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Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:40 PM Page 1 TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:40 PM Page 2 TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:41 PM Page 3 TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:41 PM Page 4 This document was prepared under a Programme of the Governments of the 16 GCLME Countries, with the assistance of GEF/UNIDO/UNDP/UNEP/US-NOAA, NEPAD, FAO and IMO ISBN © GEF/UNIDO/UNDP/UNEP/US-NOAA/NEPAD, 2006 TDA book2.qxd 8/26/2006 1:29 AM Page 5 Foreword hana has an important stake in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem. This is made up of trans-boun- dary waters off the coast of 16 West African countries extending from the Bissagos Island (Guinea Bissau) to GAngola, and includes their associated river basins. The material well being of the people of the countries, in particular, the coastal populations, is tied to these waters. In the last three decades or so, however, man-induced pressures such as over-fishing and pollution from land and sea based activities are limiting the full potential of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME). Coastal ero- sion and changes in biodiversity pose other problems. There is an urgent need to reverse this trend. Restoring the ecosystem to good health requires scientific study which began in Accra in April 2003. The Trans-boun- dary Diagnostic Analysis Document released early this year is one outcome with which we should all be proud to asso- ciate. My understanding is that this document will lead to the development of a Strategic Action Program by the governments of the 16 countries and their development partners, to guide the ecologically sustainable development of the Guinea Current region. This was, indeed, the expectation of the Accra Declaration (1998) adopted by Environmental Ministers from the Gulf of Guinea which served a seminal role in the formulation and subsequent adoption of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem Project. The attendant benefits are multiple-food security, healthier populations, suppression of escalating poverty, conservation of globally significant biological diversity, and improved foreign exchange ear- nings. On behalf of my peers in the sub-regions, I salute this bold endeavor and wish the project success as it begins its plan- ned transition to a technical interim Guinea Current Commission John Agyekum Kufour President of the Republic of Ghana TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:41 PM Page 6 TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:41 PM Page 7 Preface oday, the Large Marine Ecosystem concept underpins the management interventions of the Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) and its member states in the core area of International Waters. This concept, predicated on the Trecognition that the greater part of the causes of marine environmental degradation and living resources depletion respect neither geographical nor political boundaries, provides a large scale ( ecosystem wide ), holistic and integrated approach to the protection of the marine environment and the sustainable use of its living resources. The Guinea Current region was the first outside of the USA where the LME concept was applied to coastal and marine environmental and living resources management. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded a pilot phase project entitled, "Water Pollution Control and Biodiversity Conservation in the Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem" (GOG-LME) which was implemented between 1995 and 1999. The project, an initiative of five ( later six, with the participation of Togo) countries in the region [namely Benin, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo] was implemented with the technical assistance of UNIDO, UNDP, UNEP and the US-NOAA of the United States Department of Commerce and the collaboration of a host of national, regional and international organizations. The GOG-LME project represented a regional effort to assess, monitor, restore and enhance the ecosystem's capacity and productivity in order to sustain the socio- economic opportunities for the countries in the coming decades. Recognizing all the achievements of the pilot phase GOG-LME project, the Committee of Environment Ministers responsible for the project during their first meeting in Accra, Ghana in July 1998 called for the initiation of an expanded project to include all 16 countries situated within the natural limits of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem. The communiqué issued after the meeting (the Accra Declaration, 1998) stated, inter alia, that "The development of a Strategic Action Programme (SAP) including a full Trans-boundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) lea- ding to the second phase of the Project should be initiated and accelerated ". In response to the Ministers' request to GEF, a PDF-B project "Development of a Strategic Action Programme for the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME)" was initiated in 2001 under the umbrella of the Abidjan Convention and with the support of GEF, UNIDO, UNDP, UNEP, US-NOAA and other stakeholders. The finalization of this important GCLME Trans-boundary Diagnostic Analysis document is a vital step toward the com- pletion and subsequent implementation of a Strategic Action Programme (SAP) for the region. The SAP is to facilitate a regional commitment to integrated management of the GCLME for the sustainable utilisation of its resources. The Trans-boundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) of the GCME is a scientific, technical and socio-economic assessment by which environmental and living resources management issues and problems of the region have been examined. The analysis has also involved the identification of causes and impacts (and uncertainties associated with these) at national and trans-boundary levels, as well as the socio-economic, political and institutional context within which they occur. The identification of the causes has, where appropriate, specified sources, locations, sectors and provided a list of prioritised activities or solutions to address the issues/problems and their root causes. Hopefully, decision making in respect of these issues/problems will no longer be a stab in the dark! The GCLME region owes a lot of respect and gratitude to many persons, institutions (governmental, UN and non-UN) and other stakeholders for bringing to fruition the preparation of the TDA. Reports from individual experts as well as the many national and regional workshops organized during the process of finalization of the document contributed much data and information. The inspirational leadership of Drs Kenneth Sherman and Bradford Brown of US -NOAA, Drs Alfred Duda and Andrea Merla of GEF-SEC, Dr Zoltan Csizer and Mr Pablo Huidobro of UNIDO, Dr Andrew Hudson of UNDP, Dr Vladimir Mamaev of UNEP and Prof Dapo Afolabi of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria was very much appreciated particularly during the PDF-B phase. The UNIDO Project Manager, Dr Chika Ukwe, coordinated all the effort. In the final lap, the illuminating contributions of Prof. Babajide Alo and Dr Gboyega Ajao, respectively the Chair and Rapporteur of the TDA/SAP Working Group proved immensely useful. The encouragement of Drs Abdoulaye Ndiaye of UNDP and Takehiro Nakamura of UNEP is gratefully acknowledged. Prof Sikorou Adam, Executive Secretary of CEDA provided much needed editorial assistance. There are many more persons who are not specifically mentioned here but whose input to the success of the TDA process was no less important. It has been for me both a joy and a privilege to have participated in this undertaking. The achievement of this task is yet another crucial step on the road to sustainable socio- economic development in the GCLME region. Prof Chidi IBE 23 February, 2006 GCLME Regional Director Accra, Ghana TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:41 PM Page 8 TDA book1.qxd 8/19/2006 4:41 PM Page 9 v Table of Contents Foreword by HE President of Ghana . .i Preface . .iii Table of Contents . .v List of figures . .ix List of Tables . .xi List of Photographs . .xiii 1. INTRODUCTION . .1 1.1 Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA): content and process . .1 1.2 Design of the Guinea Current TDA . .1 1.2.1 Identification of Major Perceived Problems and Issues (MPPIs) . .2 1.2.2 Causal Chain/Root Cause Analysis . .2 1.2.3 Synthesis Matrix . .2 1.2.4 Priority Areas of Future Interventions . .2 1.2.5 Ecological Quality Objectives (EQOs) . .2 1.3 The next steps towards a sustainable future in the GCLME region . .2 2. PHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL SETTING . .5 2.1 Geographic scope and ecosystem boundaries . .5 2.1.1 Sherbro area . .5 2.1.2 Central-West African upwelling . .6 2.1.3 Central Gulf of Guinea . .8 2.1.4 Southern Gulf of Guinea . .8 2.2 Hydrography, sedimentation and coastal erosion . .8 2.3 Geology and geomorphology . .10 2.4 Oceanography . .11 2.5 Important ecosystems . .13 2.5.1 Wetland habitats . .13 2.5.2 Coastal lagoons . .14 2.5.3 Sea-grass beds . .14 2.5.4 Sandy beaches . .14 2.5.5 Mangrove swamps . .14 2.6 Biodiversity . .17 2.6.1 Avian fauna . .17 2.6.2 Flora . .17 2.6.3 Marine species . .18 2.6.4 Other species . .20 2.6.5 Protected areas . ..
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