Women and Islam in Malaysia: Narrative and Myth in the Qualitative Analysis of Two Controversial Online News Stories Between 2014 and 2018
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Women and Islam in Malaysia: Narrative and Myth in the Qualitative Analysis of Two Controversial Online News Stories between 2014 and 2018 Thaera Yousef A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Otago New Zealand 2020 Abstract This study investigates the mythic aspects of news to highlight the role of myth in news narratives of selected Malaysian online news portals through examining the structure and content of individual reports and comparing news and myth. The aim in studying news narratives as myth is to capture and unpack the beliefs, values and established assumptions found in online news portals about the gender norms and roles of Malay Muslim women in the context of the Islamisation phenomenon in Malaysia. This study examines the ten most popular online Malaysian news portals, involving two controversial case studies on women and Islam: (i) a Malaysian gymnast’s sports attire controversy and (ii) a fatwa against Sisters in Islam. The range of these case studies provides an opportunity to determine the type of myth used by the ten most popular English- and Malay-language Malaysian online news portals. Given the climate of Islamisation, this thesis argues that the issue of women and Islam is contested by the media. The use of myth in news reporting varies based on different cultural sources—Christian, Islamic and Malay—influenced by the ownership, readership, religious and racial inclinations of the news portals. The findings reveal that the online English language news portals question the religious norms and consensuses that control female roles, gender and identity, while the online Malay language news portals tend to perpetuate an ‘ideal’ type of contemporary Malay Muslim woman. This thesis concludes that news narratives present a battle between the liberal and conservative interpretations of Islam in Malaysia. i Statement of Originality I declare that the work presented in this thesis, to the best of my knowledge and belief, is original and my own work, except as acknowledged in the text. This thesis has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university. Thaera Yousef PhD candidate Department of Media, Film and Communication University of Otago ii Acknowledgements There are many people who have earned my gratitude for their support during my PhD candidature. As a single parent, away from my home country, family and friends, the completion of this PhD was only made possible through the following people from my tribe. My Family Tribe First and foremost, this PhD would not have been possible without the support of my parents, who helped me rebuild my life after my divorce, through pursuing my PhD. I would like to thank my mother, Dr Rohana Ariffin, and my father Jaseni Maidinsa for their financial support, unconditional love, support in childcare and encouragement over the years. I owe them my most heartfelt gratitude. I am blessed to have such wonderful and kind parents, who have been a source of strength. Without them, this thesis would not have been possible. To my daughter, Areetha, who endured many hours lost in writing this thesis, she became the reason for me to complete this study. I would like to thank her for her patience and understanding. I want her to know that education is the key to women’s empowerment, prosperity, development and welfare, and that education plays an important role in advancing women’s rights and status. My Thesis Committee Tribe I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisors, Dr Brett Nicholls and Dr Rosemary Overell, for the continuous support for my PhD study and research. I owe my highest gratitude to them for their thoughtful insights and intellectual contributions. Dr Brett, my primary supervisor, demonstrated support for and understanding of me that has been unparalleled. He steered me into productive directions with insightful feedback. I also appreciate the support, cooperation and suggestions that Dr Rosemary provided. She joined my supervisory during the second year of my candidacy, and her meticulous reading of my drafts and great attention to detail provided me the kind of feedback that always encouraged me to produce better work. Without their guidance and constant feedback, this PhD would not have been achievable. Their friendly guidance and expert advice have been invaluable throughout all stages of this work. iii Outside my supervisory panels, I received generous help, inspiration, suggestions and cooperation from a number of people from the existing and previous Media and Communications Department, especially Dr Vijay Devadas, Dr Michael Bourke, Dr Hugh Slotten, Dr Anne Begg, Maureen Lloyd, Paulette Milnes, Alex Thong, Ryan Tippet, George Elliot, Paul Kirkham, Dr Owain Gwynne, Chloe Banks, Alison Blair, Amie Taua, Eileen Yu and Monica Vonesch. I also have deep gratitude for Professor Mark Henaghan for his unwavering support, encouragement and interest he showed in my research. He became my academic mentor throughout this process and has taught me a great deal about being an excellent academic and researcher. His work ethic inspired me in many ways to strive for excellence and never give up. Professor Mark believed in me like nobody else and gave me endless support. I am indebted to him. My Dunedin Family Tribe A very special thanks to the people who became my family: Paul O’Brien, Sally Milner, Kevin Fletcher, David Hoskins, Gowri Sampangi Narayana, Massimiliana Urbano and Malcolm George. We shared many beautiful moments together, from sharing meals to celebrating birthdays. Thank you for making me feel at home in Dunedin, and making my stay enjoyable and unforgettable. I was also lucky to meet a fellow Malaysian living in Dunedin, Bahubali. He is a wonderful and generous friend. I admire his positive outlook and dedication to his work. I will never forget the many wonderful curry dinners and fun activities we have done together, including watching Indian movies. He brought us so much joy. Importantly, his invaluable help and advice helped me stay focused during my study. A special tribute to my friend, Peter Stapleton, my fellow postgraduate colleague for the past four years, who passed away in March 2020. We sat in the same office and shared the pain and struggles of completing a PhD. We worked through public holidays, weekends and late evenings, and he became a valuable sounding-board. I will always remember him as the most kind, compassionate and humble soul. He is gone too soon. He will be missed. iv My Malaysian Family and Friends Tribe I would like to record my special thanks to my Malaysian friends, Dr Nicole Yang, Hani Husni, Razaleigh Ramli, and Ali Abd Jalil, for their unfailing support from afar throughout this thesis. I would like to thank my auntie, Professor Jamilah Ariffin; my uncle, Abdul Ghani Osman; my cousin, Johan Ariffin, and his wife, Noorliza Ibrahim; and my good friend, Chandrasekaran Veeraiah, and his wife, Thilagavathy Thankayya, for taking the trouble to visit me in Dunedin from across the continent during my PhD candidature. This dissertation would not have been possible without the warm love, continued patience and endless support of all those mentioned above. I am so grateful for my wonderful tribe. Thank you, Terima Kasih, Nga Mihi, Kamsia, Nanri. v Publications Published During Candidature Yousef, T. (2020). A narrative analysis of the Malaysian print media. In R. Samuel & Rohana Ariffin (Eds.), Does women matter? (pp. 59–74). Universiti Sains Malaysia. vi Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my wonderful parents, Rohana Ariffin and Jaseni Maidinsa, and my precious daughter, Areetha. vii Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i Statement of Originality ............................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iii Journals and Publications Published During Candidature .................................. vi Dedication ................................................................................................................. vii Contents ................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................ xii List of Figures .......................................................................................................... xiii List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Objectives ........................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 4 1.5 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Study Significance ............................................................................................