Frequency of Zoonotic Enteric Pathogens and Antimicrobial
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The Mediterranean Forests Are Extraordinarily Beautiful, a Fascinating an Extraordinary Patrimony of Wealth Whose Conservation Can Be Highly Controversy
THE editerraneanFORESTS mA NEW CONSERVATION STRATEGY 1 3 2 4 5 6 the unveiled a meeting point the mediterranean: amazing plant an unknown millennia forests on the global 200 the terrestrial current a brand new the state of WWF a new approach wealth of the of nature a sea of forests diversity animal world of human the wane in the sub-ecoregions mediterranean tool: the gap mediterranean in action for forest mediterranean and civilisations interaction with mediterranean in the forest cover analysis forests protection forests forests mediterranean 23 46 81012141617 18 19 22 24 7 1 Argania spinosa fruits, Essaouira, Morocco. Credit: WWF/P. Regato 2 Reed-parasol maker, Tunisia. Credit: WWF-Canon/M. Gunther 3 Black-shouldered Kite. Credit: Francisco Márquez 4 Endemic mountain Aquilegia, Corsica. Credit: WWF/P. Regato 5 Sacred ibis. Credit: Alessandro Re 6 Joiner, Kure Mountains, Turkey. Credit: WWF/P. Regato 7 Barbary ape, Morocco. Credit: A. & J. Visage/Panda Photo It is like no other region on Earth. Exotic, diverse, roamed by mythical WWF Mediterranean Programme Office launched its campaign in 1999 creatures, deeply shaped by thousands of years of human intervention, the to protect 10 outstanding forest sites among the 300 identified through cradle of civilisations. a comprehensive study all over the region. When we talk about the Mediterranean region, you could be forgiven for The campaign has produced encouraging results in countries such as Spain, thinking of azure seas and golden beaches, sun and sand, a holidaymaker’s Turkey, Croatia and Lebanon. NATURE AND CULTURE, of forest environments in the region. But in recent times, the balance AN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP Long periods of considerable forest between nature and humankind has paradise. -
Rewilding Watersheds: Using Nature's Algorithms to Fix Our Broken Rivers
Marine and Freshwater Research © CSIRO 2021 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF20335_AC Supplementary material Rewilding watersheds: using nature’s algorithms to fix our broken rivers Natalie K. RideoutA,G,1, Bernhard WegscheiderB,1, Matilda KattilakoskiA, Katie M. McGeeC,D, Wendy A. MonkE, and Donald J. BairdF ACanadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. BCanadian Rivers Institute, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, 2 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. CEnvironment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada. DCentre for Biodiversity Genomics and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. EEnvironment and Climate Change Canada @ Canadian Rivers Institute, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, 2 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. FEnvironment and Climate Change Canada @ Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. GCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] 1These authors contributed equally to the work. Page 1 of 49 Table S1. References linking ecosystem functions with rewilding goals, providing supporting evidence for Fig. 1 Restore natural flow Mitigate climate Restore riparian Re-introduce Improve water quality Reduce habitat and sediment regime warming vegetation extirpated species fragmentation 1 Metabolism Aristi et al. 2014 Song et al. 2008 Wassenaar et al. 2010 Huang et al. 2018 Jankowski and Schindler 2019 2 Decomposition Delong 2010 Perry et al. 2011 Delong 2010 Wenisch et al. -
Favourableness and Connectivity of a Western Iberian Landscape for the Reintroduction of the Iconic Iberian Ibex Capra Pyrenaica
Favourableness and connectivity of a Western Iberian landscape for the reintroduction of the iconic Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica R ITA T. TORRES,JOÃO C ARVALHO,EMMANUEL S ERRANO,WOUTER H ELMER P ELAYO A CEVEDO and C ARLOS F ONSECA Abstract Traditional land use practices declined through- Keywords Capra pyrenaica, environmental favourableness, out many of Europe’s rural landscapes during the th cen- graph theory, habitat connectivity, Iberian ibex, reintroduc- tury. Rewilding (i.e. restoring ecosystem functioning with tion, ungulate minimal human intervention) is being pursued in many areas, and restocking or reintroduction of key species is often part of the rewilding strategy. Such programmes re- Introduction quire ecological information about the target areas but this is not always available. Using the example of the an has shaped landscapes for centuries (Vos & Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica within the Rewilding Europe Meekes, ). In the last decades socio-economic M framework we address the following questions: ( ) Are and lifestyle changes have driven a rural exodus and the there areas in Western Iberia that are environmentally fa- abandonment of land throughout many of Europe’s rural vourable for reintroduction of the species? ( ) If so, are landscapes (MacDonald et al., ; Höchtl et al., ). these areas well connected with each other? ( ) Which of In some cases sociocultural and economic problems have these areas favour the establishment and expansion of a vi- created new opportunities for conservation (Theil et al., ). able population -
Cha Kuna Taiteit Un Chitan Dalam Menit
CHA KUNA TAITEIT US009943590B2UN CHITAN DALAM MENIT (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,943 ,590 B2 Harn , Jr . et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: Apr . 17 , 2018 (54 ) USE OF LISTERIA VACCINE VECTORS TO 5 ,679 ,647 A 10 / 1997 Carson et al. 5 ,681 , 570 A 10 / 1997 Yang et al . REVERSE VACCINE UNRESPONSIVENESS 5 , 736 , 524 A 4 / 1998 Content et al. IN PARASITICALLY INFECTED 5 ,739 , 118 A 4 / 1998 Carrano et al . INDIVIDUALS 5 , 804 , 566 A 9 / 1998 Carson et al. 5 , 824 ,538 A 10 / 1998 Branstrom et al. (71 ) Applicants : The Trustees of the University of 5 ,830 ,702 A 11 / 1998 Portnoy et al . Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA (US ) ; 5 , 858 , 682 A 1 / 1999 Gruenwald et al. 5 , 922 , 583 A 7 / 1999 Morsey et al. University of Georgia Research 5 , 922 ,687 A 7 / 1999 Mann et al . Foundation , Inc. , Athens, GA (US ) 6 ,004 , 815 A 12/ 1999 Portnoy et al. 6 ,015 , 567 A 1 /2000 Hudziak et al. (72 ) Inventors: Donald A . Harn , Jr. , Athens, GA (US ) ; 6 ,017 ,705 A 1 / 2000 Lurquin et al. Yvonne Paterson , Philadelphia , PA 6 ,051 , 237 A 4 / 2000 Paterson et al . 6 ,099 , 848 A 8 / 2000 Frankel et al . (US ) ; Lisa McEwen , Athens, GA (US ) 6 , 287 , 556 B1 9 / 2001 Portnoy et al. 6 , 306 , 404 B1 10 /2001 LaPosta et al . ( 73 ) Assignees : The Trustees of the University of 6 ,329 ,511 B1 12 /2001 Vasquez et al. Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA (US ) ; 6 , 479 , 258 B1 11/ 2002 Short University of Georgia Research 6 , 504 , 020 B1 1 / 2003 Frankel et al . -
Parasite Kit Description List (PDF)
PARASITE KIT DESCRIPTION PARASITES 1. Acanthamoeba 39. Diphyllobothrium 77. Isospora 115. Pneumocystis 2. Acanthocephala 40. Dipylidium 78. Isthmiophora 116. Procerovum 3. Acanthoparyphium 41. Dirofilaria 79. Leishmania 117. Prosthodendrium 4. Amoeba 42. Dracunculus 80. Linguatula 118. Pseudoterranova 5. Ancylostoma 43. Echinochasmus 81. Loa Loa 119. Pygidiopsis 6. Angiostrongylus 44. Echinococcus 82. Mansonella 120. Raillietina 7. Anisakis 45. Echinoparyphium 83. Mesocestoides 121. Retortamonas 8. Armillifer 46. Echinostoma 84. Metagonimus 122. Sappinia 9. Artyfechinostomum 47. Eimeria 85. Metastrongylus 123. Sarcocystis 10. Ascaris 48. Encephalitozoon 86. Microphallus 124. Schistosoma 11. Babesia 49. Endolimax 87. Microsporidia 1 125. Spirometra 12. Balamuthia 50. Entamoeba 88. Microsporidia 2 126. Stellantchasmus 13. Balantidium 51. Enterobius 89. Multiceps 127. Stephanurus 14. Baylisascaris 52. Enteromonas 90. Naegleria 128. Stictodora 15. Bertiella 53. Episthmium 91. Nanophyetus 129. Strongyloides 16. Besnoitia 54. Euparyphium 92. Necator 130. Syngamus 17. Blastocystis 55. Eustrongylides 93. Neodiplostomum 131. Taenia 18. Brugia.M 56. Fasciola 94. Neoparamoeba 132. Ternidens 19. Brugia.T 57. Fascioloides 95. Neospora 133. Theileria 20. Capillaria 58. Fasciolopsis 96. Nosema 134. Thelazia 21. Centrocestus 59. Fischoederius 97. Oesophagostmum 135. Toxocara 22. Chilomastix 60. Gastrodiscoides 98. Onchocerca 136. Toxoplasma 23. Clinostomum 61. Gastrothylax 99. Opisthorchis 137. Trachipleistophora 24. Clonorchis 62. Giardia 100. Orientobilharzia 138. Trichinella 25. Cochliopodium 63. Gnathostoma 101. Paragonimus 139. Trichobilharzia 26. Contracaecum 64. Gongylonema 102. Passalurus 140. Trichomonas 27. Cotylurus 65. Gryodactylus 103. Pentatrichormonas 141. Trichostrongylus 28. Cryptosporidium 66. Gymnophalloides 104. Pfiesteria 142. Trichuris 29. Cutaneous l.migrans 67. Haemochus 105. Phagicola 143. Tritrichomonas 30. Cyclocoelinae 68. Haemoproteus 106. Phaneropsolus 144. Trypanosoma 31. Cyclospora 69. Hammondia 107. Phocanema 145. Uncinaria 32. -
Sustainable Trophy Hunting of Iberian Ibex Por Una Caza Sostenible Del Trofeo De Macho Montés
Forum Galemys, 30: 1-4, 2018 ISSN 1137-8700 e-ISSN 2254-8408 DOI: 10.7325/Galemys.2018.F1 Sustainable trophy hunting of Iberian ibex Por una caza sostenible del trofeo de macho montés João Carvalho1,2*, Paulino Fandos3, Marco Festa-Bianchet4, Ulf Büntgen5,6,7, Carlos Fonseca1 & Emmanuel Serrano2* 1. Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. 2. Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. 3. Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain. 4. Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada. 5. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 6. Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland. 7. Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic. *Corresponding authors: [email protected] (JC), [email protected] (ES) Keywords: Capra pyrenaica, horns, mountain ungulates, size-selective harvesting. Selective hunting practices, such as trophy apparently led to an evolutionary decline in horn hunting, remove individuals with specific size (Pigeon et al. 2017). In contrast, we know very phenotypes (Kuparinen & Festa-Bianchet 2017). little about the possible effects of selective harvesting For mountain ungulates, trophy hunting involves on the iconic Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica, Fig. 1), the selective harvest of males with large horns. which is experiencing increased pressure not only Trophy hunters usually pay a substantial fee, which from trophy hunting (Pérez et al. 2011), but also in some cases is proportional to the ‘trophy score’ from changes in both climate and land-use practices of the animal they harvest. -
Capra Pyrenaica
Colom-Cadena et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2014, 56:83 http://www.actavetscand.com/content/56/1/83 RESEARCH Open Access Management of a caseous lymphadenitis outbreak in a new Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) stock reservoir Andreu Colom-Cadena1, Roser Velarde1, Jes?s Salinas 2, Carmen Borge3, Ignacio Garc?a-Bocanegra 3, Emmanuel Serrano1,4, Diana Gass? 1, Ester Bach1, Encarna Casas-D?az 1, Jorge R L?pez-Olvera 1, Santiago Lav?n 1, Lu?s Le?n-Vizca?no 2 and Gregorio Mentaberre1* Abstract Background: In 2010, an Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) stock reservoir was established for conservation purposes in north-eastern Spain. Eighteen ibexes were captured in the wild and housed in a 17 hectare enclosure. Once in captivity, a caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) outbreak occurred and ibex handlings were carried out at six-month intervals between 2010 and 2013 to perform health examinations and sampling. Treatment with a bacterin-based autovaccine and penicillin G benzatine was added during the third and subsequent handlings, when infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was confirmed. Changes in lesion score, serum anti-C. pseudotuberculosis antibodies and haematological parameters were analyzed to assess captivity effects, disease emergence and treatment efficacy. Serum acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), Amyloid A (SAA) and Acid Soluble Glycoprotein (ASG) concentrations were also determined to evaluate their usefulnessasindicatorsofclinical status. Once in captivity, 12 out of 14 ibexes (85.7%) seroconverted, preceding the emergence of clinical signs; moreover, TP, WBC, eosinophil and platelet cell counts increased while monocyte and basophil cell counts decreased. After treatment, casualties and fistulas disappeared and both packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin concentration significantly increased. -
En Pulmones De Cerdos Faenados En El Rastro Municipal De Quetzaltenango
UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA ESCUELA DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA DETERMINACIÓN DE LA PREVALENCIA DE METASTRONGYLOSIS, MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA ECKERT- INDERBITZIN; EN PULMONES DE CERDOS FAENADOS EN EL RASTRO MUNICIPAL DE QUETZALTENANGO CÉSAR ISAAC CARRILLO DE LEÓN Médico Veterinario GUATEMALA, JULIO DE 2014 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA ESCUELA DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA DETERMINACIÓN DE LA PREVALENCIA DE METASTRONGYLOSIS, MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA ECKERT- INDERBITZIN; EN PULMONES DE CERDOS FAENADOS EN EL RASTRO MUNICIPAL DE QUETZALTENANGO TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN PRESENTADO A LA HONORABLE JUNTA DIRECTIVA DE LA FACULTAD POR CÉSAR ISAAC CARRILLO DE LEÓN Al conferírsele el título profesional de Médico Veterinario En el grado de licenciado GUATEMALA, JULIO DE 2014 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA JUNTA DIRECTIVA DECANO: MSc. Carlos Enrique Saavedra Vélez SECRETARIA: M.V. Blanca Josefina Zelaya de Romillo VOCAL I: Lic. Zoot. Sergio Amílcar Dávila Hidalgo VOCAL II: M.V. MSc. Dennis Sigfried Guerra Centeno VOCAL III: M.V. Carlos Alberto Sánchez Flamenco VOCAL IV: Br. Javier Augusto Castro Vásquez VOCAL V: Br. Juan René Cifuentes López ASESORES M.A.LUDWIG ESTUARDO FIGUEROA HERNÁNDEZ M.A. JAIME ROLANDO MÉNDEZ SOSA HONORABLE TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR En cumplimiento con lo establecido por los reglamentos y normas de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, presento a su consideración el trabajo de graduación titulado: DETERMINACIÓN DE LA PREVALENCIA DE METASTRONGYLOSIS, MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA ECKERT-INDERBITZIN; EN PULMONES DE CERDOS FAENADOS EN EL RASTRO MUNICIPAL DE QUETZALTENANGO Que fue aprobado por la Honorable Junta Directiva de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Como requisito previo a optar al título de MÉDICO VETERINARIO ACTO QUE DEDICO A: A DIOS: Por encontrar en El la razón de mi existir. -
Faculty Veterinary Medicine Department III- Clinical Training II Position from the Functions List 1 /III Position Associate Prof
Faculty Veterinary Medicine Department III- Clinical Training II Position from the functions list 1 /III Position Associate Professor, Undetermined Employment Contract Disciplines of the curriculum Parasitic zoonoses; Parasitology, parasitic diseases and clinical lectures on species 2; Parasitology, parasitic diseases and clinical lectures on species 1; Parasitology, parasitic diseases and clinical lectures by species 2. Scientific domain Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine Thematic Parasitology and parasitic disease and clinical lectures on species 2 Contents Dictyocaulosis and protostrongyliasis; Metastrongylosis and syngamosis; Trichostrongyliasis; Strongylosis in horses, oesophagostomosis chabertiasis and amidostomosis; Ancylostomiasis and uncinariasis, bunostomiasis and strongyloidosis; Ascariasis; Heterakiasis, oxyuriasis and capillariasis; Trichocephalosis, trichinellosis, habronemiasis and gongylonemosis; Gastric spiruroidosis in birds, setariosis, thelasiosis, parafilariosis, onchocerciasis and acanthocephaliasis; Parasitology, Parasitic Diseases and Clinical Lectures on Species 1,2 - Practical Work Methods of parasitological examination; • Etiology and diagnosis of dystrophy, trichomoniasis, giardiosis; • Etiology and diagnosis in bird coccidiosis; • Etiology and diagnosis in mammalian coccidiosis; • Etiology and diagnosis in toxoplasmosis, sarcosporidiosis and nosemoses; • Etiology and diagnosis in babesiosis; • Etiology and diagnosis in fasciolosis; • Etiology and diagnosis in dicroceliosis -
South Africa, Where He Planned to Sell the Tusks for US$300 Per Pound
Profit Over Conservation Claims: Analysis of auctions and exhibitors at Dallas Safari Club virtual convention February 2021 Introduction Dallas Safari Club is a Texas-based trophy hunting industry organization established in 1982. Its membership size was 6,000 in 2016 and according to DSC’s 2019 audited financial statement, it drew in $502,748 in membership fees for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2019. DSC started as a Dallas chapter of its parent organization, Safari Club International. DSC holds an annual convention with tens of thousands of attendees from around the world. In recent years, the number of attendees at the convention surpassed that of the annual U.S.-based Safari Club International, making the DSC convention the biggest industry hunting event held in the U.S. The annual DSC convention is the group’s largest source of income. In 2019 the convention brought in close to $8 million out of the organization’s $9.1 million in revenue. While the DSC’s stated mission is to “ensure the conservation of wildlife through public engagement, education and advocacy for well-regulated hunting and sustainable use,” in reality they lobby to weaken or challenge wildlife conservation measures. They even employed a Washington, DC, lobbying firm according to its 2017 tax filing. Researchers from the Humane Society of the United States and Humane Society International analyzed the offerings of exhibitors and auctions available to individuals who are attending DSC’s annual convention, which is a virtual event in 2020. This report documents those findings. Dallas Safari Club Dallas Safari Club has sought to weaken conservation of wildlife by opposing a proposal to upgrade the conservation status of the African leopard from “Threatened” to “Endangered” under “It’s all about bid-to-kill the U.S. -
What Do We Know After 50 Years Of
A Systematic Review of Within-Population Variation in the Size of Home Range Across Ungulates: What Do We Know After 50 Years of Telemetry Studies? Juliette Seigle-Ferrand, Kamal Atmeh, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Victor Ronget, Nicolas Morellet, Mathieu Garel, Anne Loison, Glenn Yannic To cite this version: Juliette Seigle-Ferrand, Kamal Atmeh, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Victor Ronget, Nicolas Morellet, et al.. A Systematic Review of Within-Population Variation in the Size of Home Range Across Ungulates: What Do We Know After 50 Years of Telemetry Studies?. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media S.A, 2021, 8, 20 p. 10.3389/fevo.2020.555429. hal-03320850 HAL Id: hal-03320850 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03320850 Submitted on 16 Aug 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License SYSTEMATIC REVIEW published: 28 January 2021 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.555429 A Systematic Review of Within-Population Variation in the Size of Home Range Across Ungulates: What Do We Know After 50 -
Comparison of Xylazine-Ketamine and Medetomidine-Ketamine Anaesthesia in the Iberian Ibex () Encarna Casas-Díaz, Ignasi Marco, Jorge R
Comparison of xylazine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine anaesthesia in the Iberian ibex () Encarna Casas-Díaz, Ignasi Marco, Jorge R. López-Olvera, Gregorio Mentaberre, Santiago Lavín To cite this version: Encarna Casas-Díaz, Ignasi Marco, Jorge R. López-Olvera, Gregorio Mentaberre, Santiago Lavín. Comparison of xylazine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine anaesthesia in the Iberian ibex (). Eu- ropean Journal of Wildlife Research, Springer Verlag, 2011, 57 (4), pp.887-893. 10.1007/s10344-011- 0500-7. hal-00667595 HAL Id: hal-00667595 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00667595 Submitted on 8 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Eur J Wildl Res (2011) 57:887–893 DOI 10.1007/s10344-011-0500-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Comparison of xylazine–ketamine and medetomidine–ketamine anaesthesia in the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) Encarna Casas-Díaz & Ignasi Marco & Jorge R. López-Olvera & Gregorio Mentaberre & Santiago Lavín Received: 6 October 2010 /Revised: 13 January 2011 /Accepted: 17 January 2011 /Published online: 8 February 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract A comparison was made between two anaes- major differences in the different drug combinations used, but thetic combinations in 35 free-ranging adult Iberian clinical findings of this study, as well as hypoxemia, ibexes (Capra pyrenaica), from May to December 2005.