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Ishe UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT ^ AGRICULTURE I i c- ^f>'^ IShe UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT ^ AGRICULTURE Its Qrowth, Structure and Functions Has been rsv —see rev.ed n binders at MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 88 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 88 September 1, 1930 TBhe UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT if AGRICULTURE Its Growth^ Structure and Functions BY M. S. EISENHOWER, Director AND A. P. CHEW, Assistant to the Director Office of Information WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF OFFICIALS IN ALL THE BUREAUS AND OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1930 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - Price 25 cents CONTENTS THE DEPARTMENT AS A WHOLE Page Introduction X The present structure 3 Unity of the department's activities 5 Research ■ 7 Putting science into practice 9 The economic services 14 Regulatory-law administration 15 Educational functions 19 Cooperation with State agencies 20 Cooperation with the Federal Farm Board 22 The department's finances 24 , BUREAUS AND OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT Agricultural Economics, Bureau of 33 Animal Industry, Bureau of 43 Biological Survey, Bureau of 51 Chemistry and Soils, Bureau of 57 Dairy Industry, Bureau of 61 Entomology, Bureau of 69 Experiment Stations, Office of 75 Extension Service 79 Food and Drug Administration 85 Forest Service , 89 Grain Futures Administration 93 Home Economics, Bureau of 97 Information, Office of 101 Library 105 Personnel and Business Administration, Office of 109 Plant Industry, Bureau of „ 115 Plant Quarantine and Control Administration 121 Public Roads, Bureau of 127 Solicitor, Office of the 135 Weather Bureau ^ 137 Index 143 III UJ <v ÎU a: D V) ""^ \ UjN I- M V ^ _J ^N ^Oi ^ '^ U yo2/^//oo (y/Vé/' Q: o < o u I- (r < CL Id Q (ñ U t- < h- (f) Q IxJ h- r I- >^T/<:?sS^ C7A/íy o I- < N Z < '7¿z^W//Ve< O oir THE DEPARTMENT AS A WHOLE INTRODUCTION Every j^ear adds new chapters to the story of the United States Department of Agriculture. Change and development in the de- partment are more rapid to-day than ever before. This compila- tion is intended to answer questions that pour into the department ceaselessly, and to sketch in broad outlines the growth, structure, and present functions of the organization. Though nearly every- one knows that the department exists primarily to advance the wel- fare of agriculture in all ways consistent with the welfare of the community as ä whole, few appreciate the variety of the tasks that this duty imposes. Nor does the public generally realize the char- acter and value of the practical help it may obtain from the depart- ment for the asking. This lack of knowledge about the department lessens the potential usefulness of the institution and sometimes deprives the department of needed outside cooperation. In the first half century of our national life the Federal Govern- ment gave little practical aid to agriculture. John Adams as early as 1776 introduced in the Continental Congress two resolutions re- lating to agriculture. The first proposed the encouragement of the production of certain agricultural commodities, and the second recommended that the Colonies take early measures for erecting and establishing in every Colony a society for the improvement of agri- culture. George Washington proposed Government aid to agricul- ture in his first annual message to Congress; but at that time he simply suggested that it should be encouraged in a general way along with commerce and manufactures. He had progressed far beyond that point by 1796, when, in his last annual message to Con- gress, he remarked that as nations advance in population the culti- vation of the soil becomes more and more an object of public patronage. " Institutions for promoting it [agriculture] grow up, supported by the public purse; and to what object can it be dedi- cated with greater propriety ? " Nothing came of these proposals. Twenty years passed before any further definite recommendations were made for Federal assist- ance to agriculture. Then in 1817 the Berkshire (Mass.) Associa- tion for the Promotion of Agriculture and Manufacturing peti- tioned for a national board to help agriculture and manufacturing. This proposal likewise came to nothing. During the next 20 years the activity of Congress with regard to agriculture was practically limited to the appointment of an agricultural committee in the House in 1820 and the appointment of 1 2 THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE a similar committee in the Senate in 1825. Not until 1839 were Federal funds specifically appropriated for agricultural services. That year, however, was epochal, for it saw the appropriation by Congress of $1,000 for collecting and distributing seeds, prosecuting agricultural investigations, and procuring agricultural statistics. From this small beginning developed a great national institution for agricultural research and service. WORK STARTED IN PATENT OFFICE Originally the Federal Government's agricultural services were carried on under the Commissioner of Patents, then an official of the Department of State. In colonial times, Benjamin Franklin, when he was^ in England as agent of the Colony of Pennsylvania, sent home silkworm eggs and mulberry cuttings to start «ilk growing, and also specimens of seeds aixd plants that he thought might be adapted to this country. This seems to have been a precedent for American consuls abroad, who, after the Revolution, followed his example, at first sporadically and later as a regular duty. Jefferson, as the first Secretary of State, took great interest in the introduction of plants . and animals. Henry L. Ellsworth, Commissioner of Patents, undertook to distribute the specimens sent here by our agents. It was on Commissioner Ellsworth's recommendation that Congress made the $1,000 appropriation just mentioned. Succeed- ing commissioners continued the work. In 1849 the Patent Office was merged with the Department of the Interior, which had been set up in that year. Federal aid to agriculture was administered through the Patent Office from 18eS9 to 1862, when Congress took a great step forward by creating the Department of Agriculture, and by passing the Morrill Act, granting lands for the endowment of State agricultural colleges. It is significant of the growing interest in agriculture as a matter of national concern that these epoch-making steps were taken during the Civil War. The appro- priations for agriculture were increased during the Civil War and grew rapidly thereafter. LINCOLN SIGNED ACT IN 1862 The act creating the department was signed by President Lincoln on May 15, 1862, and in that year $64,000 was appropriated for agricultural purposes. From 1862 until February, 1889, the department was administered, not by a Secretary of Cabinet rank, but by a Commissioner of Agri- culture. In 1889, however, agriculture was given the recognition of a seat in the President's Cabinet. Norman J. Colman, pre- viously commissioner, became the first Secretary of Agriculture. Succeeding Secretaries were: Jeremiah M. Rusk (1889-1893), J. Sterling Morton (1893-1897), James Wilson (1897-1913), David F. ITS GROWTH, STRUCTURE, AND FUîsTCTIONS 3 Houston (1913-1919), E. T. Meredith (1919-1921), Henry C. Wal- lace (1921-1924), Howard M. Gore (1924-1925), W. M. Jardine (1925-1929), Arthur M. Hyde (1929-). SCOPE OF THE ORGANIC ACT The act creating the Department of Agriculture directed it to acquire and diffuse useful information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense. Coopera- tion between the department and the land-grant colleges was pro- vided for in the Morrill Act, passed at the same time. In 1887 came the Hatch Act, establishing agricultural experiment stations. The development of these stations necessitated the creation of an Office of Experiment Stations in the Department of Agriculture to supervise the expenditure of the Federal appropriations for experiment station work. From 1890 on, the department's duties and responsibilities in- creased rapidly. Existing units of the organization were merged and new units created to carry on research, service activities, and regulatory-law administration. Cooperative extension work in agri- culture and home economics was provided by the Smith-Levre Act of May 8, 1914, under which a nation-wide extension service was set up. Subsequent legislation provided increased extension funds. In 1889 the Federal appropriation for agriculture totaled nearly $2,000,000. By 1917 the figure had risen to approximately $30,000,- 000 annually. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 1929, money ex- pended or obligated for department activities, including road building, exceeded $170,000,000. In the Patent Office period, the agricultural work sponsored by the Federal Government was done by a commissioner and a few aids. To-day the department's personnel numbers approximately 25,000, of whom about 5,000 are in Washington and 20,000 in the field. In 1868 one building, erected at a cost of $100,000, housed the depart- ment's entire force of 73 persons. Its Washington staff now occu- pies more than 40 buildings or parts of buildings scattered over the city. Its field staff reaches into all the States, and into Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Porto Kico, and the Virgin Islands. Eepresenta- tives of the department are stationed in Europe, South America, and Asia. THE PRESENT STRUCTURE The United States Department of Agriculture is one of the 10 J major executive departments of the Federal Government. Its af- fairs as a whole are supervised and controlled by the Secretary of Agriculture. He formulates and establishes its general policies. His extradepartmental functions include contacts with Congress, to secure necessary appropriations and to advise regarding pending agricultural legislation; contacts with other executive departments, to coordinate interdepartmental activities and to avoid duplication 4: THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE in work; and membership on numerous boards and commissions, such as the Federal Farm Board, the Federal Board for Vocational Education, the Forest Reservation Commission, and the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission.
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