrence of general class of accidents (Talley, 2011). Many researches in vessel accident studies and vessel accident management systems have been widely developed. Since 1977, the Netherlands developed a central database to 1035 Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.13, 2019 facilitate accident and risk analysis that covers details and established the Risk Effect Model in 1989 to calculate the effectiveness and possible side-effects of new safety measures (Roeleven et al., 1995). Many efforts of the statistical studies of historical vessel data are carried out for US Coast Guard to support Vessel Traffic Studies (VTS) investment decisions, and transit risk project (Maio, Ricci, Rossetti et al., 1991, Kite-Powell, Jin, Jebsen et al.1999, Goulielomos, 2001, Giziakis and Bardi-Giziaki, 2002, and Merrik and von Dorp, 2006) This research develops a Geographical Information System (GIS) by integrating port geography, accident records, and other related data as analysis tools for vessel accident research and management tools for provincial government. Hydrology maps of Chao Phraya and Pa Sak Rivers scaled 1:4000 and aerial photo of Ayutthaya are digitized into GIS. Urban logistics nodes, hydrology information, survey data, and relevant database are integrated and overlay for accident investigation and assessing risk of inland waterway transport safety in Ayutthaya as shown in Figure 2. The result from accident analysis using integrated data as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) severity index is shown in Figure 3. Figure 2. GIS based tools with ports geography and other related data of inland waterway transport in Ayutthaya Figure 3. Accident locations with severity indices 2. WATERWAY ACCIDENTS STATISTICS IN AYUTTHAYA Ayutthaya accidents records during 2007 to 2017 shows that 28 accidents happened throughout 11 years which accounts for 2.5 accidents per year. The total of 35 vessels were involved, an average of 3.2 vessels per year. Of those 35 vessels, 21 were total loss, an average of 1.9 vessels per year. There were 34 deaths and 62 injuries which account for 3.1 deaths per year and 5.6 injuries per year. Details can be seen in table 1 below. Most accidents are devastated as shown by this numerical data which most involved vessels are total loss and 1036 Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.13, 2019 one instance with extremely high record of deaths. Table 1. Loss and Casualties from Inland Waterway Accidents in Ayutthaya 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Accidents 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 1 1 2 4 Involved Vessels 4 2 3 6 4 4 2 1 1 3 4 Total Loss Vessels 2 1 2 1 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 Injuries 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 54 0 Death/Body Missing 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 29 0 It is necessary to analyze the environmental condition by month. Crucial conditions of these rivers are rainfall and water level. Monthly statistics in table 2 shows that most accidents happened in September which is in rainy season and high rainfall as shown in table 3. Water level of in Chao Phraya River in Ayutthaya is highest at 5.81 meters July to 7.20 meters in October. However, when considering daytime comparing to nighttime accidents, statistics information is scatted within both sides as shown in Figure 4. Table 2. Monthly accidents in Ayutthaya waterway system during 2007 to 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Accidents 1 1 4 1 4 3 1 3 6 3 1 0 Vessels 2 1 4 1 5 3 1 5 8 4 1 0 Total Loss 0 1 4 1 3 2 0 2 4 3 1 0 Vessels Injuries 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 55 0 0 0 Death/Body 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 30 0 0 0 Missing Table 3. Monthly rainfall in Chao Phraya River in Ayutthaya (mm.) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2015 9 51 187 33 52 73 72 229 159 189 66 35 2016 10 - - 40 81 149 286 104 141 142 75 - 100 90 25.00 80 25.00 33.33 70 50.00 60 50 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 40 100.00 75.00 30 75.00 66.67 20 50.00 10 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Day Time Accidents Night Time Accidents Figure 4.
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