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The Date and Origin of the Pictish Symbols

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The Date and Origin of the Pictish Symbols Proc Soc Antiq Scot, (1984)4 11 , 261-276 date origiPictisd e Th th ean f no h symbols Lloyd Laing Jennifed *an r Laing* SUMMARY It is suggested on the strength of certain object symbols that some at least of the Pictish symbols originated in the late 4th or early 5th century. The possibility of Roman influence on their design is also considered, contextthe in of Roman cultural influence Scotlandin period.the in INTRODUCTION The date, origin and meaning of the Pictish symbols have long perplexed scholars, who in the absence of concrete evidence have often ingeniously argued from very tenuous evidence. The symbols have usually been given eithe 7th-centura r unknown a r yo n origine absencth n I .f eo other possibilities these designations have been valid. Wor differind an k g climate f opinioo s n i n the past 25 years in particular, however, make it possible to review them. RECENT DISCUSSIONS OF THE DATES OF THE PICTISH SYMBOLS Four major line r argumenso ttheore existh o t y thaPictise th t h symbolsh originat7t e th n ei century: through comparison with Northumbrian art, throug e e Nome'datinth th h f w o g La s hoard, throug e geographicahth l exten f Dalriado t througd an a h Christian associations. Nonf eo these arguments seem to us to be unassailable, and are considered below. NORTHUMBRIAN ART The similarity between Pictish animal symbols and some of the evangelist symbols in gospel books of probable Northumbrian origin (the Book of Durrow; the Echternach Gospels', Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS 197} has been discussed, notably by Henderson (1967, 126-7; 1982, 79-82 Stevensod an ) n (1955b, 111; 1970, 69), with some disput whico t s a eh came firstn I . brief, Stevenson argued that the Pictish symbols where developed from the manuscripts, Henderson that the manuscript creatures were influenced by the symbols. Problems exist in that while a few animals in the Northumbrian books share some stylistic features with some in the Pictish bestiary, only one creature, the eagle, is found in both (Henderson 1967, 126-7). Thus Class I animal symbols consist almost entirely of creatures without extant parallel. Buildin thesn gstandpointso o etw interestins i t i , folloo gt w JacobsthaPs exampl 194s hi 4n ei stud f Earlyyo Celtic producd Art,an a 'Grammare e motifth e f symbolo th s' l founal n o sn do Class I stones. The symbols show a very basic repertoire (illus 1). The essential ingredients are *School of Archaeology and Oriental Studies, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BY | SOCIET 2 ANTIQUARIE26 F YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1984 © © ILLUS 1 A 'Grammar' of Pictish symbol art C-scrolls, running scrolls, peltas, ring-and-dot, step patterns, various voids, a few botanical pattern designd san s define circlesy db . e botanicaManth f o y l patterns correspon o thost d e liste y Elizabetb d h r Fowlehe n i r 'Grammar' of 'Dark Age' art (1963, fig 9), but Fowler includes some patterns (eg bead and reel) absen Pictisn i t h symboomitd an t s ar soml e element s e elementfounth f Pictlandn o i d w sfe A . are to be found in La Tene art in Britain (cf Fox 1958, figs 82-3), more, such as peltas, ring-and-dot, C-scrolls, running scrolls and step patterns, are to be found in late Romano-British art. From this short exercise we can see clearly that whilst Class II stones show the complicated triskeles, interlace patterns, key patterns and trumpet patterns similar to those in Northumbrian manuscripts, these design e conspicuouslar s y absen e accepte b Clasn o to t I sstoness i d t i tha f I . t Class I stones predate Class II, it must surely be accepted too that Class I symbols must predate e Northumbriath n manuscripts s sureli t I . y more likely that Clas t I includsstone no o e d sth e designs used in Northumbrian manuscripts because these were not yet invented, rather than that they were deliberately omitted from the Class I stone mason's repertoire for reasons unknown. There is an attractive logic in Stevenson's argument that the symbols copied the manuscripts, reproducin motife gth s simpl t firstya , then with increasing expertise, graduatino gt produce Clas I stonessI t thiBu s. canno fittee b t d int late centuryh oth e 7t wit n i t t doeshfi no ,t i observatioe th n mad 195n ei 5 (Stevenson 1955b, 104) that some symbols 'decline' space th f n eo I . a very short tim e musew t pictur e symbolth e s being invented from manuscript art, startino gt decline, and flourishing with additional material on Class II stones, to the point where, as Henderso s shownha n e eaglth , e e symboKnowth n f Burriao o el n stone (Class mori ) I se LAING AND LAING; DATE AND ORIGIN OF PICTISH SYMBOLS | 263 accomplished thae Corpuse eaglth th n n i e Christi College, Cambridge, 7 manuscrip19 S M t (produced c700). Once we stop trying to fit the development of Pictish Class I and II stones into such a short space of time, none of the observations of others quoted above need be swept aside, but a more credible ancestr soughte r b view r they ou yfo mn ,ma i , wel l centuryh befor7t e eth . THE NORRIE'S LAW HOARD datine Nome'e th Th f go s Law, Fife, hoar oftes di n regarde centras da chronologe th o t l f yo Pictise th h symbols importancs It . contexe th n ei t discussed her thas ei t containei t d hand-pind san paia f leaf-shapeo r d silver plaques bearing Pictish symbols. serieA f coin so supposedls wa s y associated wit hoard—rangine hth f Antoniago froe mon , daughter of Mark Antony (ob 38 AD) to one identified as being of Tiberius Constantine (ob 682AD) (Anderson , contra188042 , Thomas wher4 19614 e .state h e s they wer f 'Marcuo e s Antoniu Byzantina o st e late 6th-century'). Elizabeth Fowler accepte genuine dth e associatiof no a 'sixth century coin' [sic] and dated the hoard accordingly (Fowler 1963, 128). However, it is important to note that the only two coins that appear to have been found authentically at the time othee oth f r silver pieces comin ligho gt t wer siliquao etw f Valeneo Contantiud san froe (i mI sI c337 to 378 AD). We can dismiss the two Roman and Byzantine bronze pieces as they were sold separately to a Miss Dundas by a labourer who said he had found them at Nome's Law (Anderson 1880e Nome'th , fins w 42)s clearlA i dLa s . a yhoar f hack-silveo d r intender fo d melting down, bronze coins woul dfollowind havan , placo n eit e publicit n th gei y e giveth o nt find, it is likely to have been invented as a provenance to make other coins more marketable; the coins genuinely associated would then suggest a date of deposition for the hoard some time after 380 AD. Charle strona t s ou gThoma t casse supporo s et sha hoard'e th t s deposition being before 600 (Thomas 1961, 44-5), and although many of his points have been refuted we would like to bring forward additional argument 7th-centure pr a r sfo y date. In our view the hand-pins from Nome's Law need not be as late as the 7th century. It is now known that proto hand-pins, decorated with ornament relate e Nome' th thao dt f w o t sLa pins, had evolved in Roman Britain by the mid 4th century. This was proved by the inclusion of wite on hoarha Romaf do n coin Oldcroftt sa , Glos (Johns 1974) tru.A e hand-pi founs n wa Traprait da n Law, East Lothian (Close-Brooks 1983, 217), a site which may not have been occupied much after c430AD(Alcock!979, 135). Stevenson has recently and ingeniously argued that because the hand-pins bear on their edge pattersa f lozengeno dotd an ss reminiscen grainine e escutcheonth f th o t n g o e largth f eso Sutton Hoo hanging bowl, they should be regarded as later than the Sutton Hoo bowl, since they are more elaborate (Stevenson 1976, 248). He has acknowledged that the main Sutton Hoo bowl was alread whed yol n deposite t latedno r tha 630nc . David Longley, moreover s argueha , d that bowls of Sutton Hoo type (though not necessarily that from Sutton Hoo itself) were probably first made centurh sometim5t e th y n (Longleei y 1975, 20-2). Given thagrainine e Suttoth t th n go n Hoo escutcheon is very basic and that the Sutton Hoo bowl could have been as much as a century whed ol n buried 7th-centure pr a , hand-pinye datth r t impossibleefo no s si . The pair of leaf-shaped plates do not appear to have been fastened on to anything (Stevenson 1976, 249-50). Characteristically ahead of his time Thomas suggested they friight have been Pictish versions of Roman phalerae (1961, 44). Another explanation is that they are votive plaque e kinth df o sfoun Roman i d n Britain. These have been discusse Liversidgy db e (1973, 445-6) - particularly close to the Nome's Law plaques is a leaf-shaped example from Barkway, Herts (figured in Brailsford 1958, fig 31/9).
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