Swine Disease Manual, 4Th Edition (Sample Pages)

SWINE DISEASE MANUAL DISEASE SWINE

SWINE DISEASE MANUAL

Edited by Neumann, Ramirez, Schwartz Ramirez, Neumann, by Edited

FOURTH EDITION Sample Edited by: E.J. Neumann, A. Ramirez, and K.J. Schwartz Published by the American Association of Swine Veterinarians ISBN 978-0-9843503-0-8 PREFACE

This manual was written primarily for veterinary students and those who teach swine diseases. It also may be of interest to veterinary practitioners, veterinary technicians, and others interested in swine diseases in production systems. This manual attempts to update, condense and simplify the great mass of information available. Only basic material appropriate for students is included. More detailed information is available via an array of texts, websites, and scientific publications. Disease topics are listed as individual entities. The student should be reminded that in reality, the occurrence and severity of disease outbreaks are strongly influenced by production practices, hous- ing, environment, nutrition, and genetics. Diseases may occur concurrently in modern production systems with large populations of animals; for example, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is usually a co-infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and/or other bacteria or viruses. Diagnostic methods for disease complexes are usually more complicated than finding a single agent. Likewise, control of disease frequently involves not only specific intervention, but also modification of environment, husbandry, and production practices. For this reason, the preven- tion and control sections in this manual refer to specific agents but are not always appropriate or complete in terms of control of disease complexes. Swine practitioners expend considerable effort in diagnosis, herd investigation, and understanding the interactions of risk factors before imple- menting cost-effective control strategies. These activities are beyond the scope of this manual but our vision is that this manual will serve as a foundation on which to build a better understanding of the complexities of disease in swine populations. Familiarity with the organization of the manual will make it more useful. The table of contents lists the diseases and conditions of swine covered in this manual. Most sections are based on the nature of the etiologic agent, and all are preceded by their own table of contents. The time-saving index at the back of the book lists each major disease by name, often cross-referenced with a synonymous name. A section on exotic (foreign to the US) diseases is provided for ready reference. Any of these diseases may be introduced to the US as a consequence of international trade in swine, pork products, and other contacts. A basic knowledge of these diseases is a good defense against US epidemics. Several tables are included. Some are designed to help in differential diagnosis. Others list major diseases of a single body system and permit a rapid overview of diseases of that system. The tables may be of special value in preparing for board exams. Comments on the manual and how it can be made more useful are encouraged and appreciated. They can be mailed to Dr. Kent Schwartz, 1642 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 or Samplee-mailed to [email protected]. Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Section I: Diseases Caused by Bacteria, Mycoplasmas and Spirochetes...... 1 Chapter 1: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)...... 3 Chapter 2: Actinobacillus suis...... 5 Chapter 3: Anthrax...... 7 Chapter 4: Atrophic Rhinitis (Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis)...... 9 Chapter 5: Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis)...... 11 Chapter 6: Clostridial Diarrhea...... 13 Chapter 7: Colibacillosis (E. coli Diarrhea)...... 15 Chapter 8: Edema Disease ...... 19 Chapter 9: Erysipelas (Swine Erysipelas)...... 21 Chapter 10: Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis)...... 23 Chapter 11: Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s Disease)...... 25 Chapter 12: Leptospirosis...... 27 Chapter 13: Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Enzootic Pneumonia)...... 29 Chapter 14: Pneumonic Pasteurellosis (Pasteurellosis; Pasteurella multocida)...... 31 Chapter 15: Proliferative Enteritis (Porcine Proliferative Enteritis, Ileitis, Intestinal Adenomatosis, Garden-hose Gut)...... 33 Chapter 16: Salmonellosis...... 35 Chapter 17: Streptococcal Infections ...... 39 Chapter 18: Swine Dysentery and Spirochaetal Colitis (Brachyspira [previously Serpulina and Treponema] hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli)...... 41 Chapter 19: Tuberculosis...... 45

Section II: Domestic Viral Diseases...... 47 Chapter 20: Encephalomyocarditis...... 49 Chapter 21: Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting and Wasting Disease)...... 51 Chapter 22: Inclusion Body Rhinitis (Porcine Cytomegalovirus Infection)...... 53 Chapter 23: Influenza (SwineSample Influenza; Swine Flu)...... 55 Chapter 24: Parvovirus...... 57 Chapter 25: Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases (PCVD, PCVAD)...... 59 Chapter 26: Porcine Picornaviruses (Enteroviruses)...... 63

Swine Disease Manual swine disease Manual

Chapter 27: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)...... 65 Chapter 28: Pox (Swine Pox)...... 69 Chapter 29: Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease)...... 71 Chapter 30: Rotaviral Enteritis...... 73 Chapter 31: Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)...... 75 Chapter 32: Vesicular Stomatitis...... 77

Section III: Parasitic Diseases...... 79 Chapter 33: Coccidiosis...... 81 Chapter 34: Kidney Worm Infection...... 83 Chapter 35: Louse Infestation (Pediculosis)...... 85 Chapter 36: Lungworm Infection (Metastrongylosis)...... 87 Chapter 37: Mange (Sarcoptic Mange)...... 89 Chapter 38: Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoonosis)...... 91 Chapter 39: Nodular Worm Infection (Oesophagostomiasis)...... 93 Chapter 40: Roundworm Infection (Ascariasis)...... 95 Chapter 41: Thorny-headed Worm Infection...... 97 Chapter 42: Threadworm Infection (Strongyloidosis)...... 99 Chapter 43: Trichinellosis...... 101 Chapter 44: Whipworm Infection (Trichuriasis)...... 103

Section IV: Nutritional Deficiencies...... 105 Chapter 45: Nutritional Deficiencies Iodine Deficiency (Goiter)...... 107 Iron Deficiency Anemia...... 107 Parakeratosis...... 107 Rickets and Osteoporosis...... 108 Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency...... 108

Section V: Toxicoses and Poisonings...... 111 Chapter 46: Mycotoxicoses...... 113 Aflatoxicosis...... 113 Ergotism...... 114 Fumonisin Toxicosis...... Sample 114 Trichothecene Toxicoses...... 114

ii Table of Contents Table of Contents

Chapter 47: Plant and Chemical Poisonings...... 115 Cocklebur Poisoning...... 115 Phenylarsonic (Organic Arsenical) Poisoning...... 115 Pigweed Poisoning...... 115 Salt Poisoning (Water Deprivation; Sodium Ion Toxicosis)...... 116 Chapter 48: Toxicities Caused by Gases...... 117 Ammonia Toxicity...... 117 Carbon Monoxide Toxicity...... 117 Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity...... 117

Section VI: Miscellaneous Lesions, Conditions, and Syndromes...... 119 Chapter 49: Miscellaneous Lesions, Conditions, and Syndromes Atresia Ani...... 121 Aural (Ear) Hematoma...... 121 Cystitis and Pyelonephritis...... 121 Dermatosis Vegetans...... 121 Ectopic Ossification of Mesentery...... 121 Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta...... 121 Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (HBS)...... 122 Hernias, Inguinal and Umbilical...... 122 Hydronephrosis...... 122 Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)...... 122 Hypoglycemia in Neonatal Piglets...... 122 Megacolon...... 123 Mortality in Sows...... 123 Osteochondrosis...... 123 Pityriasis Rosea...... 123 Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)...... 123 Prolapses...... 124 Pustular Dermatitis...... 124 Rabies...... 124 Ringworm...... 125 Shoulder Ulcers in Sows...... 125 Skin Necrosis of Piglets...... 125 Splayleg (Spraddleleg)...... 125 Sunburn and Photosensitization...... 125 Torsion and Volvulus...... 126 Vestibular Syndrome...... Sample 126 Vices (Tail Biting, Ear Biting, Flank Biting, Navel Sucking)...... 126 West Nile Virus...... 126 Chapter 50: Ulceration of the Pars Oesophagea (Gastric Ulcers; Ulcers)...... 127

Swine Disease Manual iii swine disease Manual

Section VII: Exotic Viral Diseases...... 129 Chapter 51: African Swine Fever...... 131 Chapter 52: Blue Eye Disease (Paramyxovirus)...... 133 Chapter 53: Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) ...... 135 Chapter 54: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) ...... 137 Chapter 55: Japanese B Encephalitis...... 139 Chapter 56: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea...... 141 Chapter 57: Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (San Miguel Sea Lion Viral Disease)...... 143

Section VIII: Tables...... 145 Anthelmintics and Parasiticides for Swine...... 147 Arthritis in Young Pigs and Associated Etiologic Agents...... 148 Clostridial Diseases...... 149 Diarrheal Diseases...... 150 Diarrheal Disease at Various Ages...... 152 Disease Associated with Central Nervous System (CNS) Signs...... 153 Diseases Associated with Hemorrhage in Intestine...... 154 Internal Parasites...... 155 Mycoplasma-Related Diseases...... 156 Reproductive Failure - Considerations when Farrowing Rate is Low...... 157 Reproductive Failure by Infectious Causes...... 158 Respiratory Diseases...... 159 Skin Lesions and Diseases...... 161 Vesiculating Viral Diseases...... 163

Section IX: Appendix A...... 165 Abbreviations and acronyms...... 167 Swine industry terminology...... 169 Section X:x. Inde ...... Sample 171

iv Table of Contents Diseases caused by bacteria, mycoplasmas and spirochetes

Actinobacillus suis

Definition Clinical signs An infectious disease characterized by hemorrhages and embolic The first signs of an outbreak may include sudden death of young lesions at multiple sites, more obviously in the lungs, and often by pigs with lesions attributed to a bacterial septicemia. Sick piglets serous or serofibrinous exudates in the thorax and abdomen. are febrile, breathe rapidly, and may have congested or cyanotic extremities. Cyanosis, arthritis, enteritis, and rarely necrosis of Occurrence the feet, tail and ears have been reported and are similar to other Outbreaks occur predominantly in immunologically naïve popula- causes (streptococcal, erysipelas, salmonella) of bacterial septice- tions. These include primary and secondary specific pathogen free mia. Occasionally, infected pigs may show central nervous system (SPF) pigs or in segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs. Most out- (CNS) signs including tremors, shaking or paddling. Mortality breaks are in recently weaned pigs and in grow/finish pigs derived within affected litters can be high, up to 50%. from an SEW system. Outbreaks occur in both younger and older Older growing pigs and adults can have similar signs but may also swine and, less often, in conventionally raised pigs. have signs of acute respiratory distress. Lethargy or depression, anorexia, and rarely irregular reddened skin lesions that resemble Historical information those of erysipelas may be observed. Pregnant sows may abort. There have been reports of the disease since 1962. In the 1980s, after management techniques were introduced that minimized Lesions exposure of neonates to many endemic pathogens, the incidence of Lesions are similar in pigs of all age groups. They include petechial Actinobacillus suis infections appeared to increase in the US indus- and ecchymotic hemorrhages in many organs. Frequently, lesions try. Misdiagnosis of the disease as Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are present in the lungs as disseminated foci of hemorrhagic to (APP) infection or other septicemias likely contributes to under- necrotizing pneumonia, the latter more marked in older piglets reporting of the true prevalence of the disease. and growers. A consistent lesion in all age groups is serous or serofibrinous exudate in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Poly- Etiology arthritis may occur in grow/finish pigs. The etiologic agent, Actinobacillus suis, is only now being studied in detail. It is a Gram-negative, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Microscopic lesions occur in many major organs. These develop (NAD)-dependent, non-motile coccobacillus. It is aerobic and around small colonies of A. suis within the vascular emboli or facultatively anaerobic. All isolates appear to be of a single sero- thrombi. Occasionally there are eosinophilic clubs surrounding the type. Strains from swine appear to be clearly different from those colony. Both gross and microscopic lesions are typical of embolic, isolated from horses. bacterial septicemias. Thus far there is no serologic test to reliably identify infected Diagnosis swine and establish A. suis-free herds. Antibodies to A. suis and History, signs and lesions are suggestive of the diagnosis but it A. pleuropneumoniae may cross-react with some serologic tests. should be confirmed by culture ofA. suis from multiple organs. Serologic diagnosis is unreliable because antibodies to A. suis and Epidemiology APP may cross react. The epidemiology is not completely understood but carrier pigs probably introduce A. suis into herds. It can be isolated from the Control nasal cavity and tonsils of many healthy pigs and has been found Autogenous vaccines have been used but have not been evaluated in the reproductive tract of healthy sows. It is believed to be an critically. Because there are multiple types of lipopolysaccharides “early colonizer” of neonates. Less than optimal environmental (LPS) in A. suis, the LPS profile of the vaccine strain must match conditions or concurrent diseases may increase the ability of A. suis that of the pathogen. Although unproven, vaccines against APP to cause disease. may offer some cross-protection. Pathogenesis Actinobacillus suis is sensitive to many antibiotics including ampi- Invasion probably occurs through the tonsil and spreads cillin, amoxicillin, oxytetracycline and others. Sick pigs should be through the bloodstream. This is suggested by the presence of treated parenterally as soon as possible. The exposed group can be the organism in emboli in the vasculatureSample at many lesion sites. treated by medicating the water. The agent’s pathogenic effect is probably a result of production of hemolysin and other toxins similar to those produced by A. pleuropneumoniae.

Actinobacillus uis TABLES

Internal Parasites

Common and/or Usual Intermediate Mode of Treatment* scientiﬁc names location and hosts or infection of parasitism gross length direct cycle and parasite Ascariasis Small intestine, bile ducts, Direct Orally from contaminated All Ascaris suum stomach environment 15-30 cm Coccidiosis Small intestine Direct Orally from contaminated None Isospora suis environment Eperythrozoonosis On erythrocytes Intermediate Arthropod bites? Tetracyclines Mycoplasma suis 0.8-1.0 m hosts. Possible Contaminated instruments? Arsenicals direct Kidney worm infection Adults in perirenal fat, kidneys, Earthworms. Larvae in earthworms. FBZ, AVE, LVM Stephanurus dentatus ureters walls. Juveniles in ecto- Also direct Prenatally, orally; skin pic sites. 20-45mm penetration by juveniles Lungworm infection Posterior border of diaphrag- Earthworms. Ingest larvae or earthworms DCV, FBZ, AVE Metastrongylus spp. matic lobes of lungs. 20-50 mm Also direct with encysted larvae. Thorny-headed worm Small intestine, usually ileum Direct Prenatally, transcolostrally, None infection Up to 30 cm orally, cutaneously Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus Threadworm infection Small intestine of suckling pigs Direct Prenatally, transcolostrally, DCV, FBZ, Strongyloides ransomi 3.3 -4.5 mm orally, cutaneously AVE, LVM, TBZ Whipworm infection Cecum and large intestine Direct Ingestion of DCV, FBZ Trichuris suis 5-8 cm embryonated ova Gullet worm Subepithelium of esophagus, Dung beetles Ingestion of beetle with FBZ, AVE, LVM Gongylonema pulchrum tongue encysted larvae

A S S Red stomach worm Stomach Direct Ingestion of larvaeC A N O C I DCV, FBZ, R I AT E I O Hyostrongylus rubidus < 10 mm M N AVE, TBZ A Thick stomach worms Stomach Dung beetles Ingestion of beetles with FBZ, DCV Ascarops strongylina and encysted larvae

Physocephalus sexalatus S S W N I A N E R I Hookworm Small intestine of feral and pas- Direct Larvae bore into V E skinT E R I N A DCV, FBZ, AVE, Globocephalus tured swine in southern US LVM urosubulatus Liver ﬂukes Liver of pigs on pastures used Snails OrderIngestion of encysted yours meta- None Fasciola hepatica by sheep. 30 mm cercariae on grass Trichinosis Muscle of many mammals, Many mammals Ingeststionion ooff mumusclscle with Not practical Trichinella spiralis especially swine and bears encystedonline: larvae (raw garbage, wild animanimalal carcasses, rats, http://ecom.aasv.org/sdmmice, cats) or cannibalism Pork measles Cysticercus cellulosae in skeletal Swine Ingestion of human feces None Taenia solium and cardiac muscles of swine. containing gravid proglottids (a tapeworm of man) < 18Sample mm Key: DCV=dichlorvos, FBZ=fenbendazole, AVE=avermectin, LVM=levamisole, PIP=piperazine, PRT=pyrantel tartrate, TBZ=thiabendazole.

TABLES 155