American Jewish Year Book

AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

1981

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA The 1981 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, the eighty-first in the series, continues to offer a unique chronicle of developments in areas of concern to Jews throughout the world. The present volume features two major articles dealing with Jewish demography: "Jews in the United States: Perspectives from Demography" by Sidney Goldstein of Brown University and "Jewish Survival: The Demographic Fac- tors" by U. 0. Schmelz of the Hebrew University. The review of developments in the United States includes Murray Friedman's "Intergroup Rela- tions"; George Gruen's "The United States, Israel, and the Mid- dle East"; and Jonathan Woocher's "The 'Civil Judaism' of Communal Leaders." Alvin Chenkin and May- nard Miran provide revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealing with Israel, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary,

(Continued on back flap)

$20.

American Jewish Year Book

VOLUME 81

Prepared by THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

Editors MILTON HIMMELFARB DAVID SINGER Editor Emeritus MORRIS FINE

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE NEW YORK THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA PHILADELPHIA COPYRIGHT, 1980 BY THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper.

ISBN 0-8276-0185-9

Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 99-4040

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE HADDON CRAFTSMEN, INC., SCRANTON, PA. Preface

Thtiee present volume contains two major feature articles dealing with Jewish demography: "Jews in the United States: Perspectives from Demography" by Sidney Goldstein and "Jewish Survival: The Demographic Factors" by U.O. Schmelz. The review of developments in the United States includes Murray Friedman's "Intergroup Relations"; George Gruen's "The United States, Israel, and the Middle East"; and Jonathan Woocher's "The 'Civil Judaism' of Communal Leaders." Alvin Chenkin and Maynard Miran provide revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealing with Israel, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Poland, Hun- gary, Czechoslovakia, and South Africa. New estimates for the world Jewish population are given. Carefully compiled directories of national Jewish organizations, periodicals, and federations and welfare funds, as well as religious calendars and obituary notices, round out the 1981 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. We are very grateful to our colleague Carol Sue Davidson for technical and editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to Cyma M. Horowitz, director of the Blaustein Library, Lotte Zajac, and all our other co-workers in the Information and Research Department.

THE EDITORS

Contributors

BERNARD BASKIN; rabbi, Temple Anshe Sholom, Hamilton, Ontario. ALVIN CHENKIN; research consultant, Council of Jewish Federations and Wel- fare Funds, New York. DENIS DIAMOND; associate director, World Jewish Congress, Israel branch, Jerusalem. MURRAY FRIEDMAN; director, middle atlantic region, American Jewish Com- mittee, Philadelphia. SIDNEY GOLDSTEIN; George Hazard Crooker University Professor; director, professor of sociology, Population Studies and Training Center, Brown Univer- sity, Providence. GEORGE E. GRUEN; director, Israel and Middle East affairs, foreign affairs department, American Jewish Committee, New York. LIONEL E. KOCHAN; Bearsted Reader in Jewish history, University of Warwick; honorary fellow, Oxford Centre for Post-graduate Studies, Oxford. MIRIAM KOCHAN; journalist; translator, Oxford. MISHA LOUVISH; writer; translator; journalist, Jerusalem. ARNOLD MANDEL; essayist; novelist; reporter and literary critic, Information Juive and L 'Arche, Paris. MAYNARD MIRAN; research associate, Council of Jewish Federations and Wel- fare Funds, New York. FRIEDO SACHSER; political and news editor, Allgemeine Jiidische Wochen- zeitung; German correspondent, London Jewish Chronicle, Diisseldorf. U.O. SCHMELZ; associate professor, Jewish demography, Institute of Contempo- rary Jewry, Hebrew University; director, demographic and social division, Cen- tral Bureau of Statistics, Jerusalem. LEON SHAPIRO; Rutgers University, retired, New York. JONATHAN S. WOOCHER; assistant professor of Jewish communal service, Brandeis University, Waltham.

Table of Contents

PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS vn

SPECIAL ARTICLES Jews in the United States: Perspectives from Demography Sidney Goldstein 3 Jewish Survival: The Demographic Factors U.O. Schmelz 61

UNITED STATES

CIVIC AND POLITICAL Intergroup Relations Murray Friedman 121 The United States, Israel, and the Middle East George E. Gruen 134

COMMUNAL The 'Civil Judaism' of Communal Leaders Jonathan S. Woocher 149

DEMOGRAPHIC Jewish Population in the United States, 1980 Alvin Chenkin and Maynard Miran 170 ix X / CONTENTS OTHER COUNTRIES

CANADA Bernard Baskin 183

WESTERN EUROPE Lionel and Miriam Great Britain Kochan 192 Arnold Mandel 202 France CENTRAL EUROPE Federal Republic of Germany Friedo Sachser 208 German Democratic Republic Friedo Sachser 232

EASTERN EUROPE Soviet Union Leon Shapiro 235 Soviet Bloc Nations Leon Shapiro 245

ISRAEL Misha Louvish 252

SOUTH AFRICA Denis Diamond 275

WORLD JEWISH POPULATION Leon Shapiro 284

DIRECTORIES, LISTS AND NECROLOGY

NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS United States 295 Canada 336

JEWISH FEDERATIONS, WELFARE FUNDS, COMMUNITY COUNCILS 339

JEWISH PERIODICALS United States 354 Canada 362

NECROLOGY: UNITED STATES 363 CONTENTS / xi

SUMMARY JEWISH CALENDAR, 5741-5745 (Sept. 1980-Sept. 1985) 380

CONDENSED MONTHLY CALENDAR, 1980-1982 (5740-5743) 382

REPORT OF JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 409

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-80 OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 417

INDEX 421

Special Articles

Jews in the United States: Perspectives from Demography

by SIDNEY GOLDSTEIN

LT A TIME WHEN THE demographic, social, and perhaps even economic structure of the American Jewish community is undergoing rapid change, there is a crucial need for a continuous monitoring of the situation and an assessment of its implications for the future. Changes in size, composition, and distribution, as well as in the patterns and levels of births and deaths, have tremendous significance on both the local and national levels. Knowledge of demographic factors is clearly essential for purposes of planning whether a community should provide certain services, where facilities should be located, how they should be staffed, and who should bear the funding burden. Moreover, the demographic structure of the Jewish community greatly affects its social, cultural, and religious viability, whether this is judged by the ability to support an educational system, to organize religious life, or to provide sufficient density of population to insure a sense of community. Because the socio-demographic structure of the Jewish community, like that of the larger American community, is both a product and a cause of change, we clearly need to have current data available. Unfortu- nately, however, such data are often lacking.1 The absence of a question on religion in the United States decennial census precludes tapping the wealth of information that would otherwise be available from that source on the religious characteristics of local populations. The need for comprehensive data on religious identification is indicated by the fact that perhaps the best single source of information available on the size and composition of Jews and other religious groups remains that collected by the Bureau of the Census in the 1957 Current

Note: This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the Colloquium on Jewish Life in the United States: Perspectives from the Social Sciences, sponsored by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, May 28-29, 1978. The study draws heavily on material previously published by the author in "American Jewry, 1970: A Demographic Profile," AJYB, Vol. 72, 1971, pp. 3-88. 'An excellent review of the varied efforts undertaken between 1818 and 1977 to gather and assess statistics on the American Jewish community appears in Jack Diamond, "A Reader in the Demography of American Jews," AJYB, Vol. 77, 1977, pp. 251-317. 4 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Population Survey." Because answers were voluntary, the survey was able to include a question on religion. But 1957 is long past, and much has happened to the American population and to American Jewry since then. The 1957 data, therefore, relatively rich though they are, can serve only as a bench mark against which changes can be measured, rather than as an indication of the current situation. Unfortunately, we have few new sets of comprehensive data. The National Jewish Population Study (NJPS) was an important and promising attempt to conduct a nationwide survey representative of the United States Jewish population. As a report in the 1973 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (AJYB) indicates: "The study, sponsored by the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, now has completed data collection and other tasks prerequisite to analysis, and constitutes a repository of information that will require 'mining' and interpretation for many years to come."2 The NJPS remains largely just that—to date only a few published reports on the number and basic characteristics of the Jewish population have appeared. This overview will make use of the limited information that is available, but in the absence of a comprehensive evaluation of the NJPS data, such information must be used with caution. Other nationwide demographic statistics containing information on religious identification are available from various surveys undertaken by public opinion polls and other organizations.3 Some of these surveys have been used to gain insights on American Jewish fertility,4 but because they include a very small number of Jews, detailed analysis for general purposes is greatly restricted. Aside from the 1957 Current Population Survey and the data from the NJPS, locally sponsored community surveys still provide the best sets of data on the characteristics of American Jews. These studies differ considerably in quality, depending in particular on the manner in which the sample populations were selected, but also on the quality of the interviewers, the response rates, and the sophistication of the analyses. Since some of the

'aU.S. Bureau of the Census, "Religion Reported by the Civilian Population of the United States, March 1957," Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 79, 1958. 2Fred Massarik and Alvin Chenkin, "United States National Jewish Population Study: A First Report," AJYB, Vol. 74, 1973, p. 264. 'As, for example, the annual General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Corporation (NORC). 'Ronald Freedman, Pascal K. Whelpton, and Arthur A. Campbell, Family Planning, Steril- ity, and Population Growth (New York, 1959); Norman B. Ryder and Charles F. Westoff, Reproduction in the United States, 1965 (Princeton, 1971); Charles F. Westoff, Robert Potter, Jr., and Philip Sagi, The Third Child (Princeton, 1963); Charles F. Westoff, Robert Potter, Jr., Philip Sagi, and Eliot Mishler, Family Growth in Metropolitan America (Princeton, 1961); Pascal K. Whelpton, Arthur A. Campbell, and John E. Patterson, Fertility and Family Planning in the United States (Princeton, 1966). U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 5 surveys rely exclusively on lists of families available to the local federations, serious doubts are raised about the representativeness of the samples covered; they are usually strongly biased in favor of individuals and families who contribute to fund-raising efforts. In some communities, the federations have made concerted efforts before undertaking surveys to insure coverage of donors and non-donors, as well as of both affiliated and non- affiliated families. The success of such attempts varies both with community size and with the ease of identifying non-affiliated households. In the limited instances where these efforts have been successful, the resulting samples provide a good basis for studying the entire population; in other cases, the findings about the extent and nature of Jewish identification, intermarriage, and demographic characteristics and behavior are probably seriously biased. Beyond these concerns the findings from community surveys must be used with great caution for generalizing to the national community, since other considerations affect how representative the local sample will be for such broader purposes. Most of the surveys conducted in local communities have been for moderate-sized Jewish populations of 25,000 or less; Boston, Los Angeles, Washington, Detroit, Baltimore, and San Francisco are exceptions. Legitimate questions must be raised about the extent to which findings based on moderate-sized communities are typical of the total American Jewish population. Yet, these studies appear to display impres- sively similar patterns for the varied locations that have been surveyed.5 Variations can generally be explained by the nature of the communities themselves, that is, whether they are older communities or newer suburban areas, and in which region of the country they are located. The relatively high degree of homogeneity that characterizes the patterns of these communities suggests that the underlying demographic profile of American Jewry as a whole probably does not deviate significantly from that depicted by already existing sources, incomplete as they are. The fact that the findings which are available to date from the NJPS also conform to the general patterns, provides some additional basis for confidence in both the community studies and in the NJPS itself. In undertaking this review, the focus, within the limits of available information, will be on the major areas of concern to demographers—size, composition, distribution, and the components of change (fertility, mortality, and migration). The presentation would not be complete, however, without some attention to intermarriage. Throughout the discussion, the implications of the current situation for future patterns of growth and identification will be explored.

'Sidney Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970: A Demographic Profile," AJYB, Vol. 72, 1971, pp. 17-19. 6 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 POPULATION GROWTH

At no time in American history has there been a complete enumeration of the nation's Jewish population. Whether referring to the population in 1790 or in the 1970's, the statistic is an estimate, and therefore subject to question. For example, in 1972 the AJYB6 reported a total Jewish population of 6,115,320, while in 1974 it cited a considerably lower figure of 5,732,000. The drop reflected the findings of the NJPS, and particularly the reassessment of Greater New York's population, which had been reported by the AJYB at 2,381,000 between 1962 and 1973, but which was estimated by the NJPS to be only 1,998,000 as of 1971.6" As the latest AJYB stressed, at least two factors continue to make even the most recent estimates problematic—the difficulty in documenting the extent of the shift to the "sun- belt" states, and continuing doubts as to the accuracy of the New York City estimate, which may still be too high.7 Even the NJPS estimate of a 5,800,000 total American Jewish population in 1971 needs qualification. The statistic refers to individuals residing in Jewish households, exclusive of the institutional population, and as such includes both Jews and non-Jews. If non-Jews are excluded, again based on information gathered in the NJPS, the total number of Jewish residents in households is 5,370,000. If added to that estimate is an estimated 50,000 Jews in institutions, the total population in 1971 would be 5,420,000, still some half million less (a 10 per cent differential) than the previous estimates cited by the AJYB. This is far too great a range of difference to allow strong confidence in the estimates which have been provided.8 A set of annual estimates by Ira Rosenwaike of the American Jewish population for the period 1940 to 1975, based on use of the 1957 Bureau

"The U.S. Jewish population estimates which appear in the AJYB are prepared by staff members of the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. 'aCf., Alvin Chenkin, "Jewish Population in the United States, 1972," AJYB, Vol. 74,1973, pp. 307-309, and Alvin Chenkin, "Jewish Population in the United States, 1974," AJYB, Vol. 76, 1976, pp. 229-236. 'Alvin Chenkin and Maynard Miran, "Jewish Population in the United States, 1979," AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, p. 159. 'Given the nature of the sampling procedures employed in the NJPS and resulting potential biases, the "official" NJPS estimate of the U.S. Jewish population of 5,780,000 is actually the middle of three estimates that range from a low of 5,560,000 to a high of 6,000,000. Each of these statistics has its own standard error, so that the 95 per cent confidence limit for the respective estimates would be High 6,000,000 ± 1,175,000 Medium 5,780,000 ± 884,000 Low 5,560,000 ± 763,000 The wide range encompassed by these estimates, especially when their sampling errors are taken into account, provides further evidence of the absence of exact statistics describing the Jewish population. See Bernard Lazerwitz, "An Estimate of a Rare Population Group: The U.S. Jewish Population," Demography, August 1978, pp. 389-394. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 7 of the Census estimates, indicates that the U.S. Jewish population in 1970 was 5,550,000—very close to the estimate emanating from the NJPS. Ro- senwaike estimated a 1975 population of 5,619,000, only 69,000 greater than in 1970.' This estimate takes account of levels of fertility, mortality, and immigration, but does not incorporate estimates of losses resulting from intermarriage and assimilation. While all estimates are subject to question, the close correspondence between Rosenwaike's 1970 estimate and the NJPS figure, and the small growth since then, point to the strong likelihood that the total population in 1970 was well below the 6 million mark, and that it has remained so. The AJYB estimate that the 1979 Jewish population totaled 5,860,900 conforms to this expectation.10 The Jewish population of the United States has clearly experienced tremendous growth between the time of the formation of the United States and the 1970's. From a community estimated to number only slightly above 1,000 in 1790, the Jewish population had passed the 1 million mark by the end of the next century. Over three-quarters of that growth occurred, however, in the last two decades of the century, reflecting the onset of massive immigration from Eastern Europe in the 1880's. Between 1881 and 1902 almost 800,000 Jews entered the United States. By the beginning of the 20th century, Jews constituted 1.4 per cent of the total American population (Table 1). Immigration continued to augment the Jewish population even more substantially in the first decades of the 20th century; between 1902 and 1924 over 1.5 million Jews immigrated, and all but a small percentage remained in the United States, in contrast to high return rates among other ethnic groups. By 1927 Jews were estimated to number 4.2 million persons. The fourfold increase in an interval of less than three decades was far greater than the increase of the total population of the United States; during the same interval the American population grew by about only 60 per cent. Reflecting this differential rate of growth, Jews more than doubled their proportion of the total population—from 1.4 per cent in 1900 to 3.6 per cent in 1927. Thereafter, the imposition of immigration quotas slowed the rate of growth. What is often overlooked, however, is that between 1925 and World War II about 250,000 Jews immigrated to the United States, and that another 320,000 did so between the end of the war and 1975. Despite its reduced volume compared to the 1881-1924 peak period, immigration has therefore continued to be an important component of growth. Without it, the American Jewish population today would be substantially smaller in size, particularly given the low rates of natural increase, losses through

'Ira Rosenwaike, "A Synthetic Estimate of American Jewish Population Movement Over the Last Three Decades," paper presented at the Seventh World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, August 1977. '"Chenkin and Miran, op. tit., p. 162. 8 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 intermarriage and assimilation, and a small loss through emigration, especially to Israel and Canada." What is interesting is that despite this immigration, only one-half million persons are estimated to have been added overall to the Jewish population between 1927 and 1937, and only one- quarter million more by 1950. Such slow growth, with comparatively minor exception, has persisted to the present, and the Jewish population has increased at a much slower rate than the population as a whole. Whereas the total U.S. population increased by just over three-fourths in the 50 years between 1930 and 1980, the Jewish population grew by about only one-third in the same interval. Estimates12 of the net effects of international migration on the growth of the Jewish population in the 1970's suggest that net immigration has contributed about 8,000 persons per year. If estimates of the near-equal number of births and deaths during this period are correct, net immigration may thus have accounted for as much as 60 per cent of the small growth of the American Jewish population between 1970 and 1975. By contrast, in the early 1950's net immigration is estimated to have accounted for only one- fifth of total growth. With the increase in the influx of Russian Jews in the 1970's, amounting to approximately 58,700 persons between 1975 and 1979," supplemented by what may be a substantial immigration of Israelis, immigration undoubtedly has persisted as the most important component of growth. Reflecting the long-term reversal in rates of growth between the Jewish and the total population, the proportion of Jews in the total population, after peaking at 3.7 per cent in 1937, has undergone a steady decline to 2.7 per cent in 1979—about the same percentage as around 1910. Given the low Jewish birthrate, the losses sustained through intermarriage and assimilation, and what may well be higher levels of mortality due to the aging of the population, there seems little prospect of a reversal in the slower rates of growth that have come to characterize recent years. If anything, the growth rate is likely to continue to decline, and may even become negative in the not too distant future. Consideration of the joint impact of the above factors has led to dire predictions about the virtual extinction of the American Jewish population

"Simon Kuznets, "Immigration of Russian Jews to the United States: Background and Structure," Perspectives in American History, 1975, pp. 35-124; Jacob Lestchinsky, "Jewish Migrations, 1840-1956," in Louis Finkelstein, (ed.), The Jews (New York, 1960), pp. 1536- 1596; Calvin Goldscheider, "The Demography of Jewish Americans: Research Findings, Issues, and Challenges," paper presented at Brandeis University Planning Conference for Modern Jewish Studies, Waltham, October 21-24, 1979. "Rosenwaike, op. tit., pp. 6-7. "Personal communication from HI AS, March 11, 1980. The number includes only those Russian immigrants who were assisted by HIAS. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 9

TABLE 1. JEWISH POPULATION GROWTH, UNITED STATES, 1790-1979 Percent of Total U.S. Year Number Population

1790b 1,200 0.03 1818a 3,000 0.03 1826 6,000 0.06 1840 15,000 0.1 1848 50,000 0.2 1880 230,000 0.5 1888 400,000 0.6 1897 938,000 1.3 1900 1,058,000 1.4 1907b 1,777,000 2.0 1917 3,389,000 3.3 1927 4,228,000 3.6 1937 4,771,000 3.7 1950c 5,000,000 3.5 1960 5,531,000 3.1 1970 5,870,000 2.9 1975 5,732,000 2.7 1979 5,860,900 2.7

^timates for 1818-1899 are based on "Jewish Statistics," AJYB, Vol. 1, 1900, p. 623. "Estimates for 1790 and 1907-1937 are from Nathan Goldberg, "The Jewish Population in the United States," The Jewish People, Past and Present. Vol. 2 (New York, 1955), p. 25. cThe 1950-1979 estimates are taken from AJYB, Vols. 70-80, 1969-1980. within the next 100 years. One forecast suggests that "when the United States celebrates its tricentennial in 2076, the American Jewish community is likely to number no more than 944,000 persons and conceivably as few as 10,420."14 While this prediction is overly pessimistic, in the absence of a drastic reversal in ongoing patterns, a decline does seem probable; the projections by Lieberman and Weinfeld of a Jewish population of 3-4 million by the end of the 21st century seem much more likely."

"Elihu Bergman, "The American Jewish Population Erosion," Midstream, October 1977, p. 9. "Samuel S. Lieberman and Morton Weinfeld, "Demographic Trends and Jewish Survival," Midstream, November 1978, pp. 9-19. 10 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 The decline in relative numbers may not be very significant in view of the fact that Jews have never constituted a numerically large segment of the American population. Despite their small numbers, Jews are generally considered the third major religious group in the country. There seems little reason to expect that this situation will change, even should the Jewish percentage of the total population decline further. As long as Jews, both as a group and individually, continue to play significant roles in the cultural, educational, political, and economic life of the country, more important factors than sheer numbers may influence the position of the Jewish community within the total American community. These factors include changes in Jewish geographical concentration, as well as in Jewish representation in selected socioeconomic strata of the population. Only when the change in total numbers is accompanied by significant changes in distribution and composition which are deleterious to the prominent role Jews have played on the American scene will the change in numbers itself take on a new significance.

MORTALITY

Better health and longer life have characterized the Jewish population in the Western world since at least the mid-17th century." Factors contributing to this favorable differential have included the positive effect of religious observance on health conditions; the relatively longer exposure which Jews have had to "civilized" environments and urban settings, resulting in higher levels of immunity against certain contagious diseases; and the higher-than- average socioeconomic status which Jews have enjoyed, permitting them thereby to obtain more and better medical attention, and to live in a better environment. Because of the low mortality levels and the generally good health conditions which have characterized American society in recent years, minimum attention has been paid by Jewish scholars to the mortality experience of the American Jewish population. In part this also reflects the difficulty of obtaining the necessary data in the absence of direct information on religion on death certificates. No study on Jewish mortality levels appears to have been conducted since 1970. The few studies undertaken before 1970 were limited both because of their restriction to a small number of communities, and because they were cross-sectional and did not, therefore, provide trend data that might be useful for projections. Although the specific findings differ somewhat among communities, the general conclusion seems warranted that as recently as the 1960's some differences existed between Jews and the total white population in age

"Salo Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews, Vol. II (New York, 1937), p. 169. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 11 specific death rates, life expectancy, and survival patterns—generally more so for males than for females.17 Jewish age specific death rates were below those of the white population at younger ages, possibly because of a combination of the conditions already outlined which have lowered the suscepti- bility of Jews to contagious diseases. The particularly lower mortality among Jewish babies under one lends support to this interpretation. Older Jews have a higher mortality than the total white population, which may reflect the possibility that, given the better medical attention they receive at earlier ages and their better ability to survive contagious diseases, more Jews with physically impaired lives survive until later years, when the effects of chronic diseases produce higher death tolls. Data for Providence, R.I., by cause of death, support such an interpretation.18 Again, it is necessary to use caution in interpreting these data, because of their limited coverage of the American Jewish population, as well as their outdated character. It is especially important to recognize that the cross- sectional character of the data provides no basis for projecting future patterns, particularly about the mortality experience of older persons. In the United States in general, minimal changes in mortality are expected. The fact that relatively small differences already existed between Jews and non- Jews in the 1960's, and that these have most likely diminished still further as the socioeconomic environment of Jews and non-Jews and their utilization of health services have become more similar, probably means that future mortality will be even more similar than that observed here. Cer- tainly, the differences observed for the 1960's are not large enough to account for the overall differences in the rate of natural increase of the Jewish population compared to the total population. At the same time, the aging of the Jewish population means that the number of Jewish deaths is likely to rise. To the extent that this happens, the rate of natural increase is likely to decline in the absence of a corresponding rise in births, all the more so if the birthrate should decline. Given these patterns, whatever differential in natural growth characterizes Jews and non-Jews in the future will be largely attributable to variations in levels of fertility.

FERTILITY

The available evidence clearly indicates that throughout American history Jews have had a lower birthrate than non-Jews. Yet, only in very recent years has lower fertility become an openly discussed concern of the Jewish

"Goldstein, op. tit., pp. 12-15. "Sidney Goldstein, "Jewish Mortality and Survival Patterns: Providence, Rhode Island, 1962-1964," Eugenics Quarterly, March 1966, pp. 48-61. 12 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 community. In part, this reflects the fact that Jewish fertility, like that of the larger society, has recently declined to a point where continuation at its current levels would lead to zero population growth (ZPG) or possibly even negative population growth (NPG)—reflecting situations wherein births are either equal to or below the number of deaths, thereby leading to stability or decline in population size in the absence of reenforcement from international migration. For Jews this threat of population decline is particularly serious, since it can be exacerbated by losses resulting from intermarriage and assimilation. Despite the Biblical injunction to be fruitful and multiply, Jews have had the smallest families of virtually all ethnic and religious groups. As early as the late 19th century, available evidence pointed to a Jewish birthrate which was lower than that of the non-Jewish population; this differential, although narrowing, has persisted to the present. In the Rhode Island census of 1905, the only state census that obtained information on religion and related it to family size, the average family size of native-born Jewish women was 2.3, compared to an average of 3.2 for native-born Catholics, and 2.5 for native-born Protestants." Studies in the 193O's found Jews to have not only lower fertility, but also higher proportions using contraceptives, planning pregnancies, and relying on more efficient methods to achieve that goal.20 The 1941 Indianapolis fertility study, a milestone in demographic research in the United States, found the fertility of Jews, controlling for age differences, to be 25 per cent lower than that of Protestants, whereas that of Catholics was about 15 per cent higher.21 The results of the 1957 population survey conducted by the United States Bureau of the Census also confirmed the lower fertility of Jews.22 The cumulative fertility rate (children ever born) of Jewish women 45 years of age and over was 2.2, compared to 3.1 for Catholic women and 2.8 for Protestant women. Lower fertility also characterized Jewish women at younger ages. Moreover, controlling for area of residence, the fertility rate for Jewish women in urban areas was 14 per cent below that of all urban women. Beginning in the 195O's, a series of surveys was undertaken to investigate the fertility behavior of the American population. Although Jews

"Calculated from Rhode Island Census of 1905, "Conjugal Conditions, Maternity Tables," Bulletin IV, part one of the annual report for 1907, Table VII, p. 551. 20R.K. Stix and Frank Notestein, Controlled Fertility (Baltimore, 1940), p. 29; Raymond Pearl, The Natural History of Population (New York, 1939), pp. 241-242. ''Pascal K. Whelpton and Clyde V. Kiser, "Differential Fertility Among Native White Couples in Indianapolis," Social and Psychological Factors Affecting Fertility, I, Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, July 1943, pp. 226-271. "U.S. Bureau of the Census, op. cit U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 13 constituted only a small portion of each of the samples in these surveys, the data clearly pointed to lower Jewish fertility. The 1965 Growth of American Families study showed that the average number of children born by that year to women under age 44 was 2.3 for Protestants and 2.8 for Catholics, compared to only 2.1 for Jews." By the end of childbearing, Jews also expected to have a smaller total number of children (2.9) than either Protes- tants (3.0) or Catholics (3.9). The similarity between the Protestant and Jewish expected averages is particularly noteworthy in view of earlier observed differences, but expectations may not be fully realized. In a 1970 study, Westoff and Ryder found that among women 35-44 years of age, those at the end of the reproduction period, sharp religious differentials existed.24 Restricting the comparison to white women, Catholics averaged 3.6 children compared to only 2.9 for Protestants and 2.1 for Jews—a level equivalent to ZPG. The authors also made a distinction between wanted and unwanted children. Only 3 per cent of the Jewish children were reported as unwanted, by far the lowest percentage for all religious groups— a fact that reflects successful fertility control. Although focusing on a somewhat different population, and using a follow-up approach to their original sample rather than an independent cross-section of the population in successive rounds of interviews, the Princeton Fertility Studies of 1957 and 1960 reached the same conclusions as those reported by GAF." Jews, when compared to Protestants and Catholics, desired fewer children and more successfully planned their pregnancies. Since the late 1960's, a new set of statistics allows national comparison of the current fertility of Jews and non-Jews.26 The data collected in the National Natality Surveys of 1967, 1968, and 1969 by the National Center for Health Statistics are based on follow-up interviews with samples of mothers of legitimate births reported on birth certificates in those three years. By combining the data from the three years, it was possible to assemble a sample of 167 Jewish women who gave birth during that period; they constituted 2 per cent of the total sample. Omitted are all childless married women, all mothers of illegitimate children, and all women who did not have a child during 1967-1969. The latter restriction means that the respondents are younger than all married women and that they probably average somewhat more children than the total married.

"Ryder and Westoff, op. tit "Charles F. Westoff and Norman B. Ryder, The Contraceptive Revolution (Princeton, 1977). "Westoff, Potter, and Sagi, op. tit., p. 89; Westoff, Potter, Sagi, and Mishler, op. tit., pp. 72-92. "Sidney Goldstein, "Jewish Fertility in Contemporary America," in Paul Ritterband, (ed.), Modern Jewish Fertility (Leiden, in press). 14 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Use of these data does have the advantage of allowing assessment of current fertility, whereas most of the surveys focus on cumulative fertility. In conjunction with the estimates of Jewish women by age from the NJPS, a variety of basic fertility measures could be computed; these were, in turn, compared with those of the U.S. white population. It must be stressed that the fertility rates calculated represent only very crude estimates, since they are subject to wide sampling errors. However, even when these sampling errors are taken into account, the evidence clearly documents the low fertility of Jews. During 1967-1969, the crude birthrate for total U.S. whites was 16.8, but only 9.6 for the Jewish population (middle estimates will be used throughout the discussion). Because the age composition of the Jewish and total population is quite different, a better comparison of Jewish and total fertility can be made if age is controlled. As the data in Table 2 show, with the exception of the 25-29 age group, Jewish fertility is consistently below that of the total white population, and usually substantially so. Probably reflecting the later age of marriage of Jewish women, related in part to their tendency to stay in school longer, the birthrate of Jewish women aged 15-19 is only 7.2 per thousand, compared to 59.9 per thousand for the total white population. This differential narrows in the next age group, but the birthrate remains very low for Jewish women. Because of the delay in marriage and consequent delay in fertility, the age specific fertility rate for Jewish women in the 25-29 year age group is actually slightly above that of the total white population. About half of all Jewish births occur to women aged 25-29, and almost three-quarters of total fertility is completed by age 29. Correspond- ing percentages for the total white population are only 25 and 63 per cent, respectively. The Jewish fertility rate drops precipitously for women aged 30-34, and continues the decline for higher aged groups. The cumulative effect of these age differences leads to an estimate of an average of 1,468 children per thousand Jewish women at the end of their reproductive cycle, assuming that the 1967-1969 age specific patterns persisted. This contrasts to 2,388 for the total white group. To the extent that 2.1 is the average number of births per woman required for replacement level, these data make it very clear that, unless there are drastic errors in either the birth data or the base population data, Jewish fertility levels were already below replacement during the early 1960's, whereas those for the total whites in those years were still above replacement level. The tremendous differential between the two, approaching the ratio of 2 to 1, is substantial enough to confirm that the difference in the crude rate is not strictly a matter of age composition, but also reflects a very real difference in fertility behavior between Jews and the total population. Replacements can be measured more clearly through use of the net reproduction rate, which shows the number of daughters who would be U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 15

TABLE 2. COMPARATIVE MEASURES OF FERTILITY, JEWISH AND TOTAL WHITE UNITED STATES POPULATIONS, 1967-1969 Jewish Population* Low Medium High Population Population Population U.S. White Base Base Base Population Crude Birthrate 9.9 9.6 9.2 16.8

General Fertility Rate 48.1 46.2 44.5 82.3

Total Fertility Rate 1,527.5 1,467.5 1,412.5 2,388.0

Net Reproduction Rate 722.5 694.2 668.2 1,143.6

Age Specific Birthrates 15-19 7.5 7.2 6.9 55.9 20-24 63.2 60.8 58.4 164.1 25-29 153.0 147.0 141.5 141.0 30-34 60.3 57.9 55.8 73.7 35-39 17.5 16.8 16.2 34.0 40-44 4.0 3.8 3.7 8.9 •Based on population estimates from National Jewish Population Study, 1970-1971, and on fertility estimates from the 1967-1969 National Natality Surveys. Low Population Estimate = 5,550,000 Medium Population Estimate = 5,775,000 High Population Estimate = 6,000,000 born to a thousand women passing through their reproductive years, subject to both current age specific fertility rates and current mortality patterns. In general, a net reproduction rate of a thousand indicates that the women will produce enough daughters to exactly replace themselves; a rate below a thousand is indicative of inadequate replacement. Based on the assumption that Jewish mortality and that of the U.S. white population are quite similar, the net reproduction rate for Jews is shown to be between 668 and 722 per thousand, compared to 1,144 per thousand for the total white population. The net reproduction rate thus confirms what has already been indicated by the other measures, i.e., that the replacement level of Jews is far below that of the total white population, and also considerably below the level needed to insure growth if 1967-1969 rates persist. The restriction of the National Natality Survey data to women actually having children during the specified years argues for the exploitation of complementary data which allow assessment of cumulative fertility. Some limited insights into this can be obtained from data available from the 16 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 National Opinion Research Census (NORC) annual surveys. By combining the data from the 1972 through 1975 surveys, it was possible to obtain 89 ever married Jewish women in all age groups over 18.27 These women had averaged 2.0 children up to the time of the survey, compared to 2.7 for both Protestants and Catholics. Among women aged 40-49, the age group at the end of childbearing, corresponding averages were 2.4, 3.4, and 3.6 for Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, respectively. The pattern of lower Jewish fertility is reflected dramatically in the parity data. About equal percentages of all religious groups were childless, but 70 per cent of the Jewish women had 2 or fewer children, compared to only 53 per cent of the Protestants and 52 per cent of the Catholics. By contrast, 16 and 17 per cent, respectively, of Protestant and Catholic women had 5 or more children, compared to only 1 per cent of the Jews. Regardless of the index used, therefore, the NORC data, which reflect cumulative fertility behavior rather than current performance or expected future levels, point to consistently lower Jewish fertility compared to that of non-Jews. The evidence available from 15 Jewish community studies encompassing the period 1953-1976 also points to lower Jewish fertility (Table 3). These data measure fertility by comparing the number of children under 5 years of age per 1,000 women aged 20-44. Particularly noteworthy is the observation that five of the seven communities which took surveys before 1960 reported child-woman ratios above 500, whereas none of the surveys taken since 1960 have done so; and the ratios for three of the four communities surveyed in the 1970's display the lowest of all, below 400, and in the case of Greater Kansas City only 231. That this low fertility is typical of the national scene is indicated by the NJPS data for 1970-1971 which reveal a child-woman ratio for Jews of only 352, some 27 per cent below the 1970 national average of 485 for the white 1970 urban population. Also using data from the NJPS, Delia Pergola has undertaken what constitutes one of the most comprehensive assessments yet completed of fertility patterns among the Jewish population of the United States as a whole.28 The large sample size, consisting of 5,303 ever married females age 15 and over, allows much more in-depth study, despite some concern about the coverage of the NJPS, than any other national sample. The exploitation of the retrospective fertility history information collected in the survey enhances the richness of the analysis undertaken. The findings of the analysis basically confirm the insights gained in other studies. Throughout the period covered by the analysis, Jewish fertility was consistently lower than among total whites, varying from a ratio of 69 Jewish

"General Social Surveys, 1972 through 1975, conducted by National Opinion Research Center, Roper Research Center, Inc., Williamstown, Mass. "Sergio Delia Pergola, "Patterns of American Jewish Fertility," mimeographed paper, Jerusalem, 1979. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 17

TABLE 3. JEWISH CHILD-WOMAN RATIO: NUMBER OF CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 TO NUMBER OF WOMEN AGED 20-44, SELECTED COMMUNITIES Fertility Community Year Ratio New Orleans, La. 1953 496 Lynn, Mass. 1955 528 Canton, Ohio 1955 469 Des Moines, Iowa 1956 596 Worcester, Mass. 1957 525 New Orleans, La. 1958 510 Los Angeles, Calif. 1959 560 South Bend, Ind. 1961 494 Rochester, N. Y. 1961 489 Providence, R. I. , 1963 450 Camden, N. J. 1964 480 Springfield, Mass. 1966 418 Columbus, Ohio 1969 444 Dallas, Texas 1972 304 Minneapolis, Minn. 1972 436 Houston, Texas 1975 342 Greater Kansas City 1976 231

National Jewish Population Study 1971 352

U.S. white urban population 1960 635 U.S. white urban population 1970 485 U.S. white metropolitan population 1975 360 Sources: Sidney Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970: A Demographic Profile," AJYB, Vol. 72, 1971. Betty J. Maynard, The Dallas Jewish Community Study (Dallas, 1974). Judith B. Erickson and Mitchel J. Lazarus, The Jewish Community of Greater Minneapolis (Minneapolis, 1973). Sam Shulman, David Gottlieb, and Sheila Sheinberg, A Sociological and Demo- graphic Survey of the Jewish Community of Houston, Texas (Houston, 1976). The Jewish Population Study of the Greater Kansas City Area (Kansas City, 1977). 18 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 births per 100 white births in about 1930, to a high of 87 in 1945, and declining thereafter to only 68 in 1965, when the total Jewish fertility rate was again below replacement level. As Delia Pergola notes, "Jewish fertility levels basically followed over time the general fluctuations of the total whites, but patterns of response to period societal change were relatively earlier, sharper, and faster as appropriate to a nearly perfectly contracepting population."29 The most recent cohorts were unmistakably directed towards increasingly lower fertility, even though young ever married women indicate an expectation to slightly surpass replacement levels; these expectations seem unrealistically high, given other patterns observed. Delia Pergola also notes considerable variation in fertility levels of different marriage and birth cohorts, but these generally occur within the boundaries of lower fertility. He also suggests, however, that there may be a "minimum" level below which families are unwilling to lower their fertility, providing societal circumstances are not too exacting. What seems to vary more among cohorts than the absolute differences in average number of children born (which generally varies within a range of one child) is the tempo of childbearing which is affected by age of woman at marriage, duration of marriage, and societal circumstances. The detailed analysis leads Delia Pergola to conclude that "long-term American cycles of socio-demographic change stimulated a multi-faceted Jewish demographic response. This included, during the more adverse years, non-marriage, later marriage, more frequent childlessness, fewer children per mother, longer birth intervals, and later termination of childbearing. After World War II, trends were quite similarly reversed for the different components of Jewish family formation, although relatively late marriage and low fertility generally characterize the entire period."30 A final set of data, whose major attractiveness is its currency and national coverage, but which includes only a small number of Jews, is the National Survey of Family Growth sponsored by the federal government.31 The results of the first survey, conducted in 1973-1974, showed that for the white population of the United States the number of children ever born was 2,180, but the average for Jews was only 1,914 (Table 4). If the comparison is in terms of total children expected, the Jewish average of 2,356 per thousand was 15 per cent below the total white average of 2,783. Perhaps more significantly, Jewish women aged 20-24 expected to have 1,569 children per thousand women, a number 32 per cent below the 2,313 expected by all white women, and well below replacement level. Only among women

"Ibid., p. 18. "Ibid. pp. 13-14. "Gordon Scott Bonham, "Expected Size of Completed Family Among Currently Married Women 15-44 Years of Age: United States, 1973," Advancedata. August 1977. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 19 aged 35 and older was the average number of children expected above replacement level; yet even these averages were only 0.4 to 0.6 children above replacement level, and well below the averages of the total population. Lower Jewish fertility is also reflected by the fact that only 15 per cent of all Jewish women aged 15-29 were pregnant, seeking to become pregnant, or in a post-partum status at the time of the survey, compared to 23 and 26 per cent, respectively, of the white Protestant and Catholic married women in the same age range." These data indicate, too, the high levels of fertility control characterizing Jews: 91 per cent of all currently married Jewish women 15-44 years of age were practicing contraception or were

TABLE 4. TOTAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN EVER BORN AND TOTAL BIRTHS EXPECTED PER 1,000 CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-44, BY AGE AND RELIGION: UNITED STATES, 1973 All Religion 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 Ages Children Ever Born Protestant 482 928 1,670 2,548 2,993 3,169 2,158 Catholic 471 888 1,773 2,727 3,273 3,546 2,359 Jewish * * 994 2,058 2,510 2,733 1,914 Other, none * 1,035 1,025 2,103 2,471 2,510 1,467

All women 479 921 1,651 2,575 3,054 3,251 2,180

Births Expected Protestant 2,246 2,260 2,402 2,798 3,088 3,198 2,710 Catholic 2,790 2,514 2,650 3,138 3,476 3,632 3,057 Jewish * 1,569 2,094 2,058 2,583 2,771 2,356 Other, none 2,020 2,117 2,002 2,553 2,680 2,586 2,257

All women 2,376 2,313 2,445 2,879 3,183 3,297 2,783

*Figure does not meet standards of reliability. Source: Gordon Scott Bonham, "Expected Size of Completed Family Among Currently Married Women 15-44 Years of Age: United States, 1973," Advancedata, August, 1977.

"Kathleen Ford, "Contraceptive Use in the United States, 1973," Vital and Health Statis- tics, Series 23 (forthcoming). 20 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 sterilized at the time of the 1973 survey. This level contrasted to 79 per cent of the white Protestant women and 73 per cent of the white Catholic women. The low levels of Jewish fertility observed in these various studies strongly suggest that Jews continue to have highly favorable attitudes toward family planning, and to be highly successful in the use of contraceptives. In a period of generally declining fertility, the fertility of Jews may be lower still. Goldscheider and Uhlenberg have argued that the "characteristics" approach, which attempts to explain the lower Jewish fertility by the social and economic characteristics that distinguish Jews from non-Jews, falls short of supplying a full explanation for the differential." They maintain that attention must also be given to the minority position of Jews and to the cross-culturally shared Jewish values that have helped to account for lower Jewish fertility in the past and in widely different societies. Percep- tions of discrimination, feelings of insecurity, and values particularly conducive to fewer children may continue to contribute to lower Jewish fertility. Thus, although Jewish fertility may foreshadow the patterns of other groups as we move into the era of the perfect contraceptive population, Jews may still continue to be characterized by lower levels of fertility because of other social-psychological factors associated with the still unique position of Jews in the larger society. That the already low Jewish fertility levels have evidently declined even further as part of the national pattern suggests that the motives for small families reflect a complex combination of factors involving both conditions unique to the Jews and those shared with the larger population. Even though Jewish community leaders have spoken out against ZPG and in favor of higher Jewish fertility in order to compensate for losses through intermarriage and avoid declines in aggregate numbers, American Jews have shown little evidence of reversing their exceptionally low fertility levels. At the same time, it seems apparent that, as among the general population, the number of Jewish singles has increased in recent years. In part this reflects higher levels of enrollment in college and graduate school, later age at marriage, changes in life style that involve more frequent sharing of households while unmarried, and higher divorce rates. This comparatively new development has implications both for fertility levels and for the vitality of the Jewish family, which has been a mainstay of the community's strength and survival. To date, the community and its institutions continue to experiment with various methods by which to insure maintenance of

"Calvin Goldscheider and Peter R. Uhlenberg, "Minority Group Status and Fertility," American Journal of Sociology, January 1969, pp. 361-372. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 21 Jewish identification on the part of this segment of the population.34 It will be interesting to observe, if general fertility levels should rise in the next decade as some experts predict,35 whether Jews participate in the upward swing. Past patterns suggest that, if they do, it will not be to the same extent as the general population. As Cohen has recently suggested, the factors helping to explain the low Jewish birthrate—including higher divorce and separation rates, later age at marriage and possible rises in levels of celibacy, increased extra-familial activity, higher education levels, greater secularism, and higher rates of intermarriage—should serve to reenforce low fertility levels.36 For the immediate future, and most likely for the longer run as well, therefore, available evidence points to birth levels among Jews which are inadequate to insure growth, especially when viewed in conjunction with possible losses through intermarriage and assimilation. There seems little prospect that the total Jewish population of the United States will riseabov e 6 million in the foreseeable future. The chances are much more likely that it will stabilize or move toward 5 million, and possibly go even lower. Moreover, the losses in population resulting from ZPG or NPG take on added significance because they will also produce changes in the age composition of the Jewish population, reducing the percentage of youths and increasing that of the aged. Before turning to questions of composition, however, attention needs to be given to the other components of change: intermarriage, assimilation, and migration.

INTERMARRIAGE

In contrast to the recentness of concern about the levels of Jewish fertility, interest in the levels and impact of intermarriage has a much longer history. Particular importance was attached to intermarriage, not so much because it was seen as a threat to the demographic maintenance of Ameri- can Jewry, but because it was viewed as an index of the loss of Jewish identification, and as a threat to the social and religious cohesiveness of the community. Yet, if marital assimilation takes place at a high rate, the Jewish group faces demographic losses both through the assimilation of the Jewish partner in the marriage and through the loss of children born to such a marriage. Thus, it is not surprising (particularly in the face of earlier

J4Cf., New York Times. April 2, 1976. "Ronald Lee, "Demographic Forecasting and the Easterlin Hypothesis," Population and Development Review. 1976, p. 459. "Steven Cohen, "Renascence or Oblivion," paper presented at meeting of Task Force on Jewish Population, New York, September 19, 1977. 22 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 evidence that Jews had been remarkably successful, compared to other groups, in maintaining religious endogamy) that a variety of evidence suggesting an increasing rate of intermarriage has set off alarm bells in the Jewish community. Regrettably, the quality of the information that we have on the rates of intermarriage and its impact on identity is still poor; we lack a clear picture of the overall situation. The evidence suggests that the level of intermarriage and its impact vary considerably depending on community size, location, and social cohesiveness. Complications are also introduced by the manner in which intermarriage is measured. Studies relying exclusively on current religious identification of marriage partners run the risk of undercounting intermarriages, since those partners to a mixed marriage who have changed their religion in conjunction with the marriage would not be identified as having intermarried. This problem can be compounded by fairly loose definitions of who is regarded as a Jew. At the other extreme, the rate of intermarriage may be inflated if the criterion for religious identification is the ancestry of individuals rather than their personal life histories. Despite these measurement problems, the evidence clearly points to an increased rate of Jewish intermarriage. A number of communities surveyed in the late 195O's and 1960's showed levels of intermarriage between 5 and 10 per cent—levels which differed only minimally from those observed in communities surveyed in the 1930's. The March 1957 sample survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census found that only 3.8 per cent of married persons reporting themselves as Jews were married to non-Jews, and that 7.2 per cent of all marriages in which at least one partner was Jewish were intermarriages.37 Both of these statistics are probably somewhat low, since no information was collected on the earlier religion of the marriage partners. Yet the 1950's and 1960's also produced studies that revealed intermarriage rates as high as 17 per cent in New York City, 37 per cent in Marin County, California, and 54 per cent in Iowa.38 Eric Rosenthal's analysis of intermarriage among the Jewish population of Washington, D.C. in 1956 aroused serious anxiety concerning the threat which intermarriage posed to the demographic survival of the Jewish population.39 This anxiety grew out of his observation that the rate of intermarriage increased from 1.4 per cent among foreign-born husbands, to 10.2 per cent among second-generation men, and up to 17.9 per cent among husbands of third- and higher-order generation status. The possibility that these generation differentials reflected a trend toward rising levels of

"U.S. Bureau of the Census, op. cit. "Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970," op. cit., p. 28. "Eric Rosenthal, "Studies of Jewish Intermarriages in the United States," AJYB, Vol. 64, 1963, pp. 34-51. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 23 intermarriage was reinforced by data emanating from other community studies, such as Providence and Springfield,40 even though the levels of intermarriage were lower than those for Washington. The 1965 Boston survey also suggested a sharp rise in the level of intermarriage among the very youngest segment of the population; in contrast to a 3 per cent level of intermarriage among couples in which the age of the husband was 51 and over, 20 per cent of the couples in which the husband was 30 years old or younger were intermarried.41 Interestingly, the 1975 Boston survey also found 3 per cent of couples in which the age of the husband was 50 and over to have been intermarried; but the rate had risen to 26 per cent of those under 30 years of age.42 The sharpest increase occurred in the intermediary age groups. In contrast to 7 per cent of those with the husband between ages 31 and 50 who were intermarried in 1965, 22 per cent of those in the 30-49 age range in 1975 were intermarried. The lesser rise for the youngest age group may reflect the high percentage in that age group who are still unmarried, and that intermarriage occurs somewhat later. The NJPS provided the first nationwide set of comprehensive data on Jewish intermarriage patterns.43 Since it ascertained the religious identity of the marriage partners at the time they met, it allowed fuller assessment of intermarriage than did the census data. The NJPS found that 9.2 per cent of all Jewish persons married at the time of the survey were intermarried. This level was not unusually high; what was "shocking" about the NJPS findings was the analysis of intermarriage in terms of marriage cohorts. This analysis determined that the level of intermarriage rose from 2 per cent of those individuals who had married between 1900 and 1920, to 6 per cent of those marrying between 1940 and 1960, and increased precipitously thereafter to 17 per cent of the 1960-1965 marriage cohort and 32 per cent of those marrying in the five years preceding the survey. In the absence of a full evaluation of the NJPS data and of supporting evidence from independent sources attesting to the validity of this very high level of intermarriage, its exactness must be questioned. There seems little doubt, however, that the finding does justify the conclusion, based on reports by rabbis, newspapers, and other sources, that the level of intermarriage has risen very substantially in recent years. This is undoubtedly related to the increasing proportion of the population that is now third-generation,

"Sidney Goldstein, The Greater Providence Jewish Community: A Population Survey (Provi- dence, 1964); Sidney Goldstein, A Population Survey of the Greater Springfield Jewish Commu- nity (Springfield, 1968). "Morris Axelrod, Floyd J. Fowler, and Arnold Gurin, A Community Survey/or Long Range Planning: A Study of the Jewish Population of Greater Boston (Boston, 1967). "Floyd J. Fowler, 1975 Community Survey: A Study of the Jewish Population of Greater Boston (Boston, 1977), pp. 66-67. "Massarik and Chenkin, op. tit., pp. 292-306. 24 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 and has moved away from older areas of dense Jewish population to newly developed, more integrated areas within both the cities and suburbs; to the very high proportion of Jewish youth enrolled in colleges and universities; to the entrance of Jews into occupations and social groups which earlier had been closed to them; to the generally greater freedom and integration which Jews have enjoyed in American society in recent years; and to the increasing secularization and weakening of tradition among younger Jews. Whether these conditions will lead to still further increases in intermarriage, or whether a plateau may have been reached, has not been ascertained. To answer this question, comparative data of the type emanating from the Boston study are needed. Whether the effects of intermarriage on demographic growth are serious may largely be determined by the extent of conversion to Judaism on the part of the non-Jewish partner to such marriages, as well as by the extent to which children born to such marriages are raised as Jews. Obviously, counts such as this for purposes of measuring the demographic outcome may not do justice to the effect of intermarriage on Jewish identification and religiosity per se, which constitute other significant dimensions of the intermarriage question. Considerable evidence does exist, however, suggesting that a substantial part of the threat of high levels of intermarriage to demographic survival is reduced by comparatively high rates of conversion to Judaism and of children being raised as Jews. When attention was given to these questions as part of the 1963 Provi- dence survey, for example, it was found that of all the intermarried couples, 42 per cent had experienced the conversion of one partner to Judaism, thereby creating religious homogeneity within the family unit.44 Even more significantly, perhaps, the proportion of persons converting increased with decreasing age, a finding consistent with that of many other studies. The 1975 Boston survey did not find as high a level of conversion; those data indicate that only about 10 per cent of all the intermarriages of males 30-49 years of age at the time of the survey resulted in a conversion of the non-Jewish partner.45 The NJPS found that in 27 per cent of the intermarriages in which the husband was originally Jewish, the wife converted; however, among those couples in which it was the wife who was originally Jewish, only 2.5 per cent of the husbands converted.46 An interesting finding of the NJPS is that a very substantial percentage of non-Jewish partners in intermarriages identify themselves as Jews even though they have not officially converted. This was true of 46 per cent of the non-Jewish wives and 44 per cent of the non-Jewish husbands.

"Goldstein, The Greater Providence Jewish Community, op. tit, pp. 186-187. "Fowler, op. tit. "Massarik and Chenkin, op. tit., pp. 296-297. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 25 The same questions can be raised from the point of view of the religion in which the children of intermarriages are reared. According to the 1963 Providence survey, 78 per cent of the 280 children born to intermarried couples were being raised as Jews. This contrasted very sharply to the 70 per cent of the children of mixed marriages being raised as non-Jews according to Rosenthal's Washington survey. The NJPS found a high proportion of children of intermarriage being raised as Jews: 63 per cent of the children of Jewish fathers and 98 per cent of those of Jewish mothers. Overall, therefore, the evidence suggests that although the rate of intermarriage has increased sharply, a substantial proportion of these intermarriages result in the conversion of the non-Jewish spouse to Judaism, while an even larger number result in the non-Jewish spouse identifying as Jewish. Moreover, the rate of conversion seems to be higher among the very groups having a higher intermarriage rate. Furthermore, a significant proportion of children from such marriages are evidently being raised as Jews. Finally, evidence from several studies indicates that the fertility patterns of intermarried couples are coming to reflect those of the non-intermarried, whereas older groups had a much stronger tendency to have significantly lower fertility.47 Taken together, these changes suggest that the net effects of intermarriage on the overall size of the Jewish population may not be as serious as the rates of intermarriage themselves suggest. The effect of intermarriage on Jewish identification and religiosity may be a different matter, and these concerns can certainly have long run implications for the demographic variables. Reflecting the continuing concern with the impact of intermarriage on Jewish demography and identity, the American Jewish Committee in 1976— 1977 sponsored an eight-city study focusing on Intermarriage and the Jew- ish Future, directed by Egon Mayer.48 Defining intermarriage broadly as a marriage between any individual born Jewish and one who was not, the study population encompassed 446 intermarried couples in Cleveland, Dal- las, Long Island, Los Angeles, New York City, Philadelphia, San Fran- cisco, and Westchester. Given the ad hoc character of the selection of the respondent couples (largely through reliance on local informants) and high rates of non-response, the results cannot be regarded as representative of all intermarried couples. Furthermore, the absence of any control groups of Jewish homogamous marriages precludes direct comparisons with the characteristics of the non-intermarried as well as calculation of rates of intermarriage.

"Sidney Goldstein and Calvin Goldscheider, Jewish Americans: Three Generations in a Jewish Community (Englewood Cliffs, 1968), pp. 168-169. "Egon Mayer, "Patterns of Intermarriage Among American Jews: Varieties, Uniformities, Dilemmas, and Prospects," mimeographed report, New York, 1978. 26 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Typical of previous findings, two-thirds of the intermarried consisted of a Jewish man and a non-Jewish woman. Interestingly, the ratio was lower in the younger age group, suggesting that higher rates of intermarriage may come to characterize women as their educational and occupational patterns more closely resemble those of men. The effect of the women's liberation movement, and the deficits in potential Jewish husbands under conditions of high intermarriage rates, may also lead to a closer balance in the ratio of male and female intermarriage rates. If this does not happen, it could well lead to a growing proportion of Jewish women who remain unmarried due to the lack of available Jewish spouses. In this population study, just over one-quarter of the not-born-Jewish respondents had converted to Judaism, whereas only 3 per cent of the Jews had converted out. The finding that rates of conversion were highest in the youngest age group (one-third of those aged 20-29 compared to one-fourth of those aged 30-49, and only one-fifth of those aged 50-59) again lends support to earlier evidence that higher rates of conversion prevail among groups with the highest intermarriage rates. About 80 per cent of the Jewish spouses in marriages in which the other spouse had converted considered their children Jewish, compared to about one-third of the Jewish spouses in mixed marriages. Overall, the study concludes that intermarriage represents a threat to Jewish continuity, as evidenced by the low conversion rate, the low level of Jewish conduct and practice in mixed marriages, the low proportion of children regarded as Jewish, and the fact that most of the children are not socialized as Jews. Strong stress is therefore placed on the need for outreach programs designed to provide more formal and informal opportunities to enhance the Jewish content of the family life of the intermarried, and especially to strengthen the likelihood that children will identify as Jews. Most provocative is Mayer's suggestion that a new category of "naturalized" Jew be established to allow those who have not converted to identify more formally with the Jewish people and thereby confer a sense of legiti- macy to the non-converted spouse as a way of strengthening the Jewish identity of the family. Together, the results of the varied studies reviewed here confirm that the problem of intermarriage warrants considerable concern on both the policy and research levels. That it is receiving such attention is evidenced by recent calls by such community leaders as Rabbi Alexander Schindler of the Reform movement to reverse the practice of centuries and begin a drive to convert the unchurched to Judaism.49 He especially argues for conversion of the non-Jewish partner in an impending marriage and for removal of the

"Providence Sunday Journal, December 3, 1978. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 27 "not-wanted signs" that make non-Jewish spouses feel alienated. It needs to be stressed, however, that from a demographic perspective, attention to intermarriage certainly should not exclude concern about the impact of fertility and population redistribution on the size of Jewish population and on the quality of Jewish identification. Concurrently, the Jewish community needs to take heed of the words of Marshall Sklare: A more realistic confrontation is necessary, and that requires a much larger body of research than we now possess on the current rate of intermarriage in the country as a whole. It also requires much more information about the Jews who intermarry and about the causes and consequences of their doing so. So, too, there is a need for studies to evaluate the various methods in use to combat intermarriage, particularly those involving Jewish education. And demographic research will have to be done at regular intervals so that a reliable trend-line can be established.50

ASSIMILATION

If attempts to assess the demographic consequences of intermarriage on Jews are difficult, attempts to evaluate the impact of assimilation are almost impossible. To some extent, the problem is illustrated by the experience of the NJPS. To qualify a household for inclusion in the NJPS at least one person within it was required to be "Jewish." By intent, a broad definition of Jewish was used;51 the respondent had to provide an affirmative reply, for himself or for one or more household members, to at least one of the following questions: 1) was person born Jewish? 2) is person Jewish now? 3) was person's father born Jewish? 4) was person's mother born Jewish? Clearly, a more narrow or halakhic definition would exclude certain households, some of whose members may, however, satisfy sociological (ideological and/or behavioral) definitions of Jewishness. It was on the basis of a broad definition of a Jewish household as one including one or more Jewish persons that the NJPS reached the estimate of 5,800,000 Jews in 1971. But as was noted earlier, if non-Jewish persons in such households (including non-Jewish spouses and children not being raised as Jews) are excluded, the total number of Jewish residents in households is reduced to 5,370,000, almost a 10 per cent reduction. The use of a loose definition of Jewishness has particular implications for the study of intermarriage. In his assessment of intermarriage, using NJPS data, Massarik distinguishes between "typical intermarriage" (in which

'"Marshall Sklare, "Intermarriage and the Jewish Future," Commentary, April 1964, p. 52. "National Jewish Population Study, National and Regional Population Counts, New York, 1974, p. 6. 28 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 either the husband or the wife was Jewish at the time the couple met) and "marginal intermarriage" (in which one or both partners expressed no preference concerning religious viewpoint at the time of initial meeting, noted the existence of some Jewish familial or ancestral roots, but affirmed either only vague relatedness to Jewishness or none at all).52 Massarik's analysis does not indicate the numerical division between these groups, but it could well be that the high rates of intermarriage he noted are partially a function of the inclusion of "marginal intermarriages" in the total. The problems encountered by the NJPS and comparable surveys clearly document the difficulties in determining for survey purposes who constitutes a Jew. The halakhic definition is too simple for the sociologist and demographer, particularly for analysis of assimilation. Yet, the possibility is very limited of identifying clearly those individuals who were born Jews but who do not identify themselves as such; even the NJPS may not have succeeded in identifying a representative sample of such persons in its survey, despite the wide net that was thrown out. Some limited insights about assimilation have come from studies of college students who have "dropped out" from Judaism. A study of Jewish seniors in 1961 found that about 13 per cent had apostatized, while in 1969, 21 per cent of the graduates reported no religious preference. Comparison of freshmen in 1965 and 1972 surveys shows a rise in the number who expressed no religious preference from 13 to 18 per cent. However, it is not at all clear whether such individuals, if approached in a general population survey, would or would not report themselves as Jewish; therefore these data have only very limited value. All that one can conclude is that the same general conditions in society which have led to a rise in intermarriage also probably lead to substantial rates of dropouts; there is little basis for believ- ing that the rate will decline in the foreseeable future." A study designed to assess assimilation was recently undertaken in Los Angeles.54 Based on 413 respondents selected from a canvas of 5,000 households, the analysis concludes that intermarriage, a reduced birthrate, and the decline of Jewish neighborhoods are contributing to the assimilation of the nearly half-million Jews of Los Angeles. This was compounded by declining rates of affiliation and involvement in Jewish religious and secular organizations. The authors also find that "at the same time, the picture that emerges from the survey is of a vibrant people whose closest personal associations are with other Jews in their family, friendship, and occupational groupings." They further note that "one of the most significant

"Massarik and Chenkin, op. cit. "Cohen, op. cit. "Neil C. Sandberg and Gene N. Levine, as summarized in News from the Committee, American Jewish Committee, November 21, 1979. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 29 changes in Jewish life in the last generation is the way in which Jews act out their Jewishness. Whereas only 18 per cent see being Jewish as primarily religious, 61 per cent perceive of Jews as an ethnic-cultural group." This was seen as "a dramatic shift from formal religious involvement to ethnic and cultural commitment." As a result, the challenge for Jewish leaders is seen as the need to adapt their institutions to the increasingly informal expressions that are becoming more common. Overall, one can raise the questions whether assimilation is, in fact, an especially new phenomenon in Jewish history. We know that crusades, inquisitions, and pogroms all took a heavy toll of the Jewish population, but these occurrences in themselves were probably inadequate to account for the tremendous loss in numbers that must have occurred if only 16.7 million Jews were alive just before the Holocaust. Many, quite clearly, were also lost through assimilation and intermarriage. Yet then, as now, any attempt to approximate the losses sustained through "dropouts" would be sheer guesswork. It is likely to remain so for many years to come.

MIGRATION AND POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION

Jewish history might easily be written in terms of migration and resettlement, from the days of Abraham's move to Canaan to the recent exodus of Jews from the Soviet Union. Yet, in the United States the large majority of immigrants arriving between 1880 and 1924 tended to be quite stable geographically. They settled in communities, often ports of entry, where there was a need for their labor in various industries. Subsequently many immigrants went into business for themselves, but while socially and economically mobile, they and often their children remained in the same city all their lives. This pattern now seems to be undergoing significant change. Because Jews are increasingly third- and fourth-generation residents of the United States, and are more highly educated than ever before, they enjoy the widest possible range of occupational choices. But the kinds of education which Jews are seeking, and the kinds of jobs for which their high education qualifies them, very often require geographic dispersion— movement away from family and out of centers of Jewish population concentration. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many high-level jobs require repeated movement, so that individuals and families have no opportunity to plant deep roots in any single Jewish community. 30 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Regional Distribution Estimates indicate that in 1900, 57 per cent of American Jewry lived in the Northeast, in contrast to 28 per cent of the total American population; and virtually all of the Jews in the Northeast were in New York, Pennsyl- vania, and New Jersey (Table 5). New York alone accounted for about 40 per cent of the national total. The North Central region accounted for the next largest number of Jews—about one-fourth—with most concentrated in Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michigan. By contrast, one-third of the total U.S. population lived in this region in 1900. Compared to the general population, Jews were also underrepresented in the South, where 14 per cent were located, largely in Maryland. Florida at that time had only 3,000 Jews. The proportion of Jews in the West in 1900 was identical to that of the general population, just over 5 per cent. The continued mass immigration from Eastern Europe during the first decades of the 20th century resulted in a fourfold increase in the Jewish population of the country between 1900 and 1930; and it became even more concentrated in the large cities of the Northeast, especially New York. By 1930 the Northeast region contained 68 per cent of the American Jewish population and most of it lived in New York. The other regions of the country all contained smaller proportions of the Jewish population than they had in 1900, with the sharpest change occurring in the South. The Far West continued to be the region with the smallest percentage of Jews, although the proportion of the total American population living in the Western states doubled between 1900 and 1930. Jews had clearly not yet joined the Western movement on the same scale as had the rest of the population. By 1979 the pattern had changed considerably, reflecting both the cutoff in large-scale immigration and increasing internal mobility. Jews in large measure seem to have followed the pattern of redistribution characterizing the population as a whole; in fact, they may have been doing so to an exaggerated degree. For example, between 1930 and 1979, the percentage of Jews living in the Northeast declined from 68 to 58 per cent. This was a larger percentage decrease in absolute points than those characterizing the general population (see Table 5). The drop was even more substantial for the North Central states, where Jews decreased from 20 per cent of the national total in 1930 to only 12 per cent in 1979. In contrast, both the South and the West contained growing proportions of the total U.S. Jewish population, reflecting the strong participation of Jews in the shift to the Sun Belt and to the Western states. Between 1930 and 1979, the South's share more than doubled, and that of the West tripled. The growth of the Jewish population in the South is illustrated by the experience of the Orlando metropolitan area. In 1966 it included only 600 Jews; by 1977 the Jewish U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 31

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o •go ' C g % T3 *i •*-• w5 3 J3 1 fill Jli I - - o T3 u" 32 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 population of Orlando had reached 11,000, and it is projected to rise to over 20,000 by 1985." Although the South and the West continued to contain proportionally fewer Jews than it did members of the general population, the differences in distribution had considerably narrowed. Thus, by 1979 the greater mobility of the Jews had resulted in patterns of distribution throughout the country that resembled somewhat more closely those of the general population. These similarities are likely to become accentuated in the future, as Jews increasingly enter occupations requiring mobility because of the limited opportunities available in particular areas, as family ties become less important for third-generation Jews than they had been for the first- and second-generation, and as more Jews no longer feel it necessary to live in areas of high Jewish density. In an ecological sense, therefore, the population will become a more truly "American population," with all this implies in terms of assimilation and numerical visibility. At the same time, the Middle Atlantic subregion, and the New York area in particular, remains a very large and obviously dynamic center of Ameri- can Jewry. Over half of the American Jewish population was still concentrated in the Middle Atlantic states in 1979, and two out of these three million persons lived in Greater New York. Yet even here changes were occurring: the estimates of Jewish population prepared for the AJYB show a decline in the Jewish population of Greater New York from 2.38 million in 1972 to just under 2.00 million in 1979.56 In part this may reflect an artifact of the system of estimating the population; but it may also reflect the impact of changing rates of natural increase and out-migration from the New York area. The AJYB statistics show a decline in the Jewish population of New York City from 1.84 million in 1972 to 1.23 million in 1979, and even this is considered an overestimate, with 1 million probably being a more realistic statistic. This decline reflects both the change in enumeration procedures, partly related to the estimates derived from the NJPS, and the impact of changing distribution patterns. There seems little doubt, however, that the concentration of Jews in the Northeast corridor focusing on New York is likely to undergo substantial change in future years as increasing numbers of Jews leave this section of the country. This process of dispersal is documented by an analysis of the changing geographic distribution of American Jews between 1952 and 1971, based on data from the AJYB." The heavy residential concentration of the Jewish

"Rhode Island Herald, September 1, 1977. "Alvin Chenkin, "Jewish Population in the United States, 1974," AJYB, Vol. 76, 1976, pp. 232-236. "William M. Newman and Peter L. Halvorson, "American Jews: Patterns of Geographic Distribution and Change, 1952-1971," Journal for the Scientific Study ofReligion, June 1979, pp. 183-193. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 33 population is demonstrated by the fact that only 504 of the 3,073 populated counties of the continental United States contain at least 100 Jews; most of these are metropolitan counties and most are in the Northeast. More interesting, however, is the fact that the highest growth in Jewish population between 1952 and 1971 occurred in counties other than those of traditional residence. In all, 77 counties were added to the list of those containing 100 or more Jews; 37 of these are in what the authors refer to as "new areas," and 10 more are in California and Florida. On the other hand, areas of high concentration in 1952 displayed moderate or low growth. Concurrently, therefore, the changes point to higher rates of dispersal and continued growth associated with urbanization and metropolitanization. Overall, while Jews still remain highly concentrated compared to other religious groups, the evidence on changing residence patterns leads to the conclusion that they locate in counties with high degrees of denominational pluralism, regardless of the size of the Jewish community. This suggests that Jews "feel accepted in America and are less concerned about venturing out into more traditionally conservative culturally homogeneous enclaves.""

Suburbanization The redistribution of population is occurring concurrently on a number of levels, including regional changes as well as shifts within and between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Throughout American history the Jewish population has been overwhelmingly concentrated in urban places. At the time of the 1957 census survey, about nine out of every ten Jews lived in urbanized areas of 250,000 or more persons.5' Within the urban and metropolitan areas, Jews tended to live in a limited number of neighborhoods, but this pattern is also undergoing change. For example, between 1923 and 1970 radical shifts in distribution occurred in New York City alone.60 Although very approximate estimates, these data illustrate the pattern of development that has probably characterized other areas of Jewish concentration. In 1923, 39 per cent of the 1.9 million Jews living in New York City resided in Brooklyn, and 37 per cent lived in Manhattan; less than 3 per cent lived in Queens. By 1970 Manhattan's share of the New York City Jewish population had declined to only 14 per cent, that of Queens had risen to 31 per cent, while Brooklyn increased its dominance to 42 per cent. Concurrently, the proportion of the total living in the Bronx declined from 20 to 12 per cent. Even more significantly, the percentage of Jews in the Greater New York area living in the city proper, in contrast to the suburban counties, declined from 82 per cent of the total

"Ibid., p. 192. "U.S. Bureau of the Census, op. cit. "Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970," op. cit.. pp. 39-41. 34 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 in 1957 to 64 per cent by 1970. By 1979 the AJYB estimated that only 61 per cent of Greater New York's Jewish population was living in the city proper, and the real figure may be 50 per cent or less." Similar patterns emerge from the limited data available for such metropo- lises as Chicago and Detroit; and the same pattern characterizes moderate sized communities. In 1970, for example, only 17 per cent of the Jews of Greater Providence, R. I., were living in the old urban areas of the central city, in contrast to 45 per cent in 1951; and the proportion living in the suburbs had grown from 11 to 36 per cent.6"1 The comparative data from the Boston 1965 and 1975 surveys show similar patterns.62 Both the city and the older suburbs experienced population decline while the newer outer suburbs gained, resulting in an increased dispersal of the population. Subur- banization is also clearly evidenced in Minneapolis. In 1957, 66 per cent of the population was found to be living in the city and 34 per cent in the suburbs. By 1971 the pattern had been more than reversed, with 23 per cent in the city and 77 per cent in the suburbs.63 Overall, therefore, the developing pattern seems to be one of ever greater dispersion and a more general integration. As a result, Jewish institutions may become located at quite widely separated points within a metropolitan area, and many communities find it increasingly difficult to decide on a central location for those institutions serving the community as a whole. In the past, residential clustering has been an important variable in helping to perpetuate Jewish values and the institutions important to the functioning of the community. In metropolitan areas with large Jewish populations, such clustering undoubtedly will continue, both within the central cities and in some of the suburbs. But greater dispersal and integration seem likely to become more common in the future, effecting greater changes in the extent and character of ties to Judaism, and making it increasingly difficult, from both a financialan d an organizational perspective, to provide services to the total population. The impact of both suburbanization and more general dispersal of the population throughout the United States on the assimilation process needs to be fully recognized. In particular, much more research is necessary to ascertain how communal orientation varies among Jews living in cities and suburbs of differing Jewish density and size, and what significance the various activities available to Jews and the patterns of interaction and experience of Jews with non-Jews have for the larger question of Jewish identification and survival.

"Jack Diamond, "How Many Jews in New York City?" Congress Monthly. January 1978, pp. 8-10. " Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970," op. cit.. p. 42. "Axelrod, Fowler, and Gurin, op. cit; Fowler, op. cit, pp. 28-33. "Judith B. Erickson and Mitchel J. Lazarus, The Jewish Community of Greater Minneapolis (Minneapolis, 1973). U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 35 Small-Town Jewry Because the vast majority of America's Jews live in large metropolitan areas, until recently little attention has been given to the situation of Jews in those small towns where the Jewish community itself typically numbers no more than a few thousand families, and often less. Since World War II many of these small communities have had great difficulty retaining their population, Jewish and non-Jewish. Like their neighbors, Jews have left to seek better educational, occupational, and social opportunities in larger cities. Many of those who remained small-town residents tended to mini- mize their Jewishness, and often assimilated or intermarried. On the whole, small-town life was generally viewed as isolating the Jew both from his coreligionists and from the non-Jewish community in which he was often regarded as a "stranger."64 Yet, beginning with the 1970's (and consonant with what seems to be an emerging trend among the American population as a whole of movement from metropolitan areas to small towns and rural places, including locations which had earlier lost population) a number of small Jewish communities have been once again gaining population. Some Jews are now seeking the tranquility and slower pace of small-town life, and at the same time seem to be developing a more active identification with Judaism in their new surroundings. Jewish life in small towns is beginning to be viewed as having positive as well as negative effects on its members. Despite the limited communal services that are available in such places, the strong desire of many small-town Jews to maintain their identification may result in "more Judaism per square Jew in the small town than in the big city."65 Although levels of identification are not easily measured, the demographic effects of both the old trend away from small Jewish communities and the more recent trend toward them are evident in communities such as Charleston, West Virginia." In 1959 the city included 1,626 Jews; by 1975 the Jewish population had declined to 1,118, of which only 703 persons had been in Charleston 16 years earlier. The decline in population resulted from both an excess of deaths over births and more out-migrants than in-migrants; it was further compounded by a high rate of intermarriage. By 1977, despite continuing high intermarriage rates, the community's migration losses had been reversed and it was gaining population.

"Eugen Schoenfeld, "Problems and Potentials," in Abraham D. Lavender, (ed.), A Coat of Many Colors: Jewish Subcommunities in the United States (Westport, 1977), pp. 71-72. "Rabbi Benjamin M. Kahn, quoted in New York Times, November 25, 1973. "See, The Jewish Population of Charleston. W. Va., annual reports of 1959 through 1977, Charleston. 36 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 The 1977 Annual Report on Charleston's Jewish Population, the 19th in this unique series, was one of the most optimistic to appear. Its introduction states: In our report of a year ago we stated that there were indications, however slight, 'that we are on our way upward (demographically) instead of downward,...' We are pleased to report that this year's study reveals that Charleston's Jewish population is definitely on its way upward. In this past year more newcomers (90) moved to our community than in any year since 1959, when we began these studies. Our losses through moving (49) were less than in any of the past 18 years. The good news, then, is that fewer are leaving and more are coming." The importance of such a reversal is further evidenced in the fact that the gain through migration was more than enough to compensate for losses through a surplus of deaths over births and through intermarriages, accounting for all of the increase experienced in the community's total size from 1,121 to 1,151 during 1976-1977. The reports on Charleston issued since 1977 have been less optimistic. The 1978 report shows a gain of only two persons, and the 1979 analysis recorded a resumption of the decline in total population size, from 1,158 to 1,086." This reversal reflected in part the continuing excess of deaths over births; it also resulted from the removal from the 1979 population count of those individuals who had been counted for a number of years even though they had left the community. Nonetheless, despite this record clean- ing operation, in both 1978 and 1979 Charleston gained Jews through migration. Such in-migration is probably being experienced by a number of small communities and could be crucial in either maintaining or creating the critical mass requisite to initiation and maintenance of the institutional facilities essential for continued Jewish identification. Migration may thus constitute the "blood transfusion" which greatly improves the chances of small community survival.

Internal Migration We know little about the extent and character of Jewish migration within the United States. For such an analysis national data are essential; however, except for the recent information available from the NJPS, no such data exist. Our insights on Jewish migration patterns have, therefore, been largely restricted to what can be gleaned from local Jewish community surveys. Judged both by the percentage of population born outside the community of residence and by the length of time that individuals have resided in the

"Ibid. 19th annual report, p. 1. "Ibid., 20th and 21st annual reports. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 37 area in which they were enumerated in community surveys, high levels of population mobility have come to characterize American Jews. The 1963 Detroit study found that only one-third of the total Jewish population of Detroit was born in the city; 28 per cent were foreign-born; and 36 per cent had moved to Detroit from other places in the United States, half from other locations in Michigan." A similar picture emerged for Camden, New Jersey, where one-third of the residents had been born in the Camden area, and as many as 60 per cent had moved from other places in the United States (probably reflecting the younger age of the Camden population).70 The 1975 Boston survey found that only 30 per cent of the respondents living in Boston in 1975 had also been living in the city in 1965." Although the 1965 survey provided no basis for anticipating the decline of Newton and Brookline, both those older suburbs experienced heavy out-migrations and Jewish population decline. Of those Jews who lived in the city of Boston in 1965 and still resided in the Boston area in 1975, more than half remained in the city itself. However, this stable core was supplemented by a considerable influx from outside the Boston area, and there was some shifting in residence within the area by those living in it in both 1965 and 1975. In Dallas, the 1972 survey found that only 35 per cent of the population were born in Dallas, and a high percentage of these were children.72 Over half the Jewish population had moved to Dallas from other parts of the United States, and an additional 14 per cent were foreign-born. Consistent with the patterns of regional redistribution noted earlier, 23 per cent of the U.S.-bom migrants to Dallas had originated in the Northeast, and 27 per cent in the North Central states. Similarly, the 1976 Greater Kansas City survey found that "not only are the majority of the household heads not born in Kansas City, but there is little tendency for this proportion to increase among the younger people."73 Given these illustrative data, it is not surprising that the NJPS found that only 62 per cent of the Jewish population aged 20 and over in 1970 were still living in the city in which they resided in 1965.74 One out of every five adult Jews had changed city or town of residence while remaining in the same county or metropolitan area; an additional 3 per cent had changed areas within the same state; while 10 per cent of the total adult population had actually moved to a different state within the five-year interval. These

"Albert J. Mayer, The Detroit Jewish Community Geographic Mobility: 1963-1965 and Fertility—A Projection of Future Births (Detroit, 1966). "Charles F. Westoff, A Population Survey (Cherry Hill, 1964). "Fowler, op. cit. p. 29. "Betty J. Maynard, The Dallas Jewish Community Study (Dallas, 1974). nThe Jewish Population Study of the Greater Kansas City Area (Kansas City, 1979), p. 12. "National Jewish Population Study, Mobility, New York, 1974. 38 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 high mobility levels are even more dramatic for Jews in the peak migration ages of 25-39 years. As the data in Table 6 show, just under half of persons aged 25-29 and 35-39 resided in the same city in 1970 as 1965; and only 4 out of every 10 persons aged 30-34 did so. Moreover, for the 25-29 age group, interstate migration accounted for the largest number of mobile persons—almost 1 out of 4. Even for those aged 30-34, almost 1 in 5 moved between states. The higher percentage in this age group moving within the same county or metropolitan area is related to their life-cycle stage of family formation and expansion. Residential stability rises quite dramatically above age 40 and peaks for ages 55-64; three-fourths of those among the latter group reported themselves as living in the same city in 1970 as they had in 1965; a large proportion who moved did so only within the same general area. For persons aged 65 and over the stability rate remains comparatively high,

TABLE 6. MOBILITY: CURRENT RESIDENCE BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE IN 1965, BY AGE (TOTAL FOR EACH AGE GROUP = 100 PER CENT) Different Different In City, Same Area, Different Foreign Age Same City General Area Same State State Country Group As 1965 In 1965* As 1965 From 1965 In 1965 20-24 60.2 28.3 1.3 8.0 1.7 25-29 48.0 21.3 2.6 22.8 4.2 30-34 41.6 30.8 2.9 18.8 4.5 35-39 48.6 28.7 11.7 7.1 3.5 40-44 62.2 22.1 1.6 12.0 1.5 45-49 66.8 16.6 1.3 11.9 1.0 50-54 67.2 17.7 3.0 6.5 5.1 55-59 75.3 13.6 2.0 3.4 5.4 60-64 76.1 12.4 1.7 4.8 1.5 65-69 70.1 14.8 0.7 10.9 2.6 70-74 70.2 17.5 0.7 8.2 2.3 75-79 69.9 17.6 3.7 4.0 2.7 80 & over 62.7 . 24.6 1.5 5.2 2.6

Total** 61.6 20.0 3.1 8.9 2.5 Note: Horizontal details may not add to 100 because of "no answer." •Same county or same Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. ••Includes 6 per cent persons under 19 for whom no detailed data are shown above. Source: National Jewish Population Study, Mobility, New York, 1974. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 39 although declining somewhat as a result of retirement, the break up of families through the death of one of the spouses, or the departure of children from home. Yet the fact that 30 per cent or more of the persons 65 and over had made some kind of residential move within a five-yearperio d indicates that geographic mobility must be incorporated into community planning processes. The need to do so is especially crucial for the younger age groups, among whom much more movement occurs, and more of it involving longer distances requiring clear breaks with former communities and integration into new ones. The continuation of a large degree of movement is apparent from preliminary tabulations of the NJPS data based on questions about plans to move." Of the total population, 16 per cent indicated plans to move within at least five years. Again, sharp age differentials characterize this aspect of mobility: 61 per cent of those 25-29 years of age indicated they planned to move, and 11 per cent expected to do so immediately; 47 per cent among those aged 20-24 years also planned to move. These mobility intentions are related to the family formation and career stages of persons in these age groups. The greater stability of older ages is evidenced by the sharp decline in the percentage (29) planning to move among those aged 30-34, a further decline to only 19 per cent among those aged 35-39, and a percentage varying within a 15-19 per cent range through age 70, following which even greater stability seems to set in. Further evidence of changing Jewish mobility patterns is available through surveys of family units conducted so as to permit comparison of place of residence of children with that of their parents. Lenski has noted that one of the best indicators of the decreasing importance attached to family and kin groups by modern Americans is their willingness to leave their native community and migrate elsewhere.76 Since most migration is motivated by economic or vocational factors, he suggests migration serves as an indicator of the strength of economic motives as compared to kinship ties. In modern society the removal of economic rewards out of the hands of kinship and extended family groups lessens the dominance of Jewish families over the economic placement of its young. The change in kinship relations, coupled with more fluid labor markets, thus contributes to higher mobility rates. If this interpretation is correct, data available for both Providence and northern New Jersey suggest that kinship ties among Jews have been weakening. In the 1963 Providence survey only one-third of sons aged 40 years and over were living outside Rhode Island, compared to just over half of

"/*«/., pp. 5-6. "Gerhard Lenski, The Religious Factor (Garden City, 1963), p. 214. 40 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 the sons aged 2O-39.77 Moreover, a higher proportion of the younger group were living further away. Accentuation of this trend is suggested by the fact that almost two-thirds of sons under age 20 living away from their parental home resided outside the state. Although fewer daughters lived away from their parental community, the basic age pattern was the same as for the males. In northern New Jersey, about one-fourth of both sons and daughters living outside of their parental home remained in the same general area, and an additional quarter were living in other parts of New Jersey.78 But about 25 per cent were living in parts of the United States outside of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, pointing to a fairly substantial dispersal of family members. Together, these data support the assumption that the American Jewish community is increasingly mobile, and that such mobility must be taken into account in any evaluation of Jewish life in the United States. Such mobility affects not only the size of a particular community but also the characteristics of its residents if the migration process is selective of age, education, occupation, and income. At the same time, migration may have an important effect on the migrants, as well as on community institutions. To the extent that community ties within the Jewish population are expressed through membership in synagogues and temples, enrollment of children in educational programs, and participation in local organizations and philanthropic activities, the high degree of population movement may disrupt patterns of participation or weaken the loyalties they generate. More seriously, they may result in the failure of families and individuals to identify with organized life in the local community. Sociological research has suggested, for example, that recent migrants to a community are much less active in its formal structure than are long-time residents.79 Although their participation eventually increases, the adjustment has been shown to take five years, and migrants may never reach the same level of participation as persons who grew up in the community. If a significant proportion of migrants know in advance that their residence in a community is not likely to be permanent, the stimulus for active participation and affiliation may be even weaker. Mobility is not a new facet of Jewish life, and at a number of points in Jewish history it may have served to strengthen the Jewish community and indeed to insure its very survival. Such mobility may still perform a positive

"Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970," op. cit., pp. 51-52. "Mervin F. Verbit, Characteristics of a Jewish Community: The Demographic and Judaic Profiles of the Jews in the Area Served by the Jewish Federation of North Jersey (Paterson, 1971), p. 13. "Basil Zimmer, "Participation of Migrants in Urban Structures," American Sociological Review, 1955, pp. 218-224. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 41 function in selected situations. Small Jewish communities may benefit considerably from the influx of other Jews who are attracted by nearby universities or new economic opportunities. More often, migration may have a deleterious effect on the community and the migrant. Especially when repeated movement occurs, the individual's ties to Judaism and the Jewish community may be weakened. This, in turn, may affect the strength of the formal community structure as an increasing proportion of individuals fail to develop strong loyalties to local institutions. For all too long, local Jewish communities have assumed that most Jews remain residentially stable for a lifetime, and that they are therefore willing and obligated to support local organizations. This may no longer be true for many Jews. An increasing number may be reluctant to affiliate with the local community, not so much because they do not identify with Judaism, but because they anticipate that they will not remain in the local area long enough to justify the financial and other investments required. The situation is further complicated by the dispersed residential patterns which Jews adopt and by their high degree of social integration into religiously heterogeneous groups. All of this suggests the need for greater concern with the role of migration in the future of American Judaism. Indeed, the rising rates of intermarriage may largely be only a by-product, along with other undesirable consequences, of increased mobility and weaker ties to both the family and the community. Given high mobility rates, there is a pressing need to view the Jewish community from a national as well as a local perspective, so that the official affiliation of individual Jews to Jewish institutions can be easily transferred from one community to another, thereby facilitating maintenance of Jewish identity.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION

While size and density are crucial variables in the strength and vitality of any segment of the population, a wide range of demographic, social, and economic variables also significantly affects the group's current vitality and future survival. To the extent, for example, that generation status affects the strength of ties to traditional Judaism, the changing proportion of native- and foreign-born individuals in the Jewish community takes on great relevance. Rising levels of education and changing patterns of occupational careers also have direct effects on the levels of population movement, the degree of integration into the social and residential structures of the larger community, and the likelihood of intermarriage. Age structure is a crucial variable, because the socio-demographic structure of the population as well 42 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 as the processes of birth, death, and migration are closely affected by it. In the growing attention, both in research and planning, that has been given to the Jewish population, the size of the total population and the dynamics of change have received priority. Too little attention has been given to composition and the impact of its changes. The discussion which follows attempts briefly to review the major composition variables with a view to describing the present socio-demographic characteristics of the American Jewish population, likely changes in the future, and the implications that such changes may have.

Generation Status Of all the demographic characteristics of the Jewish population, the one with perhaps the greatest relevance for its future is the changing generation status, that is, how many are foreign-born, how many are children of foreign-born, and how many are third- or higher-generation Americans. In the past, a major factor in the continued vitality of the American Jewish community has been the massive immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe. Now, for the first time in the community's history, third-generation Jews face the American scene without massive outside reinforcement. At the same time, Jews enjoy much greater freedom than ever before, so that in several respects the Jewish community in the United States is increasingly an American Jewish community. Although this emergent pattern has been somewhat modified by the influx of Jews from both the Soviet Union and Israel, the full extent to which the upsurge in this immigration affects the demographic composition and particularly the sociological character of American Jewry, especially of the populations in those communities where they are settling, remains to be documented. Every community study which has collected data on generation status documents the diminishing proportion of foreign-born and the rise in third- generation Jews. These studies show the percentage of American-born Jews as well above 70 per cent and becoming increasingly higher.80 In Boston, for example, between the 1965 and 1975 surveys, the percentage of foreign- born declined from 22 to 12 per cent of the total.81 By contrast, those with American-born parents rose from 20 to 49 per cent. Evidence of change is even sharper when judged by the generation composition of different age groups. Over 80 per cent of those under age 40 in Boston were born of American-born parents, but this was true of only 2 per cent of those aged 65 and over. The same general pattern emerges from the NJPS, which found 23 per cent of household heads in the Jewish population to be foreign-born, and

'"Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970," op. cit., pp. 53-57. "Fowler, op. cit., p. 16. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 43 one out of every five already third-generation.82 The distribution would favor American-born individuals much more strongly if the NJPS data referred to the population as a whole. Assessment of the demographic, social, economic, and religious characteristics of three generations in the Jewish community suggests that the community's future depends to a great degree on how its members, now increasingly third-generation, react to the freedom to work for integration into the American social structure. Whether they are reversing or accelerat- ing certain trends toward assimilation, initiated by their second-generation parents or by the small number of older third-generation Jews, needs careful monitoring. Research has suggested that the geographic dispersal and deconcentra- tion of the Jewish population marked for many not only a physical break from the foreign-born, but also symbolized the more dramatic disassocia- tion of American-born Jews from the ethnic ties and experiences that had served as unifying forces for the earlier generation.83 The degree of identification with Judaism of the third-generation Jews who participate in this dispersal has become a key issue. The residential changes are taking place concurrently with sharp increases in the amount of secular education and with an opening up to Jews of career opportunities in the professions and at high executive levels of business. All of these factors increase the amount of interaction between Jews and non-Jews, and contribute to high intermarriage rates and to redirections of the religious system. Yet, these trends toward assimilation have been counterbalanced by a tendency toward increased Jewish education for the young, as well as by increases in certain religious observances which are seen as better fittingint o the American scene. The religious change among three generations of Jews is undoubtedly a complex process involving the abandonment of traditional forms and the development of new forms of identity and expression which are seen by many Jews as more congruent with the broader American way of life. Analysis of the Providence community in 1963 suggested that, evolving out of the process of generational adjustment, the freedom to choose the degree of assimilation has been exercised in the direction of Jewish identification.84 Whether that pattern holds for the nation as a whole and whether it has changed since the Providence survey are major questions that argue strongly for fuller exploitation of existing data and collection of new information on the interactions among generation change, demographic variables, and Jewish identity.

"Massarik and Chenkin, op. tit., p. 276. "Goldstein and Goldscheider, op. tit. -Ibid, pp. 171-231. 44 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Age Composition Of all demographic variables, age is regarded as the most basic. The significant impact of age on the generation status of the Jewish population, as well as on fertility and migration, has already been noted. Age composition also has obvious implications for communal institutions. Until the NJPS, the only source of information on the age composition of Jews nationally was the 1957 Census Survey. It clearly indicated that the Jewish population was, on the average, older than the general white population of the United States. The median age of the Jewish group was 36.7 years, compared to 30.6 for the total white population. This substantial differential results from sharp differences in the proportion under 14 years of age and in the 45-64 age category. The youngest group constituted only 23 per cent of the Jewish population, compared to 28 per cent of the total white population; this reflected lower Jewish fertility. By contrast, only 21 per cent of the total white population, but 28 per cent of the Jews, were between 45 and 64 years of age in 1957 (Table 7). Both the Jewish and the total white populations had quite similar proportions in the 65 and over category, 10 and 9 per cent, respectively. On the whole, data on age structure available from individual communities confirm the older age of the Jewish group compared to that of the total population. The data from the 1971 NJPS indicate that Jews continue to differ from the general population in age composition. Whereas 28 per cent of the national population were under age 15 in 1970, only 23 per cent of the Jewish population were in this age category—virtually identical to the 1957 differential which refers to those under age 14. By 1970 both the Jewish and the general population had more persons aged 65 and over, 11 and 10 per cent, respectively; but this differential is understated, since the Jewish institutional population was not covered directly in the NJPS. If they are included, the proportion of Jewish aged rises to 12 per cent. The effects of the declining birthrate are clearly evidenced in the decreasing percentage of Jewish children in the youngest age groups. Whereas 20 per cent of the Jewish population in 1970 were aged 10-19, only 12 per cent were under 10 years old. If these data are accurate, they point to a very substantial reduction in the absolute number of youngsters in the population and in their proportion of the total. Such changes have serious implications for future growth, for educational program needs, and for the size of a future "reservoir" from which adult support and leadership can be drawn. The dramatic changes occurring in age composition are illustrated on the community level by comparative data from surveys taken in the same community. For example, the 1958 survey of New Orleans found 11 per cent of the population to be under age 5 and 15 per cent to be age 65 and U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 45

TABLE 7. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION BY AGE, SELECTED COMMUNITIES AND UNITED STATES Date Age Distribution of Under 65 and Community Study 15 15-24 25^4 45-64 Over Washington, D. C. 1956 30 9 38 18 5 Worcester, Mass. 1957 27 11 26 26 10 Los Angeles, Calif. 1959 27 12 25 28 8 Rochester, N. Y. 1961 25 12 24 26 13 St. Joseph, Ind. 1961 30 14 24 24 8 Pittsburgh, Pa. 1963 27 14 25 26 8 Providence, R. I. 1963 25 14 24 27 10 Detroit, Mich. 1963 31 11 25 25 8 Milwaukee, Wis. 1964 24 15 23 28 10 Camden, N. J. 1964 30 13 23 28 6 Springfield, Mass. 1966 24 16 21 27 12 Boston, Mass. 1966 23 17 25 24 11 Flint, Mich. 1967 29 10 30 23 8 Columbus, Ohio 1969 27 13 23 28 9 Houston, Texas 1976 25 14 30 22 9 Greater Kansas City 1976 15 15 22 29 19

U.S. Jews 1957a 23 12 28 28 10 U.S. whites 1957a 28 14 28 21 9

U.S. Jews 1971 23 18 22 25 11 U.S. whites 1970 28 17 24 21 10 aFor United States, lowest age categories are "under 14" and "14-24." Sources: Sidney Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970: A Demographic Profile," AJYB, Vol. 72, 1971. Fred Massarik and Alvin Chenkin, "United States National Jewish Population Study: A First Report," AJYB, Vol. 74, 1973, p. 271. 1970 U.S. Census of Population. over.85 Reflecting, in part, the effect of lower fertility and, in part, the cumulative effects of migration and lengthening of life, the 1973 survey found only 6 per cent of the population to be under 6 years (six was used instead of five as the cutoff in 1973) but 21 per cent to be 65 and over. Clearly, there has been a substantial aging of the community in the 15-year interval.

"Opinions and Attitudes of the New Orleans Jewish Community (New Orleans, 1973). 46 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 As demonstrated, the American Jewish community already has an older age structure than the total U.S. white population; over time, because of its lower fertility and its higher proportion of individuals in the middle age group, the Jewish population can be expected to become even older. The United States as a whole is already facing serious problems associated with an aging population; but during the next few decades these problems may become even more serious for the Jewish community. We can look forward to a rise in the percentage of older Jews from the 11 per cent observed in 1971 to over 15 per cent by the early 1990's.86 This implies a 40 per cent increase in the number of aged over the 1971 count. Concurrently, the number of children under 15 will be lower, reflecting the low birthrates noted earlier. Changes will also occur in the middle range of the age hierarchy, as the reduced number of persons born during the depression years move into the upper middle-age range. This change may initially create some serious problems for the community, as the pool of persons to whom it can turn for leadership and financial contributions is somewhat reduced. In short, Jewish communities need to reevaluate and reorganize their services to deal with the changing age composition. Equally important, continuous monitoring of the changing age composition must be maintained. The past fluctuations in fertility will manifest themselves in the magnitude of differing age cohorts as they pass through the life cycle, and may lead to temporary rises or declines in the need.for services catering to particular segments of the community. While recognizing the general trend toward an aging population, and its associated problems of housing, financial restrictions, and health impairment, there must also be an awareness that changes are taking place in other key points of the age hierarchy and that the need for schools, playgrounds, camps, and teenage programs will also change as the overall age profile varies. Even if the size of the population were to remain constant, the shifting age composition would undoubtedly call for drastic changes in services, and affect residential distribution patterns and the ability of the community to provide the resources needed for strong leadership. One of the more serious consequences of changes in the age structure and the resulting higher proportion of Jewish aged may be increasing problems of poverty. Lulled by the general affluence of America's Jews, the Jewish community paid little heed to its poor until the publication in 1971 of Ann Wolfe's "The Invisible Jewish Poor."87 As a result of her findings and the ensuing controversy over the actual number of Jewish poor in America, communal institutions in a number of cities initiated efforts to deal with the

"National Jewish Population Study, The Jewish Aging, New York, 1973, p. 1. "Ann G. Wolfe, "The Invisible Jewish Poor," in Lavender, op. tit., pp. 137-144. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 47 problem, and new research programs were undertaken to document the subject. Regardless of whether the number of Jewish poor in the United States is estimated at 264,000" or 7OO,OOO-8OO,OOO89 persons, those concerned with the issue generally agree that a large majority of the poverty-stricken are over age 60. Descriptions of the Jews who have retired to South Beach in Miami'0 or of those still left in the tenements of the Lower East Side in New York" serve as poignant examples. If, as Bertram Gold states, "most of the Jewish poor are poor because of special circumstances—isolated old age, cultural separateness, maladjustment, death of the breadwinner,"92 the problems may well become more severe in the near future. Larger numbers of older persons, coupled with the loosening of family ties and the greater mobility among American Jews, would help to create the conditions which foster poverty. The Jewish community may thus have one more dimension to add to the services it will be called on to provide. At the very least, it is an area which should be closely monitored, with an eye to alleviating the situation before it becomes more acute.

Education Of all the Jews who immigrated to America in the late 1800's and early 1900's, a large majority came because of the supposedly equal opportunities for social and economic mobility. But lacking secular education, adequate facility in English, and technical training, rapid advancement proved an unrealistic goal for many. For others, both education and occupational achievement were made difficult, if not impossible, by factors related to their foreign-born status and/or their identification as Jews. Frustrated in their own efforts to achieve significant mobility, many Jews transferred their aspirations to their children. First-generation American Jews recognized the special importance of education as a key to occupational mobility and made considerable effort to provide their children with a good secular education. Reflecting the great value placed on education, both as a way of life and as a means of mobility, the Jews of America have compiled an extraordinary record of educational achievement. The limited data available for the period around 1950 show the education of Jews was higher than that of the white population, averaging about 12

"Kaplan, "Comment: The Invisible Jewish Poor, I," in Lavender, op. cit., p. 149. "Wolfe, op. cit., p. 143. "Elinor Horwitz, "Jewish Poverty Hurts in South Beach," in Lavender, op. cit., pp. 160- 166. "Mark Effron, "Left Behind, Left Alone," in Lavender, op. cit., pp. 167-179. "As quoted in Rhode Island Herald, February 4, 1972. 48 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 and 10 years, respectively.93 This differential was confirmed on the national level by the 1957 Census Survey.94 For the population 25 years old and over, the median number of school years completed by Jews was 12.3, compared to 10.6 for the general population. Yet, even sharper differences than those conveyed by these statistics distinguished the educational achievements of Jews from those of the general population: 17 per cent of the adult Jews were college graduates, compared to only 7 per cent of the general population. At the other extreme of the educational hierarchy, 29 per cent of all adult Jews had received only an elementary school education, compared to 40 per cent of the total population. Various community studies lent further weight to the strength of the differential, and pointed particularly to the rising levels of education among younger Jews, both male and female.95 That an estimated 80 per cent of those in the college age group were enrolled in college emphasized the very high value placed by Jews on college education. In fact, within the Jewish population the important educational differential in younger groups is between those who had only some college education and those who went on to postgraduate work. This was further confirmed by studies of educational expectation among school-age children. In 1965, 86 per cent of the Jewish students planned to attend college, compared to only 53 per cent of the general student body. The NJPS lends further support to the conclusions based on these earlier sets of data (Table 8). Among the male Jewish population aged 25 and over, only 15.2 per cent had not graduated high school. By contrast, 60 per cent had had some college education. Of those aged 30-39 (age specific data not shown in Table 8), who constitute the youngest age cohort likely to have completed their education, only 4 per cent had no high school education and 83 per cent had some college education. In fact, at least 70 per cent had graduated college, and 45 per cent of all the males aged 30-39 had done some graduate work. Although sex differentials are apparent among Jews, as they are for the total population, Jews value extensive education for women, particularly among the younger cohorts. Like the men, very few women (16 per cent) had less than a high school degree, but many more had restricted their education to a high school level; and just over half reported some college education. Sharp age differentials are evident, however. Among women aged 30-39, only 2.4 per cent had less than a high school degree, and as many as 75 per cent had some college education. The sharpest difference between men and women appears with respect to

"Ben Seligman and Aaron Antonovsky, "Some Aspects of Jewish Demography," in Mar- shall Sklare, (ed.),The Jews (Glencoe, 1958), p. 54. "Sidney Goldstein, "Socioeconomic Differentials Among Religious Groups in the United States," American Journal of Sociology, May 1969, pp. 612-631. "Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970," op. tit., pp. 63-65. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 49 graduate work. Of women 30-39 years of age, only 15 per cent reported a graduate or professional degree. The trend data suggested by age differentials point clearly, however, to rising levels of graduate work among the younger women. Comparison in Table 8 of the levels of education completed by Jews with those reported in the 1970 U.S. census for the total white population documents the persistence of sharp educational differentials. Just over half of the Jews, but only 22 per cent of the non-Jews, had some college education; the widest difference characterized those with some graduate studies: 18 per cent of the Jews compared to 5 per cent of all whites. At the other extreme, only 16 per cent of the Jews had less than 12 years of schooling, compared to 46 per cent of all whites. Clearly, Jews continue to be characterized by distinctively higher levels of educational achievement, and, as the data in Table 8 show, this holds for both men and women.

TABLE 8. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED BY PERSONS AGED 25 AND OVER, JEWISH AND TOTAL UNITED STATES WHITE POPULATION, BY SEX, 1970 Years of Males Females Both Sexes School Total Total Total Completed Jewish White Jewish White Jewish White Less than 12 years 15.2 46.1 16.0 44.9 15.6 45.5

12 years 22.5 28.5 35.3 35.5 29.2 32.1

College: 1-3 years 17.3 11.1 21.0 11.1 19.2 11.1 4 years 14.9 7.2 13.6 5.7 14.2 6.4 5 or more years 26.5 7.1 10.6 2.8 18.2 4.9

Unknown 3.5 — 3.5 — 3.5 —

Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sources: For the Jewish population: Fred Massarik and Alvin Chenkin, "United States National Jewish Population Study: A First Report," AJYB, Vol. 74, 1973, p.280. For the United States white population: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 U.S. Census of Population: General Social and Economic Characteristics, PC(1)-C1, (Washington, 1972) p. 386. Note: Since the differentials between the Jewish and the total white population change only minimally when age is controlled, the non-standardized data are presented here. 50 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 These data on the changing educational achievements within the Jewish population and the differentials between the Jews and the larger American population have a number of implications for the various demographic developments reviewed in this assessment. First, they clearly confirm the exceptionally high level of education that has come to characterize the Jewish population. Although the differentials between Jews and non-Jews will diminish, particularly if current emphasis on recruitment of minority group members and underprivileged students persists, it will still be some time before college attendance levels among the non-Jewish population reach those achieved by the Jews. As a result, some of the educational differences can be expected to persist for a number of decades, and indirectly to continue to affect occupation and income differentials. The growing enrollment of women in graduate work and the implications that this has for their developing independent careers have particular significance for both marriage rates and fertility, as well as for family stability. To the extent that education is highly correlated with occupation, the continuing high percentage of college graduates in the Jewish population will affect its occupational composition, provided, of course, that the opportunities for employment exist which utilize skills developed through education. In the future even more Jews will likely be engaged in intellectual pursuits and in occupations requiring a high degree of technical skill. Con- commitantly, there will probably also be a reduction in the number of self-employed, both because small, private business will not provide an adequate intellectual challenge and because patterns of discrimination which thus far have held back Jews in large corporations are likely to continue to weaken. As before, and perhaps increasingly so, the impact of high education will go beyond occupation. In order to obtain a college education, particularly at the postgraduate level, a large proportion of young Jews must leave home. As a result, their ties to both family and community will weaken. Moreover, many of these college-educated Jews will not return permanently to the communities in which their families live and in which they were raised. A 1973 study undertaken in Savannah, Georgia, for example, has shown that from 1954 to 1958 half of Savannah's Jewish college graduates settled in the city.96 From 1965 to 1969 only one in five returned; the Jewish community was losing its college graduates for lack of job opportunities. Thus education serves as an important catalyst for geographic mobility which eventually leads many individuals to take up residence in communities with small Jewish populations, to live in highly integrated

"Rhode Island Herald, September 1, 1977. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 51 neighborhoods, and to work and socialize in largely non-Jewish circles. The extent of such a development needs to be assessed and future patterns need to be monitored. Finally, Jews with higher education may have significantly higher rates of intermarriage and become more alienated from the Jewish community. This development involves not only the possible impact of physical separation from home and the weakening of parental control in dating and court- ship patterns, but also the general liberalizing effect a college education may have on religious values and Jewish identity. It would be ironic if the very strong positive value which Jews have traditionally placed on education, and that now has manifested itself in a very high proportion of Jewish youths attending college, turns out to be an important factor in the general weakening of the individual's ties to the Jewish community. Whether the high levels of enrollment in colleges and in graduate work will persist remains an open question. If the Jewish population becomes more generally dispersed and tendencies toward migration increase, a much higher proportion of Jewish youth may be raised in neighborhoods and attend schools that are less densely Jewish. Some evidence suggests that in such a situation the motivation for higher education is less strong.97 If so, a somewhat lower proportion of Jewish youth may plan to go to college in the future. Still another factor that may affect enrollment levels is the perceived employment opportunity open to college students. If the job market is such that students are discouraged from continuing their college and graduate studies, Jews may well be affected more than other segments of the population, especially if this situation is coupled with emphasis on minority group selection in admission to universities and in the hiring practice of large firms. We need studies to document whether the college dropout rate has risen for Jews and whether the more recent Jewish high school graduates are, in fact, continuing their education. It seems less likely now than it did one or two decades ago that a college education will become virtually universal for Jewish youth. More likely, levels of educational achievement will plateau at the very high level they have already reached or slightly below it.

Occupational Composition Reflecting in part their high levels of education, Jews are disproportion- ately concentrated in the upper ranks of the occupational structure. As part of his analysis of the social characteristics of American Jews prepared in 1954 for the tercentenary celebration of Jewish settlement in the United

"A. Lewis Rhodes and Charles B. Nam, "The Religious Context of Educational Expecta- tions," American Sociological Review. April 1970, pp. 253-267. 52 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 States, Nathan Glazer observed that, outside of New York City, the homogeneous character of the occupational structure of Jewish communities was beyond dispute.98 Basing his conclusions on a number of local Jewish community surveys conducted between 1948 and 1953, he noted that the proportion of Jews in the nonmanual occupations ranged from 75 to 96 per cent, compared to 38 per cent for the American population as a whole. Even in New York City, where greater heterogeneity would have been expected, as many as two-thirds of the employed Jews were engaged in nonmanual work. Glazer further noted a general tendency for the ethnic concentration in a single occupation to suffer dilution as the native-born generation became better educated and more familiar with occupational opportunities. In the case of Jews, however, "this dilution upward becomes a concentration, for the Jews began to reach the upper limit of occupational mobility relatively early."99 For Jews to reflect the general occupational structure of the United States would, in fact, require downward mobility for many, and Glazer concluded that, since this will not happen, "we may expect the Jewish community to become more homogeneous in the future as the number of first-generation workers and the culture they established declines."'00 The data from the fairly large number of community studies conducted in the 195O's and 1960's, as well as those from the 1957 Census Survey, support Glazer's thesis of an upward shift in Jewish occupational affiliations. The census survey, in particular, has special significance because of its national coverage. It found that three-fourths of all Jewish, employed males were in white collar positions, compared to only 35 per cent of the total white male population.101 To a very great extent, this large difference is attributable to the much greater concentration of Jewish men in professional and managerial positions. Compared with men, women in the labor force were much more concentrated in white collar positions, and therefore the differentials between Jewish women and all women were less marked than those for men. Just over four out of every five Jewish women were in white collar jobs, compared to just over half of the total female labor force. The sharp generation changes in occupational affiliation reflected in the 1957 data are attested to by a 1964 B'nai B'rith Vocational Service report.102 It found that three-fourths of all Jewish high school youths hoped to enter professional and technical jobs, whereas only one in five of their fathers

"Nathan Glazer, "The American Jew and the Attainment of Middle-Class Rank: Some Trends and Explanations," in Sklare, op. tit., p. 138. "Ibid., p. 146. mIbid. ""Goldstein, "Socioeconomic Differentials," op. cit. ""New York Times. June 25, 1972. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 53 actually held such jobs. By contrast, only 3 per cent hoped to be business proprietors, compared to 27 per cent whose fathers owned businesses. The 1965 and 1975 Boston surveys have particular value in documenting recent changes in occupational composition, although some of the changes may reflect selective in- and out-migration and changing opportunities in the Boston area.103 In 1965 one-third of the employed Jewish males in Boston were professionals; by 1975 this proportion had risen to 40 per cent. The percentage engaged in clerical and sales work also rose from 15 to 21 per cent. As might be expected on the basis of developments noted earlier, the proportion engaged in managerial activities declined from 37 to only 27 per cent of the total in 1975. In all, therefore, the percentage of males making their living in white collar work rose, but the distribution by specific types of occupations shifted. Jewish women followed a somewhat different pattern, with increasing percentages engaged in both professional and managerial activities. These changes relate to the rising educational levels of women and their greater participation in the labor force. In both 1965 and 1975 in the Boston area, over 90 per cent of all women were in white collar jobs, contrasted with 70 per cent for the non-Jewish employed women, with most of the differential being attributable to fewer non-Jews in professional and managerial positions. Similar patterns of occupational distribution were found by the NJPS (Table 9). Almost 90 per cent of all males and females were employed in white collar positions, and those in the younger ages were much more heavily concentrated in professional activities. Only a very small proportion were engaged in manual work. Data from the various community surveys also point to a continuing increase in the proportion of Jews engaged in white collar work, but within the white collar group there appears to be a shift toward more professionals; either stability or decline characterizes the managerial and proprietor group. With the decrease in small businesses, an increasing proportion of Jewish men may be turning to executive positions in larger corporations, instead of operating their own firms as did many of their parents and grandparents. Simon Kuznets, in his analysis of the trends in the economic structure of U. S. Jewry, assessed the various constraints affecting the occupational choices of American Jews. He concluded that it is evident that changes in these constraints have contributed toward greater concentration of Jews in professional and technical pursuits; an increase in employees rather than employers among officials, managers, and within the professional-technical group; a decline in the share of industrial blue collar jobs; and a lesser

""Axelrod, Fowler, and Gurin, op. cit.; Fowler, op. cit., pp. 46-47. 54 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

TABLE 9. OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWISH AND TOTAL UNITED STATES WHITE POPULATION,2 BY SEX, 1970

Males Females Both Sexes Total Total Total Occupation Jewish White Jewish White Jewish White Professional and technical 29.3 15.0 23.8 16.3 27.4 15.5 Managers, administrators 40.7 12.0 15.5 3.9 32.2 9.0 Clerical 3.2 7.6 41.7 8.1 16.2 18.4 Sales 14.2 7.4 8.3 36.8 12.2 7.7 Crafts 5.6 21.8 1.5 1.9 4.2 14.4 Operatives 3.9 18.7 2.3 14.0 3.4 17.0 Service 1.2 7.3 3.6 17.4 2.0 11.0 Laborers 0.3 5.7 0.2 0.9 0.3 3.9 Agriculture*3 — 4.5 — 0.7 — 3.1 Unknown 1.7 — 3.1 — 2.2 —

Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 aThe Jewish population includes persons aged 25 and over; the total white population includes persons aged 16 and over. "No separate category for agriculture was included in the NJPS data. Source: For the Jewish population: Fred Massarik and Alvin Chenkin, "United States Na- tional Jewish Population Study: A First Report," AJYB, Vol. 74, 1973, pp. 284-285. For the United States white population: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 U.S. Census of Population: General Social and Economic Characteristics, PC(1)-C1, (Washington, 1972) p. 392. Note: Since the differentials between the Jewish and the total white population change only minimally when age is controlled, the non-standardized data are presented here. concentration in trade, particularly small proprietorships.104 The reasons he cites are similar to those mentioned earlier in this analysis. Change also characterizes the non-Jewish population. Between the 1957 census survey and the 1970 decennial census, the occupational differentials between Jews and non-Jews seemed to have narrowed somewhat, as a result of the noticeable increase in the percentage of non-Jews in white collar jobs. Three-fourths of all Jewish males 14 and over were already in white collar work in 1957, compared to only 35 per cent of all the white males; by 1970 this was true of 87 per cent of the Jewish males aged 25 and over covered by the NJPS and 42 per cent of all white males aged 16 and over in the 1970

""Simon Kuznets, Economic Structure of U.S. Jewry: Recent Trends (Jerusalem, 1972), pp. 17-18. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 55 census. For females the data also suggest some narrowing. Whereas 83 per cent of Jewish women were in white collar work in 1957, and 89 per cent in 1970, among all white women the percentage rose from 55 to 65 per cent. More importantly, perhaps, sharp differences persisted despite the narrowing. For example, among men twice as large a proportion of Jews as of all white males were in the professional and technical group. Only 11 per cent of Jewish men were engaged in manual work, compared to 58 per cent of all white men; for women the difference was almost as great—8 per cent of Jewish women, compared to 35 per cent of all white women. As differentials between Jews and non-Jews with respect to educational level diminish, and as discriminatory restrictions on occupational choice weaken, it seems likely that occupational differentials generally, and within white collar occupations specifically, will decline. The major question, as with education, revolves about the specific direction in which the youngest generation will move as they face career decisions. How many of them, motivated by different values and attracted by new life styles, will forego college and attempt to make a living through manual work or lower white collar positions? How many of those who are trained for higher positions, but who are frustrated by their inability to obtain such work, will opt for blue collar jobs or seek employment in clerical or sales positions? A 1972 assessment of employment prospects for Jewish youth stressed that Jewish young men and women faced "relatively greater" job-hunting difficulties in the near future, and should therefore give more consideration to nonprofessional jobs than they had in the past, due to the projected slower rise in professional and technical jobs between 1970 and 198O.105 In his review, Herbert Bienstock called for more emphasis on vocational guidance and placement, and on "attitudinal reconditioning, particularly in terms of value structures relating to nonprofessional job opportunities,"106 especially as the latter became more attractive in pay and security than in the past. Although predicting that a majority of Jews entering the job market would continue to seek white collar jobs, Bienstock, a labor force expert, also suggested that young Jews might turn in increasing numbers to self-employment, not in the old-style shop or small store, but in new areas where demands for services were likely to grow. Only repeated surveys of the kind that have been undertaken in Boston, but preferably on a more frequent basis, and more intensive monitoring of changes occurring both at the attitudinal and behavioral levels, will provide the opportunities to fully assess the very significant reversals in the trends of the past that may be occurring at present or that are likely to occur in

1OiNew York Times, June 25, 1972. 104As quoted in Ibid. 56 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 the near future. At the same time, research is needed to ascertain whether the changing occupational affiliations of Jews, and particularly their entrance into new types of professional and managerial responsibilities, lead to increased channeling of self-identification through professional or intellectual sub-societies rather than through the Jewish community. We also need to know more about the ways in which occupational mobility is related to geographic mobility. The two together may well provide the organized community with one of its major challenges.

THE CURRENT AND FUTURE DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION

An assessment of the demographic situation of American Jewry in 1970107 pointed to a number of challenges which the American Jewish community would have to face in the closing decades of the 20th century as a result of the demographic changes that were then taking place. The low level of Jewish fertility, coupled with some losses from intermarriage, pointed at best to maintenance of the slow growth rate characterizing the Jewish population in the second and third quarters of the 20th century, and possibly to still slower growth. Concurrently, increasing Americanization seemed likely to continue, as judged by greater geographic dispersion, a higher percentage of third- and fourth-generation Americans, and narrowing of such key socioeconomic differentials as education, occupation, and income. All these changes pointed to the potential for greater behavioral convergence between Jews and non-Jews, and corresponding losses in Jew- ish identity. However, it was also suggested that structural separation and the continuity of Jewish identity would persist as American Jews continued their efforts to find a meaningful balance between Jewishness and Ameri- canism. Since the 1970 assessment was undertaken, many of the patterns that were then emerging have become further accentuated. By 1977 the Jewish population constituted only 2.7 per cent of the American population, in contrast to the peak of 3.7 per cent reached in the mid-1930's. Jewish fertility levels seem to have declined even further as part of the national pattern in the 1970's. If the fertility rates of Jews persist at the low levels reached in the 1970's, the American Jewish population is quite certain to decline in actual numbers (unless there continue to be compensating addi- tions through immigration). Even should fertility remain at near the replacement level, the losses resulting from intermarriage and assimilation

""Goldstein, "American Jewry, 1970," op. cit. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 57 will compound the effects of either very low natural increase or negative growth resulting from an excess of deaths over births. Recent estimates of the Jewish population suggest that although the American Jewish population had approached the 6 million mark in the late 196O's, it has not yet passed that milestone and, given the recent pattern of demographic growth, is not likely to do so. A realistic assessment suggests that the Jewish population of America will remain at approximately its present size, between 5.5 and 5.8 million, through the end of the century. In the absence of significant reversals in fertility behavior or in rates of intermarriage, a decline will set in during the first decades of the 21st century that could well lead to a reduction of one to two million by the time of the tricentennial. Most of the social and economic changes characterizing the United States in general, in combination with the unique characteristics of the Jewish population itself, are likely to reinforce the low growth rates or decline. These include high rates of divorce and separation, later age at marriage and possible rises in levels of non-marriage, increased extra- familial activity on the part of women, higher education levels, greater secularism, growing concern about overpopulation, and rising costs of living. Many of these very same factors are likely to lead to continued high levels of intermarriage. Although its effects on population size are compen- sated to a degree by conversions to Judaism and the rearing of many of the children of intermarriages as Jews, maintenance of the high levels of intermarriage reported in recent years would undoubtedly compound the impact of low fertility on the rate of population growth. Jews have already become widely dispersed throughout the United States, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. The available evidence suggests that as a result of continuously higher education and changing occupations, lower levels of self-employment, weakening family ties, and reduced discrimination, Jews have begun to migrate in increasing numbers away from the major centers of Jewish population. Even while distinct areas of Jewish concentration remain, and while Jews continue to be highly concentrated in the metropolitan areas, the emerging patterns of redistribution point to fewer Jews in the Northeast, substantial decreases in central cities, and possibly even some reduction in the suburban population as Jews join the movement to non-metropolitan areas, smaller urban places, and even rural locations. Regardless of which particular stream becomes more popular, the net result is likely to be a much more geographically dispersed Jewish population in the decades ahead. Such greater dispersal means that factors other than religion will provide an increasingly important basis for selecting areas and neighborhoods of residence. In turn, the lower Jewish density will provide the seeds for still greater acculturation and assimilation. Moreover, to the extent that Jews 58 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 increasingly participate in the pattern of repeated population movement which characterizes the American scene, additional dangers to the strength of community ties loom on the horizon. The decline in relative or even total numbers may not be very significant in the next few decades, since Jews have never constituted a numerically large segment of the American population. What may be more crucial is the vitality of individual Jewish communities, and this may be much more influenced by the size of such communities and their socioeconomic composition. Only when the change in total numbers is accompanied by significant changes in distribution and composition which are deleterious to both the ability to maintain a vital Jewish community and to foster individual Jewish identification will the change in numbers itself take on a new significance. Because population movement has special significance for these concerns, any substantial change in the pattern of residential distribution of Jews and in their ability to maintain close identity with a Jewish community takes on special importance. Operating partly as a cause and partly as an effect of these changing patterns of growth, distribution, and intermarriage are the underlying changes in population composition characterizing American Jewry. Per- haps the most striking compositional change has been the reduction in the percentage of foreign-born. Indeed, as already noted in 1970, even the proportion of second-generation American Jews has begun to diminish as third- and fourth-generation persons become an ever larger proportion of the Jewish population. The pace of change would be even faster were it not for the low levels of Jewish fertility, which, in addition to contributing to the low rate of population growth, result in a reduced number of young persons in the population and an increasing proportion of aged. Given the ZPG levels of fertility which the Jewish population seems to have reached, the average age of the Jewish population is likely to rise still further and to remain substantially above the average of the general population. Thus, a major challenge for the Jewish community in the future will be the comparatively large numbers of older persons, a considerable portion of whom will be widows. Jews remain unique, despite some evidence of narrowing differentials, in having a heavy concentration of members who are highly educated, who hold white collar positions, and who have large incomes. It is the large proportion of Jews who obtain specialized university training—with their tendency to move out of small family businesses into salaried employment, and their increasing willingness to seek and take positions away from their community of current residence—that helps to explain the growing residential dispersal of the Jewish population. The same factor undoubtedly also contributes to the high rates of intermarriage, the low level of fertility, and the growing tendency toward assimilation. U.S. JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY / 59 In combination, the current pattern of very low fertility, high levels of intermarriage, and lower residential density through population redistribution may all serve to weaken the demographic base of the Jewish population in the United States. Yet, to the extent that Jews retain a comparatively close-knit, ethnic-religious identification within the total society, the potential for continued vitality remains. Stability of numbers or even declining numbers need not constitute a fundamental threat to the maintenance of a strong Jewish community and to high levels of individual Jewish identity. The risk that this may happen is obviously present, but this was also true in the past when larger numbers obtained. Although maintenance of numbers is certainly desirable in the interest of providing a strong base for insuring Jewish identity and vitality, whether or not the community as a whole should or can do anything to control the changing fertility levels or the patterns of redistribution is debatable. To the extent that mobility and fertility behavior represent reactions to a wide and complex range of social, economic, and normative changes in the larger American society, they are probably well beyond the direct and even indirect control of the organized Jewish community. What is perhaps more important is that the community undertake and maintain fuller assessments of the implications of these developments, and that it be prepared, on the basis of such assessments, to develop new institutional forms designed, at a minimum, to mitigate the negative effects of population decline and dispersal. Ideally, these efforts should also increase opportunities for Jewish self-identification and for greater participation of individuals in organized Jewish life. By taking these steps, the community will help insure that the changes that do occur still allow for a meaningful balance between being Jewish and being American.

Jewish Survival: The Demographic Factors

by U. O. SCHMELZ

V-JVER THE CENTURIES, JEWS HAVE SHOWN a remarkable capacity for survival as a group possessing a distinct identity—this despite forbidding difficulties, including serious numerical losses in certain generations. The human life span being limited, however, each generation faces anew the challenge of insuring its growth, maintaining its numbers, or at least reproducing itself at reduced size. This depends both on demographic factors, particularly the balance between births and deaths, and on the will to continue group identity. For minorities like Diaspora Jews the practical feasibility of integrating into the majority population is liable to affect group cohesion. World Jewry constitutes a widely dispersed entity that was reduced in size by almost a third as a result of the Holocaust. Systematic study shows that the prospect of maintaining the present size of the world Jewish population has become quite problematic. In the following pages we shall review some features of the demographic situation of world Jewry—its recent evolution, present state, and future prospects. Emphasis will be placed on the factors affecting Jewish population size. While the approach will be demographic, the social and economic structure of the Jews is obviously very important in this context. Some of the problems of Jewish demography—e.g., alienation, out-marriage, and low levels of fertility—are by their very nature closely linked to the study of social psychology of modern Jews. This article is based on extensive research, involving a good deal of data accumulation and computations. However, in the interests of clarity and increased comprehension, technical explanations will be relegated to footnotes or to the appendix at the end of the article. The demographic situation, trends, and prospects of Jews in the Diaspora and Israel differ markedly, as do the amount and quality of the data available on each. We shall therefore consider separately each of these two major components of world Jewry. Owing to large-scale Jewish migration over several generations, and the reduction of European Jewry through the Holocaust, world Jewry has undergone a drastic geographical redistribution. Many of its component groups are characterized by relative newness in their respective environments; about 70 per cent of Diaspora Jews—and as much as 80 per cent of the total world Jewish population—live at present in regions (the 61 62 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Americas, South Africa, Australia, Israel, etc.) which contained hardly three per cent of world Jewry a mere hundred years ago. On the other hand, large sections of the traditional Diaspora are now virtually without Jews, e.g., great parts of Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Asian countries, and North Africa. From the point of view of Jewish ethnography, the main branches of the Jewish people in modern times have been the Ashkenazim, Sephardim, and various Oriental communities. All branches have tended to conform to the demographic patterns of their respective surrounding general populations. The patterns of the Sephardim have reflected those of the nations in which they have lived, either in Europe or in the Middle East and North Africa. Toward the middle of this century, the Ashkenazim exemplified to an extreme the European-North American demographic type of low fertility and high longevity, while Oriental Jews conformed to the demographic patterns of their countries of residence, manifesting high fertility but also high mortality. During the past 30 years, however, the overwhelming majority of the Oriental Jews have left their home countries in Asia and North Africa; those countries have dwindled, with few exceptions, to virtual insignificance on the map of Jewish dispersion. In their new places of residence, Oriental Jews have rapidly adopted the demographic patterns of the advanced populations among whom they have come to live: their mortality rate has been greatly reduced; the marriage-age for girls has risen; fertility has dropped; and, in Diaspora countries, there has been a spate of out- marriages. With the exception of out-marriage, these changes are abun- dantly documented in detailed evidence from Israel, even though Jews from Asia and North Africa constitute there, by now, one half of the entire Jewish population, and this large proportion might have made them less amenable to rapid transformations. The analogous phenomena are now under study in France, the second largest recent destination of Oriental Jews, as well as elsewhere. In their new countries of residence outside Israel, Oriental Jews are but a small fraction of the entire population; they belong on the average to a higher and more easily adaptable social stratum than their brethren in Israel, and have more opportunities for out-marriage. Thus, recent data point to even faster demographic transformations in the Diaspora than in Israel—inter alia, a drastic fertility decline (see Oriental Jews in Greater Paris, Tables 2-4, 7, 8). As a result of the mass exodus of Oriental Jews from their traditional lands of residence and their rapid adaptation to new demographic patterns, virtually the entire Diaspora now belongs to the category of advanced populations such as are characteristic of Europe and North America. The majority of Jews currently in the Diaspora have their roots in East- ern Europe, which their families left in the course of the last hundred years. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 63 This may be one reason for the underlying similarity of demographic trends evidenced in the contemporary Diaspora, great distances notwithstanding. Prominent features common to Diaspora Jewries of the 1970's are very high urbanization; a high and increasing level of formal education (great proportions of the younger generation are college-trained); and a high and growing share of white-collar workers among the Jewish labor force, including relatively many persons in the professions and in managerial positions. In all of these areas, Jews far outdistance the general populations. In the following brief analysis, which must confine itself to the most prominent features of Diaspora demography, we shall consider only the overwhelmingly represented type—the demographically advanced Jews. The extant remnants of Asian-North African Jewries and some ultra- Orthodox splinter groups in the Western world are proportionally negligi- ble exceptions in the overall picture. The dispersion of Jews in a great many countries means that the phenomena of Jewish demography are multiplied in a great many national settings.1 The study of Diaspora demography as a whole, therefore, is the synthesis of studies of the various Diaspora populations, at least the numerically more important ones. The unique geographical dispersion of Jews results in a scattering of information, which is available, if at all, in differing formats and languages. The proportion of Diaspora Jews who are distinguished as such in the official statistics of their countries of residence has dwindled since the Holocaust, and is still decreasing. Official census statistics are presently available for only about a quarter of Diaspora Jews, and these figures appear at long intervals. The Jews being now but a small minority in all Diaspora countries, the data routinely published about them in official statistics are basic figures with few cross-classifications.2 In the absence of official statistics—or, better still, in judicious conjunction with them—data on Jews can be compiled by Jewish organizations. The local Jewish community surveys that have been carried out in numerous cities of the United States are well-known examples, but they have the drawback, for purposes of wider synthesis, of lacking coordination of contents, methodology, and timing and, above all, of not being representative of the total American Jewish population. In recent years several

'On the substantive and methodological problems of Jewish demography, and recent attain- ments in data collection and research, see the publications in the Jewish Population Studies series of the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Particularly relevant is R. Bachi's Population Trends of World Jewry (Jerusalem, 1976). There exists, however, the technical possibility of obtaining detailed tabulations on Jews from official statistics if they are distinguishable therein as a separate group. Use of these potentialities depends on Jewish initiative and funding and, of course, on the consent of the various statistical bureaus. Such opportunities have been increasingly utilized in recent years. 64 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 country-wide sample surveys of Jewish populations, embracing a wide range of demographic, social, economic, and identity factors, have been carried out. There has also been some current data collection, undertaken by Jewish institutions, on vital statistics and other population features. However, both official and Jewish sources of information on the demography of Diaspora Jews give no more than a fragmentary picture. The study of Jewish Diaspora demography, both on the national level and on a global scale, is further complicated by the following factors: the great migratory mobility of Jews; the increasing number of out-marriages and offspring of such unions; and the growing frequency of "marginal" and "alienated" Jews whose identification as Jews may be uncertain. As a result of all this, the Jewish demographic scene, worldwide and poorly documented as it is anyway, undergoes continual change to an extent unusual among majority populations. Close attention to chronology is therefore required in discussing the phenomena of Jewish demography. Despite these serious difficulties, persevering work, assisted by the substantive and methodological information available to modern demographic researchers, has made it possible to attain a relatively clear picture of the fundamental trends of Jewish Diaspora demography. In this account, we shall have to limit ourselves to the presentation of the principal facts and trends directly influencing the recent as well as the anticipated size of Jewish populations. We shall concentrate on the underlying similarity in trends of the main Jewish populations, notwithstanding the cultural differences of their respective countries of residence, and the great distances separating them. We shall often be unable to enlarge on the peculiarities of each of these Jewish populations. The factual examples adduced will be confined to the larger Jewish populations, usually those comprising at least 20,000 Jews, and for which the required data are available. For ascertaining the fundamental trends of any population, it is imperative to know its natural movements—especially births and fertility, on the one hand, and mortality, on the other. Direct information on these topics being scanty, extensive use will be made in this discussion of the age-sex composition of contemporary Jewish populations, as empirically known from censuses or surveys. Our aim will be to elucidate the natural movements of Jews in various settings by use of indirect but effective methods of demographic analysis which permit reasonably accurate estimates.3 For lack of space, this account will have to refrain, excepting occasional brief remarks, from any consideration of the determinants for the observed demographic differentials between Jews and Gentiles, between and within the Jewish populations of various Diaspora countries, and between Jews in

'These methods are briefly indicated in the Appendix. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 65 the Diaspora and in Israel. It must be stressed, however, that the investigation of the determinants for these various sets of differentials constitutes a good part of the scholarly challenge and appeal in the demographic study of contemporary Jews.

RECENT DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS OF DIASPORA POPULATIONS

Demographic Evolution of General Populations in Developed Countries It has already been noted that most contemporary Jewish Diaspora communities belong to the demographically advanced populations of the world. As background to contemporary Diaspora demography, therefore, it is necessary to outline the salient features of these populations. At present, the main features characterizing the general populations of the highly developed regions of Europe, North America, and Australia are the following: a) high average length of life, amounting to more than 70 years (if both sexes are considered together). There is limited and decreasing differentiation in the average length of life for various groups within the total population; b) decreasing fertility and birth rate. During the great depression of the 193O's, a slump of births took place in the developed countries. It was followed by a "baby boom" at the end of World War II. In Western Europe the "baby boom" soon subsided and was followed, in most countries, by a decade or so of relatively stable births at a moderate level. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and among the whites of South Africa, the higher level extended into the 1960's. In any case, a sharp decline in fertility and the birth rate set in subsequently, and accelerated in the first half of the 1970's. These transformations are linked to changes in matrimonial mores, including frequency of informal unions, delayed weddings, and rising divorce rates. Both current fertility and the fertility expectation of women of reproductive age have declined a great deal. Family formation—i.e., age at first marriage as well as at childbearing—has been postponed, and this poses the question whether postponement of the anyway low expected fertility may not lead eventually to partial cancellation of even these expectations. The result of all this has been low and dropping natural increase, which in some European countries has descended to virtually nil or turned into an outright decrease (annual deaths outnumbering annual births)—a trend which has been accelerated by the propagation of an ideology of "zero population growth"; c) marked "aging," i.e., a growing proportions of elderly people. The main reason for this is the low 66 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 reproduction in the 193O's and early 1940's, and again since the 1960's. A relatively great proportion of elderly persons in a population does not affect average fertility or average length of life, but it tends to reduce the crude birth rate—the number of births per 1,000 of population—as the old do not contribute to it. Conversely, it tends to raise the crude death rate—the number of deaths per 1,000 of population—because, where old people are numerous, many deaths must occur, even if the average life span is long. In Table 1 some data are presented for illustration of the above-mentioned trends. It can be seen that in those developed countries in which large Jewish populations reside—the United States, Canada, France, Great Brit- ain, and the European parts of the Soviet Union—the rate of natural increase has gone down strikingly in recent years.

Widespread Demographic Features of Jewish Diaspora Populations Diaspora Jewries are distinguished, at present, by very low fertility and birth rates which regularly fall short of the same phenomena in corresponding general populations—both in whole countries and in individual major cities. Diaspora Jewries are also affected by out-marriages, which tend to reduce the actually Jewish offspring even beneath the level determined by low fertility; they are apt, besides, to sustain other assimilatory losses. "Aging" is more pronounced among Jews than among the corresponding general populations. While average length of life is, by now, roughly equivalent for Jews and corresponding Gentiles, the greater aging of Jews results in higher crude death rates among them. Besides, most European Jewries, and those elsewhere that have absorbed Jewish emigrants from Europe since World War II, are affected by age-sex distortions due to the Holocaust and its after-effects. Under these circumstances it is inevitable that the balance of births and deaths in Diaspora Jewries will fall short of that in corresponding general populations. In all but perhaps one of the large Diaspora Jewries (South Africa) this balance recently has been very close to zero or outrightly negative. The unmistakable long-term trend in all larger Diaspora populations is toward aggravation of the factors which reduce population size and thus intensify the already negative or near-negative character of their internal demographic balance. In the immediate future, to be sure, there will be a tendency toward increased Jewish births, as the relatively many young people born during the "baby boom" around 1950 reach the procreative age range. This phenomenon, however, is necessarily temporary and should not delude us as to the definite long-term trend. While the long-term trend appears to be similar throughout the Diaspora, and is in basic alignment with that of the general populations of the advanced countries, there are substantial differences in the present level of the various factors, both between Diaspora Jewries and between the Jews and JEWISH SURVIVAL / 67

TABLE 1. RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE AMONG GENERAL POPULATION, BY SELECTED COUNTRY, 1960-1975 (Per 1,000 of Population) Country 1960 1965 1970 1975 U.S.A. (whites) 13 9 8 5 Canada 19 14 10 8 South Africa (whites) 16 14 14 11 Australia 14 11 12 9 United Kingdom 6 7 4 0a France 6.5 7 6 3a Belgium 4.5 4 2 0 Netherlands 13 12 10 5 Denmark 7 8 5 4 Norway 8 8 7 4 Sweden 4 6 4 2 Germany (Fed. Rep.) 6 6 1 -2 (Dem. Rep.) 4 3 0 -3.5 Switzerland 8 9.5 7 4 Austria 5 5 2 -ia Italy 9 9 7 5 Czechoslovakia 7 4 3 8 Hungary 4.5 2.5 3 6 Poland 15 10 9 10 Rumania 10 6 12 10 USSR 18 11 9 9 RSFSR 16b 8 6 6 Ukraine 14 8 6 6 Israel (Jews) 18 16 17 18 a1976. t>1959. the corresponding general populations. Diaspora Jewries fall into several regional groups with regard to the intensity of their demographic problems. In rough outline, the situation is most acute in Eastern and Central Europe, and less acute in Western Europe, though some natural decrease usually prevails there also. In the Americas and Australia natural increase is near zero. The only sizable Diaspora Jewry (of European provenance) which maintained a modest natural increase by the beginning of the 1970's was the compact and relatively secluded one in South Africa. Table 2 presents crude rates of births and deaths, and their difference— the rate of natural increase or, when negative, of natural decrease. These values are given for large Jewries and for corresponding general 68 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

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Fertility and Birth Rate The precarious demographic situation of Diaspora Jewry is evidenced by its very low fertility, which is insufficient for inter-generational replacement. The importance of fertility in the demographic dynamics of Diaspora Jews is easily realized if we bear in mind that fertility is the positive factor on which future replacement depends in any closed population—one unaffected by external migrations or conversions or other affiliative changes. With the average length of life being already very high among Diaspora Jews, as among all advanced populations of the world, there is little chance of increased population growth through the betterment of health and living standards. Moreover, the affiliation balance—losses due to assimilation minus any adhesions to the Jewish group—is assumed to be usually negative for Diaspora Jewries. In addition, the migration balance for the Diaspora as a whole versus Israel is negative. Though there is no uniformity in the migratory balance of the individual Diaspora populations, this is likewise negative for many of them. These circumstances enhance the importance of fertility for Jewish population growth. Two terms that are part of the basic vocabulary of demography are "fertility" and "birth rate." Fertility means the number of children bora, or expected to be born, by a group of, for example, 1,000 women, or by the average woman in that group. The "crude birth rate," or briefly "birth rate," measures the annual frequency of births per 1,000 persons—of both sexes and all ages—in a population, and is therefore markedly influenced by the age-sex composition of that population. The complex realities of Diaspora life, however, necessitate a further distinction. Because of the influence of out-marriages and/or marginality, not all children born to one actually Jewish parent are Jews. Sometimes, too, two parents who are Jews do not wish their newborn children to grow up Jewish. Consequently, it is necessary to distinguish the "effectively Jewish fertility" of Jewesses from their actual fertility, and the "effectively Jewish birth rate" from a birth rate that would account appropriately for all children currently born to Jewish parents, irrespective of whether the children are themselves considered JEWISH SURVIVAL / 71 Jews." Only the "effectively Jewish" reproduction of Jews operates for the replacement of a Jewish population. Data enumerated in a census or survey on currently recorded Jewish newborn or on young Jewish children from which recent births can be estimated belong to the "effectively Jewish" type and reflect the direct losses of children due to out-marriages. If mixed marriages are not infrequent, as is usual now in the Diaspora, a disproportion results between the size of the parental generation and the offspring among the Jewish population, and the effectively Jewish birth rate is depressed. On the other hand, data from a census or survey on the fertility experienced by Jewish women usually include all children born to them, irrespective of the children's religion. When considerable mixed marriage prevails, these fertility data, though demographically correct insofar as the full reproductive behavior of Jew- esses is concerned, exceed the actual level of effectively Jewish reproduction.

MEASUREMENT OF JEWISH FERTILITY Table 2 contains figures on effectively Jewish birth rates. Table 3 presents two measures of current effectively Jewish fertility: the "fertility ratio," which has been computed from the number of children 0-4 years old per 1,000 women aged 15-44; and the "total fertility rate," which is the final number of children which women would be expected to have on average, if their current age-specific fertility performance persisted. The approximate value of this parameter for Jews has been derived here by an indirect method (see Appendix). Table 3 shows, in addition, the per cent change over the preceding 5-year interval in the number of effectively Jewish births and in the fertility ratio.5 Where the size of the Jewish population changed little over that interval—as was the case in most Diaspora countries listed in the table—the per cent change in the number of births is similar to the corresponding change in the effectively Jewish birth rate. Table 4 contains retrospective data on the full fertility of Jewish women—cumulative up to given ages—as reported in response to a specific question in a census or survey on the total number of (live-born)

'Some actually Jewish children are born to actually non-Jewish wives of Jews. Hypotheti- cally half of the children resulting from "mixed marriages" (where the partners keep their different religions) might be expected to be Jews. 'Because of the technique used for obtaining the data (see Appendix), this interval relates to the five years between the average of years 5-9 and the average of years 0-4 prior to the enumeration of a Diaspora population. 72 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 _ >>

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m O >o Q vO OS Os OS Os Os Os ON ON O^ 76 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK,1981 children.6 Table 4a presents analogous data for currently married Jewish women from three country-wide surveys taken in the United States in the 1970's, as well as data on the number of children expected by these women. Table 4a contains comparisons with women in the general population. The data presented in Table 2 on births and in Tables 3, 4, and 4a on fertility of Diaspora Jews can be summed up as followsi Jewish fertility and birth rate are lower than in the corresponding general population; both have declined; both are by now usually insufficient for the continuing replacement of Diaspora populations; there are differences in the present levels of fertility and birth rate between various regional types of Diaspora populations. Jewish fertility and birth rates in the Diaspora have, for a long time, been markedly and consistently lower than those of the general populations. Also, several studies conducted in the United States since the 1950's have

TABLE 4a. FERTILITY OF CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN IN THE U.S.A., BY AGE Jewish Women All White Women Age 1971 1973 1976 1973 1976 Average Number of Children Born 15-19 0.3 n.a. n.a. 0.4 0.5 20-24 0.5 n.a. n.a. 0.9 0.8 25-29 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.5 30-34 2.2 2.1 1.7 2.5 2.4 35-39 2.4 2.5 2.4 3.0 2.8 40-44 2.2 2.7 2.5 3.2 3.2 Average Number of Children Expected 15-19 2.7 n.a. n.a. 2.4 2.4 20-24 2.5 1.6 2.1 2.3 2.2 25-29 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.2 30-34 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.8 2.6 35-39 2.4 2.6 2.1 3.2 2.8 40-44 2.2 2.8 2.6 3.2 3.2 Sources: see Appendix.

It is usual for the question to be confined to married or ever-married women (the latter include also the divorced and widowed), but we have been able to convert this information into fertility data with regard to all w jmen, of given age, in a Jewish population. This indicator is needed for assessing the demographic replacement of the population as a whole. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 77 shown that Jews desire and expect fewer children than do members of other groups and are more efficient in the application of family planning practices. This is partly attributable to the fact that Jews are heavily concentrated in the major urban centers, where the reproduction of the general population is below that of the country as a whole. However, even in the great cities some differential in reproductive behavior between Jews and all other inhabitants usually persists. Thus, the Current Population Survey undertaken by the Bureau of the Census in March 1957 indicated that the average number of children born to Jewesses aged 15-44 fell short by 28 per cent of that for all white women, by 21 per cent of that for all urban women, and by 9 per cent of that for all women in urban areas with 3 million or more inhabitants.7 The levels of both Jewish fertility and birth rates in the Diaspora have been generally on the decline since the early 1960's, and in many countries even since the first half of the 1950's. This can be seen in those instances, in Tables 2 and 3, where data from several years are presented for the same Jewry. The same tendency is documented more fully by the columns of Table 3 which report on the per cent of change—recently, almost always a decline—in the number of effectively Jewish births and in the fertility ratio of Jewish Diaspora populations over the preceding 5-year interval. In most instances, the reductions in births and in fertility are seen to run parallel. This indicates that the downward change in births was mainly due to an actual drop in "effectively Jewish" fertility and not to a shift, for example, in age composition. We shall later show, through discussion of Table 4 and connected data, that the "full" fertility of the Jewesses has also gone down. In addition to the data presented in Table 3, a reverse projection carried out on the basis of the age-sex composition of American Jews' revealed by the country-wide sample study of 1970-1971 (the National Jewish Popula- tion Study—NJPS), shows the following picture of changes in "effectively Jewish" reproductive behavior:

TABLE 4b. u.s. JEWISH BIRTHS AND FERTILITY: ESTIMATED PER CENT CHANGE OVER 5 YEARS Interval Effectively Jewish Fertility Births Ratio 1957-61 to 1962-66 -32 -26 1962-66 to 1967-71 -30 -41

'The data cover women of all marital status categories, and are standardized for age. 'Jews only, i.e., excluding non-Jews in households defined as Jewish by the NJPS. 78 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Likewise, among the Jews of the Russian Republic (RSFSR) in the Soviet Union, a drastic decline in effectively Jewish births can be inferred from the following data, which demonstrate that the younger the age group, the more pronounced the reduction in the average number of Jews.

TABLE 4c. AGE DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG JEWS IN RSFSR, 1970 Age Group Jews Average of Jews per Year of Age Number Per Cent Change from Next Older Group 16-19 31,375 7,844 11-15 34,335 6,867 -12.5 0-10 56,002 5,091 -25.9

This trend of declining Jewish reproduction makes it imperative to pay close attention to chronology in comparing data for various countries, which are only available from different years.

JEWISH FERTILITY INSUFFICIENT FOR DEMOGRAPHIC REPLACEMENT For minimal replacement of a Diaspora Jewish community at the present very low level of mortality, a fertility ratio of about 350 Jewish children aged 0-4 per 1,000 Jewish women aged 15-44, or a total fertility rate of about 2.1 Jewish children per Jewess,9 is needed (see Table 3). In the retrospective data of Tables 4 and 4a, an average of 2.1-2.2 children per any woman, or about 2.2-2.4 children per married woman, would have sufficed for ordi- nary demographic replacement of a Jewish population if the woman had reached the terminal ages of fertility in the recent past. Higher figures were required for older women, whose fertile period stretched back to an earlier period when mortality was higher, for spouses in mixed marriages if a majority of their children were not Jews,10 and for Holocaust survivors who experienced inordinately high child mortality. Tables 3 and 4 show very few examples of Diaspora Jewries whose fertility has recently reached the minimal replacement level. Around 1961 Canadian and Australian Jews did reproduce themselves at an "effectively Jewish" level which, if continued, might have ensured replacement. By 1971, however, their reproductive performance had dropped far below this level.

'As somewhat fewer girls than boys are born, and some of the children die before reaching maturity, an average of 2.1 children per woman is required for replacement even with very low mortality. '"While the data on Jews in Table 3 reflect "effectively Jewish" fertility, those in Tables 4 and 4a report on the "full" fertility of the Jewesses concerned, as stated above. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 79 The decline in the effectively Jewish total fertility rate of U.S. Jews, roughly estimated from the NJPS data," is as follows: 3.2 in 1957-1961; 2.1 in 1962-1966; and 1.4 in 1967-1971. The U.S. National Natality Study 1967-1969, a sample survey of women who gave birth during those years, yielded figures on the number of child-bearing women who were reported as Jewesses, by age of women.12 Recomputing from them, an estimate of approximately 1.7-1.8 for the total fertility of Jewesses in those years can be inferred,13 as compared to 2.4 among the entire white population of the United States. Other sample studies, carried out in the United States in 1971, 1973, and 1976, have indicated declining trends and low figures for the number of children born and expected by married Jewish women in the younger procreative ages (see Table 4a).14 In all age groups investigated, both the actually achieved and the expected fertility of Jewish women were considerably below that of all white women.15 It is possible, though not statistically substantiated, that at the same time a relative reduction occurred in new marriages of Jews. This would have further diminished the reproductivity of the U.S. Jewish population. All the above data point to a recent drop of fertility among U.S. Jews, which has rendered it insufficient for "full," and especially for "effectively Jewish," demographic replacement. Among all the larger Diaspora Jewries for which statistical information exists, only the Jews of South Africa had a reproductive level somewhat above minimal replacement by the beginning of the 1970's. However, analysis of the data from two studies conducted in 1972 and 1974 points to a downward trend there also. Moreover, with the atypical exception of the Jews of Iran, no other large Jewries among those for which data are absent can be assumed to have had a fertility sufficient for demographic replacement. The indirect evidence, based on analogies with geographically close and typologically similar Jewish

"The estimates have been obtained by applying the indirect methods used in Table 3 (see Appendix), excluding non-Jews in households defined as Jewish. 12See S.Goldstein, "Jewish Fertility in Contemporary America," in P. Ritterband, (ed.), Modern Jewish Fertility (Leiden, in press). "Goldstein himself arrived at fertility estimates ranging between 1.41 and 1.53. We have assumed for the computation of the fertility rate a provisionally estimated total of U.S. Jews at the time of the NJPS which is close to that underlying Goldstein's highest fertility figure. But we have excluded from the published age-sex distribution of the NJPS the non-Jews who were enumerated in households defined as Jewish by that survey. This raises the fertility rate, as non-Jews were relatively frequent among the young women in the NJPS, due to mixed marriages. However, few childbearing Jewesses were included in the survey. "See also the article by Sidney Goldstein in the present volume, pp. 3-59. "The data from those surveys relate to the "full" fertility of Jewesses and not to "effectively Jewish" fertility. Few Jewish women, however, were included in the two cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth. 80 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 populations for which relevant data exist, points decisively in the opposite direction. Research on the family formation patterns of married Jewish women in the Diaspora shows that most of their reproduction is achieved during ten years or less from first marriage, that it falls within the 20-34 age range, and that it displays its peak activity at ages 25-29. These facts are also reflected in the data of Tables 4 and 4a on the fertility achieved by Jewish women up to given ages (cumulative fertility). It should be kept in mind that these data are cross-sectional;16 the women of each age-group at the time of enumeration were different individuals, born in different years, and married under different societal conditions. Moreover, the reported enumerations were spread over two decades. The same information has been partially recast in the lower section of Table 4, which shows the virtually completed fertility of Jewesses (aged 35 and over) according to the approximate calendar years when they were age 25-29, and thus in the central stage of their reproductive performances. In this form the table shows more conveniently for Jews of European origin the higher fertility that prevailed up to the 1920's (this can be seen in Table 4, especially among Jewish populations which absorbed comparatively many immigrants from Eastern Europe between the World Wars, e.g., in Canada and Argentina); the depression of cumulative fertility resulting from the slump of births in the 193O's and early 1940's; and the boost in cumulative fertility produced by the "baby boom" around 1950, which in North America and Australia extended until the early 1960's. The onset of the recent fertility reduction is seen among the younger women in the upper part of the table, though their cumulative fertility was, of course, not yet complete. The upper part of Table 4 also shows that the Oriental Jewish women who lived in Greater Paris in the 1970's and were below age 40 had attained very low fertility. One feature of the displayed fertility data requires special elucidation. Table 3 shows for the Jews of the United States and Canada in the early 1970's low fertility insufficient for replacement, while the upper part of Table 4 and Table 4a indicate that the virtually completed fertility of the Jewish women there, who were aged 35-49 at that time, stood on average at the substantial level of 2.2-2.7 children. The explanation for this lies in the difference between current and retrospective measurement of fertility. The higher figures in Tables 4 and 4a reflect the results of the preceding "baby boom" period. While the cumulative fertility of Jewesses in Canada at ages 25-29 reached an average of 1.6 children in 1961, it was only 1.1 children by 1971. Moreover, for Canadian Jewesses aged 20-24, the average number of children born had declined from 0.5 to 0.2. Analogously, the

"As distinct from a cohort analysis which follows up the same persons through various ages. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 81 recent data for the United States have revealed a reduction in the number of children achieved and expected by the younger Jewish women.

PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE The future development of fertility patterns among Jewish Diaspora populations remains to be seen. The level reported in the late 1960's and early 1970's was already very low. In addition, the fertility decline of the general populations of the Diaspora countries appeared to be gathering further momentum in the first half of the 1970's. Since Jews have been extreme exemplars of the modern demographic trends, some further reduction of fertility in the Diaspora, especially where it has not been at its lowest levels, seems quite possible. Moreover, "effectively Jewish" fertility can be further eroded by out-marriages and/or advanced marginality. For about a decade, however, an opposite influence will also operate on Jewish birth rates. As pointed out, the crude birth rate is affected by changes in the age composition of a population, especially in the proportion of women at their most fertile ages. And indeed, throughout the Jewish Dias- pora, as in the general populations of the advanced countries, the relatively many children born during the "baby boom" around 1950 are now moving into the procreative age range. In particular, a sudden increase was due in the second half of the 1970's in the number of Jewish women aged 25-29 —the most fertile age group. The changes that have taken place in the size of female age groups in some Diaspora populations can be inferred from the

TABLE 5. RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF JEWISH WOMEN, BY SELECTED AGE, COUNTRY AND YEAR (30-34 Years Old Women = 100) Age of Women Country Year 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 O-4 U.S.A. 1970-71 100 102 191 201 206 146 103 Canada 1971 100 137 186 183 157 132 118 Sao Paulo 1968-69 100 90 132 180 136 132 80 South Africa 1970 100 114 147 151 134 129 146 Australia 1971 100 132 196 170 158 120 122 Greater Paris 1972-76 100 100 132 128 121 120 77 Netherlands 1966 100 130 127 229 137 113 123 Switzerland 1970 100 106 134 129 98 103 96 Italy 1965 100 115 115 184 143 118 128 82 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 data in Table 5, e.g., the high frequencies of 20-24 year olds who were enumerated around 1970, or 15-19 year olds enumerated in the mid-1960's. The increase in the number of Jewish women who are in their most fertile ages may tend temporarily to boost the number and crude rate of Jewish newborn, if actual fertility remains equal;17 alternatively, it will for some time compensate, wholly or partly, for any further declines in the "full" or "effectively Jewish" fertility of Jews.18 The essentially transient nature of this phenomenon, however, must be realized.

Marriage Patterns Marriage patterns have a great bearing on fertility and on the maintenance of the size and cohesion of a minority group. For lack of space we shall refrain from dwelling here in any detail on recent Jewish marriage patterns insofar as the propensity to marry and the age of marrying are concerned. Suffice it to state that the average age at first marriage is usually higher among Diaspora Jews than among corresponding general populations, and that there is a tendency for greater percentages of Jews not to marry at all. These features relate to both sexes, and reduce the average number of fertile years spent in marriage per Jew/Jewess. They therefore tend to diminish fertility. Recently, trends toward increased frequency of informal unions, postponement of formal marriage, and rising divorce rates have manifested themselves among the general populations of the developed countries. These factors account in part for the present fertility decline. Though similar tendencies are likely to operate among Diaspora Jews as well, statistical evidence is still lacking.

OUT-MARRIAGE OF JEWS Out-marriage is one of the causes of the low level of effectively Jewish fertility. If, as has been the case recently, the latter is barely sufficient or outrightly insufficient for the replacement of Jewish Diaspora populations, any additional net losses due to increased out-marriage will aggravate an already precarious situation. Moreover, apart from the direct effect of

"In Diaspora Jewries where the baby boom was relatively short-lived, such as South Africa, Switzerland, and Argentina, the expected upward influence on natality will be limited. In the United States and Canada this influence will be prolonged, because the original baby boom lasted longer there. "In the next section we shall point out that strong alternations in the size of age groups, as documented for Jewish females in Table 5, constitute a demographic incentive for rising out-marriage. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 83 out-marriage on Diaspora population dynamics, its frequent occurrence may weaken the cohesion, and therefore the future demographic staying- power, of Jewish populations. The tendency to out-marry is a consequence of the social and spiritual situation of Diaspora Jewry—the weakening of religious commitment, especially insofar as behavioral observance is concerned; the cultural and social integration of Jews into the majority populations of many of the countries in which they live, involving schooling, work, and recreation in religiously mixed settings; the freedom of individuals in choosing a marriage partner; and the desirability of some Jews as marriage partners, because of wealth, good education, talent, etc. Though the major determinants of modern out-marriage by Jews are socio-psychological in nature, some more specifically demographic factors are also operative. The small size of the Jewish population in certain localities is apt to increase out-marriage, since a small population is more likely to have an irregular age-sex structure, thus impeding the formation of endogamous couples. The alternation of strong and weak Jewish birth cohorts also raises the likelihood of out-marriage. Since grooms are, on the average, a few years older than brides at the contraction of first marriage, the following disparities arose in the past: as a consequence of the gradually intensifying recession of births in the 193O's and early 1940's, the Jewish men born in the earlier part of that period failed to be matched, when they reached mar- riageable age, by sufficient numbers of Jewish women; conversely, the girls born during the early phases of the ensuing baby boom were not matched sufficiently by boys born toward the end of the preceding slump in births. By a renewed reversal, then, the Jewish boys born toward the end of the most recent baby boom will not find sufficient Jewish partners among the girls born during the current fertility decline. While in actual fact the demographic realities are more complex than these simplifications—particularly since the difference in marriage age between the two sexes is not constant—they do not detract from the basic relevance of alternating strong and weak birth cohorts as a determinant of out-marriage by Jews." In the interpretation of data on out-marriage by Jews, careful attention must be paid to several definitional and terminological matters. When a Jew marries a non-Jew, each partner may adhere to his or her religion; or alternatively, religious uniformity may be achieved by conversion of one of

"It is true that similar alternations of strong and weak birth cohorts took place among the corresponding general populations. However, Jews are now such a small minority everywhere in the Diaspora that their requirements of match-making need not be viewed as being decisively affected by general squeezes in the "marriage market." The situation may be different in certain cities with a considerable proportion of Jews in the total population, e.g., New York. 84 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 the partners either before the wedding or subsequently.20 We shall use the term "mixed marriage" for the former situation and "intermarriage" for the latter, with the term "out-marriage" covering the whole complex. The data available, if any, from official statistics relate to mixed marriages. Out-marriage data may relate to current weddings indicated in marriage statistics, or to all couples existing in a population as enumerated in a census or survey. Since the frequency of out-marriage has risen in recent decades, data of the former type indicate higher levels of the phenomenon than do data of the latter type. Out-marriage data may relate to Jewish persons or to couples with at least one Jewish partner. It should be noted that in the same factual situation, the latter type of data indicates higher percentages of out-marriage than does the former type. This is so because an endogamous Jewish couple is reckoned as two persons in the enumeration of marrying or married Jews, but as only one counting-unit, just like any mixed match, in the enumeration of couples with at least one Jewish partner. There are uncertainties with regard to the "unknown" category of religious classification in official statistics on weddings or couples. The designation "unknown" may hide a Jew/Jewess who has not converted out, and who might, on other occasions, be included in a count of Jews.

MEASUREMENT OF OUT-MARRIAGE BY JEWS Data on out-marriages of Jews are poor in quantity and quality. Official statistics, available only for a limited number of countries, tend to under- state the phenomenon, as they usually take into account only the current situation (at the time of the wedding, or of the census), disregarding prior conversions; they reflect mixed marriages but not intermarriages. Jewish- sponsored sample surveys, if undertaken with some sophistication, inquire not only about present religion (or Jewishness otherwise defined) but also about religion at birth, religion of parents, etc. On the other hand, they often have great difficulty in identifying some types of out-married Jews or ex- Jews (in particular, originally Jewish wives who live in non-Jewish surroundings), and in obtaining responses from them. Because of these objective difficulties, Jewish-sponsored sample surveys may end up underestimating the volume of Jewish out-marriage and getting a non- representative picture of the persons involved.

"Under present conditions, uniformity of an originally mixed couple may be achieved even without formal conversion. Moreover, in Eastern Bloc countries, and for some elsewhere as well, it is no longer religion but other criteria that define Jewishness. Even the validity of formal conversions is contested among the several branches of organized Judaism. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 85 Aside from direct statistics on Jewish out-marriage, several other types furnishing indirect indications are sometimes available, e.g., official statistics on newborn children by religion of both parents, or on divorcing couples by religion of both partners. Even a sharp decrease in synagogue marriages may be indicative of a rise in out-marriage. Despite the quantitative and qualitative deficiencies, a considerable amount of statistical information on recent Jewish out-marriage has been accumulated, and there is wide consensus on the saliency of the phenomenon. Table 6 presents some general data on current mixed marriages and existing mixed couples among Diaspora populations. In the United States, the Current Population Survey of 1957 found 8 per cent of mixed couples among those with at least one Jewish partner. The NJPS of 1970-1971 came up with a figure of 17 per cent out-married couples, including those in which a spouse had converted to Judaism and some in which neither spouse was actually Jewish at the time of the survey (but which belonged to the enlarged Jewish population covered by the survey). From the published data the following approximate extent of mixed marriage by persons reported as actual Jews with actually non- Jewish partners could be inferred: 7 per cent of Jewish husbands, 5 per cent of Jewish wives, and 11 per cent of couples with at least one Jewish partner. The NJPS showed a marked rise of recent out-marriage, though its exact extent remained a matter of dispute (see footnote 29). The available information makes it clear that out-marriage is found to a considerable extent in most Diaspora populations. There are great differences in the level of Jewish out-marriage between geographic regions, individual countries, and cities. It is especially common in some European countries, where an absolute majority of the newly married couples involving a Jewish partner are mixed. A marked rise in the relative frequency of out-marriage has recently occurred everywhere, except perhaps where its level was already previously very high. One gets the impression that the rising trend, which applies also to the United States, is continuing. Within the same Diaspora country there is a tendency for greater prevalence of out-marriage where fewer Jews reside, and where they are more accul- turated. So far it has been usual to find greater proportions out-married among Jewish men than Jewish women. Yet, it must be realized that even high levels of out-marriage actually signify a marked persistence of Jewish endogamy. Since Jews are a small minority nearly everywhere in the Dias- pora, if they were to contract their marriages randomly, hardly any endogamous unions would be formed. 86 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

TABLE 6. MIXED MARRIAGES OF JEWS, BY COUNTRY AND PERIOD Country Period % ini Mixed Marriages among Jewish Jewish Couples with Husbands Wives Jewish Partner(s) New Weddings Canadaa 1961-65 12 6 17 1966-70 14 10 21 1971-76 21 16 31 Netherlands15 1960-65 54 45 67 Germany (Fed. Rep.) 1961-65 78 43 81 1966-70 67 45 74 1971-75 69 57 78 Switzerland 1961-65 49 31 58 1966-70 44 26 56 1971-75 45 42 61 All Married Couples in Population U.S.A. 1957 6 3 8 1970-71C (7) (5) (11) Canadaa, total 1951 7 4 11 total 1971 9 6 14 Jewish centers 7 5 12 Other 17 13 26 South Africa, Jewish centers 1974 2 0 3 Australia, total 1961 12 6 15 total 1971 14 10 21 Jewish centers 12 9 20 Other 24 20 36 Netherlands 1966 42 34 55 Switzerland 1950 19 10 26 1960 25 12 32 1970 24 13 32 Italy 1965 23 10 29 aFor weddings in Canada—Jews according to religion (since 1974 excluding Quebec); for couples in Canadian population—Jews according to ethnicity. ^Married Jews in 1966 survey whose wedding occurred in 1960-1965. cSee explanations in text. Sources and measures: see Appendix. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 87

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF OUT-MARRIAGE The demographic consequences of out-marriage for a Jewish population can be divided into short- and long-range effects as they relate to the out-marrying Jews themselves and to their children and subsequent descendants. In the past it was customary for out-marrying Jews to adopt the Chris- tianity of their mates. Presently, it is usual for each partner to retain his or her religion, so that a mixed couple is formed. It also happens that the non-Jewish partner, generally the wife, formally accepts Judaism or becomes informally committed to the Jewish group. In discussions in the United States on the demographic consequences of out-marriage, conversions to Judaism are often emphasized; the claim is put forward that the conversion balance is positive on the Jewish side. However, the situation in this regard varies from country to country. Moreover, the information available to Jewish bodies on conversions for reason of marriage may be biased in favor of cases where Judaism is accepted. Above all, as stated above, religious conversions at the present time seem to occur only in a minority of out-marriages. This has been amply confirmed for the United States by the NJPS.21 The demographically decisive factors in terms of the short-range consequences of out-marriage, therefore, are the fertility of out-married couples and, most especially, the religious designation and consequent upbringing of their children. There is some indication that the fertility of mixed couples is lower than that of endogamous Jewish unions—other relevant characteristics being equal.22 However, this issue requires a good deal of further empirical study. If such differentials are confirmed, they might perhaps be attributable to some correspondence between the types of Jews who exercise particularly vigorous birth control and those who out-marry. In out-marriages, where one partner has converted, it may be presumed that the children will be brought up in the religion which now unites the parents. The problem of the children's religious identity, therefore, pertains to overtly mixed couples, which are thought to constitute in our time the great bulk of the out-married. At any rate, the children of those mixed marriages in which the Jewish partner is not only out-married but also very marginal, are not likely to grow up as Jews. The empirical information available on the religion of children born to mixed couples is very fragmentary. Obviously, it is not a knowledge of particular instances that is needed, but a statistical assessment of the

2'F. Massarik and A. Chenkin, "United States National Jewish Population Study: A First Report," AJYB, Vol. 74, 1973, p. 296. "Here the "full" and not the "effectively Jewish" fertility of the mixed couples is meant. 88 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 proportion of such children actually being reared as Jews. Official data on births or on children in a population, by religion of both parents and of the children themselves, are very rare. Inferences can be drawn by comparing the number of young Jewish children in a population to the actual or expected23 number of recent births to Jewish women. If the former number falls considerably short of the latter, it is clear that some of the children born to Jewish women were not reported as Jews in the population count.24 But the main source of information should be surveys which permit detailed investigation of the religious composition of households with Jewish members. Since in cases of mixed marriage the parental generation is evenly divided between Jews and non-Jews, a majority of the children in either direction signifies gain or loss for the respective Jewish population. The statistical indications available on this issue point in most cases, especially in Europe, to net losses for the Jewish group. Any recent very low levels of "effectively Jewish" birth rates ought probably to be interpreted as the combined result of reduced fertility and net losses of children due to out-marriage. While some of the data on U.S. Jewry released by the NJPS require additional evaluation,25 two stark facts stand out:26 22.5 per cent of the young children (aged 0-4) in households classified as Jewish27 were not Jews; and the respective percentage was increasing rapidly, since it amounted to only 6.5-7 per cent for the 5-9 and 10-14 year olds. This corresponded to the sharp rise in the frequency of out-marriage which was indicated by the same survey. To arrive at a clear picture of the recent demographic loss or gain to the U.S. Jewish population through out-marriage, it would be necessary to know, inter alia: the religious composition (including religion prior to marriage) of all those couples to which the 0-4 years old children who were reported in the NJPS were born; the respective fertility of the endogamously Jewish couples and the out-married couples; and the degree to which the survey actually succeeded in representing individuals at the margins of the population intended to be covered, such

"As computed from data on the fertility of Jewish women. "The more so as some of the children in the population who were actually reported as Jews may have been born to non-Jewish wives of Jewish husbands. "E.g., a table was published on "children's religious orientation," but without breakdown by period of marriage (F. Massarik, and A. Chenkin, op. cit., p. 298). "F. Massarik, "The Boundary of Jewishness—Some Measures of Jewish Identity in the United States," in U.O. Schmelz, P. Glikson, and S. Delia Pergola, (eds.), Papers in Jewish Demography, 1973 (Jerusalem, 1977), p. 120. "In the enumeration stage of the NJPS, as well as in the data here quoted, a wide definition of Jewishness was used, including some households none of whose members was a Jew at the time of the survey, though at least one had had a Jewish parent. The quoted NJPS figures are, of course, subject to sampling errors. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 89 as out-married and alienated Jews living in very "un-Jewish" surroundings.28 On the basis of the various bits of evidence already available,2' it may be doubted whether the overtly mixed couples who had engendered most of the reported 22.5 per cent non-Jews among the children aged 0-4 really brought at least half their children into the Jewish fold. Special note should be taken of the effects of Jewish out-marriage in Eastern Bloc countries, where out-marriage is reported to be frequent. Because of the social pressures of endemic antisemitism and the weak state of religious life, it is unlikely for the children of such unions to become or remain Jews. Generally those European Jewries which show the highest tendency to out-marriage also have a very low effectively Jewish reproductivity. As to the long-range consequences of out-marriage, it is clear that under the conditions of the Diaspora, where Jews are a small and sometimes even tiny minority, Jewish survival depends, in the long run, not only on patterns of demographic behavior, but also on the ability and readiness to transmit to further generations a sufficient sense of Jewish values to make them willing to maintain their distinctiveness in the face of religio-culturally different majority populations. This challenge confronts every Jewish family in the Diaspora. When, because of out-marriage, children are not brought up as Jews, their "non-Jewishness" is generally final. When children from out-marriages, in particular overtly mixed unions, grow up as Jews, only the future, over several generations, can reveal the strength of Jewish commitment that will be maintained. It is not difficult to speculate that this commitment will further weaken under the ever-mounting pressure of increased secularization, integration, and out-marriage. Empirical information, though sparse, indicates that children from out-marriages who grow up as Jews tend to out-marry more than other Jews. With regard to mixed unions where the children are not brought up as Jews, one certain and important demographic effect is a lack of inter-generational Jewish replacement. The out-married person may remain a Jew until death, but he/she

"One of the reports on the NJPS states cautiously: "For those individuals who converted out of Judaism and others who made a purposeful move to completely cut ties with anything Jewish, together with their associated household members, the likelihood of failing to appear in a Jewish household survey was strong, despite the 'field definitions' employed." F. Massarik, "National Jewish Population Study: A New United States Estimate," AJYB, Vol. 75,1974-75, p. 300. "Data produced by various members of the scientific staff of the study differ somewhat in the definition used for the "Jewishness" of the individuals tabulated, the way the weighting of the sample figures was handled, and the criteria by which results were considered to be sufficiently reliable. See F. Massarik and A. Chenkin, op. cit., "Explorations in Intermarriage," and D. Lazerwitz, "Current Jewish Intermarriages in the United States," in U.O. Schmelz, S. Delia Pergola, and P. Glikson, (eds.), Papers in Jewish Demography. 1977 (Jerusalem, 1980). 90 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 will not be replaced demographically. Given the facts that most persons today marry as young adults and have a life span of 70 years or more, and that mixed marriages have been growing rapidly in many important Diaspora countries in the last few decades, as long as they live, the many Jews who have recently contracted mixed marriages will, by their very survival, delay the numerical attrition of Jewish Diaspora populations. But when they die—which will happen in great numbers toward the very end of this century—the numerical decline of Diaspora Jewries will be accelerated.

Marginality and Alienation In the 19th and early 20th centuries it was not uncommon in Europe for assimilated Jews desirous of social advancement to embrace Christianity. This is illustrated by many well-known names in public life, scholarship, and the arts. In the climate of secularization and religious tolerance which prevails in most Diaspora countries today, conversions from Judaism—for the above-mentioned or other reasons—have become unusual. Absence of formal conversions also applies to Eastern Bloc countries, where religion in general is discouraged. On the other hand, there is at present widespread assimilation, but with complex and, in many countries, insufficiently studied patterns. For our purposes, the different stages of the assimilation process may be distinguished as follows: "estrangement," involving reduced participation, interest, or knowledge regarding Jewish matters in any respect (religious, communal, cultural, etc.); "marginality," corresponding to far-reaching estrangement; "alienation," consisting of deliberate repudiation by a person who was born Jewish of his Jewishness—this however without formal change of religion; and "out-conversion," signifying a Jew's formal embracement of another religion. For the purpose of realistically delimiting and measuring Diaspora populations, the elimination of out-converts and the alienated from among the Jewish-born or in-converted is necessary. In practice, the distinction between the very marginal and the alienated is an important and difficult issue. This will be best determined by the individual's self-identification if questioned in a Jewish-sponsored survey.30 Where it is impossible to distinguish between the actually alienated and the very marginal persons, for lack of evidence, it has been customary to extend the benefit of doubt, and to

'"Reliance on a person's self-identification is in keeping with common practice in large-scale demographic data collection. Besides, a moral issue is involved—respect for a person's own will. An alienated individual, as defined here, or even an out-convert, may still be regarded as "Jewish" by some people, or evince an interest in certain Jewish matters, e.g., cultural subjects or support for Israel. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 91 include both in the count of Jews. This imparts an upward bias to the resulting figures. In the contemporary Diaspora, an unmistakable tendency to estrangement from Judaism and organized Jewish life prevails. Some of the specific factors operating to enhance estrangement are out-marriage, ideological opposition (often based on leftist political views), and sheer indifference. These factors often overlap; individuals who are indifferent or negatively oriented toward Judaism are more likely to out-marry, and if they do, they move even farther away from Jewishness. In our time, marginality appears to be particularly frequent among young adults. However, very marginal and even alienated persons may later change their minds for reasons having to do with becoming older, assuming the responsibilities of child-rearing, world events (particularly as they pertain to Israel, Soviet Jewry, antisemitic outrages), etc. The increasing "respectability" of being Jewish in important Diaspora countries can also counteract tendencies toward alienation that are influenced by practical considerations. In reality, marginal persons are often inconsistent and are apt, under different circumstances, to admit or disclaim a Jewish identity. In most Diaspora countries no detailed socio-demographic surveys have yet been undertaken that would permit us to distinguish between marginal and alienated persons for improved assessment of actual Jewish population size. Practical difficulties arise from the inevitable crudeness of terminology, definitions, and procedures employed in large-scale enumerations when confronted by such subtle and evasive phenomena. There exists also the danger of willful distortions; some persons who otherwise admit to a Jewish identity have been known to disclaim their Jewishness in an official census,31 either as a practical precaution toward their Gentile surroundings or because the census inquired into religion and they are non-religious Jews. On the other hand, Jewish-sponsored data collection confronts great difficulties in reaching very marginal or alienated people. The alienated, as defined above, deliberately place themselves outside the actual Jewish population, and this usually applies to their children as well. Advanced marginality is likely to express itself, in terms of Jew- ish population size, only in the next generation—a phenomenon similar to what happens at the present time with many out-marriages. If a very marginal Jew or Jewess is out-married, the chance of his or her children being raised as Jews is extremely slim. Also some endogamous couples of marginal Jews do not encourage their children to grow up as Jews. The likelihood is considerable that the children of the very marginal will be raised in an environment devoid of Jewish content, and will

"Mostly by leaving the question on religion unanswered or declaring to have "no religion." 92 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 eventually remove themselves from Jewish life and perhaps out-marry. In the Eastern Bloc countries, where Jewish religious life is largely nonex- istent, assimilatory pressures are particularly heavy, unless counterbalanced to some extent by latent or overt antisemitism, or evaded through emigration. Paradoxically, in the Soviet Union the Jewishness of individuals and their descendants is formally perpetuated by use of the term "Jew" in the entry for ethnic group in their identity documents." Assimilatory losses to Jewish populations comprise not only the alienated and out-converted, but also the children of out-marriages who are not raised as Jews.

Mortality Jews, as a group, have a low rate of mortality, resulting in high average length of life.33 This can be attributed to their socio-economic status, their concentration in large cities where health services are most readily available, and to the Jewish tradition of concern about health care. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, one of the most consistent demographic differences between Jews and Gentiles was the lower mortality of the former, especially in the case of children. The differentials in mortality between Jews and Gentiles in the developed countries have narrowed as a result of the great progress in public health care. A radically contrasting picture is presented by the crude death rate of Jews, i.e., the number of deceased per 1,000 persons. Because of the greater "aging" of Jews as compared with the other inhabitants of the Diaspora countries, the former have increasingly higher crude death rates. This can be clearly seen from the data in Table 2. The differential is most pronounced in Europe, where the crude death rate of Jews in some areas is about twice that of the general population.

Aging Demographic aging of a population manifests itself, in its advanced stages, through considerable and growing proportions of elderly persons. Such a trend prevails in all the developed countries, but it is much more pronounced among Jews than among the general populations. As can be seen from Table 7, Diaspora Jewries contain substantial and rising percentages of elderly people, and have a higher median

"Except for children of mixed couples who can choose, upon reaching the age of 16, the ethnic group to which they wish to belong. "Here and subsequently in this article, average length of life means life expectancy at birth as computed by the life-table technique. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 93 age34 than the corresponding general populations. Where data from several surveys are indicated in Table 7 for the same Jewry, the intensification in aging which has taken place can be seen. Further aggravation of this situation in the near future can be inferred where a larger percentage of a Jewish population belonged recently to the 55-64 age group than to the 49-54 age group, or where these two percentages were similar. Among American and Canadian Jews in 1971, the 25-34 and 35-44 age groups were smaller than the group of 45-54 year olds. This reflected the recession in births that had taken place in the 1930's and early 1940's, and foreshadowed further accentuation of aging in the future. A similar predictive significance attaches to the very low proportions of young children throughout the Diaspora. Among the larger Diaspora Jewries, the phenomenon of aging is most pronounced in Europe. The main cause of the present aging of Jewish Diaspora populations is the prolonged prevalence of low fertility. Another contributing factor is the Holocaust, which exacted particularly heavy losses among those who were old people or children at the time. If the latter had survived, they would have been, roughly, in the 25-40 age range by 1970. Consequently, in the enumerations taken around 1970, their absence made itself felt among the Jewish populations which had been directly affected by the Holocaust or had absorbed relatively many of its survivors. Also playing a role is age- specific selectivity of population losses due to a negative migration balance (including the effect of aliyah to Israel) or to alienation, since these phenomena occur most frequently among young adults. The strong aging of Jewish Diaspora populations has many societal consequences, including a reduced proportion in the labor force, growing dependency ratios, increased percentages of institutionalized persons, and shifts in the demand for communal services. In the narrowly demographic field, the advanced aging of a population, as displayed by contemporary Diaspora Jewries, depresses the number and crude rate of births, while it raises the number and crude rate of deaths. Hence, it has a negative effect on the balance of current population changes.

The Interrelationship of Internal Population Change Factors So far we have considered separately the factors of internal change in Jewish Diaspora populations. In reality there is an interaction among them which, under the prevailing conditions, strengthens their negative effect on Jewish population size. Low fertility leads to aging, which, in turn, reduces the crude birth rate and raises the crude death rate. To the extent that net

"This is the age which divides a population into two numerically equal groups; 50 per cent are younger or older than the median age. 94 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

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13 C Isr a CO Z Sw i 96 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 losses are incurred among Jewish Diaspora populations because of alienation or conversion from Judaism the negative factors in the current population dynamics are intensified. Out-marriage and alienation reduce the already low fertility of Diaspora Jewries to a still lower "effectively Jewish" fertility, and thus further depress both the current balance of population change and the long-range prospects of intergenerational replacement. The balance of internal change in a Jewish Diaspora population is the product of two main components: the balance of natural changes and of affiliative changes. The balance of natural change (or "natural movement," i.e., the difference between births and deaths) has gone down consistently in the Diaspora since the "baby boom" around 1950. This decrease has been due to declining birth rates and growing death rates (in consequence of aging). The crude rates in Table 2 convey the short-range picture of the numerical relationship between births and deaths. A sophisticated measure of the extent of intergenerational replacement is given by the net reproduction rates (NRR) of Table 8. For technical reasons, these rates assume that the detailed age-specific fertility and mortality patterns of the base period will continue unaltered. The NRR is not influenced by irregularities and changes in the age structure. Values of the NRR above 1.0 signify expected intergenerational growth; values below 1.0, if persisting over considerable time, indicate future decline of a population. Actually the NRR values for Jewish Diaspora populations in Table 8 are rough estimates, arrived at by an indirect method (see Appendix). As they are, they fell short of 1.0 by the end of the 1960's, thus pointing to the future population decrease—with the solitary exception of the Jews in South Africa. The NRR of Jews was lowest in Europe, and everywhere considerably lower than that of the corresponding general populations. The long-range net effects of out-marriage and affiliative changes are, in all likelihood, negative for the size of most Jewish Diaspora populations. This compounds the effects of low fertility and reduces even further the insufficient demographic replacement. According to the indicators computed by this author for U.S. Jewry from the available NJPS data of 1970-1971,35 the crude rate of natural movement was close to zero in 1967-1971 and perhaps subject to a slight temporary rise afterwards, because of the entry into the most fertile age groups of those born during the "baby boom." However, the NRR, which is so devised as to disregard the passing effects of age irregularities, indicated already then a clearly negative long-range trend with regard to future Jewish population size—0.7, or 30 per cent below the replacement level of 1.0. Both measurements relate to

"Excluding non-Jews in households denned as Jewish by the study. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 97

TABLE 8. NET REPRODUCTION RATESa OF JEWS AND GENERAL POPULATION, BY COUNTRY AND PERIOD Country Period Jews General Population U.S.A. 1967-71 0.7 1.2C Canada 1957-61 1.2 1.8 1967-71 0.8 1.1 Sao Paulo 1965-69 0.6 Argentina 1956-60 0.7 1.4 South Africa 1966-70 1.1 1.5c,d Australia 1957-61 1.0 1.6 1967-71 0.8 1.4 Greater Paris 1972-76^ 0.6 0.9 Origin of Jews: Europe 0.7 Africa-Asia 0.6 Brussels (Belgium) 1957-61 0.7 0.9 Netherlands 1962-66 0.9 1.4 Switzerland 1956-60 0.9 1.1 1966-70 0.9 1.1 Italy 1961-65 0.9 1.2 1966-70 0.7 1.1 Israel (Jews) 1971-75 1.5 Origin of Jews: Europe 1975 1.3 Africa-Asia 1975 1.7 aFor explanation, see text. The rates for Jews relate to "effectively Jewish" net reproduction. ''Averages for the 5-year interval preceding the years indicated. ^Whites. d 1970 only. Sources and methods: see Appendix. effectively Jewish reproduction in the United States, excluding non-Jewish children of Jewish parents. Any additional declines in fertility and/or negative shifts in the balance of affiliative changes will further reduce both the short- and long-range balance of internal demographic changes among U.S. Jewry. Among the factors which at present tend to aggravate the demographic problems of Diaspora populations are their smallness, remoteness, and newness in their surroundings. Under the present conditions of secularization and social integration, these factors, so common in the long history of 98 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Jewish dispersion, assume particular demographic importance. The dispersal of the Diaspora Jews has been much intensified in the last hundred years and made truly global, though a great new nucleus has been created in the United States. Jews have been highly active in international and intercontinental migrations, as well as in residential shifts within countries. The Holocaust drastically reduced most European Jewries and scat- tered the survivors. The momentous ingathering of exiles in Israel has had the corollary of leaving extant no more than small remnants of previously large Jewries in some age-old Diaspora countries. While there are now eight Diaspora countries with Jewish populations above 100,000, most countries where Jews reside have but small or medium-sized Jewish populations. Moreover, great geographical scattering of Jews prevails within many countries and cities. In the United States, Jews have been moving to the West and South; in the USSR, to the Asian territories. Suburbanization of the Jews has taken place in metropolitan areas. These migratory movements within countries reflect, inter alia, the occupational and social mobility of many Jews, and will apparently continue. In some countries, particularly in the United States, there is a tendency for Jewish college students, who form a great proportion of young Jewish adults, to stay away for long periods from the parental home. Consequently, the majority of Diaspora Jews now live in places which were inhabited by few, if any, Jews a hundred years ago, and a considerable proportion reside in small clusters quite removed from one another. Moreover, even among the larger Jewish populations in urban areas, it is not uncommon for Jewish families to reside at a distance from other Jews. The smallness and relative geographical isolation of Jewish groups ham- per organization and maintenance of communal services, including the provision of Jewish education for the young. The newness of a Jewish group in a particular country, city, or neighborhood may also be associated with limited internal cohesion. All of this is conducive to estrangement, out- marriage, and the eventual alienation of Jews, and to loss of their children to the Jewish group. Besides, a small population is more likely to have an irregular age-sex structure, another factor that makes for out-marriage. The Holocaust destroyed two thirds of European Jewry and about one third of the world Jewish population. The ravages of the Holocaust have led to far-reaching distortions in the age-sex composition of the survivors. These distortions, in turn, have intensified aging and out-marriage. In addition, there may have been psychological after-effects of the Holocaust which were of demographic significance, e.g., instances of decreased will for Jew- ish continuity. (Instances of the opposite phenomenon are also to be noted.) Nor are these only concerns of the past. The indirect after-effects of the Holocaust will continue to make themselves felt for decades to come—not JEWISH SURVIVAL / 99 only in Europe, but also among the Jewish populations elsewhere which absorbed considerable numbers of survivors. Some fleeting reference must be made to the numerous countries with small Jewish populations. At the end of 1975 the number of such countries (with Jewish populations of between 100 and 20,000 persons), and the respective aggregates of Jews, were approximately as follows:

Number of Jews Number of Estimated Total in Country Countries of Jews 100 to less than 500 16 4,000 500 " " 1,000 12 7,500 1,000 " " 2,000 8 10,500 2,000 " 11 5,000 7 21,000 5,000 " " 10,000 8 48,500 10,000 " " 20,000 6 73,000 Total: 57 164,500

There is no uniformity in the situation of these small Jewish populations, which are distributed over all regions of the world, and are unalike in their geographical distance from larger Jewish concentrations, their political climate, and their typology of Jews. A rough distinction may be made between these Jewries according to whether they are in the free and highly developed countries of the world, are in developing countries (except for the Arab states), are the small remnants of some East European Jewries, or are the small remnants of Jewries in Arabic-speaking countries. The first and third groups are exposed to especially strong assimilatory influences, while the second, third, and fourth groups have particularly distorted age-sex compositions. The information available on several small and medium-sized Jewries, including some with above 20,000 persons, indicates advanced disintegra- tion—very frequent out-marriage, very high aging, and a striking natural decrease (because of many deaths among the aged, and few effectively Jewish births). In the communist countries of Europe the religious and communal aspects of Jewish life have been greatly weakened, and there is no Jewish immigration from abroad. In Western Europe there is freedom of worship and organization and opportunity for Jewish cultural life. Be- sides, instances are not lacking in which the deficit of the internal Jewish population dynamics has been covered by immigration of Jews from abroad. Such reinforcements have, for the time being, maintained or even increased the size of certain Jewish populations in Western Europe which otherwise would have displayed a numerical decline. 100 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

DIFFERENTIALS AND TIME LAGS In the preceding review of demographic conditions we have continually encountered differentials of two kinds: between Jews and corresponding general populations, and between various Jewries. As for Jewish-Gentile differentials, we have already noted that they are partially to be explained by factors which may be termed "positional," insofar as Jews are concentrated in certain sectors of the general population and display the features characteristic of those sectors—residence in large cities, advanced education, and economic affluence. Other factors include perennial minority status, high geographical and socio-occupational mobility, and perhaps mental and cultural peculiarities due to long historical conditioning and/or traditional "Jewish values." With regard to the differentials between Jewish populations, we have mentioned some explanatory elements: size, geographical proximity to Jewish centers, age-old or recent location, and the after-effects of the Holocaust. Without wishing to detract from the relevance of the factors just noted, it is necessary to draw attention to an additional explanatory factor which has both analytical and some predictive value—the occurrence of timing differences in essentially analogous demographic evolutions. The modern demographic evolution of Jews in Europe, North America, and, in recent decades, the developing regions of the world, can be viewed as a shift away from traditional patterns, involving a reduction, first, of mortality and, then, of fertility. There have been time lags in the attainment of new patterns between "leading" and "lagging" population groups, between different countries (in Europe the innovations were transmitted from the northwest and center to the east and south), between urban and rural localities within the same country, and between the affluent and educated classes and the other social strata in the same country or locality. A study of the demography of European Jews in the 19th and early 20th centuries (which is the only aspect of Jewish demography that affords both extensive statistical documentation and a considerable time perspective) makes it seem likely that a large part of the observable differentials in given years between Jews and the general population of any country or city, and between Jews in the Western and the Eastern regions of Europe, were in fact differences in the chronology of reaching a certain level in much the same demographic modernization process. Jews preceded the surrounding population in reducing, first, mortality and, then, fertility; similarly, Jews in the Western regions of Europe preceded those in the Eastern regions. Eventually, however, the lagging groups reached the level attained some time earlier by those whose transition had been faster. The differentials either persisted by and large, while moving to a new level, or narrowed as the group which had advanced later caught up with that which had preceded it. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 101 It has already been noted that the general populations of the developed countries have virtually caught up with the Jews in terms of average length of life, and are moving like them, though at some distance behind, toward zero and perhaps negative population growth. Jews appear in this, as in other fields, as torch-bearers of "modernization." This is not to state, however, that full uniformity of demographic levels will soon or, perhaps, ever be reached between the general and Jewish populations in and among the various countries.

International Migrations The Jews as a people have a long history of migration. This has been especially conspicuous over the past hundred years, and has resulted in a far-reaching redistribution of the world Jewish population. On the whole, it is the hope for social and economic betterment which makes Jews decide to move to another country, but there are other operative factors, including the desire for personal safety, political freedom, and status as Jews. The refugee aspect has been more prominent among Jews than among most other migrants. There is a continual net transfer of Jews from the Diaspora as a whole to Israel, since the number of olim exceeds that of yordim. There are also some important Diaspora countries—the United States, Canada, and France—which have had a markedly positive migration balance for a long time; compared to the existing Jewish population, the migratory gains have been small in the United States in the last decades (except for Soviet Jews quite recently), whereas they have been considerable in Canada and particularly in France. Argentina, South Africa, and Australia, important destinations of Jewish migrants in the past, have virtually ceased to be so. On the other hand, the East European and, especially since 1948, the Islamic countries have been the main sources of Jewish emigration, resulting in several instances in the virtual disappearance of age-old Diaspora communities. Otherwise there is little regularity. Jewish migration, like that of other groups, often shows a wave-like pattern, with peaks and troughs, depending on economic or political conditions in the countries of departure and arrival. Since the bulk of Jewish emigrants in recent decades have come from Eastern Europe and the Islamic countries, political circumstances in those countries, particularly changing attitudes of the authorities toward Jewish emigration, have had a great influence on the total volume of international migration of Jews. The Soviet Union is a case in point. A multiplicity of migratory streams and trickles—far too complex and irregular to be followed up here in any detail—have proceeded between the various countries of Jewish residence. Since most Jewish migration for the last 30 years has been directed toward Israel, subsidiary migratory gains 102 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK,1981 have accrued in this process to transit countries (e.g., Italy) and to the destinations of yordim, whose number tends to increase after an immigration wave to Israel. Many Diaspora populations in the free world during the last few decades have experienced net gains or losses as a result of migrations, depending on the circumstances in their own countries and elsewhere. In recent years several Jewish populations in Western Europe, including some medium-sized and small communities, have been numerically reinforced by emigrants from the Soviet satellites, Islamic countries, and South America, noshrim from the USSR, and yordim from Israel. In the previous sections of this article we have outlined the trend toward zero or negative population growth in Jewish Diaspora populations. When the external migration balance is negative, it necessarily intensifies any internal population decrease; when it is positive, it helps to compensate for the internal demographic decline, and may result in numerical increases for the particular Diaspora population concerned. Instances of this kind are well documented for several Jewries in Western Europe, Canada, etc. How- ever, it should be realized that the latter instances are irrelevant for the evolution of world Jewry as a whole, as they are only transfers within the global Jewish framework; while some Jewries are thereby strengthened, others are weakened. We have pointed above to South African Jewry as the only large Diaspora population which clearly had a natural increase up to 1970. However, the external migration balance of South African Jews is negative, and the migratory deficit has cancelled the effect which natural increase would otherwise have had on population size. External migrations can influence a great variety of demographic and socio-economic characteristics. It is frequent, for example, for external migrants to include a larger share of young and middle-aged adults than the population in the country of origin and possibly also the country of destination. Consequently, a migratory surplus may counteract the aging of a Jewish population and temporarily improve its balance of natural movement. Conversely, a migration deficit operates not only to diminish the size of a Jewish population, but also to accentuate its aging, and thereby reduce the relative level of balance of internal change.36

"The above information and reasoning about demographic trends among Diaspora Jews, as well as specific additional evidence, necessitate a downward revision of the accepted estimates of the number of Jews in several important countries and in the Diaspora as a whole. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 103

DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS OF JEWS IN ISRAEL

The demographic situation and trends of Jews in Israel present several striking contrasts to those prevailing among the overwhelming majority of Diaspora Jewries. The total number of Jews in Israel has grown from 650,000 at the establishment of the State in 1948 to more than 3 million (2,959,000 at the end of 1975; 3,155,000 at the end of 1978). Consequently, Israel has at the present time the second largest Jewish population in the world. The Jews of Israel are unique in having turned from members of a small minority group in their previous countries of residence into the numerical majority and socially dominant population sector of a small but sovereign state. The growth of Israel's Jewish population has been achieved mainly through the immigration of 2.1 million Jews—and net immigration of about 1.8 million Jews—over the last 60 years, though natural increase has also made an important contribution to the growth of the country's population. As the magnitude of aliyah has been diminishing—in absolute numbers and especially per 1,000 Jews already living in Israel—natural increase has actually become the predominant source of population growth for Israel's Jews. Jews have come to this land, and especially to the independent State of Israel, vastly differing as to numbers and rates (per 1,000 of the respective Diaspora population) from the various geographical regions. In the Mandatory period, immigrants from Europe predominated;37 since 1948 about half the immigrants have originated in Asia and North Africa. Most of the Jews of Eastern Europe (excluding the USSR), the Balkans, Asia, and North Africa have migrated to the State of Israel (Table 9). By now slightly more than half of Israel's Jews are native-born; the Israeli-born constitute an absolute majority of those under the age of 30. Whereas at the foundation of the State the overwhelming majority of Is- rael's Jews were of European origin, by now the two major origin groups —Asian-North African and European—are about evenly matched. The return to the soil has been a basic tenet of Zionist ideology, and there are about 700 rural settlements, each with below 2,000 Jewish inhabitants. Nevertheless, 91 per cent of Israel's Jews now live in urban localities. The metropolitan area of Greater Tel Aviv comprises more than 1,200,000 persons, or about 40 per cent of the country's total Jewish population, and is, after Greater New York, the second largest urban concentration of Jews in the world.

"The European Jews predominated in absolute numbers, while the migration rate was considerably higher for Jews from Asia. 104 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

TABLE 9. JEWISH ALIYAH TO THE LAND OF ISRAEL,a BY REGION OF ORIGIN AND PERIOD

1919-May 1948 May 1948 1977 Region of Origin In Per 1,000 In Per 1,000 Thousand!> Diaspora Thousands Diaspora Jewsb Jews^ Diaspora 483 33 1,611 154 USSRC 54 18 160 74 Eastern Europe (excl. USSR)d 294 55 538 717 Other countries in Europe 80 51 66 70 Asia (excl. Israel) 43 140 342 856 North Africa 3 8 400 645 Other countries in Africae 1 15 18 148 U.S.A., Canada 7 2 42 8 Latin America 1 3 43 91 Oceania 0 4 2 51 aGross number of immigrants, including subsequent remigrants. ^Immigrants to land of Israel during whole period per 1,000 of initial Diaspora population of each period (as estimated for 1925 and 1948, respectively). cFor most of period 1919-1948 according to boundaries before World War II, plus Baltic republics. ^Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania and Balkan countries; see note c. eMainly South Africa. Sources for immigration figures: official statistics of Palestine and Israel.

In demographic terms, the integration of the various strands of Jews in Israel has made considerable headway. The Jews of European origin have set an example for those from Asia-Africa, as the former constitute a demographically advanced population—with low mortality and rather low fertility. However, the Jews of European origin have themselves undergone certain transformations in Israel which mark them off significantly, for the time being at least, not only from Diaspora Jews, but also from other populations in the developed countries. Despite the bad health conditions of the Middle East, the Jews in Pales- tine, by the end of the Mandatory regime, had managed to place themselves among the most advanced populations of the world as far as average length of life was concerned. The mass influx of Oriental Jews in the firstyear s of the State caused but a short and limited set-back; and the absorption of further waves of Oriental Jews resulted in the abrupt reduction of their previously high mortality, so that their mean length of life quickly soared to a level similar to that of European Jews in Israel. Both major origin JEWISH SURVIVAL / 105 groups of Israel's Jews enjoy, in international comparison, very high longevity. The crude death rate of all Israel's Jews is low because of a "younger" age composition than in other developed countries. Unlike those in the Diaspora, European Jews in Israel have adopted virtually universal marriage—nearly all individuals of either sex marry within the procreative ages. Asian-African Jews continue in Israel their traditional mores to the same effect. Thus, near universal marriage has so far been characteristic of Israel's Jews. The marriage age of European Jews of either sex is considerably lower in Israel than in Europe. Among Oriental Jews, the previously very low marriage age for women has been raised. A convergence has occurred in the average and median ages at first marriage of the two origin groups; this applies to both sexes. These marriage patterns,38 together with the rather low divorce rate and very low mortality, have the consequence that the average Israeli Jewess is married during a comparatively high proportion of the female reproductive life span. More- over, next to no out-marrying of Jews with a non-Jewish partner takes place in Israel.39 While the fertility of Jews in Europe is insufficient for demographic replacement, the Jews born in Europe, or of European origin, who live in Israel have had in recent years a total fertility rate of about three children per woman, a net reproduction rate of approximately 1.5, and a natural increase of 1 per cent per annum. The rise of fertility in Israel from its previous low level in Europe can be ascertained statistically, thus disproving any conjecture that the higher fertility observed in Israel is decisively due to selective immigration of groups which had already been more fertile abroad. Jewish women in Asia-Africa, on the other hand, used to give birth to 6-7 children on average, though many of these children died at an early age. In Israel the fertility of the Asian-African born women has declined consistently and rapidly. By 1977 the total fertility of this group as a whole, i.e., irrespective of immigration period, had diminished to 3.4 children. There is thus strong convergence in the fertility patterns of both origin groups. In the first generation, i.e., among the persons born abroad, a moderate rise has taken place in the European group and a strong decrease in the Asian-African group; at present, the fertility levels of the two groups, which differed abroad by 4-5 children, are only about half a child apart. In the second and higher generations, i.e., among the Israeli-born, there is little differentiation in fertility according to origin; the fertility level attained

"About 20 per cent of the Jewish marriages contracted in Israel unite partners one of whom belongs to the European and the other to the Asian-African origin group. There are many more unions of partners from different countries or edot within each of the two major origin groups. "Some Jewish immigrants arrive out-married. If these families stay on in Israel, the non- Jewish spouse and/or the children will eventually become Jewish. 106 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK.1981 by the Israeli-born of all origin groups has so far averaged around three children per woman. For the overall Jewish population of Israel the total fertility rate has also dropped to three (Table 10), while the crude birth rate has been near 2.5 per cent per annum.40 Of the above outlined transformations in the patterns of natural movement, those which have occurred among the Asian-African Jews in Israel can be viewed largely as a strong acceleration of trends that might have been anticipated, sooner or later, in their previous countries of residence (in keeping with the general demographic transitions in the developing countries). Such transitions would also have occurred rapidly if these Jews had migrated to a developed Diaspora country. It is the transformations among the European Jews in Israel which merit special attention. These transformations, particularly the fertility rise and the attainment of reproduction above replacement level, constitute reversals of the changes undergone by the respective Jewish populations in the Diaspora, and contrast, both in level and tendency, with the present trends of the general populations in the developed countries. This is a noteworthy indicator of socio-psychological

TABLE 10. TOTAL FERTILITY RATES OF ALL JEWISH WOMEN IN ISRAEL AND OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS, BY REGION OF BIRTH,, 1951-1977 Year Period of Region of Birth Immigration All Israel Asia- Europe- Women Africa America 1951 Total 4.0 3.5 6.3 3.1 From 1948 6.9 2.8 1956 Total 3.7 2.7 5.6 2.6 From 1948 6.1 2.6 1961 Total 3.4 2.7 4.9 2.3 From 1955 5.7 2.4 1966 Total 3.4 2.8 4.5 2.5 From 1955 5.0 2.8 1971 Total 3.4 3.2 4.1 2.9 From 1965 4.0 2.8 1975 Total 3.2 3.1 3.8 2.8 From 1965 4.0 3.0 1977 Total 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.8 From 1965 3.6 3.1 Source: official statistics of Israel.

"Since 1977 there has been a small reduction. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 107 forces operating among the Jews in Israel, and is important for the global balance of Jewish population dynamics. Israel's Jews have a net reproduction rate of approximately 1.5, and a natural increase above 1.5 per cent per annum. Both these figures exceed by far the corresponding values in all large Diaspora populations (excepting the atypical case of Iran before the revolution). They also considerably surpass the corresponding values for the general populations of the developed countries. Moreover, Israel's Jews are virtually unaffected by out- marriage and alienation. Whatever their views in matters of religion or ideology, Israeli Jews remain Jews as part of the body politic. Consequently they do not sustain the demographic losses incurred on these counts in the Diaspora. Finally, Israel's Jews have a positive migration balance, as olim outnumber yordim. Thus the balances of both their natural movement and external migrations are positive, while the affiliative balance is very small and probably positive.41

GLIMPSES INTO THE FUTURE

In our analysis of recent demographic trends among Diaspora Jewry, we pointed to very low fertility and marked aging as principal factors liable to cause natural decrease under existing conditions. These factors will continue to be operative; low fertility, because this is the trend in all developed countries for the time being, and Jews have always been in the forefront of demographic transformations; intensified aging, because of the great proportion of late-middle-aged persons in Diaspora populations who will swell the ranks of the old in the not-too-distant future. The "effectively Jewish" population balance is further reduced, and the aging further enhanced, by assimilatory losses of many children from out-marriages and of alienated persons. These tendencies, too, are likely to intensify in the future. Moreover, there is a strong element of suspended decline which will make itself felt in the future. Those out-married or very marginal Jews who do not have Jewish children lead, in the first instance, to a diminution in the number of effectively Jewish births and, subsequently, of Jews in the younger age brackets. When they themselves die without having reproduced themselves, the Jewish population will undergo a further reduction. Since out-marriages have become more frequent in recent decades and have often been contracted by young Jews, this delayed demographic effect will make itself increasingly felt toward the end of this century.

"Mainly in consequence of non-Jewish members of Jewish immigrant families becoming Jews. 108 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Official population projections for the Jews of Israel predict that they will reach about 4.5 million by the end of this century, assuming a very modest level of positive net migration (10,000 per annum). To the extent that net migration exceeds this low level, the number of Jews in Israel will grow more rapidly. If average net migration per annum should exceed 30,000, the projected figure of Jews in Israel at the end of this century will rise to above 5 million. These projections have assumed a continuation of the empirically observed fertility levels among the European- and Israeli-born Jews in Israel. A major question relating to the future demography of Israel's Jews is whether, or how long, they will be able to maintain their not inconsiderable fertility in the face of the contrary trend in the developed countries of the world and in the Jewish Diaspora. To the extent that they do not do so, the above-mentioned projection will have to be reduced accordingly. At any rate, the Jews in Israel can be expected to remain virtually exempt from assimilatory losses. The internal growth among Israel's Jews will for some time continue to offset the internal decrease in the Diaspora, and thus maintain approximately the size of world Jewry. But eventually, roughly around 1990, the total number of Jews in the world will start to decline. This decline will accelerate as the losses due to insufficient fertility, aging, and assimilation in the Diaspora increasingly outweigh the natural growth of Jews in Israel, despite the latter's rising proportion among world Jewry. Appendix

TECHNICAL NOTES TO TABLES

Sources to Tables

JEWISH DIASPORA POPULATIONS

TABLES 2, 3, 4b, 4c, 5, 7, 8

Most of the data on Jews in these tables are based on the empirical age-sex distribution of an enumerated Diaspora population. The age distribution is epitomized in Table 7. For the indirect methods used to estimate vital statistics parameters from age-sex distribution, see below. The sources for age-sex distribution and for any direct vital statistics measures of Jews in Diaspora countries are as follows: United States: Na- tional Jewish Population Study of 1970-1971, sponsored by the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. So far data have been published mainly in AJYB (Volumes 1973-1978) and in a series of reports by CJFWF; see also the article by Bernard Lazerwitz, "An Estimate of a Rare Popula- tion Group—The U.S. Jewish Population," Demography, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1978. The published age-sex distribution included non-Jews in households denned as Jewish. An age-sex distribution of Jews only was obtained with the assistance of data on Jewishness at the time of the survey in each age-sex category.1 Only data on persons self-identified as Jews appear in the tables. Canada: Official population censuses of 1961 and 1971 with data identifying Jews according to religion.Soo Paulo (Brazil): Enumeration of Jewish population sponsored by local Jewish federation. The enumeration was carried out in two stages: an incomplete census in 1968, and a sample of the not previously covered households in 1969. Some data from the first stage were published by H. Rattner.2 Through the courtesy of the Sao Paulo Jewish

'See F. Massarik "The Boundary of Jewishness—Some Measures of Jewish Identity in the United States," in U.O. Schmelz, P. Glikson, and S. Delia Pergola, (eds.), Papers in Jewish Demography, 1973 (Jerusalem, 1977). 2H. Rattner, "Census and Sociological Research of the Jewish Community in Sao Paulo, 1968," in U.O. Schmelz, P. Glikson, and S. Delia Pergola, (eds.), Papers in Jewish Demography, 1969 (Jerusalem, 1973).

109 110 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 federation, the Hebrew University received tabulations from both stages of the enumeration. The age-sex distribution used in the tables is an amalga- mation of the results of the two stages.Argentina: Tabulations made at the Hebrew University from a copy of the computerized data file on Jews in Argentina's official population census of l960.South Africa: Special tabulations on Jews from a 10 per cent sample of the official population census of 1970, made by the SA Department of Statistics at the request of the SA Jewish Board of Deputies. The estimated vital statistics parameters have been cross-checked with the results of the South African Jewish Population Study of 1974, a socio-demographic sample survey of the six major urban concentrations of Jews (carried out by A.A. Dubb and so far analyzed mainly by S. Delia Pergola at the Hebrew University in a series of advance reports).^MJ/ro//fl; Official population censuses of 1961 and \971.Greater Paris: Socio-demographic sample survey of Jews, carried out in three stages —in 1972, 1974, and 1976—by the Groupe de Sociologie des Religions, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, and the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University. The project is directed by D. Bensimon and S. Delia Pergola.3 The final data are in the process of publication. Brussels (Belgium): Socio-demographic survey of the Jewish population utilizing the data of the official population census of 1961 for households in which one or more persons could, by various methods, be identified as Jews. The study was carried out by W. Bok.4Netherlands: Enumeration of Jews in 1966, undertaken by the Committee for Demogra- phy of the Jews in the Netherlands, reflecting the information available from Jewish-communal and municipal records (without direct canvassing of the individuals and households concerned).5 Since World War II, Dutch official statistics, despite their otherwise high quality, have not been able to adequately identify and represent Jews (because of low reporting of Jew- ishness by Jews who fear misuse of official registration material, as happened during World War II). This is why Jewish-sponsored counts have become necessary in the Netherlands (the first was taken in 1954), and why we have not made use of the officially compiled data on age and vital events of the Dutch Jev/s.Germany (Federal Republic): Age distributions of Jews in Table 7 are from the official population censuses of 1961 and 1970. From the latter, only a 10 per cent sample tabulation is available. For this reason,

!S. Delia Pergola and D. Bensimon, "Sondage Socio-economique Aupres des Juifsen France; Resultats Preliminaires pour Paris," Yod., Jan. 1976; and D. Bensimon, "Sondage Socio-economique Aupres des Juifs en France; Resultats Preliminaires pour la Banlieu Parisienne," Yod.. Oct. 1977. 4W. Bok, "Some Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Jewish Population in Greater Brussels—A Comparative Approach," in U.O. Schmelz, S. Delia Pergola, and P. Glikson, (eds.), Papers in Jewish Demography. 1977 (Jerusalem, 1979). 'See Ph. van Praag, Demography of the Jews in the Netherlands (Jerusalem, 1976). JEWISH SURVIVAL / 111 and especially because of the great demographic instability of the Jewish inhabitants of West Germany, we have refrained from using indirect methods for estimation of vital statistics parameters. The data on Jewish births and deaths in Table 2 are taken from Jewish communal registration.5W/7zer- land: Official population censuses of 1960 and 1970. The data on births and deaths of Jews (Table 2) are also taken from the official statistics of Switzer- land, which reflect the religion of the newborn (i.e., effectively Jewish births).'/fa/y: Age-sex distribution in 1965 from socio-demographic sample survey of the Jewish population of Italy in that year, conducted by S. Delia Pergola and E.F. Sabatello.7 Data on births and deaths of Jews (Table 2) compiled by S. Delia Pergola from Jewish communal records. Age-sex distribution in 1970 estimated by S. Delia Pergola from the 1965 survey and up-dating information.il^'/lS/J (Russian Republic in Soviet Union): A rough age distribution of Jews, who constituted 38 per cent of all Soviet Jews, was released in the official publications of the population census of the USSR in 1970. These data have been converted into age categories approximately comparable to those of other populations listed in Table 7. The level of birth and death rates is given in Table 2.8 However, because of the crudity of the published census data, we have had to refrain from the further elaborations undertaken for other Diaspora populations. Iran: An age-sex distribution of Jews is available from the official population census of 1966. It has been emended in the higher ages because of obvious irregularities (Table 7). Because of the dissimilar yet insufficiently known level of mortality among Jews in Iran, compared to those of the previously mentioned countries, we have not presented any estimates of vital statistics parameters.

TABLES 4, 4a See the sources for the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia (unpublished data from the 1966 population census), Greater Paris, the Netherlands, and Italy listed above. The data in most of these sources were tabulated for (ever-)married women and have been converted to extend to all women. The data for the U.S. in Table 4 and in the columns relating to 1971 in Table 4a have been taken from an article by S. Delia Pergola, "Time

'Unlike most other countries that distinguish religion in their birth statistics, where the religion of one or both of the parents is indicated. 7S. Delia Pergola and E.F. Sabatello, "The Italian Jewish Population Study," in U.O. Schmelz, P. Glikson, and S.J. Gould, (eds.), Studies in Jewish Demography, 1969-1971 (Jerusalem and London, 1975). •See U.O. Schmelz, "New Evidence on Basic Issues in the Demography of Soviet Jews," Jewish Journal of Sociology, 1974. 112 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Patterns of American Jewish Fertility," to be published in Demography. In Table 4a the data for 1973 and 1976 are from the U.S. National Survey of Family Growth, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The figures for 1973 were published in the Center's Advancedata, No. 10 (August 12, 1977); those for 1976 were kindly provided by the Center. The data on European immigrants to Israel during 1956-1961 in Table 4 have been taken from Israel's 1961 census (Vol. 32), so as to illustrate the situation then prevailing among Jewish women in Eastern Europe (excluding the USSR), whence most of those immigrants came.

TABLE 6 The data have been extracted from official statistics of weddings or counts of couples in official population censuses,9 as well as from the Jewish sources listed above for the United States, the Netherlands, Italy, and South Africa. The "Jewish centers" in Table 6 refer in the case of Canada to the provinces of Quebec and Ontario; in the case of Australia to the states of Victoria and New South Wales; and in the case of South Africa to Johannes- burg, Capetown, and four other cities.

JEWS OF ISRAEL The data for all Jews in Tables 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 are taken from Israel's official statistics (they can all be found in, or computed from, various issues of the annual Statistical Abstract). The figures for Jews in Israel of Euro- pean and Oriental origin have been derived from the official data on population and vital events according to birth region of foreign-born and father's birth region for Israeli-born by conjecturally dividing those Israeli-born whose fathers were also born in Israel. Tables 9 and 10 are also based on official statistics of Palestine and Israel.

GENERAL POPULATIONS All data are taken from official statistical publications of the various countries (censuses, vital statistics, statistical abstracts) or from the

'The respective population counts include, besides the above-mentioned, the Swiss census of 1950 and the U.S. Current Population Survey of March 1957 (2nd release). The data on couples in the Canadian censuses identified Jews according to ethnicity. For international compilations of data on mixed marriages of Jews, see Appendix to S. Delia Pergola's Jewish and Mixed Marriages in Milan. 1901-1968 (Jerusalem, 1972) and the same author's "Demographic Perspectives of Mixed Marriage," Encyclopaedia Judaica Yearbook, 1975-76. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 113 international compilations in various issues of the United Nations Demo- graphic Yearbook.

Methods Used for Estimation of Vital Statistics Parameters of Jews in Tables 2, 3, and 8

GENERAL Because of the serious lack of direct data on the vital statistics of contemporary Diaspora Jewries, we have had to resort, in the main, to indirect methods to obtain the estimates presented in Tables 2, 3, and 8. These methods rest essentially on two foundations: a) the age-sex distribution of a Diaspora Jewry, as empirically known from an enumeration (i.e., an official population census or a Jewish-sponsored survey); b) the fact that average length of life (i.e., life expectancy at birth) is high and roughly similar throughout the developed countries as well as in the few Jewish populations for which it can be ascertained. Therefore, life tables available for such populations can be used, in the absence of direct information, for rough estimations of deaths in other analogous populations (concerning particulars see below). The estimates obtained for our statistical tables relate to the 5-year period (or the last two 5-year periods) prior to the enumeration in question. Also the comparative data for the respective general populations relate to the same reference periods, as stated in the tables.10 Since the ultimate basis for the vital statistics estimates is the Jewish population at the end of the 5-year period(s) considered, these estimates reflect the net result of any migratory and affiliative changes which occurred during that time."

BIRTH RATE The number of "effectively Jewish" births during the 5-year period preceding an enumeration can be estimated from the number of 0-4 years old Jews enumerated, plus an estimate of the newborn deceased up to the date of enumeration.12 Through division by the average population of the

'"For Jewish enumerations extending over 2 years, the preceding 5-year period is indicated in the tables according to the later of the two years; e.g., 1967-71 for the U.S. (instead of 1966-67 to 1970-71). For Greater Paris, where the survey of Jews extended in stages over the years 1972-1976, the estimates relate to the 5-year period(s) prior to the time of enumeration (as indicated in notes to Tables 2, 3, and 8). "Consequently these estimation methods are not fully applicable where such changes are relatively frequent. This is why we have not used them for Jews in Germany (Fed. Rep.). "According to a suitable life table. See below. 114 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 5-year period, as obtained from a reverse projection," an average annual crude rate of effectively Jewish births—per 1,000 of population—can be estimated (Table 2). The per cent change in the number of effectively Jewish births (Table 3) was computed from the ratio between the number 0-4 and 5-9 years old, as enumerated in the Jewish population, accounting also for child mortality. Consequently this measure relates to the change in the average annual number of births between the two latest 5-year periods prior to the enumeration. Where the Jewish population size did not change much in the interval —as was the case in most Diaspora countries listed in Table 3—this measure approximates to the corresponding change in the effectively Jewish birth rate.

DEATH RATE The number of Jewish deaths during the 5-year period preceding an enumeration is equal14 to the size of the initial population (computed by reverse projection), plus the number of births, minus the size of the final population (as enumerated). Through division by the average population of the 5-year period, an average annual crude rate of Jewish deaths—per 1,000 of population—can be estimated (Table 2).

RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE OR DECREASE This is the difference between the average annual crude rates of effectively Jewish births and Jewish deaths in the 5-year period preceding an enumeration. (See Table 2.)

FERTILITY RATIO This is a rough measure of fertility (Table 3), indicating the number of 0-4 years old children per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years in a population. When applied to Jews (Table 3) it relates to effectively Jewish fertility. The per cent change in the fertility ratio (Table 3) was computed for a narrower range of the women's fertile ages—only the most reproductive ages—so as to eliminate the influence of changing proportions of women in the less fertile ages. It shows the numerical relation between two ratios: 0-4 years old children per 20-34 years old women, relative to 5-9 years old children per 25-39 years old women. It thus reflects changes in average

"Where necessary, the reverse projection started from a revised estimate of the size of the respective Jewish population. uWith the proviso concerning migratory and affiliative changes, as stated above. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 115 current fertility between the two latest 5-year periods prior to the enumeration.

NET REPRODUCTION RATE (NRR) This is conceptually a refined measure of inter-generational replacement, but has been obtained for the Jewish populations in Table 8 by a very approximate method of estimation. This method consists of computing the numerical relation between the empirical fertility ratio and the analogous ratio among the hypothetical population reflected in a suitable life table. This procedure is based on the fact that, by definition, in the "stationary" population of a life table, NRR = 1.0.

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR) The estimates of this indicator for Jewish populations (Table 3) have been derived from the NRR values. NRR considers only reproduction in the female line, and accounts for mortality. By adding estimates for male births (according to the rather constant sex ratio at birth) and for the relevant deaths (according to a suitable life table), the NRR estimates have been converted into those of TFR.

LIFE TABLES The computations of rates of births, deaths, net reproduction, etc. from the mid-1950's to the early 1970's are based on the following: U.S. Jews: the life table of whites in the Middle Atlantic area (which includes New York) in the years 1959-1961, whose life expectancy at birth was 67.3 for males and 73.3 for females. Life expectancy of total whites in the U.S., especially males, changed little from the mid-1950's to the second half of the 1960's.15 Other Diaspora Jewries: the life table of Israel's Jews in 1971, whose life expectancy was 70.6 for males and 73.8 for females. This life table is the most reliable one in existence for Jews. Life expectancy for Israeli Jewish males has been very high in international comparison. The use of this particular life table for the period since the late 195O's, therefore, may

"The life table proposed by J. Fauman and A.J. Mayer for U.S. Jews, on the basis of three local community surveys (see "Jewish Mortality in the U.S.," Human Biology, Vol. 41, 1969), was not used. Experimentation with it in reverse projections, starting from the age-sex distribution of Jews according to the NJPS of 1970-1971, showed that its high mortality rates in old age would have resulted in the "resuscitation" of so many old people in the backward projection that it would have implied a greater proportion of the old among the U.S. Jewish population in the past than at the time of the NJPS. This seemed demographically improbable. 116 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 have resulted in a slightly low assessment of mortality and in an accordingly slightly high assessment of natural increase and NRR for some Jewish Diaspora populations to which it has been applied. This would have led to conservative estimates of some of the negative features of Jewish population dynamics in the Diaspora.

RELIABILITY OF THE METHODS USED The indirect and approximate methods here used are each familiar to demographers. Only their systematic application to the study of Diaspora Jewries is a new feature." The various methods used for deriving vital statistics parameters from empirical age-sex distributions are not equally accurate. The degree of accuracy is greatest for the estimation of births under conditions of very low child mortality, and smallest for NRR and TFR values if inferred from a relatively crude measure like the fertility ratio. We cannot expand here on this topic, but may state that these approximate methods will suffice for the ascertainment of levels of demographic behavior, which has been our aim in this article. Besides, in several instances it has been possible to cross- check the results of these indirect methods, under the concrete circumstances of Diaspora populations, against directly collected vital statistics data on Jews. Reasonable agreement has been found. Since writing this article, the author has also applied another indirect method for estimating TFR and NRR. The results have been similar.

Measures Presented in Tables 4, 4a, and 6

AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN PER WOMAN, BY AGE OF WOMEN This is a retrospective measure of fertility, obtained from replies of women of various ages in an enumerated population about the number of (live-born) children to whom they have given birth. For Jewish women this refers to the full number of their births, irrespective of whether the children have themselves been Jews or not. In the enumerations the replies are usually obtained from married or ever-married women for the specific study of marital fertility. The respective figures, wherever possible, have been converted into averages of children born per total women of given age— by accounting for the other marital status categories as well. This gives a

"Population models could not be used, because of the far-reaching demographic instability —vital, migratory, and affiliative—of Diaspora Jewries. JEWISH SURVIVAL / 117 clearer picture of the replacement prospects of the population concerned, which issue we have wished to emphasize in Table 4.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN EXPECTED PER MARRIED WOMAN As ascertained from replies to a question in a survey. The expectations, especially of the young women, need not materialize.

MIXED MARRIAGES Table 6 contains empirical data on the proportion of weddings, or of couples in the population, in which only one of the partners was declaredly Jewish. The proportion of mixed marriages has been measured a) per 100 respective Jewish individuals of each sex, i.e., Jews marrying or Jewish spouses in existing married couples among the population, and b) per 100 couples, with at least one Jewish partner, who have contracted new marriages or exist already in the population studied. Logically, the second measure always indicates a higher proportion of mixed marriages than the first.

Review of the Year

UNITED STATES OTHER COUNTRIES

Civic and Political

Intergroup Relations

AN OBSERVING ITS FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY in early 1979, the National Conference of Christians and Jews released a national survey prepared by Louis Harris on prejudice in America. While focusing heavily on white-black relations and attitudes toward Roman Catholics, the most surprising portion of the survey dealt with black-Jewish relations; it indicated that blacks tended to be more anti-Jewish than other groups. The survey found that 17 to 32 per cent of whites agreed with a series of negative stereotypes about Jews; while 37 to 56 per cent of blacks did so. Anti-Jewish and anti-Israel feelings were particularly pronounced among younger and better educated blacks, and among black leaders. The survey also noted a corresponding increase in anti-black feeling among Jews. The Harris findings forecast what later in the year became the bitterest black-Jewish confrontation since the 1968 New York City school strike—the furor surrounding the resignation of An- drew Young as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.

Race Relations

BLACKS AND JEWS As the year began, many black leaders saw the condition of their group as deteriorating. Their sense of anxiety was based on continuing resistance to school desegregation efforts and a growing conservative mood in the country that led to calls for cutbacks in government services, particularly to the poor. New York mayor Edward Koch, whose administration had come under sharp attack from black leaders in 1978, continued to be a focus of racial animosities. The Baptist Ministers Conference of Harlem, charging that Koch had shown "insen- sitivity" in his poverty reform efforts, withdrew an invitation for him to take part in services marking the birthday of the late Martin Luther King, Jr. The New York Urban League called on Koch to put a halt to "name calling and strident rhetoric that has led to a polarization of the city's racial and ethnic groups." A move got underway, led by a black state senator, to amend the New York City charter so as to permit the recall of a mayor, but most black leaders stood apart from the effort. 121 122 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Koch moved to allay some of the anger against him in a series of community visits in which he underscored his desire to end discrimination. (At the same time he reiterated his belief in a single standard, with no preferential treatment.) The New York Amsterdam News, which had been assailing Koch's dealings with the black community, toned down its attacks on him. On a related front, a new Crown Heights coalition of black and Jewish leaders was formed in May and announced its intention to establish a "hot line" to head-off confrontations. But the cycle of black- Jewish tensions continued to be hard to break. At a "constituent hour" in Harlem, Koch was greeted by boos, catcalls, and antisemitic remarks. In 1978 black-Jewish tensions had been heightened by the intense debate over the Bakke case, which involved a quota program for minorities at the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1979 attention centered on another case— United Steelworkers of America v. Weber. Weber was a white worker who had been barred from a special training program, at the Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Company, which reserved half its places for blacks; he had more seniority than two of the blacks accepted into the program. Weber brought suit in federal district court charging that the arrangement violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The district court held the training program unlawful, as did the U.S. court of appeals for the fifth circuit. Unlike in the Bakke case, the major Jewish community relations agencies split over the question of filing briefs before the Supreme Court. The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL) entered the case, but the American Jewish Committee and American Jewish Congress refrained from doing so. Samuel Rabinove, legal director for the American Jewish Committee, explained that in the Bakke case some of the blacks admitted under the quota were less qualified than the whites who were rejected, whereas in the Weber case the black workers were just as qualified. It was clear, however, that the decision of the two Jewish agencies was motivated, in part, by a desire not to exacerbate further the tensions between blacks and Jews. On June 27 in a 5-2 decision, the Supreme Court upheld the Kaiser program. Speaking for the majority, Associate Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. declared: "It would be ironic indeed if a law triggered by the nation's concern over centuries of racial injustice and intended to improve the lot of those who had been excluded from the American dream for so long constituted the first legislative prohibition of all voluntary, private, race-conscious efforts to abolish traditional patterns of racial segregation and hierarchy." In his dissent, Chief Justice Burger disputed this conclusion, calling it "contrary to the explicit language of the statute." The Weber decision was applauded by civil rights leaders, as well as by many in the labor movement and the liberal media. On the other hand, Professor Carl Cohen of the University of Michigan, writing on the subject in Commentary, entitled his article "Justice Debased." As Nathan Lewin noted in The New Republic, the Weber decision was carefully circumscribed in that the court "was careful to avoid placing its seal of approval on all conceivable quota plans." In September the Supreme Court was asked in Fullilove v. Kreps to determine the constitutionality of a INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 123 provision in a federal law which required that at least ten per cent of public works funds be awarded to minority-owned construction companies. As in the Weber case, the American Jewish Committee and the American Jewish Congress refrained from participating, while the ADL filed an anti-quota brief.

THE ANDREW YOUNG AFFAIR It was in the context of already strained black-Jewish relations that the Andrew Young affair exploded with tremendous force. On July 26, as part of the U.S. government's effort at the UN to forestall a Security Council meeting on Palestinian rights, Young visited the home of the Kuwaiti UN ambassador in New York. As Young later explained, he had told the ambassador that he "could not meet with representatives of the PLO," but neither could he refuse an invitation from a member of the Security Council to come to his home for a business meeting, nor dictate "who you can have in your home." When Young arrived, he encountered Zehdi Labib Terzi, the PLO's observer at the UN. Young later claimed, "I made no attempt to negotiate any arrangements or any language with Terzi, but reiterated U.S. government policy of not wanting the council debate then." However, Young did not report the meeting to the State Department. The unauthorized meeting with the PLO official came at a time when the U.S. administration was making overtures to the PLO. In an interview with the New York Times early in August, President Carter had declared that he did not think a stable peace could be arrived at in the Middle East without a solution to the Palestinian problem. He added that the Palestinian cause could be likened to the "civil rights movement here in the U.S." These comments evoked a sharp reaction among Jewish leaders. A statement released by the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations declared, "We are dismayed and disappointed that the president should even think of the civil rights movement, characterized by nonviolent means and seeking the liberties that our Constitution promises to all Ameri- cans, in the same breath as the obscene acts of a terrorist gang which seeks through violent means to eliminate the Jewish state." "My fear," commented Nathan Perl- mutter, head of the Anti-Defamation League, "is that this is part of the greening of the PLO. We cannot but be concerned that the president is preparing the Ameri- can public for negotiations with the PLO that would be inconsistent with previous promises." Black organizations, including the New York Urban League, also as- sailed the civil rights analogy. Information about Young's meeting with a PLO official soon began to circulate. Following Young's resignation there were media reports that the meeting had been bugged by Israeli agents. In an effort to head off adverse criticism, Young met with Israeli UN ambassador Yehuda Blum to deny that "there was some grand conspiracy to change our policy toward the PLO." He argued that Israel should keep quiet about the incident. Stuart E. Eisenstat, the president's chief domestic advisor, who served as a liaison with both the Israeli government and American Jewish 124 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 organizations, explored the possibility of having Israel issue a statement opposing Young's resignation, but the idea was rejected. Instead, Israel lodged a protest with the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv. When Young was first asked for an explanation by the State Department, he reported that he had met Terzi accidentally when he dropped in to see the Kuwaiti official. After this account was branded a lie, Young further explained, "I did not lie. I didn't tell all of the truth." When U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance learned the full truth about the matter, according to a Newsweek account, he went to the White House and told the president that Young had damaged U.S.-Israel relations and had to go. Congress was in recess, but Senate majority leader Robert C. Byrd quickly called on the president to dismiss Young. On August 15 Young resigned. "I have chosen to remove myself," he said. "I see myself in some ways continuing to jeopardize the administration." At a news conference he added, "I really don't feel a bit sorry for a thing I have done. I have tried to interpret to our country some of the mood of the rest of the world ... I come from the ranks of those who had known and identified with some level of oppression in the world . . ." No prominent Jewish leader was identified publicly as calling for Young's resignation. Charlotte Jacobson, chairman of the American section of the World Zionist Organization, stated before the resignation that it was up to Carter and Vance "to give concrete assurances" that the Young-Terzi meeting was "not part of a master strategy to change the United States position." On the day the New York Times carried the story of the resignation, it quoted Howard Squadron, president of the American Jewish Congress, as saying that "even more serious than Andy Young's indiscretions and deceptions is the fundamental uncertainty as to where this country now stands." "I prefer to hold his boss responsible, to wit, the president," Senator Jacob K. Javits of New York said. In a letter to President Carter, Theodore Mann, chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, stated, ". . . we did not ask for Ambassador Young's resignation, nor is his resignation an issue in the relationship between the Jewish and black communities. Our differences are with the State Department policy." Despite this, the nation's black leaders were stunned by Young's resignation. Mayor Richard Hatcher of Gary, Indiana called it a "forced resignation" that was "an insult to black people." Reverend Jesse Jackson of Chicago, head of People United to Save Humanity (PUSH), asked whether Young had not become "a fall guy in a shifting policy." He called for a White House meeting of black and Jewish leaders to iron out relations between the two groups, which he said were "more tense . . . than they've been in 25 years." The black-Jewish confrontation quickly escalated. On August 22 an emergency meeting of black leaders was convened at the offices of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in New York City. Some 200 people attended, including representatives of every major black organization. Called to discuss the Young resignation, the meeting quickly expanded into a heated discussion of black grievances against Jews. A working paper expressing indignation over INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 125

Young's resignation was adopted. The prepared statement on black-Jewish relations produced what Afro, Washington's leading black newspaper, called "dynamite." Several black leaders who participated in the meeting stated later that they had never experienced such intense anti-Jewish feeling as was expressed at the session. As finally adopted, the statement on black-Jewish relations acknowledged that individual Jews and Jewish organizations had worked with blacks as part of a liberal coalition. It added, however, "that Jewish organizations and leadership had done so when it was in their perceived interest to do so." Other salient portions of the statement charged that "within the past ten years some Jewish organizations have become apologists for the racial status quo," and that "powerful Jewish organizations opposed the interests of the black community in the DeFunis, Bakke, and Weber cases .. ." The statement concluded with an assertion that blacks ". . . were deeply affronted by the inherent arrogance in the attacks on Ambassador Young by certain Jewish groups ..." The meeting gave expression to repressed feelings of anger toward Jews that had been building for more than a decade. Kenneth Clark, the black psychologist, expressed this most dramatically when he declared after the adoption of the statement on black-Jewish relations, "This is our declaration of independence," i.e., independence from undue Jewish influence. A growing black-Jewish confrontation was now acknowledged in the media. The New York Times captioned its story on the meeting, "Black Leaders Air Grievances on Jews," while the New York Daily News ran the headline, "Jews, Carter, Denounced by Blacks." Concern felt by Jews continued to grow as black leaders moved closer to the PLO. Shortly after Young's resignation, a Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) delegation led by Reverend Joseph E. Lowery met with Terzi, the PLO's UN representative. After the meeting, the black group issued a statement declaring its support for "the human rights of all Palestinians, including the right to self- determination in their homeland." (The statement went on to acknowledge Israel's right to exist.) In the following days, the SCLC met with Yehuda Blum and Howard Squadron, but the rift only deepened. Shortly after the SCLC meeting with Terzi, a ten-man SCLC delegation led by Lowery and District of Columbia congressional delegate Walter Fauntroy visited Lebanon. The SCLC leaders' embrace of Yasir Arafat, following which they joined with Arab guerrillas in singing "We Shall Overcome," attracted wide media coverage. Shortly after the SCLC's departure, Jesse Jackson arrived in the Middle East promising to bring about a "major breakthrough" for peace. He exhorted Palestini- ans on the West Bank to copy the U.S. civil rights movement in their struggle for an independent state, and criticized "the persecution complex" of Jews which made them "overreact to their suffering." Throughout September public attacks on Jews and expressions of support for the PLO came from broad segments of the black community. New York Times editorial board member Roger Wilkins declared that Jewish leaders had intellectual con- tempt for blacks, and that when blacks "refused to bow to their directions, the split 126 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 had to come." Novelist James Baldwin wrote in The Nation that "the Jew in America is a white man ... is still doing the Christian's dirty work, and black men know it." At the conclusion of its annual meeting, the board of directors of the NAACP called on the Carter administration "to re-examine" its pledge to Israel barring U. S. negotiation with the PLO. The board indicated, also, that it fully endorsed the August 22 statement adopted by black leaders. A smaller number of blacks, including Bayard Rustin, Bernard Gifford, Tony Brown, and Julius Lester, attempted to counter these statements. Writing in the Village Voice, Lester denounced antisemitic attacks on Jews, and declared that blacks had been insufficiently sensitive to the violence experienced by Israelis at the hands of Arab terrorists. Of special concern to Jews was the effort of Arabs to forge a new political alliance with blacks as part of an attempt to change American policy in the Middle East. During this time M.T. Mehdi, president of the American Arab Relations Commit- tee, met with black leaders in New York, Philadelphia, and other communities, promising to get American companies doing business in the Arab states to invest millions of dollars in black businesses, colleges, and inner city projects. The Chris- tian Science Monitor reported on September 28 that Jessie Jackson had met with Arabs representing the League of Arab States, the Arab-American Congress for Palestine Human Rights Campaign, and the Libyan government at PUSH headquarters in Chicago. It quoted him as telling the group: ". . . By October 1 there will be no black leaders left willing to come to the aid of the Palestinian cause if there is not an immediate infusion of funds into the black community from the Arab states. We will all learn to recite the alphabet without the three letters P - L - 0." Following his return from the Middle East early in October, Jackson received a contribution of $10,000 from the Association of Arab-American University Gradu- ates, which had been trying for 12 years to establish relations with major civil rights organizations. The Arab group had paid the travel costs to the Middle East of Jackson and some members of his entourage, as well as of Joseph Lowery and other members of the SCLC. In September a black American delegation, including Georgia state representative Hosea Williams, head of the Atlanta chapter of the SCLC, traveled to Libya where a Martin Luther King, Jr. medal was conferred on Moammar Khadafy, the Libyan chief of state who had defended Arab terrorists and provided support for Idi Amin. A great deal of anger was expressed by Jews against President Carter for having failed to clarify fully the circumstances of Young's resignation—a step which might have blunted the confrontation. It was felt by some that the president was seeking to redirect black anger away from his administration. Carter made an attempt to lessen the black-Jewish rift in a speech at Emory University in Atlanta on August 30 in which, after strongly praising Young, he urged the two groups to resolve their differences. The controversy over Carter's role in the Young affair continued, however, causing him to discuss the matter further on September 23. At the swearing-in ceremony for Young's successor, the president declared that no INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 127

"American Jewish leaders or anyone else" urged him to seek the resignation of Young. By October some black leaders were having second thoughts about the identification of the civil rights movement with the PLO. In Washington, Walter Fauntroy, chairman of the SCLC, indicated that his group had rescinded an invitation to Yasir Arafat to visit the U.S., and had cancelled a series of educational forums on the Middle East. A group of black civil rights and labor leaders, including William S. Pollard of the AFL-CIO and Bayard Rustin, president of the A. Philip Randolph Institute, arrived in Israel to meet with government leaders. Rustin summed up the viewpoint of this group when he declared, "To give credence or respectability to one terrorist organization gives it to all, and to make the PLO in any way respectable is to make the Ku Klux Klan respectable." In a directive to the NAACP's 1,700 branches early in October, Executive Director Benjamin Hooks urged that they not let the dispute about the Middle East interfere with relations between blacks and Jews. Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., head of the Urban League, broke his silence and castigated other black civil rights leaders for their approaches to the PLO, calling such initiatives "sideshows" compared with the "vital survival issues" that blacks faced. "The confusion of the past several weeks," he said, "must not be allowed to polarize the civil rights alliance, nor must it be allowed to heighten or to release feelings of racism, antisemitism or religious bigotry." These remarks were criticized by Mayor Richard Hatcher of Gary as adding to the disunity in the black community. Black columnists William Raspberry and Vernon Jarrett saw Jordan's statement as an attempt to keep Jewish funds flowing to the Urban League. As the year drew to a close, the black-Jewish confrontation moved out of the headlines. It was clear, however, that a serious rift between the two groups remained. The Progressive National Baptist Convention, with a membership of 1.2 million blacks, announced that it would establish an office in Washington which, among other things, would monitor the ADL "as they (sic) travel about the country in their desperate efforts to keep blacks out of professional schools." A hasidic rabbi was shot to death in the racially troubled Crown Heights section of Brooklyn just prior to the trial of two hasidic men who had been charged a year and a half earlier with assaulting a black teenager. (The two men were found not guilty.) Tensions between Mayor Koch and black leaders in New York also continued. The black-Jewish confrontation varied in intensity in different cities, being best contained in those where lines of communication and cooperative programs had not been permitted to lapse in recent years. The newest ingredient appeared to be the role of younger members of the black middle class and black intelligentsia drawn to "left" and "third world" ideologies. Negative reactions to Jews appeared to be less strong among rank and file blacks, according to a Gallup poll taken for News- week immediately after the Young resignation. 128 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Religion

CULTS AND EVANGELICALS The absolutism and mind control that characterized such cults as the Unification Church, Hari Krishna, and Jews for Jesus—all of which attracted significant numbers of Jewish youth—spurred efforts at counter action. B'nai B'rith announced an anti-cult project which encouraged concerned citizens to lobby for official investigation of the cults, and sought to aid the parents of cult members. Stimulated by concern in Congress over the Jonestown, Guyana tragedy the year before, Senator Robert Dole (R., Kansas) organized what he termed a "meeting" of an ad hoc group of House and Senate members on the dangers presented to the country by the growth of religious cults. The informal hearings early in February drew criticism from a number of religious groups, including the Synagogue Council of America, which expressed concern that the hearings would "inflame the public and obscure the delicate and complex issues which surrounded the activities of minority (religious) groups." When California authorities took action against alleged illegalities by several churches, and moved to restrict the religious activities of others, concern mounted that first amendment rights of religious freedom were being endangered. The year saw the continued growth of fundamentalist, evangelical activity. In a surprise move on April 5, Senator Jesse Helms (R., N.C.), a prominent evangelical layman, added an amendment to allow voluntary prayer in public schools to a bill creating a new Department of Education. It secured a favorable vote. The action brought a joint response from the American Jewish Committee and the ADL calling on the Senate to "reconsider and reverse" its vote. The two agencies declared that the amendment was "a blatant attempt to circumvent the clear mandate of the Supreme Court which had outlawed school prayers." Commenting on the Helms amendment the day after the vote, President Carter told a group of editors, "I think the government ought to stay out of the prayer business." He declined, however, to say whether the move was unconstitutional. The Senate rescinded its vote a few days later, but in June the power of the pro-prayer forces was again shown by the passage of a similar bill in the House.

CATHOLICS The year saw the continuation of strong pressure by Catholics in the "pro-life" movement to press for anti-abortion legislation. Some 60,000 people gathered in the sixth March for Life in Washington, D.C. on January 22. Earlier in the month, Protestant and Jewish clergy had marched to St. Patrick's cathedral in New York and affixed to the door a "declaration of religious conscience" which stated that Catholics had "opted for a kind of demagoguery that destroys the spirit of dialogue and sows the seeds of bitter religious discord." In response, an official of the INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 129

Archdiocese said, "Abortion is the holocaust of the 1970's." Even as the Catholic church stepped up its efforts in this area, however, there were indications that it was losing the battle among the faithful, as it had done earlier on the issues of divorce and birth control. A New York Times/CBS News poll reported that 64 per cent of Catholics (the same as for Protestants) agreed with the statement, "The right of a woman to have an abortion should be left entirely to the woman and her doctor." Abortion opponents continued to attempt to further restrict medicaid-funded abortions for poor women. Late in June the House voted 241-180 to limit such aid to situations in which a woman's life was in jeopardy. When the Senate voted in the following month to maintain the existing arrangement of providing funding in cases of rape and incest as well, the measure was sent to a conference committee for resolution. Meanwhile, a decision was pending in the federal district court in Brook- lyn in the case of McCrae v. Califano—a case centering on the claim that a limitation on medicaid-funded abortions for poor women was unconstitutional because it discriminated on religious grounds. Many Catholics still smarted over the defeat sustained in Congress in 1978 in efforts to obtain tuition tax credits for parents of non-public school children. This had been opposed by most Jewish groups. In a dramatic reversal of position, however, delegates to the February convention of the Rabbinical Assembly, representing Conservative rabbis, voted to support tax credits. As the new Congress got under way, Senator Patrick J. Moynihan (D., N.Y.) indicated that he would introduce two new tax credit bills—one to provide aid to college students, and the other to assist parents of elementary and secondary school children. In April the Supreme Court refused to continue a lower court order preventing New York State from reimburs- ing parochial schools for complying with state-mandated tests and record keeping. While this ruling freed from escrow some $20 million earmarked for 2,000 parochial schools, it made no determination of the constitutionality of the 1974 act which had been challenged by a group of organizations including the American Jewish Con- gress and the American Civil Liberties Union. In May a similar coalition was successful in obtaining a 6-3 decision from the Supreme Court striking down New Jersey's tax exemption for parents of children attending private schools. The feeling continued to grow among some Catholic intellectuals that much of the opposition that Catholics faced in the political sphere reflected an underlying religious bigotry. (The Louis Harris survey, mentioned above, did in fact find that one in three white non-Catholics saw Catholics as "narrow minded.") Addressing the Cathedral Club of Brooklyn in February, Senator Moynihan cited a number of allegedly anti-Catholic tracts that had found their way into Supreme Court opinions. The reiteration of the theme of anti-Catholicism by Moynihan, Andrew M. Greeley, James Hitchcock, and Virgil Blum drew an objection from Jim Castelli of the National Catholic News Service. Conceding that anti-Catholicism was a problem, he argued that "a simplistic, paranoid, self-serving attack on anti-Catholicism is a disservice to Catholics and non-Catholics alike." Seemingly concerned about the issue, the ADL, while expressing its traditional support for separation of church and 130 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 state, held two meetings with the National Conference of Catholic Bishops on non-public school aid. The two organizations agreed to hold further discussions.

CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS In February the Internal Revenue Service revised a set of guidelines aimed at denying tax exempt status to private schools which discriminated on the basis of race. While the guidelines had been prepared in order to counter the "Christian academies" that had sprung up in the South as a way of avoiding court desegregation bans, they had aroused opposition from Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant organizations which argued that the guidelines would punish their schools even though they did not discriminate on the basis of race. The revisions sought to focus more clearly on the "Christian academies," but despite this, the guidelines continued to run into opposition in Congress. Groups such as the well-financed religious lobby Moral Majority, which was formed in June by Jerry Falwell of Lynchburg, Virginia, sought to unite the nation's religious conservatives into a coalition capable of steering America away from liberal, humanistic, and secular tendencies. Evangelical Protestants helped defeat liberal candidates, and contributed to the election of such politicians as Senator Orrin Hatch, a leader of the Republican "New Right," who told reporters, "We think—we know—this is a Christian nation, and we're here to give voice to that point of view." In its first effort as an established political group in November, the Right to Life party in New York made a good showing; its candidates did nearly as well as Conservative party candidates, and generally ran ahead of Liberal party candidates outside of New York City.

Extremism

ANTISEMITISM Despite more frequent public expression of anti-Jewish feeling by elements of the black intelligentsia and black middle class, antisemitism continued to remain at a low level generally. The Harris survey taken for the National Conference of Chris- tians and Jews found that only eight per cent of the American people felt that anti-Jewish sentiments were on the rise—down by 11 per cent from two years earlier; 82 per cent reported that their relationships with Jews were "pleasant and easy." However, various surveys (brought together in Anti-Semitism in America by Harold Quinley and Charles Y. Glock) showed that between one-in-four and one-in-five Americans harbored a number of negative stereotypes about Jews. A highly publicized incident involved anti-Jewish remarks made by Billy Carter, the president's brother. In January, while leading a tour of Libyan businessmen and officials in Atlanta, he was quoted by the Atlanta Journal as saying that Libya's poor INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 131 international image was due to the fact that the "Jewish media tears up the Arab countries full time, as you well know." He added, "There's a hell of a lot more Arabs than there is Jews." The remarks produced a sharp reaction by Jewish groups. White House press secretary Jody Powell publicly denied that the president shared his brother's views. The following month, asked by a radio newsman about the criticism from the Jewish community, Billy Carter said, "They can kiss my ... as far as I am concerned now." Late in February at a news conference, the president disassociated himself from these sentiments, saying that his brother was "seriously ill."

KU KLUX KLAN AND NAZIS There was growing concern about indications of an upsurge of Ku Klux Klan activity, particularly in Alabama and Mississippi. While some Klan activity was noted in 22 states, including the Middle Atlantic region and California, the growing ferment in the South appeared to be in those areas where blacks were a noticeable part of the population but not enough to have real political, social, or economic power. An important characteristic of the upsurge in Klan activity was that after several years of attempting to mold a new moderate image, the southern Klan was reverting to violence as a tactic. In addition to the standard rallies and cross burnings, Klansmen in Alabama and Mississippi were involved in shotgun attacks on the homes of black leaders, threats against interracial couples, and murder. By April 20 Klansmen had been arrested pursuant to federal warrants for such acts. While the primary Klan target was blacks, it remained openly antisemitic. There were Klan inspired incidents against synagogues in Mississippi and Maryland; in July two Klansmen were sentenced to eight years in prison for conspiring to bomb a synagogue in Baltimore. A major incident occurred in Greensboro, North Carolina, where students had first sat in at lunch counters in 1960, sparking the modern phase of the civil rights movement. Angered by an earlier run-in with the Communist Workers party, a group of Klansmen fired into a CWP "Death to the Klan" demonstration on November 3, killing five CWP members. Later investigation showed that the attack on the rally involved a joint effort by the Klan and the American Nazi party. The episode received wide media attention and led to a meeting of five groups, four of them black, in Atlanta to formulate strategies for "actively dealing with the Klan." Fear was also expressed by some civil rights leaders that the Greensboro killings might provide Communist groups with a foothold among poor, southern blacks. Despite heightened Klan activity, at year's end the ADL reported the Klan posed no present threat to American society. The ADL estimated that membership in 22 states had grown from 8,000 to 10,000, with sympathizers currently numbering 100,000. The ADL was particularly concerned about Klan efforts in the armed forces and called on the Defense Department to stop military personnel from joining hate groups such as the KKK and the Nazis. 132 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

In contrast to the previous year, when the furor over the possibility of a Nazi march in Skokie, Illinois received nationwide coverage, there was only isolated Nazi activity. In Cleveland, a group of 17 Nazis was routed by rock-throwing Jews. A proposed Nazi-Klan march in Philadelphia attracted much publicity but proved to be a hoax. The American Civil Liberties Union, which had suffered widespread resignations in the wake of its legal support of the Nazis in the Skokie episode, reported that it had begun to make up membership losses.

HOLOCAUST Public interest in the Holocaust, which had been aroused by a memorable NBC television mini-series in 1978, continued to run strong. On April 29 the first tele- vised Christian service in commemoration of the Holocaust was held at the National Cathedral in Washington. Attended by President Carter and most of the members of Congress, it was part of the observance of Holocaust Remembrance Week, which had been mandated by congressional act. At the service, the president called for ratification of the United Nations genocide treaty, which the United States had not yet passed. Earlier, the Presidential Commission on the Holocaust, created in 1978, had held its first meeting at the White House; the Commission was headed by the distinguished author Elie Wiesel. In a meeting in June, the Commission voted to recommend the establishment of a permanent national Holocaust program, combining a physical memorial and various educational efforts. When the Commission presented its final report to the president on September 27, it recommended that the memorial museum incorporate displays on Gypsies, Poles, and others murdered by the Nazis. Attention in this country focused on a bill in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany to repeal the statute of limitations that would bar the prosecution of Nazi war criminals after December 31, 1979. In February a delegation from the National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council met with the West German ambassador in Washington to express support for the bill; also participating in the meeting were representatives of the National Council of Churches and Na- tional Council of Catholic Bishops. In May both the House and Senate passed resolutions calling for an extension of the statute of limitations. Early in July the Bundestag voted to make it possible to initiate prosecution of Nazi war criminals irrespective of the amount of time that had elapsed. Legal action against an estimated 200 Nazi war criminals in the U.S. was stepped up, in large measure due to pressure by Jewish organizations. The special litigation unit of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which dealt with the matter, was reorganized and revitalized. In June the fifth U.S. circuit court of appeals overruled lower court actions and stripped Feodor Federenko, a former concentration camp guard, of his citizenship. At year's end the Justice Department was moving against 11 alleged Nazi war criminals, including Andrija Artukovic, former minister of interior and justice in the Nazi puppet state of Croatia, and Bishop Valerian Trifa, head of the Rumanian Orthodox episcopate. INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 133

Throughout the United States, teaching about the Holocaust was becoming an integral part of education—a fact that did not please everyone. Some groups, including German-Americans and Ukrainian-Americans, feared that an adverse reflection on themselves might be created by the study of the Hitler era, while others wanted to explore the persecution of Christians by Hitler and Stalin, as well as the slavery experience of American blacks.

Conclusion Opposition by Jews to quotas, and increasing collisions with blacks, caused some to believe that American Jews were moving politically to the right. A report by black publishers in October, however, indicated that Jewish members of the U.S. House of Representatives, as a group, overwhelmingly favored legislative measures selected by the Congressional Black Caucus as "of concern to black and low-income persons." In an article in Society (May-June) summarizing Jewish responses to surveys over 20 years, Alan M. Fisher noted the same tendency for Jews as a group. It seemed clear that Jews were struggling to remain identified with the liberal causes they had long supported.

MURRAY FRIEDMAN The United States, Israel, and the Middle East

JLN 1979 THE MIDDLE EAST was the region in which the Carter administration achieved its greatest single policy success—the signing of the Egyptian- Israeli peace treaty—and suffered its most serious setbacks—the overthrow of the Shah in Iran and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Washington's failure to anticipate the latter events and to develop consistent policies in response to them resulted in serious damage to American interests. There was growing fear among both America's traditional Western allies and the non-aligned nations that the United States was no longer capable of leading the non-Communist world. The signing of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty by President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin on the White House lawn, with Jimmy Carter serving as witness, marked a triumph for the president's painstaking personal involvement in Middle East diplomacy. (For details see AJYB 1980, Vol. 80, pp. 107-117 and 262-263.) By ending the state of war between Egypt and Israel, the treaty greatly diminished the likelihood of a major Arab-Israeli conflict in the foreseeable future. Moreover, since Sadat had thrown out his Russian advisers and turned to the United States for help, there was a reduced chance of a Soviet- American confrontation—a confrontation which had appeared imminent in the summer of 1970 when Israeli and Soviet-piloted Egyptian planes clashed over the Suez Canal. Yet, while American influence seemed clearly on the ascendant in Cairo, the United States' position was being undermined in the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf by a combination of Palestinian and Arab rejectionism, Islamic fundamentalism, and Soviet adventurism. These developments hurt Israel directly, as when the new regime of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran broke economic and political ties, and indirectly, by placing increasing strains on American-Israeli relations as Washington sought to shore up its position in the Arab world.

Egyptian-Israeli Relations Israeli withdrawals from Sinai—including return of el-Arish to Egyptian civilian administration in May and the Mount Sinai area in November—proceeded on or ahead of the timetable set in the peace treaty. Despite some "technical difficulties" on the Egyptian side, the process of normalization also proceeded more or less on schedule: Israel withdrew to the el-Arish-Ras Muhammad line on January 26, 1980 and telex communications were opened the same day; direct overland transit from Cairo to Israel was inaugurated on February 5 by a three-bus convoy of the Ameri- can Jewish Committee's board of governors; direct mail links were established later in the month; the formal opening of diplomatic relations on the ambassadorial level took place on February 27th; and direct air links between Cairo and Ben Gurion 134 UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND MIDDLE EAST / 135 airports were established the following month, serviced by El Al Israel airlines and a "private" Egyptian company specially created to lessen the danger of a boycott of the official Egyptian airline by the Arab rejectionist states. The initially cold personal relationship between Sadat and Begin also seemed to improve. The Israeli leader received a warm reception in Alexandria in July 1979, and Sadat was cheered when he visited Haifa two months later. Sadat cited the 99.9 per cent support he had received for his peace policy in a referendum submitted to the Egyptian people as proof that his peace policy enjoyed popular support. When an Israeli broadcaster in Haifa asked him what guarantee Israel had that a successor might not reverse his policy, Sadat insisted that this fear was unjustified since the widespread backing for peace demonstrated that it was not simply "a tactical step ... (but) a strategic step." Unfortunately other Egyptian officials were less enthusias- tic, their hesitation stemming in part from traditional bureaucratic lethargy and in part from growing concern over the consequences of Egypt's isolation in the Arab world.

Arab Reaction Only Sudan and Oman unreservedly supported the peace treaty. All the other Arab states broke off diplomatic relations with Egypt. The Arab League headquarters was moved "temporarily" from Cairo to Tunis, and Egypt was expelled from the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Arab Monetary Fund. This followed an Arab League meeting in Baghdad at the end of March 1979 which called for the complete severing of economic and diplomatic relations with Egypt within a month. The effect, however, was less devastating than it seemed on the surface. While ending government to government aid and official joint projects, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait left some $2 billion on deposit in Cairo. Moreover, using the argument that the Baghdad sanctions were intended to punish the Sadat regime and not the Egyptian people, most of the Arab states, with the notable exception of Syria and Libya, maintained airline service to Cairo and permitted the Egyptian airline to serve their countries. They also allowed the nearly two million Egyptians working in their countries to continue to remit salaries to Egypt. To some extent private Arab investment in Egypt also continued. Sadat skillfully used the attacks against Egypt by other Arab League members to rally popular support at home, noting that his distant Arab critics had become rich from oil revenues while the Egyptians were sacrificing their lives and treasure in four wars with Israel. He also emphasized the unity and primacy of Egyptian civilization dating back to the glories of the Pharaonic era, and spoke contemptu- ously of the "dwarfs" and "clowns" who ruled Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Iraq. 136 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Egyptian-U.S. Ties Sadat's readiness to cooperate openly with the United States in confronting the twin dangers of Soviet expansionism and local fanaticism—whether of the radical left or the Islamic right—strengthened his position in gaining Congressional support for American economic and military aid. In July the Carter administration announced plans to sell Egypt 35 F-4E Phantom fighter-bombers, worth $594 million, as well as 12 batteries of Hawk anti-aircraft missiles, 750 armored troop carriers, and other vehicles, worth $694 million. (Israel was to receive 290 M-60 tanks, 800 armored personnel carriers, and 200 howitzers, worth $580 million. This was in addition to the $800 million grant and $2.2 billion loan to relocate the Sinai airbases in the Negev.) Between 1974 and 1979 the U.S. had spent about $2.4 billion providing Egypt with food, and assisting in port construction, agricultural research, health care, mechanization, transport and telecommunications, and water and sewage projects. In addition to American aid and private investment in hotels and housing, Egypt's balance of payments position was improving as a result of growing Western tourism (which more than made up for the loss of some Arab tourism), expanded Suez Canal revenues, oil income steadily boosted by increased production (especially from the Sinai oilfields returned by Israel), as well as the above-mentioned remittances from Egyptian workers abroad. The fundamental question, which remained unanswered, was whether Sadat would be able to take such steps—attracting sufficient foreign investment, streamlining the Egyptian bureaucracy, and curbing the rapid birthrate (which was adding 1.25 million Egyptians annually to the country's 40 million population)—as would enable him to make good on his promise that in the wake of peace there would be economic progress for the Egyptian masses.

Normalization and Palestinian Issue Aside from the psychological difficulty of rapidly changing, deeply ingrained attitudes, the process of normalization between Egypt and Israel was impeded by the lack of substantial progress in the autonomy talks regarding the West Bank (Judea and Samaria) and Gaza. Egyptian officials took pains to demonstrate that the peace treaty with Israel did not mean that they had abandoned hope of achieving a more comprehensive peace or that they had sold out the Palestinians, as the rejectionists of the Arab "steadfastness front" incessantly charged. Consequently, Egyptian representatives at the United Nations and at the non-aligned conference in Havana and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) meeting in Addis Ababa stood in the forefront in pressing for Palestinian rights and in demanding Israeli withdrawal. The non-aligned conference adopted a resolution on September 9 critical of the peace treaty and endorsing the right of the Palestine Liberation Organiza- tion (PLO) and the Arab states "to reject and oppose any solution or settlement detrimental to the inalienable national rights of the Palestinian people." The UN UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND MIDDLE EAST / 137

General Assembly also implicitly attacked Egypt in resolutions, on November 29 and December 12, that strongly condemned "all partial agreements and separate treaties which constitute a flagrant violation of the rights of the Palestinian people, . . ." However, at the OAU meeting, in January 1980, Egyptian Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Boutros Boutros-Ghali succeeded in beating back an anti-Egyp- tian proposal presented by the PLO. Egypt had improved its standing within the African group by demonstrating that the peace treaty brought about the liberation of African territory from occupation. Egyptian opposition to Libya's abortive effort to save the regime of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin from ouster had also won Egypt some support in black Africa.

The Autonomy Negotiations Since the framework of the peace process had been developed at Camp David and the United States was a "full partner" in the autonomy talks, the Carter administration had a significant stake in the outcome of the latter. No less so than Egypt, the United States was concerned about not being isolated in the Arab and Islamic world. The desire to involve additional participants in the Camp David process and to demonstrate that it offered real hope of meeting Palestinian aspirations led the U.S. to move closer to the Egyptian position, and this aroused suspicion and irritation in Israel. The Begin government was greatly concerned that the Carter administration was departing from the letter of the Camp David agreements. Israel insisted that autonomy was personal—for the Palestinian Arab inhabitants—and not territorial; that the Self-Governing Authority (SGA) was to be exclusively an "administrative council" with no legislative or judicial functions; and that Israel was to retain full control over internal security and foreign affairs. Moreover, Israel insisted that since the Camp David accords did not mention Jerusalem or settlements, the Arab inhabitants of Jerusalem should play no role in the autonomy scheme, while Israel was free to continue the establishment of Jewish settlements anywhere it wished in Eretz Israel ("Palestine"). The Begin government did agree, however, to try to avoid taking private Arab land for new settlement activity. The Israeli position also softened somewhat during the year regarding sharing authority with the local inhabitants over water and other resources. Finally, agreement was reached on the modalities of election to the SGA, covering such technical questions as age, residence, and other matters. For their part, the Egyptian negotiators increasingly insisted that the SGA have some legislative as well as judicial functions; that the authority of the SGA extend to the inhabitants "as well as the land in the West Bank and Gaza"; that residents of "Arab Jerusalem" participate in the SGA; and that the purpose of the agreement was realization of the Palestinian people's legitimate rights, "including their right to self-determination." This code word for an independent Palestinian state had been carefully omitted from the Camp David accords, which spoke only of Pales- tinian "participation" in determining their future. 138 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Sadat tried to reach agreement with Begin on a statement of principles concerning Jerusalem, providing for the city to remain physically united, but with an Arab share in the city's administration and a special agreement concerning the holy places— something that might win Saudi acquiescence. Begin, however, would not agree to any change in his oft-stated position that Jerusalem, "Israel's eternal capital, is one and indivisible." When U.S. special envoy Sol Linowitz, who had replaced Robert Strauss in November 1979, proposed giving absentee ballots to the nearly 100,000 Jerusalem Arab residents who had retained their Jordanian citizenship, this was rejected by Israel. In addition to being concerned that this might presage efforts to redivide the city, the Israelis feared that giving voting rights to one group of Palestinians who were not physically resident in Judea and Samaria would set a precedent for eventually including the one to two million Palestinians living in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and the Persian Gulf region. The target date of May 26, 1980, set in the peace treaty for achieving an agreement that could be submitted to the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, passed with the Egyptians and Israelis still far apart on several crucial issues.

The Andrew Young Affair The events surrounding the resignation of Andrew Young, on August 15, 1979, as American delegate to the United Nations led to a crisis in black-Jewish relations in the U.S., and aroused grave concern among Jews about what was seen as a dangerous shift in Washington's policy toward the PLO. (For the impact of the Young affair on black-Jewish relations, see the article on "Intergroup Relations" in this volume.) The Young affair had its origin in the July 26 meeting between Young and Zehdi Labib Terzi, the PLO observer at the UN. The meeting took place at the New York apartment of Kuwaiti delegate Abdallah Yaccoub Bishara, who facilitated the encounter with Young's tacit approval. Young's objective was to gain Terzi's cooperation in the postponement of a Security Council session, scheduled for July 31, to consider a resolution on Palestinian rights. He accomplished this, but in the process violated official U.S. policy, which eschewed recognition of, or negotiation with, the PLO until the organization endorsed UN Security Council Resolution 242 and accepted Israel's right to exist. This policy was based on a formal pledge made on September 1, 1975 by then secretary of state Henry Kissinger to Israel foreign minister Yigal Allon as one of the assurances to Israel to induce it to withdraw from part of the Sinai. The issue which brought about Young's resignation was not so much his intentional breach of U.S. policy—U.S. ambassador to Austria Milton Wolf had on three occasions met with PLO representative Issam Sartawi in Vienna without being reprimanded by the administration—but rather his failure to initially notify the State Department of the meeting, and his subsequent inaccurate and misleading account of the circumstances and substance of the encounter. Young defended his UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND MIDDLE EAST / 139 behavior on the ground that he was trying to protect the State Department from being implicated in his actions. Young's duplicity, however, caused both President Carter and Secretary of State Vance a great deal of embarrassment. Carter could not tolerate such behavior by Young at a time when he was trying to project an image of strong presidential leadership. For his part, Vance was incensed at having to withdraw a statement made on the basis of the untrue story which Young had supplied to the State Department. Vance threatened to resign if Young stayed on, and the latter had no choice but to give up his post. At a press conference following his resignation, Young explicitly blamed Israel for having leaked news of the Terzi meeting to the press, despite his warning that such a disclosure would be counterproductive. He stated: "I said, in fact (to Israeli ambassador Blum) that a big uproar over this issue only creates a constituency on the Palestinian issue that does not exist ... It was the Israeli government that decided to make this a public issue." The implication of this was that Young had been fired because he offended Israel, rather than because he lied to the State Department and embarrassed Vance. Instead of setting the record straight, both Carter and Vance initially remained silent, thereby allowing a black-Jewish crisis to develop. Though Young's resignation was the subject of tremendous media attention, many Israeli and American Jewish leaders felt that the real issue was something more important than a brief meeting between one American official and a PLO representative. In their view, the truly significant development was that, as Israeli UN delegate Blum asserted, "the United States (was) shifting its policies toward the PLO." Howard Squadron, president of the American Jewish Congress, echoed this view when he asserted that "even more serious than Andy Young's indiscretions and deceptions is the fundamental uncertainty as to where this country stands." The Young affair occurred against the backdrop of months of tension between Israel and the United States over the Palestinian issue. Problems began when the Middle East negotiations reached the sensitive issue of the future of the West Bank. The State Department became convinced of the need to draw the PLO into the diplomatic dialogue and started, as a statement by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL) put it, "acclimating the American people to the smiling, false side of the PLO and creating a misleading impression that it contained 'moderate' leaders, notwithstanding its terrorist character."

U.S.-PLO Relations On August 1, 1979 the New York Times had reported an assessment by high administration officials that there would have to be noticeable progress in the Palestinian autonomy talks soon or the West might face new pressures on its oil supplies from Arab petroleum producers. Concern on the part of Israeli and Ameri- can Jewish leaders about what this implied for Israel was exacerbated by reports that President Carter had, in the course of a press dinner, likened Palestinian demands 140 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 to those of the civil rights movement in the United States. Nathan Perlmutter, national director of the ADL, declared: "My fear is that this is part of the greening of the PLO. We can't but be concerned that the president is preparing the American public for negotiations with the PLO that would be inconsistent with previous promises." Bertram Gold, executive vice president of the American Jewish Commit- tee, said that by making the analogy, Carter "was doing an injustice to the civil rights movement." The president's remarks were called "extremely inappropriate, unfortunate, and misleading" by Horace Morris, executive director of the New York Urban League, who noted that the American civil rights movement "was first and foremost based upon a solid nonviolent, nonterrorist approach." Vice President Mondale, appearing on Israeli television the following day, asserted that the administration's policy toward the PLO remained unchanged, and that the U.S. was totally committed to "a secure and permanent Israel." The vice president explained that Carter's comparison of the Palestinians to the American civil rights movement had not been intended to equate their methods. Rather, in the course of discussing the implementation of the Camp David accords, the president had mentioned the provision for negotiations to allow some Palestinian refugees to return, and had likened this to the demand of the civil rights movement that blacks be given the right to attend a previously segregated college even though they might not have had any intention of doing so. "In other words," as Mondale expressed it, "the right was the important fact." This clarification did little to reassure Israel. In fact, it reinforced fears that the Carter administration either did not understand the intricacies of the refugee issue or was intending to place additional pressure on Israel. The growing concern on the part of many that the U.S. was moving closer to the PLO was intensified by events in the following weeks. Robert S. Strauss, President Carter's special Middle East envoy, declared on his arrival in Israel on August 17 that the purpose of his trip was to discuss the series of incidents that had "temporarily" strained American-Israeli relations. Yet, Strauss precipitated another controversy when he raised the matter of a new American initiative at the United Nations. The Security Council was planning to resume discussion of the issue of Palestinian rights, and U.S. officials were seeking a way to avoid having to veto an Arab- sponsored pro-Palestinian resolution. Indeed, the administration wanted to provide some positive sign to induce Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza to enter into the autonomy talks. Reports were also circulating in Washington that such an American initiative was considered necessary in order to placate Saudi officials who were hinting that oil production might be reduced. The proposed American initiative, believed to have been drafted by National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski and approved by President Carter, would have endorsed Security Council Resolution 242, while going on to spell out Pales- tinian rights using language agreed upon at Camp David. The PLO Central Council, meeting in Damascus, had already made it clear that it would not accept any resolution that did not explicitly recognize the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and acknowledge the Palestinians' right to create an UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND MIDDLE EAST / 141 independent state. Both these elements were absent from the American proposal, and Carter had only a few days earlier reiterated his opposition to a Palestinian state. Apparently, however, there was still some hope within the State Department and the National Security Adviser's office that the American formula might be sufficient to enable moderate West Bankers to persuade the PLO and King Hussein to give their tacit approval to the entry of individual West Bank Palestinians into the autonomy talks. The American initiative met with unequivocal rejection from Prime Minister Begin and his cabinet, which, in a rare show of unanimity, denounced the proposal as a reneging of the 1975 American commitment to Israel, and as violative of the basic understandings underlying Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. Any tampering with the language of Resolution 242, the Israelis warned, would upset the delicate balance achieved at Camp David and could cause Israel to reconsider its obligations to participate in the autonomy negotiations. This reaction led President Sadat to urge Strauss to drop the American initiative, the Egyptian president having quickly grasped that if Israel felt its basic interests threatened, there would be no further negotiations and no further Israeli withdrawals from Sinai. Strauss himself, as an experienced practical politician, was reportedly furious at having been given instructions which he had no role in formulating, and about whose wisdom he had grave doubts. Indeed, only a week before departing on his Middle East shuttle diplomacy, Strauss had told the American Bar Association that his mandate consisted of resolutions 242 and 338 "in their entirety, unchanged." (Resolution 338, adopted in 1973, called for negotiations by the parties to implement Resolution 242.) The American initiative was never made public, but Israel and Israeli supporters in the United States suspected that it had not been buried but merely deferred until a more opportune time presented itself. The desire to win support among the Palestinians and the oil-producing Arab states continued to be an important consideration for the Carter administration.

Iranian Crisis When he visited Teheran on New Year's Eve 1978, President Carter toasted the Shah for maintaining "an island of stability" in the turbulent Middle East, adding that this was "a great tribute to the respect, admiration, and love of your people for you." Scarcely a year later the Shah was driven from power by an escalating series of massive popular demonstrations. Officials in the Carter administration were deeply divided as to what course of action to urge upon the Shah in the waning months of his rule. Ambassador William Sullivan in Teheran and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance recommended that the Shah form a more broadly based regime. Once the Shah's position was seriously eroded, as became clear by November 1978, the policy Sullivan advocated was to seek to work out an arrangement between the Paris-based Islamic movement, headed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and the leaders of the military, before the latter 142 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 disintegrated totally. However, National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski vetoed at the last moment a proposal for a highranking State Department official to meet with Khomeini in Paris, to see if a modus vivendi could be worked out. Brzezinski contended that any such contact with Khomeini would further undercut the Shah's authority, although Sullivan later claimed that the Shah himself had approved the meeting. Air Force general Robert Huyser was sent by the White House to try to keep the Iranian army together, and to counsel a policy of non- confrontation. The army officers were reportedly deeply divided between those who were ready to strike a deal with Khomeini and those prepared to engage the masses in open confrontation. The Shah left Iran in mid-January and Khomeini returned in triumph on Febru- ary 1. On February 11 the regime of Shahpour Bakhtiar collapsed and the armed forces disintegrated. More than 100,000 weapons were seized by armed factions, of both the left and right, who roamed Teheran, searching houses, looting, and arrest- ing and shooting persons whom they considered their enemies. Among the major groups were the Mujahedeen, Muslim militants who dispensed justice as they saw fit. The left-wing Fedayeen and the old Communist Tudeh party were also operating on their own. On the same day, rioting demonstrators broke down the gates surrounding the unofficial Israeli trade mission in Teheran, ransacking the reception room and running up the PLO banner. The mob also attacked the Egyptian embassy in protest against Sadat's willingness to make peace with Israel and his readiness to welcome the exiled Shah. The United States embassy was permitted to function fairly normally until No- vember 4, when militant "students" took it over and seized scores of hostages in protest over the American admission of the Shah for medical treatment. Khomeini had himself stirred up the anti-American sentiment that led to the embassy seizure, declaring that "all our problems come from America" and that "it is therefore up to the dear pupils, students, and theological students to expand with all their might their attacks against the United States and Israel, so they may force the United States to return the deposed and criminal Shah." The United States government might have known what was in store for its personnel from the experience of the unofficial Israeli embassy. Many of the opponents of the Shah had received military training in PLO camps in Lebanon, and when Khomeini came to power, PLO leader Yasir Arafat sent him a message of congratulation. In contrast to his previous emphasis on a secular, democratic Arab state in Palestine in which Jews, Muslims, and Christians would live together in amity, Arafat now stressed the ties that bound the PLO to the Islamic world: "The huge revolutionary torch radiating from . . . Iran these days . . . will light the sky of our dear and beloved homeland—Palestine—and the sky of our Islamic nation . . . illuminating the path of jihad and struggle for the wronged and tyrannized peoples." Arafat was the first foreign leader to visit Iran after Khomeini came to power, and was warmly greeted by armed mobs shouting "death to Israel." The UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND MIDDLE EAST / 143

Israeli mission building was officially handed over to the PLO as its headquarters in Iran. Maxwell Greenberg, national chairman of the ADL, claimed on December 10 that because "the world stood mute" when the Israeli embassy was seized, a climate had been created that permitted the later takeover of the American embassy. "Earlier strong action against PLO lawlessness and violations of diplomatic immunity might have deterred the PLO-trained Iranian students from taking American citizens as hostages in defiance of law, morality, and American power," Greenberg charged.

Khomeini's Anti-Israel Position Khomeini made no secret of his own opposition to Israel. In an interview with Le Monde (May 6, 1978) he included among the Shah's "crimes" his relations with Israel. Israel, he asserted, had "usurped a Muslim people's land." It was clear that Khomeini did not refer only to the territories that Israel had occupied as a result of the 1967 war. In an interview with Der Spiegel (January 22, 1979) he said that his Islamic republic would "break off relations with Israel because we do not believe there is any legal justification for its existence. Palestine belongs to the Islamic space and must be returned to the Muslims." Khomeini did give assurances, which were enshrined in the new Islamic constitution, that Iranian Jews would be accorded the status of a recognized religious minority. This was qualified, however, by the obligation that minorities not conspire with enemies of the state. As "Zionism" increasingly became a major focus of the ire of the revolution, even the natural personal links between Iranian Jews and Israel became the basis for arrest on capital charges. Fear increasingly spread through the Jewish community that the distinction between Jews and Zionists was being blurred, and the stage set for antisemitic mob action. By the end of 1979 an estimated 30,000 of Iran's 80,000 Jews had left the country, about half going to Israel and the other half to the United States, with a few thousand in Western Europe.

Afghanistan On February 14 "Islamic insurgents" in Kabul abducted American ambassador Adolph Dubs from his car and held him in a downtown hotel. American officials were unable to prevent the Afghan police and their Soviet advisers from storming the hotel room and engaging in a Shootout in the course of which Dubs was killed. Afghanistan had traditionally been a neutral buffer between the Russian and Western spheres of influence since the days when the British ruled India. Conse- quently, U.S.-Soviet relations entered into their most bitter and hostile period since the Cold War years as a result of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan at the end of December 1979. The Soviet decision to move an initial 40,000 troops —later expanded to 100,000—into Afghanistan and to oust and execute President Hafizullah Amin, replacing him with the Soviet puppet Babrak Karmal, was widely 144 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 viewed as a move on a par with the previous Soviet invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Western analysts indicated several possible motivations for the Af- ghanistan invasion, including Soviet determination not to allow a pro-Soviet, Marxist regime on its southern flank to be toppled by Muslim tribal rebellion, and the compelling fear that the emergence of a conservative Islamic state in Afghanistan (linked, perhaps, to Iran and Pakistan) might negatively influence the Soviet Union's 50 million Muslims. There was considerable speculation, as well, that the Soviet perception of the United States' inability to react decisively in the face of the Iranian seizure of the U.S. embassy contributed to its willingness to intervene in Afghani- stan. Most significantly, this action brought Soviet influence nearer the warm water ports and oil of the Persian Gulf—a long-standing Russian objective. President Carter responded to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan with a special message to Soviet leader Brezhnev in which he warned Moscow to withdraw its forces or face "serious consequences" in its relations with the United States. The president publicly called the invasion the most serious threat to peace since the Second World War. Adding a personal element to his reaction to the Afghanistan invasion, President Carter said that his view of the Soviet Union had changed more in one week than in all his previous time in office. Critics of the administration seized upon this as evidence of the president's naivete about Russian ambitions.

Saudi Arabian Instability While professional Arabists tried to point out the structural differences between Saudi Arabia and Iran in arguing that a Khomeini-style revolution was unlikely in the former country, optimism gave way to concern toward the end of 1979 as news leaked out of an unprecedented and ominous threat to the country's stability. The seizure and occupation of the Grand Mosque in Mecca on November 20 lasted two weeks and left 244 people dead as a result of heavy fighting between security forces and the more than 700 attackers. Although the precise details of the Mecca incident are still unclear, the available evidence suggests that at least some of those who participated in the takeover were Saudi Arabians trained by the most radical elements of the PLO at camps in South Yemen. Initially, Saudi authorities claimed that the attackers were a group of fanatics solely interested in religious—rather than political—issues, noting that the attack coincided with the start of the year 1400 in the Muslim calendar. The attackers' messianic fervor and their demands for a cleansing of Saudi Arabia from the corrupting influence of Western modernizing trends were cited as further proof of this contention. By January 1980, however, Saudi officials were publicly conceding that religion and politics were inseparable in a country whose political structure and tradition were so deeply rooted in Islam. Saudi leaders also began to allude to the strong possibility of involvement by Russian-backed Arab forces wishing to undermine the stability of the country. Although the Mecca uprising was thwarted, and 63 people were beheaded for their participation in the attack, reports soon surfaced of unrest in other parts of UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND MIDDLE EAST / 145 the country. Thousands of demonstrators in the oil-producing eastern region demanded that Saudi Arabia stop supplying the U.S. with oil, and that the Saudis support the Islamic revolution in Iran. Discontent was most notable among Saudi Arabia's 200,000-300,000 Shi'i Muslim minority, which was religiously linked to Iran's Shi'ite majority. Moreover, there were reports of a siege at the mosque in Medina and of clashes between the royal army and the Saudi national guard, some of whose members were allegedly involved in a conspiracy to overthrow the royal family.

Cutoff of U.S. Aid to Syria The Carter administration had requested $45 million in aid for Syria during 1979, a reduction from earlier years. However, the Senate appropriations committee in October voted in favor of an amendment by Senator William Proxmire (D., Wis.) denying all aid to Syria on the grounds that the Assad regime was determined to wreck the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and had "committed itself to the destruction of Israel." Syria's intervention in Lebanon and its continuing refusal to permit emigration of 5,000 Syrian Jews were other factors prompting Congress to deny all aid to Damascus. As a result of the collapse of efforts in early 1979 to achieve Syrian-Iraqi rap- prochement, and the increasing unpopularity of the 30,000 Syrian troops in Leba- non, Syria was feeling extremely isolated within the region. The regime accused the Sunni orthodox Muslim Brotherhood and Iraq of fomenting a wave of assassinations against Assad supporters, who belonged to the Alawite (Shi'i) minority ruling Syria. This internal and international isolation propelled President Assad to move closer to the Soviet Union, despite grave Syrian misgivings over Moscow's intervention in Afghanistan. Early in 1980 the Soviet Union supplied Damascus with the most modern T72 tanks, and announced plans to supply it with advanced Mig-25 fighter planes in the near future.

UNIFIL, UNDOF, and UNEF Lebanon continued to be plagued with internecine strife. In January 1979 the Security Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) for five months, and invited Lebanon to work out, in consultation with the UN secretary-general, a phased program of activities to promote restoration of the central government's authority in southern Lebanon. On April 19 Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim reported that there had been some increase in Lebanese civilian administrative personnel working in the south, and that a token 500-man contingent of the Lebanese army had been deployed there. Waldheim charged that Major Saad Haddad's Christian militia, which was supported by Israel, had sought to thwart the latter move "by forceful means," but that after intensive diplomatic efforts, primarily by the United States, Israel had agreed to cooperate with UNIFIL in implementing the deployment of the Lebanese contingent. 146 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Violence escalated in April. The Lebanese government complained of "persistent acts of aggression perpetrated by Israel," and called on the Security Council to act. Israel's response, in a letter of May 16, reaffirmed that Israel supported the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Lebanon, but stressed that the situation in the south could not be divorced from the problem in the country as a whole. The PLO, Israel asserted, was subverting the country, and 2,000 armed PLO terrorists south of the Litani River constituted a threat to Israeli citizens, to the villagers in southern Lebanon, and to the UNIFIL forces. Moreover, the occupation of Lebanon by some 30,000 Syrian troops constituted the major obstacle to Lebanese independence. Unless these realities were faced, the Israeli note concluded, UNIFIL could not fulfill its mandate. The problem of peacekeeping in Lebanon was debated for three days and resulted on June 14 in the extension of the UNIFIL mandate for an additional six months, by a vote of 12-0 with two abstentions (USSR and Czechoslovakia). The Council, after generally deploring acts of violence, placed most of the blame on Israel, and explicitly called on the Jewish state "to cease forthwith its acts against the territorial integrity, unity, sovereignty, and political independence of Lebanon, in particular its incursions into Lebanon, and the assistance it continues to lend to irresponsible armed groups." Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim praised the "overall cooperation of the PLO," which he contended had helped to prevent numerous attempted infiltrations by armed Palestinians from the UNIFIL area into Israel. Israel countered that UNIFIL was not doing nearly enough to restrain the PLO from launching attacks on Israel, and in certain individual cases UNIFIL members had even suc- cored the terrorists by smuggling explosives into Israel. U.S. representative Richard W. Petree, who voted in favor of the resolution extending UNIFIL, criticized the resolution for its one-sidedness, and stated that the council should insist not only on Israeli cooperation with UNIFIL, but that "those in a position to influence Palestinian extremists make strong efforts to end the mindless terrorism which leads to violence and counter-violence on Lebanese and Israeli territory." He expressed the hope that the Palestinians would fulfill their promises to the secretary-general. The turmoil in southern Lebanon was debated again on August 29, 1979 at the request of the Lebanese government. Declaring that the U.S. wanted to break the "deadlock of terror and counter-terror" in southern Lebanon, U.S. ambassador Young demanded that Israel put an end to its "policy of preemptive strikes" in southern Lebanon, and that the Palestinian guerrillas stop attacking Israel and its Lebanese Christian allies. In a speech which was more harshly critical of Israel than usual, Young declared that Israel's military policies in Lebanon were "wrong and unacceptable to my government." There was some speculation that the tough tone of Young's speech was an intentional reaction to Prime Minister Begin's statement a week earlier that Israeli raids had been successful in preventing Palestinian attacks against Israel from Lebanese bases. In addition to his criticism of Israel, Young implicitly warned the PLO that Washington would not consider moving toward recognition of the organization as UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND MIDDLE EAST / 147 long as it attacked Israeli civilians. Israeli representative Yehuda Blum reiterated that Israel was being used as a scapegoat for Lebanon's fundamental problems, which had been exacerbated by the occupation of that country by 30,000 Syrian troops and 10,000-12,000 PLO guerrillas. The Security Council on May 30, 1979 decided virtually unanimously (China continued its practice of non-participation in Middle East peacekeeping discussions) to extend for another six months the mandate of the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) on the Golan Heights. It was one of the paradoxes of the Arab- Israel conflict that the Lebanese frontier, which had been a peaceful area for many years following 1948, had recently been transformed into a center of instability and a base for continuing violent raids against Israel, while the Syrian frontier had become quiet, despite the militant opposition of Damascus to the Camp David accords and Syrian demands for return of the Golan Heights. Ironically, the fact that Syrian forces were so deeply embroiled in Lebanon was among the major factors explaining this situation. Another factor was the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, which meant that Syria could no longer count on Cairo's support for an attack on Israel. The UN Emergency Force (UNEF), whose mandate was due to expire on July 24, became a bone of contention between the United States and Israel. UNEF, in compliance with the terms of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, had been instrumental in supervising Israel's phased withdrawal from the Sinai and keeping watch along the Egyptian-Israeli lines. President Carter, in a side letter attached to the treaty, had pledged to create "an acceptable alternative multinational force" should the arrangements for redeploying UNEF, as called for in the treaty, fail to be confirmed by the Security Council. Shortly after the completion of the Egyptian-Israeli treaty, it became apparent that the Soviet Union was planning to veto an extension of the UNEF force when its mandate came up in July. The Russians had not previously contributed funds to UNEF, but had abstained on its periodic renewals. Now Moscow threatened a veto as an indication of pique at being excluded from the Camp David process, and as a way of currying favor with the Arab states opposing the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. In order to avert a Soviet veto, the Carter administration reached an agreement with Moscow whereby several hundred unarmed military observers of the UN Truce Supervisory Organization (UNTSO)—originally created by the General As- sembly during the 1948 Arab-Israel War—would be assigned as an alternative to the 4,000-member UNEF. On July 24 the Security Council, at an informal, closed meeting, agreed not to renew UNEF's mandate, but rather to keep an enlarged UNTSO presence in the Sinai. Israel protested against this arrangement on the ground that UNTSO was not under the direct control of the Security Council and could hence be withdrawn by the UN secretary-general, just as U Thant had withdrawn the first UNEF at the behest of President Nasser in May 1967, and so precipitated the Six-Day War. Israel made it clear that it would much prefer to see a U.S.-organized multinational force take UNEF's place. The State Department, however, insisted that the substitution of UNTSO for UNEF was consistent with 148 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 the terms of the treaty, and assured Israel that the secretary-general promised to consult the Security Council prior to taking any action concerning UNTSO. Some American officials also argued that UNTSO was a temporary expedient, and that the U.S. obligation to Israel to create an effective multinational force would formally come into effect only at the time of the final Israeli withdrawal to the international boundary, which was not scheduled to take place until the spring of 1982.

Conclusion The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan at the end of December 1979 led Washington to intensify its search for allies and facilities in the region. The debate was thus sharpened between two opposing schools of thought. Friends of Israel contended that the events in Iran and Afghanistan demonstrated that the Palestinian issue was by no means the major problem facing the United States, and that the only effective way to counter growing Soviet presence was to rely more heavily upon the demonstrated friends of the U.S. in the region, notably Israel, and possibly Egypt and Turkey. The other school of thought, which had strong advocates within the administration, and among liberal Protestants and the business community, argued that since the Saudis and other potential Arab allies continued to be preoccupied with the Palestinian issue and the future status of Jerusalem, it was more urgent than ever to press forward toward a comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israel conflict. While this goal might not be within reach in the immediate future, the United States should as a minimum make it clear that it supported Palestinian rights and opposed such Israeli actions as new settlements in the West Bank and unilateral moves to strengthen Israeli hegemony in Jerusalem. The failures of U.S. policy in Iran and Afghanistan, coupled with zigzags in dealing with the Palestinian question, disturbed and alienated many American Jews, including those who traditionally had been supporters of the Democratic party. The Carter administration's Middle East policy was thus certain to become an issue in the 1980 presidential election campaign.

GEORGE E. GRUEN Communal

The "Civil Judaism" of Communal Leaders

AN RECENT YEARS Jewish community federations and the United Jewish Appeal (UJA) have emerged as the major institutional foci for the development and expression of Jewish commitment among an important segment of American Jewish leadership. As a part of this process, the values and beliefs which underlie the work of these organizations have taken on the character of a Jewish "civil religion"—a system of symbols and meanings which relates the federation/UJA sphere of the American Jewish polity to a transcendent dimension and which provides thereby ultimate legitimation for its activities.1 An analysis of the institutional rhetoric of these organizations (in publications and speeches by major volunteer and professional leaders) indicates that the core of this "civil Jewish faith" is a commitment to Jewish group survival as a "sacred" value and a validation of Jewish existence as the fulfillment of a "mission" or "destiny" which calls for the exemplification by Jews of the ethical values of responsibility, justice, and compassion. More specifically, "civil Judaism" affirms eight major tenets: the unity and distinctiveness of the Jewish people; the resultant responsibility of each Jew and of the Jewish community collectively for the security and welfare of all Jews; the centrality of the state of Israel as symbol of this unity and mutual responsibility; the enduring value of the Jewish tradition and the importance of its perpetuation; the persistence of threats (both internal and external) to the survival of the Jewish people and tradition; tzedakah, understood both as philanthropy and more broadly as action on behalf of social justice and welfare, as a

Note: An earlier version of this study was prepared for the Center for Jewish Community Studies. The author is grateful to Bernard Reisman, Daniel Elazar, Charles Liebman, and Steven M. Cohen for their helpful comments; to Ted Comet, Jack Mayer, Howard Charish, Avi Fox, Jay Jacobson, Barnett Labowitz, and other federation and UJA lay and professional leaders for their assistance in administering the questionnaire; and to Carleton College and Brandeis University for computer facilities and research funds. 'The growth in influence of Jewish federations is described in Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewish Life (Philadelphia, 1976). On Jewish "civil religion" see Jonathan Woocher, "Civil Judaism " in the United States. Center for Jewish Community Studies, 1978 and Jonathan Woocher, "Civil Judaism": The Religion of Jewish Communities, National Jewish Conference Center, 1979.

149 150 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 primary mandate of the Jewish value system; the virtue of active participation in the broader society and the compatibility of such participation with "good Jewish- ness"; and theological pluralism (the relative insignificance of classical theological concerns and the affirmation of individual conscience as ultimate arbiter in matters of religious practice, belief, and lifestyle). This system of mutually reinforcing values, perceptions, affects, and prescriptions also reflects a particular experience of Jewishness, best understood in terms of the anthropologist Victor Turner's concept of "anti-structure."2 The experience of Jew- ishness as "anti-structural" implies both a sense of Jewish existence as liminal, contingent, and marginal—i.e., as standing between and at the boundaries of normal social and historical categories—and a deep feeling of Jewish community—of a unity of Jewish destiny and experience which binds Jews together at a level beyond their social structural differentiations. The combination of "civil Jewish faith" and this "anti-structural" experience of Jewishness finds expression not only in ideology, but in the "rituals" of federation/UJA life—missions to Eastern Europe and Israel, campaign meetings and events (dinners, walkathons, etc.), retreats—which are devoted to inculcating and reinforcing the sense of Jewish unity, distinctiveness, and responsibility. As a system of Jewish affirmation, "civil Judaism's" boundaries are established by its functional role as an umbrella belief/value system (necessitating an avoidance of "partisan" positions on issues lying outside its areas of consensus), and by its implicit (and often explicit) acceptance of integration into the larger non-Jewish society and culture as a positive value alongside the promotion of Jewish group survival. This portrait of "civil Judaism" as an institutional meaning system, though perhaps adequate for understanding its role in organizational life, cannot answer another important question: does this same system also shape the personal belief and value systems of the individuals who actively identify with community federations and the UJA? To what extent is "civil Judaism" an identifiable form (or component) of individual Jewish commitment? In the modern world, according to the sociologist Peter Berger, religious commitment in general has become bifurcated: it is expressed either in the private spheres of one's life (usually in the familial context) or at the level of public rhetoric ("civil religion"), generally in a diluted and personally inconsequential form.3 As a Jewish species of "civil religion," "civil Judaism" does achieve consistent public articulation; but what is its reach into the "private" sphere of personal belief and how does it relate to the Jewish attitudes and behaviors of the individual Jews who participate in federation/UJA activities? We can perhaps make a start toward answering these questions by examining some of the results of an empirical study of Jewish identity and commitment among participants in federation and UJA sponsored Leadership Development (LD)

'Victor Turner, The Ritual Process (Chicago, 1969), pp. 125-130. 'Peter L. Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (Garden City, 1967), pp. 128-134. CIVIL JUDAISM / 151 programs which was conducted in 1978 and 1979. The focus on LD participants is based on four considerations: the fact that these individuals have experienced some formal "socialization" into the institutional system; the potential impact these individuals may have on the character of the federation/UJA sphere and its values during the next several decades; the likelihood that many of these individuals will play a leadership role in American Jewish life in general at some point in the future; and the relative ease of access to this population. The primary aim of the study was to explore the role of the institutional "civil Jewish" meaning system in relation to the personal Jewish belief/value systems of these LD participants. This involved efforts to determine whether "civil Jewish" attitudes and orientations are in fact widely and strongly affirmed by these individuals, and how these attitudes are related to other dimensions of the individuals' Jewish beliefs and behaviors.

Method of the Study The study employed a multi-section, closed-ended questionnaire asking about the respondents' Jewish activities, attitudes, and backgrounds, and about general personal and familial characteristics in several areas. Versions of the questionnaire were administered to two groups: a preliminary version was distributed to individuals attending the opening LD session at the 1978 General Assembly of the Council of Jewish Federations in San Francisco (henceforth called the "GA Group"); a revised and somewhat expanded version was distributed during the spring of 1979 to members of LD groups in several communities and to individuals participating in two regional Young Leadership retreats (henceforth called the "Communities Group"). The responses to these questionnaires were compiled and analyzed separately. The GA Group yielded 97 usable responses; the Communities Group 212. These groups do not represent a statistically valid sample of all LD participants. In both groups (and especially the GA Group), more committed and involved segments of the total LD population are probably somewhat over-represented.4 All results should, therefore, be regarded as suggestive.

The response rate for the GA Group was approximately 40 per cent, and for the Communi- ties Group slightly under 50 per cent. The Communities Group included several sub-groups, some of whom received the questionnaire through the mail and others at retreats or meetings. The response rates for these sub-groups ranged from approximately 25 per cent to over 80 per cent. Although no follow-up questioning of non-respondents was possible, it seems reasonable to assume a general respondent bias toward more "committed" LD participants. In light of studies indicating that there are perhaps some regional differences in Jewish identity patterns, it should also be noted that no regional breakdown on the GA Group is available and that the Communities Group consisted of approximately 60 per cent Midwestern and 40 per cent Northeastern LD participants. See Bernard Lazerwitz, "The Community Variable in Jewish Identification," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, December 1977, pp. 361-369. 152 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 General Characteristics of the Survey Population Both of the groups surveyed were composed largely of young middle and upper- middle class individuals. The median age for both groups was in the mid-thirties.9 Over 95 per cent of the respondents were American born, and approximately 85 per cent were married and living with a spouse. Over 85 per cent were college graduates, and more than half were employed either in business or one of the professions, with a large proportion of the remainder describing themselves either as "homemakers" or as "professional volunteers." Eighty-two per cent of the GA Group and 72 per cent of the Communities Group had at least one child living at home. Eighty per cent reported an income of greater than $25,000 a year for the household, and more than 40 per cent reported an income of greater than $50,000. In terms of political views, about a half described themselves as moderate and a third as liberal. The Communities Group had an approximately 3:2 female/male ratio, while the GA Group was nearly equally divided between men and women.

Jewish Background The survey respondents were asked a number of questions about their Jewish backgrounds, dealing with familial Jewish identification and practice while they were growing up, Jewish educational experience, and childhood involvement in Jewish groups and activities. All but seven of the respondents in the two groups were born Jewish. Over 90 per cent reported that their families had belonged to a synagogue at some point during their childhood, and about 65 per cent indicated that their families regarded themselves as religious. Among the GA Group, 17 per cent of the families identified as Orthodox, 46 per cent as Conservative, and 35 per cent as Reform; for the Communities Group the respective percentages were 26 per cent Orthodox, 55 per cent Conservative, and 17 per cent Reform.6 The LD participants reported a number of Jewish practices as widely observed in their families during their childhood: 92 per cent attended a Seder on Passover; 90 per cent attended synagogue on the High Holidays; 89 per cent lit Hanukkah candles. Sabbath candles were lit in 59 per cent of the respondents' childhood homes; tzedakah was collected in 30 per cent; and 45 per cent of the respondents' families did not eat pork or shellfish at home. More than 80 per cent of the LD

'One of the groups included in the Communities Group was a Women's Division LD group which included a number of women over the age of 40 (the usual cutoff point for "Young Leadership" groups). Mean scores for those over and under 40 were compared on a number of key items. The comparison revealed almost no significant differences likely attributable to age itself. Thus it was decided to retain those over 40 in the total survey population. They constitute about 18 per cent of the Communities Group, and this should be kept in mind in interpreting the survey data. 'A comparison of these percentages with the denominational self-identifications of the respondents themselves (see Table 4) reveals a predictable decline in the percentage calling themselves "Orthodox," and relative stability in the ratio of "Conservative" to "Reform." CIVIL JUDAISM / 153 participants recalled that their parents had donated money to Jewish philanthropies or causes while they were growing up. Over 90 per cent of those surveyed had some formal Jewish education (including 9 per cent in day schools and 71 per cent in afternoon schools). Fewer than three out of ten, however, described the quality of their Jewish education as either excellent or good. More than two-thirds of the respondents belonged to a Jewish youth group, and about half attended a summer camp with Jewish educational, religious, or cultural programming. Taken as a whole, 58 per cent of the LD participants described their upbringing as "strongly Jewish," 30 per cent as "somewhat Jewish," and only 12 per cent as "slightly Jewish" or less. These figures cannot, of course, tell us all we might like to know about the qualitative dimensions of the Jewish commitments which the LD participants brought to their adulthood and federation/UJA involvement. They do tell us that, in the aggregate, the survey respondents come from homes and families with modest but significant levels of Jewish practice. The percentage of respondents who characterized their upbringing as strongly Jewish is well above that reported for those in the 30-49 years age group in the National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) figures,7 and more than double that reported for those age 20-29. While the data suggest that those recruited into and rising through federation/UJA Leadership Development programs are by no means drawn from among individuals with marginal Jewish backgrounds, they also indicate that a considerable range of backgrounds is encompassed within the total population of survey respondents.

Jewish Activity and Behavior The survey questionnaire included an extensive section on the respondents' present Jewish activities and practices. As might be expected, the-LD participants surveyed were active, by and large, in a number of areas (Table 1). When one turns from organizational involvement and communally-oriented activities to personal ritual practices and attendance at religious services, the patterns of behavior reported by the survey respondents are more complex. As Table 2 indicates, the groups of LD participants surveyed encompass individuals with widely differing levels of participation in religious services. As was noted with regard to the respondents' Jewish backgrounds, there is clearly a minimum level of commitment which is almost universally shared and which equates here with some synagogue attendance (almost certainly on the High Holi- days, see Table 3). In contrast to these figures, 27 per cent of the respondents in the NJPS reported that they never attended religious services8 and 36 per cent in the 1975 Boston area Jewish population study reported never attending or attending less

'Fred Massarik, Jewish Identity: Facts for Planning, Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, 1974, p. 10. 'Ibid., p. 4. 154 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

TABLE 1. JEWISH ACTIVITIES Activity or Behavior Percentage Engaged GA Group Communities Grouo Synagogue membership 95 86 Membership in other Jewish organizations 97 92 Officer or board member 88 75 Subscribe to Jewish newspaper or periodical 94 83 Engaged in formal Jewish studies in past year 49 40 Contributed to federation campaign in past year 98 93 Solicited for campaign in past year 91 61 Engaged in political activity on behalf of Israel or Soviet Jewry in past year 88 62

TABLE 2. ATTENDANCE AT RELIGIOUS SERVICES Number of Times Attended During Past Year Percentage GA Group Communities Group Never 1 1 Fewer than five 11 20 Five to ten 31 26 Ten to twenty-five 28 27 More than twenty-five 29 26

often than on the High Holidays.68 Beyond the threshold level, however, attendance at religious services among the LD participants ranged from minimal to quite substantial. This picture of a widely shared "floor" level of religious observance and diversity of practice beyond this level is confirmed when one examines the reported practices of the respondents on a broad range of observances (Table 3). Again, several interesting comparisons can be made between these figures and those reported for other Jewish populations surveyed in recent years. There can be little question that, as a group, the LD participants generally maintain levels of practice greater than those of a random sample of their Jewish peers (as reported in the NJPS and Boston studies). The percentages of respondents in this survey

""Floyd J. Fowler, 1975 Community Survey: A Study of the Jewish Population of Greater Boston, (Boston, 1977), p. 57. CIVIL JUDAISM / 155

TABLE 3. OBSERVANCES CURRENTLY PRACTICED BY RESPONDENTS Ritual or Observance Percentage Practicing GA Group Communities Group Lighting Sabbath candles 88 71 Reciting Kiddush on Sabbath 80 56 Not riding on Sabbath 2 6 Attending a Seder on Passover 100 95 Not eating bread during Passover 89 81 Using special dishes during Passover 46 33 Fasting on Yom Kippur 88 85 Fasting on Tisha B'Av 6 9 Lighting Hanukkah candles 100 95 Exchanging gifts during Hanukkah 97 90 Building a Sukkah 37 23 Attending synagogue on the High Holidays 99 98 Attending synagogue on most Sabbaths 28 33 Praying daily 8 11 Keeping two sets of dishes for meat and dairy 36 31 Not eating pork or shellfish at home 46 49 Not eating non-Kosher meat outside the home 12 12 Having a mezuzah on the door of the home 98 92 Collecting tzedakah at home 52 46

observing the Sabbath, Passover, Hanukkah, and dietary laws in some fashion are roughly comparable to those of synagogue Havurah members as reported by Ber- nard Reisman.' Of the 19 practices listed, 9 were observed by more than half of both the LD groups surveyed (and more than four-fifths of the GA Group), and the average number observed was more than 10 among members of the Communities Group and 11 among the GA Group members. This amounts to a substantial consensus on minimum levels of religious observance, which among the GA Group in particular now includes not only High Holiday, Hanukkah, and Passover observance, but some form of Sabbath ritual as well. One might note in addition that, with the exception of kashrut observance (where residual practice in previous generations may have been a factor), the percentage of LD participants surveyed observing a particular ritual practice is in each instance greater (and for some rituals substantially greater) than the percentage of the respondents' families reported as observing that practice while the respondents were children. We should not, of course, exaggerate the levels of ritual observance manifested by these LD participants. The percentage of respondents who would qualify as

'Bernard Reisman, The Chavurah: A Contemporary Jewish Experience (New York, 1977), p. 209. 156 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 normatively Orthodox or even Conservative in their practice is quite small, and the patterns of observance as a whole follow the well-established lines of selection detailed by Marshall Sklare,10 emphasizing the periodic, the child-centered, and the culturally compatible and redefinable rituals. Nevertheless, the data taken as a whole do suggest that a "civil norm" of Jewish observance is widely endorsed by the LD participants which, in their personal lives, is comparable to what has emerged on the public level of federation/UJA practice. There is good reason to believe that just as federations and other polity institutions have come to adopt kashrut observance and some measure of Sabbath observance as normative for their public activity, so too have the LD participants come to regard a minimal level of personal ritual practice as essential to the expression and maintenance of their Jewish identification, even apart from a traditional religious motivation.10" There is also reason to believe, at least on the basis of impressionistic evidence, that this "civil norm" is expanding to embrace more of the traditional set of rituals. Some empirical evidence for this proposition may perhaps be found by comparing the levels of observance reported for the two different groups of LD participants studies. In several areas—notably Sabbath observance, building a Sukkah, and use of special Passover dishes—significantly greater numbers of the GA Group report observance. This is not due (apparently) to the presence within this group of a higher percentage of individuals identifying themselves as traditional in orientation. Indeed, in terms of denominational self-identification, the Communities Group has a somewhat larger percentage of "traditionally-minded" (Table 4). In addition, levels of parental religious practice were generally slightly higher for the Communities Group.

TABLE 4. RESPONDENTS' DENOMINATIONAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION Denominational Category Percentage Identifying GA Group Communities Group Orthodox/Traditional 4 8 Conservative/Reconstructionist 50 56 Reform 37 23 Other 9 11

The most plausible explanation for the higher levels of observance among the GA Group is their greater involvement in the institutional system (see Table 1), and

'"Marshall Sklare, America's Jews (New York, 1971), p. 114. loaCf. the observation of Daniel Elazar: "After three hundred years of secularization and assimilation there is strong evidence that a revived concern with Jewish tradition is leading to its restoration as a vital norm. While different groups will be entitled to define 'Jewish tradition' in various ways, identification with that tradition and acceptance of the responsibility for maintaining, fostering, and extending it seem to be reemerging as central norms in Jewish life, embraced by all Jewish organizations and enforced by them." Op. tit., p. 335. CIVIL JUDAISM / 157 resultant exposure and commitment to the expanding "civil norm."" We shall comment more extensively below on the possible relationships between "civil Jew- ish" ideology, communal involvement, and personal religious activity. At this point it is sufficient to note that the LD participants surveyed are by no means divorced from personal religious observance, and that, indeed, there is some reason to suspect that they are, as a group, embracing higher levels of practice, perhaps commensurate with their levels of communal activism. At the same time, it seems clear as well that whatever "civil norm" does exist falls well short of incorporating the full range of traditionally normative observances, and that beyond the consensual norm, considerable diversity of observance and non-observance is the rule among the survey respondents.

Jewish Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs In order to explore the central question of whether the LD participants surveyed do in fact manifest in their personal Jewish attitudes and orientations the characteristic elements of "civil Judaism" as these are articulated institutionally, the respondents were asked to indicate their agreement or disagreement (using a standard five point Likert scale) with a series of statements dealing with a broad range of Jewish and religious attitudes. Taken as a whole, their responses to the statements provide an affirmative answer; they clearly indicate that the institutional meaning system which we have termed "civil Judaism" is a part of the personal Jewish belief and value systems of a large majority of the LD participants surveyed. The key elements of that faith, as listed above, are almost without exception overwhelmingly endorsed by the survey respondents. The LD participants evidently do feel a powerful sense of Jewish unity —all express pride in the achievements of their fellow Jews, and all but a handful consider a threat against Israel a threat against all Jews. A large majority also regard Jews and Judaism as in some way distinctive: nearly 65 per cent deny that Jewish values are basically the same as those of all religions, and more than three-quarters acknowledge a "special" Jewish responsibility to work for justice in the world. This sense of Jewish unity and distinctiveness is linked (logically and emotionally) to the conviction that Jewish survival is critically important (99 per cent agree, and 96 per cent strongly agree, that there must always be a Jewish people) and that Jews are indeed responsible for one another's well-being (96 per cent endorse this proposition,

"One other area where this norm is apparently becoming evident is in practices with regard to Jewish education. As might be expected, all but two of the respondents with children over six reported that their children had received or were receiving some form of Jewish education. What was less expected was the percentage of respondents reporting that at least one child had attended or was attending a Jewish day school: 26 per cent among the Communities Group and 43 per cent among the GA Group. 158 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 and 90 per cent say that they "feel bad" when they see Jews who do not take an interest in Jewish life). Alongside this concern for the survival of the Jewish people and the acceptance of Jewish interdependence and mutual responsibility, the LD participants surveyed also place great value on the continuity of and engagement with the Jewish tradition: 90 per cent believe that the Jewish people could not survive without Jewish religion; a similar proportion regard Jewish education as the best means of insuring Jewish survival; nearly all feel that Jewish observance is a good way to strengthen the family; and more than three-quarters affirm that their own personal fulfillment is linked to the "Jewishness" of their patterns of living. The commitment of the LD participants to Jewish physical and spiritual survival is matched by their sense that these remain endangered. Three-quarters of the respondents regard Jewish survival in history as in some sense a "miracle." More than 80 per cent do not believe that the world is yet ready to permit Jews to live in peace. 85 per cent see assimilation as the greatest threat to Jewish survival today. We find, therefore, that both dimensions of the "anti-structural" experience of Jewishness referred to above are indeed manifested among a large proportion of the LD participants surveyed in this study: the bonds of Jewish unity and commonality are deeply felt, and so too is the contingency of Jewish existence. The ethos of "civil Judaism" at the institutional level focuses on the mandate of tzedakah, of service to one's fellows and the pursuit of justice. Here too the survey respondents generally endorse the institutional value system. As noted above, more than three-quarters affirm that Jews have a special responsibility to work for justice in the world. Among the Communities Group, nearly 80 per cent believe that Jews should always strive to be exemplary in their actions, and 75 per cent regard the measure of a Jew's life as his/her contribution to others. Over 60 per cent of both groups see helping others as the single most important principle of Judaism. These responses not only indicate a strong commitment to ethical activism as a key Jewish value, but also provide a clue to why the LD participants regard Jewish survival as so important: they see the Jewish contribution to humanity as irreplaceable. (Nearly 60 per cent of those surveyed view the Jewish contribution to modern civilization as greater than that of any other people.) Thus, the two primary mandates of "civil Judaism"—survival and service—are linked by a single perception of a Jewish "mission" or "destiny." We have noted above that all of the elements of "civil Jewish" commitment are regarded as fully compatible with both active participation in the broader non- Jewish society and a considerable measure of intra-Jewish theological diversity and even agnosticism. The first of these assertions has in the past represnted a cardinal tenet of "civil Jewish faith," but there is every reason to believe that it coexists with real feelings of ambivalence about the relationship of Jewishness and Americanness, CIVIL JUDAISM / 159 of group survival and socio-cultural integration.12 The survey responses provide evidence of this ambivalence, reaching to the level of ultimate loyalties and identifications, but also of the enduring power of the classical "civil Jewish" affirmations. The LD participants surveyed clearly did not manifest a rejection of their American identities, or a sense that one cannot be both a good Jew and a good American. (Fewer than a quarter feel that it is difficult to be a good Jew living in the United States; less than 10 per cent believe that to be a good Jew one should move to Israel; and more than 70 per cent agree that by being better Jews, Jews will also be better Americans.) Yet 85 per cent, as we have seen, regard assimilation as the major current threat to Jewish survival, and responses to other questions in the survey reveal that intermarriage and the alienation of youth from Jewish life are widely regarded as among the most critical problems confronting the American Jewish community. The presence of real ambivalences regarding ultimate identifications is indicated graphically in the fact that 70 per cent of the survey respondents claim that they feel more emotion listening to Hatikvah than to the Star-Spangled Banner and that a majority reject the proposition that an American Jew owes his/her primary loyalty to the United States. Further, while all but a handful of the LD participants are glad to be Americans, only 54 per cent are strongly so, compared with 86 per cent who strongly assert that they are glad to be Jews. It would not be useful to exaggerate the significance of these ambivalences. As we have seen, the sense of basic compatibility between "being Jewish" and "being American" remains strong among the LD participants. In part this reflects the fact that on a practical, behavioral level, the interpretation most of the respondents place upon the "demands" of Jewishness is not self-segregating or even substantially disruptive of "normal" American behavioral patterns. On an ideological level as well, the respondents do not for the most part recognize Jewish commitment as incompatible with some of the fundamental canons of modernity. An overwhelming majority of those surveyed accept individual conscience as the ultimate arbiter of the type of Jewish life one should lead (86 per cent) and believe that Judaism must be flexible in adapting itself to changing conditions (83 per cent). Still, the awareness that Jewish survival—the "sacred" value of the "civil Jewish faith"—is endangered by the process of assimilation means that the marriage between Jewishness and Americanness must always be charged with some tension, and thus with the potential for ongoing redefinition. Such a redefinition, placing greater emphasis on particularist and survivalist activities by the Jewish organizations, seems to be underway. On a personal level, the expanding "civil Jewish" norm of ritual practice discussed above is likely part of this process. That the survey respondents do see a need for deepening their own ties to Jewish tradition (as a means of promoting Jewish survival) is indicated by the fact that approximately 80 per cent

"Charles Liebman, The Ambivalent American Jew (Philadelphia, 1973). 160 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 of those responding regard their own present levels of Jewish practice and knowledge as insufficient. (Whether this verbal acknowledgment translates into actual changes in behavior is another question, but the widespread enthusiasm with which programs emphasizing Jewish learning and practice have been greeted by LD participants provides some indication that the commitment may not be purely verbal.) All that we have pointed to thus far constitute elements of the "civil Jewish" consensus. In one area, however, "civil Judaism" is deliberately non-consensual— with regard to theological issues and most particularly the question of the authorita- tiveness (as opposed to value) of the Jewish tradition. Beyond the minimal levels of practice and commitment we have noted, "civil Judaism" does not seek to impose norms on personal religious beliefs and behavior. The responses of the LD participants surveyed demonstrate why this atheologism and pluralism are sustained— there is in fact no consensus to articulate. Statements dealing with personal religious experience, divine revelation of the Torah, eternal life, the purposiveness of suffering, and even whether a good Jew must believe in God produced a wide range of responses, including substantial numbers of "not sures." This reflects not only diversity, but also a relatively low salience of such matters for many of the respondents. With respect to the authority of traditional Jewish law, there is similar disagreement. Two-fifths of those surveyed agree that Jewish law should serve as the authoritative guide for Jewish behavior and belief, but over half disagree. Like- wise, while over 40 per cent believe that a Jew should try to observe even those practices whose rationales he/she does not understand, a slightly greater percentage disagree. What all this means is not that theological or other religious orientations are unrelated to "civil Jewish" affirmations (we will briefly explore some of these relationships below), but rather that despite diversity on a number of potentially significant religious questions, these LD participants do agree substantially on another set of Jewish values and beliefs which forms a shared system of meanings validating and significating the specific institutional activities and concerns of Jewish federations and the UJA. The question remains, however, whether this "civil Jewish" meaning system is in fact religious if it excludes so much of Judaism's "religious" content from its explicit affirmations. In this context it is important to note that there is one classical Judaic theological affirmation which does appear to enjoy wide, if not universal, support among the LD participants surveyed: the chosenness of the Jewish people. Arthur Hertzberg has discussed with great insight the central significance of this proposition—its affirmation, repudiation, and reinterpretations—for the entire course of modern Judaism, and has noted that despite the grave difficulties it has posed for theologians, the doctrine remains alive among the people as a whole, and even among many so-called Jewish "secularists."'3 The central claims of "civil Judaism"—Jewish unity and distinctiveness, the importance of Jewish survival, the

"Arthur Hertzberg, Being Jewish in America (New York, 1979), pp. 12-19. CIVIL JUDAISM / 161

Jewish "mission"—would seem almost to beg for grounding in the doctrine, or at least the sense, of "chosenness." Yet, as Hertzberg also notes, the assertion of chosenness remains at least mildly scandalous intellectually. Thus, the fact that 63 per cent of the survey respondents explicitly affirm that Jews are the chosen people (and only 18 per cent actually disagree) can be interpreted to buttress the contention that "civil Judaism" is grounded in a "religious" conviction—the conviction that Jewish existence is not only humanly, but transcendentally, significant.

Relationships Among Various Dimensions of Jewish Commitment The data presented thus far suggest that the LD participants surveyed do for the most part endorse the tenets of "civil Judaism." However, they leave unanswered a series of questions about the internal coherence of this faith and the relationships between affirmation of its tenets and other Jewish orientations and behaviors. It must be noted at the outset of any attempt to answer these questions that there is no warrant for arguing that "civil Judaism's" tenets are in any way unique to it. On the contrary, most can be well supported from within a classical Judaic religious position. Thus, we would expect a positive correlation between endorsement of the "civil Jewish faith" and other dimensions of Jewish commitment. The questions we are most interested in have to do with the nature, patterns, and strength of these relationships. In order to explore these issues, the survey responses14 were used to create several indices measuring different dimensions of both attachment to "civil Judaism" and other aspects of Jewish identity and commitment. Five of these indices were attitudinal: they measured strength of affective attachment to the Jewish people (ATTA- CHIN); endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos (CIVJUDIN); positive orientation toward Jewish religion and practice (PRACTICIN); affirmation of transcendent reality (experiential and doctrinal) (TRANSCIN); and acceptance of the authorita- tiveness of traditional Jewish norms (TRADITIN).15 The first three measure orientations which lie within the framework of the "civil Jewish faith" as we have defined it (and indeed, the mean scores on these indices were high), while the latter two measure attitudinal and experiential dimensions which fall outside the "civil Jew- ish" consensus (though certainly not outside the scope of a classical Judaic commitment). In addition to these attitudinal indices, four others were developed from the questionnaire responses: they measured level of present ritual observance

"For this portion of the study, only the responses from the Communities Group were employed in the statistical analysis. "These indices were created by factor analyzing the responses to the 50 attitudinal statements (using principal component factoring with a varimax rotation). Twenty-one variables were selected for inclusion, and these were refactored to determine the final composition of each index. The index score was created by summing the scores on each item (with sign change if necessary). The indices are unweighted and unstandardized, and should be regarded, therefore, as rough measures subject to further statistical refinement. 162 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

(OBSERVIN); degree of involvement in Jewish communal activities and organizations (COMMUNIN); Jewish knowledge (KNOWLIN); and level of Jewish ritual observance in the respondent's family while he/she was growing up (FAMILIN)." Although the nine indices developed are all only rough measures and do not cover the full range of Jewish identity dimensions suggested by Himmelfarb, Lazerwitz, and others,17 they do provide a useful starting point for examining the questions of internal coherence and interrelationships among the dimensions of Jewish commitment raised above. Table 5 gives the Pearson correlation coefficient matrix for all of the indices developed in the study. The most notable conclusion to emerge from even a cursory examination of this matrix is that all dimensions of positive Jewish background, orientation, or commitment are positively correlated with one another, and many (recalling the limitations of the indices employed) at what appear to be quite significant levels statistically. Although Jewish identity is multi-dimensional, its dimensions are generally mutually reinforcing, whether they be dimensions of behavior, traditional belief, or "civil Jewish" commitment. Beyond this reaffirmation of what a number of recent studies have indicated, several other relationships revealed in the matrix deserve comment. The three attitudinal dimensions which were seen as tapping elements of the "civil Jewish" meaning system (ATTACHIN, CIVJUDIN, PRACTICIN) do indeed correlate highly with one another. The strength of these relationships (particularly in light of the generally high scores of the respondents on these indices) supports the claim that "civil Judaism" is a relatively coherent and systematic set of affects, values, beliefs, and norms. The strength of adherence to "civil Jewish" attitudes—and especially a positive orientation toward Jewish religion and practice—does appear (at least at first glance) to be linked to strength of traditionalist and/or transcendentalist

"These are simple additive indices computed as follows: Scores on the indices of current and childhood familial observance (OBSERVIN and FAMILIN) are the number of rituals checked on the lists included on the survey questionnaire (see Table 3 for the current observance list; the childhood familial observance list included 13 of those items). Scores on the Jewish knowledge index (KNOWLIN) are taken from an 18-item true/false test included on the questionnaire covering Jewish history, literature, customs, and communal life. One point was given for a correct answer, one deducted for an incorrect answer, and none for a response of "don't know." The items included on the communal involvement index (COMMUNIN) are: extent of synagogue activity; membership in other Jewish organizations; service as an officer or board member; subscribing to a Jewish periodical; contributing to the local federation/UJA campaign; soliciting contributions for the campaign; political activity on behalf of Israel or Soviet Jewry; and total hours spent per week on Jewish activity. Some weighting of the items was done to reflect differential levels of commitment involved in particular activities. "Harold Himmelfarb, "Measuring Religious Involvement," Social Forces, June 1975, pp. 606-618; Bernard Lazerwitz, "Religious Identification and Its Ethnic Correlates," Social Forces, December 1973, pp. 204-220. CIVIL JUDAISM / 163

TABLE 5. CORRELATION MATRIX FOR INDICES 12 345678~9~ 1. ATTACHIN X 2. CIVJUDIN .430* X 3. PRACTICIN .337* .461* X 4. TRANSCIN .149 .286* .390* X 5. TRADITIN .234* .246* .407* .474* X 6. OBSERVIN .337* .333* .313* .351* .433* X 7. COMMUNIN .300* .395* .308* .209* .294* .500* X 8. KNOWLIN .201 .231* .181 .017 .223* .499* .418* X 9. FAMILIN .201 .225* .093 .071 .206* .381* .278* .236* X

* p < .001 orientation(s). This confirms the suspicion that "civil Judaism," though often articulated as a meaning system in its own right, cannot be entirely divorced empirically from other elements of Jewish faith and experience which are not part of its own consensual language of affirmation. Although most of the LD participants surveyed scored high in "civil Jewish" commitment, those who also scored high in transcendental and traditionalist attitudes tended to score higher. The non-attitudinal dimensions of present Jewish identity—ritual observance, communal activism, and Jewish knowledge—are very strongly intercorrelated. Here again, the holistic character of Jewish self-expression finds confirmation. Communal involvement is far less an alternative to personal religious behavior among the respondents than it is its complement. This finding among a largely "committed" population of LD participants thus replicates on a smaller scale what Steven M. Cohen has discovered in his analysis of the Boston Jewish community: private Jewish living and public Jewish involvement go hand in hand.18 In addition to attitudes being linked to attitudes and behaviors to behaviors, there are substantial correlations between the scores on the attitudinal and the behavioral indices. Here the question can be raised of whether it is possible to postulate a set of causal relationships. The data themselves do not permit this, but impressions based on extensive contacts with LD participants would tend to indicate that for many the relationships have been reciprocal; i.e., attitudes both modify and are

"Steven M. Cohen, "Trends in Jewish Philanthropy," AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, pp. 29-51. 164 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 modified by behavior, and the patterns of commitment (and change in commitment) do tend to embrace both personal and communal, "civil Jewish" and "extra-consensual" dimensions of Jewish self-expression. While the matrix of correlation coefficients presented in Table 5 is useful in establishing some of the fundamental patterns of interrelationship between "civil Jewish" and other dimensions of Jewish identity, these patterns emerge even more clearly when we are able to isolate the independent impact of one identity dimension on another (i.e., examining the relationship between scores on any two of the indices while holding those on all other indices constant). This can be approximated through the use of a series of regression equations, with each index in turn serving as the "dependent" variable of all of the others. Although the results must be treated with some caution, and are too complex to present in full, several further insights emerge from this analysis which are worth noting. The equations confirm the close linkage among the three "civil Jewish" identity dimensions. Of all the dimensions, endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos is the one with the strongest independent relationship to both attachment to the Jewish people and positive orientation toward Jewish religious practice. On the other hand, the equations also call into doubt the apparent relationship between a traditionalist orientation and both attachment to the Jewish people and endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos. All three of these attitudinal dimensions are independently related to a positive orientation to religious practice, and, to varying extents, scores on the three indices measuring these dimensions are related to the levels of personal and communal behavioral expression of Jewish commitment. It does appear, however, that the ethnic and ethos components of the "civil Jewish" faith are manifested virtually independently of traditionalist commitment, and can serve as an alternative motivating or rationalizing factor for Jewish self- expression. The relationship of the other non-"civil Jewish" attitudinal dimension measured —transcendental orientation—to the "civil Jewish" dimensions is somewhat more complex. While transcendental orientation seems to have no direct correlation with attachment to the Jewish people, it is positively related to endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos (a point whose possible significance we shall note below). When positive orientation toward Jewish religion and practice (PRACTICIN) is treated as the "dependent" variable, all four of the other attitudinal variables continue to show independent positive correlations with it. Observance, communal involvement, and Jewish knowledge, however, appear to have no independent correlation with such an orientation. This would seem to imply that a positive orientation toward religion and religious practice is not a generative attitudinal factor in its own right, but a by-product of a strong "civil Jewish" (ethnic attachment + activist ethos) and/or traditionalist-transcendentalist orientation. In the regression equations, traditionalism and transcendentalism as such have low independent correlations with level of communal involvement. Ritual observance, however, remains the single strongest independent correlate of communal CIVIL JUDAISM / 165 activism (with level of Jewish knowledge second, and endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos third). Thus, attitudes in general—and especially attitudes relating to theological questions or the authoritative character of Jewish tradition—seem considerably less significant in producing or supporting a high level of communal activity than do personal patterns of religious observance and Jewish knowledge, however these are ideologically rationalized. The ideological rationale for communal involvement articulated within the "civil Jewish" ethos is not unrelated to such activity (according to the data), but a holistic pattern of behavioral expression is the primary correlate of high levels of communal participation and leadership. The potential impact of a traditionalist/transcendentalist commitment on communal involvment would appear to lie in the fact that these orientations are linked to levels of Jewish knowledge and observance. The primary challenge, therefore, for those seeking to enhance overall Jewish commitment within a "civil Jewish" framework is to find ways to inspire greater behavioral expression of Jewish commitment. The activist ethos of "civil Judaism" (CIVJUDIN) is not itself strongly correlated with levels of personal observance (though it is with communal involvement). Strong affective attachment to and identification with the Jewish people (ATTA- CHIN), on the other hand, is linked to ritual observance (though less strongly than traditionalism or transcendentalism). These relationships may help to illuminate the distinction between a purely philanthropic rationale for Jewish communal activism (characteristic, perhaps, of some leaders in previous decades) and the fuller "civil Jewish" commitment more characteristic today, in which activism on both the communal and personal levels is a form of self-expression growing out of a deep sense of identification with Jewish peoplehood and destiny.

Conclusion Much of what has been offered here, particularly in the final portions, must be regarded as tentative conclusions concerning the shape and dynamics of "civil Judaism" and its place within a broader taxonomy of contemporary Jewish identity and commitment. The results of the study of LD participants do appear to justify our stating with some confidence that the system of values, affects, and beliefs which serves as the institutional rationale for the activities of the federation/UJA sphere of the American Jewish polity also plays a prominent role in defining the personal Jewish commitments of many of the activists in that sphere. The tenets of "civil Judaism" command widespread support among the population surveyed. They appear to constitute a coherent and mutually reinforcing set of attitudes and sen- sibilities. Finally, the strength with which these tenets are held and felt is related to the levels of both communal involvement and personal religious behavior of the respondents. From the data we cannot say whether "civil Judaism" is more a motivator or a rationalizer of these behavioral commitments (it is probably both), but it is clearly not an ideology of Jewish affirmation unrelated to other forms of Jewish self-expression. 166 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

On the other hand, the study data also appear to indicate that "civil Judaism" is not merely a by-product of other attitudinal complexes. To be sure, strength of "civil Jewish" affirmation is, as we have emphasized, related to a variety of other measures of overall Jewish commitment (such as denominational self-identification). But the widespread endorsement of "civil Jewish" values and beliefs across denominational lines" renders any effort to depict it as analytically indistinguishable from other expressions of Jewish identity and commitment suspect. It is certainly clear that affirmation of "civil Judaism's" tenets is not dependent upon a specific theological or religious-experiential orientation. Hovering over this entire discussion is the question which must be addressed once more: is there anything genuinely religious about the "civil Judaism" we have discovered, anything to link it to a genuine experience and perception of transcen- dence? Or is "civil Judaism," after all, an amalgam of ethnic attachment and ethical concern which finds expression in nominally religious forms?20 On one level, we can perhaps respond by suggesting that the empirical links in the data between strength of "civil Jewish" (ethnos and ethos) affirmation and other measures of religious belief and behavior are themselves indicators of the underlying character of "civil Judaism" which ought not to be lightly dismissed. But we can go beyond this, and turn again to the more explicit (though by no means definitive) signals in the survey responses that the "civil Jewish" meaning system—and especially its ethos of mutual support and exemplary responsibility—is tied to a perception of Jewish existence as transcendentally significant. One such possible signal is the correlation noted above between endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos and affirmation of transcendental reality. A second is the positive correlation between assent to the proposition that Jewish survival is a "miracle" and scores on both the index of affective attachment to the Jewish people (r=.14, p=.O2) and that of endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos (r = .13, p = .O3). Finally, and in light of the arguments made above, most significantly, we can point to the strong correlation between acceptance of the proposition that Jews are the chosen people and affirmation of the

"Although denominational self-identification does correlate with all of the measures of Jewish commitment, its lowest correlation is with endorsement of the "civil Jewish" ethos (r=.14, p=.O24). 2°It might be argued that this question does not deserve the prominence we have given it: "civil Judaism" is what it is, regardless of how we categorize it. We would suggest, however, that whether a meaning and symbol system is genuinely "religious" in character—i.e., whether its ultimate referent is transcendental—does make a difference in its capacity to embrace the full range of human experience and aspiration, to avoid becoming idolatrous, and to respond and evolve as history unfolds. For a "Jewish" meaning system, loss of contact with the religious referents and substance of the Judaic symbol system means an impoverishment of both depth and scope. Thus, we would argue, the question of the "religious" character of "civil Judaism" —though probably unanswerable empirically—is not idle. It may well be critical in the long run in determining the vitality and direction of its evolution and its place within the framework of modern Jewish history as a whole. See Paul Tillich, Dynamics of Faith (New York, 1957) and Eugene Borowitz, The Mask Jews Wear (New York, 1973). CIVIL JUDAISM / 167

"civil Jewish" ethos (r=.42, p=.001), and to the slightly lower, but still strong, correlation between belief in Jewish "chosenness" and strength of attachment to the Jewish people (r=.27, p=.001). The strength of these relationships would seem to indicate that the key sentiments and norms of "civil Judaism" do reflect a validation of Jewish existence in terms of a concept which does not easily fit into a "secular" worldview, but which does resonate with millennia of Jewish religious experience. If we are correct in identifying the concept of "Jewish chosenness" as the "theological" linchpin of the "civil Jewish" faith, there are additional potential implications worth exploring. Although "chosenness" seems to be essentially an historical- ethical concept within the "civil Jewish" meaning system, in classical Judaic theology it is linked directly to the acceptance of the discipline of Torah, i.e., to expression in the ritual-legal sphere as well.21 We may, therefore, be warranted in speculating whether the development of a "civil Jewish" norm of observance, as noted above, might also be linked—at some point in its evolution, if not presently —to the consciousness and ethos of "chosenness." The "turn inward" which has been noted among some Jews in recent years—expressed in an intensified focus on intra-communal concerns and personal religious experience, and a de-emphasis on social activism—appears to be manifested among more than a few of the LD participants surveyed. This turn need not, however, be seen as a repudiation of the basic tenets of "civil Judaism," but rather as a reinterpretation expressive of a different sense of what the "special destiny" of the Jewish people implies and how it is to be realized. In this variant of the "civil Jewish" faith, the ethos of responsibility and exemplification shifts its focus from (if we may borrow the terminology of the tradition) tikkun olam (repairing the world) to being agoy kadosh (holy nation). A synthesis of these two thrusts—the traditional philanthropic-activist orientation of the federations and UJA with the newer emphasis on enhancing the Judaic quality of communal and personal life—would be welcomed by many as a further realization of the potential of the "civil Jewish" faith as a genuinely religious meaning system. The religious character and expression of "civil Judaism" has implications in another area as well—the relationship of its adherents to the State of Israel and Israeli Jews. For the past 35 years federation and UJA activities have been dominated by concern for Israel's creation, survival, security, and welfare—so much so that they have at times been accused of displacing God and Torah entirely from a place of prominence in Jewish life. There can be no question that the LD participants surveyed in this study have a deep commitment to Israel—financial support for Israel remains their number one communal priority, and the Arab-Israeli conflict their number one basis for communal anxiety. But the State of Israel is far from being the sum and substance of their religion or their Jewish commitment. Israel is a vital symbol, but not necessarily an irreplaceable one. Whereas over 90 per cent

2lSee Eugene B. Borowitz, "The Chosen People Concept as It Affects Life in the Diaspora," Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Fall 1975, p. 554. 168 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 of the respondents agree that the Jewish people could not survive without Jewish religion, only 56 per cent regard the State of Israel as similarly critical. We have seen, too, that despite strong emotional ties, barely one in ten of these LD participants believes that to be a good Jew one must live in Israel, and fewer than half indicate that they would be happy if their children settled there. Even more striking, perhaps, is the fact that a third of these prospective leaders agree with the claim that American Jews devote too much attention to Israel and not enough to their own community. For the most part, then, the survey respondents could not be regarded as Zionists in any strict sense, nor is their Jewish commitment narrowly Israel-focused. Israel is important because it plays a central symbolic role within the "civil Jewish" meaning system. Observation of other federation/UJA activists suggests that Israel is important because it is seen as a link to the Jewish past; as a vehicle for the continuity of the Jewish tradition; as an expression of the revitalization and empow- erment of the Jewish people in the modern world; as a testimony to the unity of all Jews; and as a progressive force in such areas as education, science and technology, and social welfare. These are, it should be noted, largely the same aspirations which these Jews hold for themselves and for the American Jewish community. The State of Israel is also, as many have recognized, the positive symbol in the myth of death and rebirth which structures the contemporary Jewish understanding of Jewish, especially recent Jewish, history. This myth, and its translation into the sense of the perpetual endangerment of the Jewish people, hanging between death and life, is central to the entire "civil Jewish" faith. Thus, what American "civil" Jews support so vigorously is a mythically potent Israel, but one which, correspondingly, acquires its powerful hold on the attentions of these Jews by virtue of a myth and meaning system which transcends its own reality. Two possible conclusions flow from this analysis. One is that to the extent that the reality of Israel diverges from the meaning which "civil Judaism" assigns to the State and its people, and/or to the extent that other Jewish realia (e.g., ritual observance, Jewish education, or the American Jewish community itself) can assume similar symbolic functions, identification with the State of Israel may become less central for the adherents of the "civil Jewish" faith. For those disturbed by this possibility, however, another presents itself, because, though the "real" Israel may not correspond precisely to its image among American Jews, it is engaged in its own quest for self-definition in mythico-religious terms. Israel too, as Charles Liebman and others have shown," is evolving its own Jewish "civil religion" out of the data of recent history and the repertoire of traditional Jewish symbols. Should American Jews and Israeli Jews, both evolving Jewish "civil religions," succeed in bringing them into dialogue with one another, with the realities of the contemporary Jewish

"Charles S. Liebman, "Myth, Tradition, and Values in Israeli Society," Midstream. January 1978, pp. 44-53; Daniel J. Elazar, "The New Sadducees," Midstream, August-September 1978, pp. 20-25. CIVIL JUDAISM / 169 experience, and with the classical sources and substance of Judaic faith, the stage might be set for a new and deeper identification of one community with the other. This study clearly has only begun the process of trying to locate and interpret "civil Jewish" faith as a dimension of American Jewish identity and religious commitment. The study of "civil Judaism" must go on to address other issues—the demographic and sociological characteristics of its adherents; the patterns of Jewish upbringing and experience associated with commitment to its values and beliefs; and its relationship to specific policy and program preferences. If we are correct in the assertion that "civil Judaism" has emerged as a powerful modern Jewish meaning system, and one which continues to show signs of dynamism in its evolution, then ongoing study of its character and course of development is worthwhile. The data of this study indicate that a generation of American Jewish communal leadership is being shaped by its tenets and its definition of the meaning and demands of Jewish existence. Whether "civil Judaism" will prove to be a vehicle for insuring the Jewish continuity its adherents seek, remains to be seen. Certainly, however, the efforts of those who embrace its tenets will be an important part of the Jewish history of our time.

JONATHAN S. WOOCHER Demographic

Jewish Population in the United States, 1980

A HE NUMBER of persons in Jewish households* for 1980 is estimated at 5,920,900, a modest increase over the previous figure of 5,860,900. The South and West continue to show gains. This year they comprise 31.1 per cent of the total, compared with 28.5 four years ago. The largest increase was reported (based on a formal population study) by Los Angeles. Other communities showing gains of 2,000 or more are Atlanta, Ft. Lauderdale, Las Vegas, San Diego, and Tucson. The Northeast and Northcentral states account for 68.9 per cent, down from 71.4 four years ago. This trend is expected to continue, as many of the older cities in these regions have not fully reported their population losses. The U.S. Census Bureau identifies Jews as a religious rather than an ethnic group. Since there is no question on religion in the decennial census, this source provides no data for Jewish population estimates. The community estimates listed in Table 3 are provided primarily through an annual survey of local Jewish federations. There is variation with regard to the accuracy of the figures. While some communities conduct formal population studies, others estimate roughly on the basis of lists of known Jewish households. Several federations have indicated that their reported estimates are actually dated, but these communities are reluctant to revise their figures without undertaking formal studies. Other communities show fluctuations from year to year. A case in point is Denver, which reported a significant increase in 1979, but which this year reverted to the 1978 estimate pending a planned population study. In Florida some communities have a problem estimating their population count because of seasonal residents. Such residents may be counted twice, once in the Florida community and again in the original home community to which they return for part of the year. Ft. Lauderdale has indicated that next year it plans to revise its estimate on the basis of a more limited inclusion of seasonal residents. *Most Jewish communities estimate their population size by multiplying the number of families with the average size of household. A result of this procedure is to include, as a consequence of intermarriage, non-Jews living in households with one or more Jews. The 1970 National Jewish Population Study estimated the per cent of non-Jews in "Jewish households" as 7.4. For a fuller discussion of this, see AJYB, Vol. 75, 1974-75, pp. 296-299.

170 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 171

Approximately five per cent of the total Jewish population resides in non- federated communities. The process of contacting all such communities, through questionnaires sent to synagogues, begun in 1978, was completed this year. Follow- ups to non-responding localities will continue next year. National, regional, and state totals, shown in Tables 1 and 2, are derived by summing the local community estimates. While these totals are presented, it should be emphasized that they are reported only as estimates. State totals exclude dupli- cate listings and out-of-state figures, where a community extends across state boundaries. Communities with less than 100 Jews (not shown in Table 3) are also included, as is an estimate for unreported Jews (generally in areas having no local synagogue). The latter figure is put at 25,000, or less than one-half of one per cent of the national total. This figure is calculated by doubling the number of Jews in communities reporting less than 100 Jewish residents. The New York City metropolitan area figure, currently estimated at more than one-third the total Jewish population of the United States, represents the greatest source for potential modification of the national total. The estimate cited in Table 3—1,998,000—is that given in the 1970 National Jewish Population Study. It includes the city proper and three suburban counties. As stated in last year's article, the city proper has probably experienced significant Jewish population loss. The magnitude of the population shift to New York City suburbs and to areas outside Greater New York is unknown. The problem is further compounded by lack of current estimates for areas contiguous with metropolitan New York, i.e., Rockland County in New York State and Bergen County in New Jersey. Finally, the extent to which probable New York City losses are offset by immigration of Soviet Jews and Israelis is also unknown. The latter group is difficult to define, and probably includes a large temporary resident population. The New York Federation of Jewish Philanthropies is planning to sponsor a study, hopefully to be conducted in 1981, which would provide a more accurate population count than is now available.

ALVIN CHENKIN MAYNARD MIRAN 172 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

APPENDIX

TABLE 1. JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1980

Estimated Estimated Jewish Jewish Total Per Cent State Population Population * Of Total Alabama 8,835 3,769.000 0.2 Alaska 960 406,000 0.2 Arizona 41,285 2,450,000 1.7 Arkansas 3,395 2,180,000 0.2 California 753,945 22,694,000 3.3 Colorado 31,765 2,772,000 1.1 Connecticut 102.035 3,115,000 3.3 Delaware 10,000 582,000 1.7 District of Columbia . 40,000 656,000 6.1 Florida 454,880 8,860.000 5.1 Georgia 34,610 5.117,000 0.7 Hawaii 5,625 915.000 0.6 Idaho 505 905.000 0.1 Illinois 266,385 11,229,000 2.4 Indiana 23,485 5,400,000 0.4 Iowa 8,215 2,902,000 0.3 Kansas 10,755 2,369,000 0.5 Kentucky 11,585 3,527,000 0.3 Louisiana 16,340 4,018,000 0.4 Maine 6,800 1,097,000 0.6 Maryland 185,915 4,148,000 4.5 Massachusetts 249,455 5,769,000 4.3 Michigan 90,200 9,207,000 1.0 Minnesota 34,990 4,060,000 0.9 Mississippi 3,200 2,429,000 0.1

Missouri 71,790 4,867,000 1.5 Montana 645 786,000 0.1 Nebraska 7,905 1,574,000 0.5 Nevada 17,200 702,000 2.5 New Hampshire .... 4,480 887,000 0.5

New Jersey 442,765 7,332,000 6.0 New Mexico 7,155 1,241,000 0.6 New York 2,140,690 17,648,000 12.1 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 173

Estimated Estimated Jewish Jewish Total Per Cent State Population Population * Of Total North Carolina 13,240 5,606,000 0.2 North Dakota 1,085 657,000 0.2

Ohio 144,670 10,731,000 1.3 Oklahoma 6,065 2,892,000 0.2 Oregon 10,835 2,527,000 0.4 Pennsylvania 419,730 11,731,000 3.6 Rhode Island 22,000 929,000 2.4 South Carolina 8,660 2,932,000 0.3 South Dakota 595 689,000 0.1 Tennessee 16,765 4,380,000 0.4 Texas 72,545 13,380,000 0.5 Utah 2,300 1,367,000 0.2

Vermont 2,465 493,000 0.5 Virginia 59,360 5,197,000 1.1 Washington 18,385 3,926,000 0.5 West Virginia 4,340 1,878,000 0.2 Wisconsin 29,750 4,720,000 0.6 Wyoming 310 450,000 SL1 U.S. TOTAL 5,920,890* 220,099,000 2.7

N.B. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. *July 1, 1979, resident population. Total population, including Armed Forces overseas, was 220,584,000. Total civilian population was 218,497,000. (Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P.25, No. 870 & No. 876.) **Exclusive of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, which reported Jewish populations of 1,800 and 510, respectively. 174 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. JEWISH POPULATION BY REGIONS, 1980

Total Per Cent Jewish Per Cent Region Population Distribution Population Distribution Northeast: 49,002,000 22.3 3,390,420 57.3 New England 12,291,000 5.6 387,235 6.5 Middle Atlantic 36,711,000 16.7 3,003,185 50.7 North Central: 58,406,000 26.5 689,825 11.7 East North Central 41,287,000 18.8 554,490 9.4 West North Central 17,118,000 7.8 135,335 2.3 South: 71,550,000 32.5 949,735 16.0 South Atlantic 34,976,000 15.9 811,005 13.7 East South Central 14,105,000 6.4 40,385 0.7 West South Central 22,470,000 10.2 98,345 1.7 West: 41,142,000 18.7 890,910 15.0 Mountain 10,673,000 4.8 101,165 1.7 Pacific 30,468,000 13.8 789,745 13.3 TOTALS . . 220,099,000 100.0 5,920,890 100.0

N.B. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 175

TABLE 3. COMMUNITIES WITH JEWISH POPULATIONS OF 100 OR MORE, 1980 (ESTIMATED)

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

ALABAMA •Fresno 2,500 Vallejo 400 *Anniston 100 Kern County .... 850 Ventura County . . 5,000 •Birmingham . . . .4,000 Lancaster (incl. in Ante- •Dothan 205 lope Valley) COLORADO •Gadsden 180 •Long Beach . . .13,500 •Colorado Springs . 1,000 •Huntsville 550 •Los Angeles Metropolitan •Denver 30,000 •Mobile 1.200 Area 503,000 Pueblo 375 'Montgomery .... 1,625 Merced 100 Selma 210 Modesto 260 CONNECTICUT *Tri-Cities' 150 •Monterey 1,500 •Bridgeport . . . .18,500 Tuscaloosa 315 •Oakland (incl. in Alameda Bristol 250 & Contra Costa Coun- Colchester 525 ALASKA ties) •Danbury (incl. New Mil- •Anchorage 600 Ontario (incl. in Pomona ford) 3,500 •Fairbanks 210 Valley) •Greenwich 2,200 •Orange County . . 40,000 •Hartford (incl. New Brit- ARIZONA •Palm Springs . . .4,800 ain) 23,500 •Phoenix 29,000 •Pasadena (also incl. in Los Lebanon 175 •Tucson 12,000 Angeles Metropolitan Lower Middlesex Area) 2,000 County" 125 ARKANSAS •Petaluma 800 Manchester (incl. in Hart- •Fayetteville 120 •Pomona Valley . .3,500 ford) •Ft. Smith 160 •Riverside 1,200 •Meriden 1,400 Hot Springs (incl. in Little •Sacramento . . . .5,700 •Middletown . . . .1,300 Rock) •Salinas 350 Milford (incl. in New •Little Rock . . . .1,820 San Bernardino . . 1,900 Haven) •Pine Bluff 175 •San Diego . . . .32,500 •Moodus 150 Southeast Arkansas" 140 •San Francisco . . 75,000 •New Haven . . . .20,000 Wynne-Forest City . 110 •San Jose 15,000 •New London . . . 3,360 •San Luis Obispo . . .450 Newtown (incl. in Dan- CALIFORNIA •San Pedro 300 bury) •Alameda & Contra Costa •Santa Barbara . . . 3,800 •Norwalk 4,000 Counties . . . .28,000 •Santa Cruz 1,000 •Norwich 2,500 Antelope Valley ... 375 •Santa Maria 200 Putnam 110 Bakersfield (incl. in Kern Santa Monica . . . 8,000 Rockville (incl. in Hart- County) •Santa Rosa 750 ford) El Centra 125 Stockton 1,050 •Stamford 12,000 Elsinore 250 •Sun City 800 •Torrington 450 •Eureka 250 Tulare & Kings County •Valley Area1 700 Fontana 165 (incl. in Fresno) Wallingford 440 176 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

•Waterbury 3,200 •Athens 250 •Springfield 1,250 Westport 2,800 •Atlanta 27,500 Sterling-Dixon . . . .110 •Willimantic 400 •Augusta 1,500 •Waukegan 1,200 Winsted 110 Brunswick 120 •Columbus 1,000 INDIANA DELAWARE Dalton 235 •Wilmington (incl. rest of Fitzgerald-Cordele .125 Anderson 105 Bloomington 300 state) 10,000 •Macon 900 •Savannah 2,600 •Elkhart (incl. in South Bend) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA •Valdosta 145 •Evansville 1,200 •Greater Washing- •Ft. Wayne 1,350 ton' 160,000 HAWAII Gary (incl. in Northwest •Hilo 100 Indiana-Calumet •Honolulu 5,000 FLORIDA Region) •Kona 100 *Boca Raton- •Indianapolis . . .11,000 •Maui 200 Delray . . . .15,000 •Lafayette 600 •Brevard County ..1,000 Marion 170 IDAHO •Daytona Beach . . 1,200 Michigan City ... .400 •Boise 120 •Fort Lauderdale .75,000 Muncie 175 Fort Myers 300 Northwest Indiana- Fort Pierce 270 ILLINOIS Calumet •Gainesville 1,000 Aurora 400 Region1 5,000 •Hollywood . . . .55,000 •Bloomington 125 •Richmond 110 •Jacksonville . . . .6,000 •Champaign-Urbana 1,500 Shelbyville 140 Key West 170 •Chicago Metropolitan •South Bend ... .1,900 •Lakeland 800 Area 253,000 •Terre Haute 450 Lehigh Acres . . . .125 Danville 240 •Miami 225,000 Decatur 450 •Orlando 12,000 East St. Louis (incl. in So. IOWA •Palm Beach County (excl. III.) Cedar Rapids .... 330 Boca Raton) . . 35,000 •Elgin 830 Council Bluffs ... .245 •Pensacola 725 •Galesburg (incl. in Davenport (incl. in Port Charlotte . . . .150 Peoria) Quad Cities, 111.) •Sarasota 6,200 •Joliet 800 •Des Moines . . . 3,500 St. Augustine .... 100 •Kankakee 260 Dubuque 105 •St. Petersburg (incl. Clear- •Peoria 2,000 Fort Dodge 115 water) . . .9,000 •Quad Cities' . . . .2,000 •Iowa City 750 •Tallahassee 1,000 •Quincy 200 Mason City HO •Tampa 8,500 Rock Island (incl. in Quad Muscatine 120 Cities) Ottumwa '50 GEORGIA Rockford 1,025 •Sioux City 1,050 •Albany 525 Southern Illinois" . .950 •Waterloo 50 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 177

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

KANSAS MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN Topeka 500 *Amherst 750 •Ann Arbor (incl. all •Wichita .1,200 *Athol 110 Washtenaw •Attleboro 200 County) 3,000 KENTUCKY •Beverly 1,000 Battle Creek 245 •Lexington .... .1,400 •Boston (incl. •Bay City 650 •Louisville .... 9,200 Brockton) . .170,000 •Benton Harbor . . .650 Paducah 175 •Brockton 5,200 •Detroit 75,000 •Fall River 1,780 •Flint 2,395 •Fitchburg 300 Grand Rapids . . . 1,500 LOUISIANA •Framingham . . .16,000 Iron County 160 •Alexandria .... 760 •Gardner 100 Iron Mountain . . .105 •Baton Rouge . . .1,150 •Gloucester 400 •Jackson 375 Lafayette 600 Great Barrington . . 105 •Kalamazoo 700 •Lake Charles . . . .250 Greenfield 250 •Lansing 1,800 •Monroe 550 •Haverhill 1,650 Marquette County .175 •New Orleans . . .10,600 Holyoke 1,100 Mt. Clemens 420 •Shreveport .... .1,600 •Hyannis 1,200 •Mt. Pleasant 100 •Lawrence 2,550 •Muskegon 235 MAINE •Leominster 750 •Saginaw 550 Augusta 215 Lowell 2,000 •South Haven 100 •Bangor 1 500 •Lynn (incl. Biddeford-Saco (incl. in Peabody) . . .19,000 MINNESOTA Portland) Medway (incl. in Fra- Austin 125 Calais 135 mingham) •Duluth 900 •Lewiston-Auburn . .700 Milford (incl. in Framing- Hibbing 155 •Portland 3 500 ham) •Minneapolis . . .23,200 •Waterville .... 300 Mills (incl. in Framing- •Rochester 240 ham) •St. Paul 9,250 MARYLAND •New Bedford . . .3,100 •Virginia 100 •Annapolis .... 2,000 Newburyport . . . .280 North Berkshire . . .675 •Baltimore .... 92,000 MISSISSIPPI •Northampton . . . .700 •Cumberland . . . . .265 •Biloxi-Gulfport ... 100 1 •Peabody 2,600 Eastern Park Area .100 •Clarksdale 160 •Pittsfield 1,685 Frederick 400 •Cleveland 180 •Plymouth 500 •Hagerstown . . . . .275 •Greenville 500 •Salem 1,150 •Hartford County . .500 •Greenwood 100 Southbridge 105 •Montgomery •Hattiesburg 180 •Springfield . . . .10,000 County' . . . .70,000 •Jackson 750 Taunton 1,200 •Prince Georges •Meridian 135 Webster 125 County' . . . .20,000 Natchez 140 •Worcester 10,000 •Salisbury 300 Vicksburg 260 178 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

1 MISSOURI •Essex County " . .95,000 •Trenton 8,500 •Columbia 350 Flemington 875 •Union County . .39,500 •Joplin 115 Gloucester County" . 165 •Vineland" 3,335 •Kansas City . . .20,000 Hoboken 500 •Wildwood 425 Kennett 110 •Jersey City 5,200 Willingboro (incl. in Cam- Springfield 230 Metuchen (incl. in North den) •St. Joseph 480 Middlesex County) •St. Louis 60,000 Miliville 240 NEW MEXICO •Monmouth •Albuquerque . . . .6,500 MONTANA County 32,000 Las Cruces 100 •Billings 160 •Morris-Sussex •Los Alamos 240 Counties1 . . .15,000 Santa Fe 300 NEBRASKA Morristown (incl. •Lincoln 800 in Morris NEW YORK •Omaha 6,500 County) •Albany 13,500 •Mt. Holly 300 Amenia 140 Newark (incl. in Essex NEVADA Amsterdam 595 •Las Vegas . . . .16,000 County) •Auburn 315 Reno . .1,200 New Brunswick (incl. in •Batavia 165 Raritan Valley) •Beacon 315 North Hudson NEW HAMPSHIRE •Binghamton (incl. all County 7,000 •Claremont . . . . . 130 Broome County) 4,000 •North Jersey- . .33,500 •Concord ...... 350 •Brewster (incl. in Dan- •Northern Middlesex •Dover . . .425 bury, Ct.) 300 County1 19,000 Keene ... 105 •Buffalo 21,000 •Ocean County . . 12,000 •Laconia ...... 150 Canandaigua 135 •Passaic-Clifton . . .7,600 •Manchester . . . .2,500 •Catskill 200 Paterson (incl. in North •Nashua .... 450 Corning 125 Jersey) •Portsmouth . . . .1.000 Cortland 440 Perth Amboy (incl. in •Dunkirk 150 North Middlesex NEW JERSEY •Ellenville 1,450 County) •Atlantic City (incl. Atlan- •Elmira 1,400 Plainfield (incl. in Union tic County) . . 11,800 •Geneva 300 County) Bayonne 8,500 •Glens Falls 360 •Princeton 2,600 Bergen County1 100,000 •Gloversville 535 •Raritan Valley .18,000 •Bridgeton 375 Herkimer 185 Salem 230 •Camden1 26,000 •Highland Falls ... 105 •Somerset County .6,000 •Carteret 300 Hudson 470 Somerville (incl. in Somer- Elizabeth (incl. in Union •Ithaca 1,000 set County) County) Jamestown 185 Toms River (incl. in •Englewood (also incl. in •Kingston 2,500 Ocean County) Bergen County) 10,000 •Liberty 2,100 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 179

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

Loch Sheldrake- •Chapel Hill- •Steubenville 405 Hurley ville . . .750 Durham 1,850 •Toledo 7,500 Monroe 400 •Charlotte 3,300 •Warren 500 •Monticello 2,400 •Fayetteville (incl. all •Wooster 200 Mountaindale . . . . 1 SO Cumberland •Youngstown . . . .5,200 New York City County) 500 Zanesville 350 Metropolitan •Gastonia 220 Area' .1,998,000 Goidsboro 120 OKLAHOMA NewPaltz 150 •Greensboro . . . .2,000 Muskogee 120 Newark 220 •Hendersonville . . .105 •Oklahoma City . . 2,000 •Newburgh- High Point 400 Oklahoma City Middletown . .4,900 •Raleigh 1,375 Zone- 190 •Niagara Falls . . .1,200 Rocky Mount .... 110 •Tulsa 2,700 Norwich 120 •Whiteville Zone" . .160 *Olean 140 •Wilmington 500 OREGON •Oneonta 175 Winston-Salem . . .440 Corvallis 140 Oswego 100 •Eugene 1,500 Parksville 140 NORTH DAKOTA •Portland 8,735 Pawling 105 •Fargo 500 Salem 200 •Plattsburg 275 Grand Forks 100 Port Jervis 560 PENNSYLVANIA •Potsdam 175 OHIO Aliquippa 400 •Poughkeepsie . . .4,900 •Akron 6,500 •Allentown 4,980 •Rochester 21,500 •Canton 2,560 •Altoona 1,200 Rockland County 25,000 •Cincinnati . . . .21,500 Ambridge 250 •Rome 205 •Cleveland 75,000 Beaver 115 •Saratoga Springs . . 500 •Columbus 13,000 •Beaver Falls 350 •Schenectady . . . .5,400 •Dayton 6,000 Berwick 120 Sharon Springs . . .165 East Liverpool ... .290 •Bethlehem 960 South Fallsburg . .1,100 •Elyria 275 Braddock 250 •Syracuse 11,000 Hamilton 560 •Bradford 150 •Troy 1,200 •Lima 290 Brownville 150 •Utica 2,250 Lorain 1,000 •Butler 350 Walden 200 •Mansfield 600 Carbon County . . .125 Warwick 100 •Marion 150 •Carnegie 100 Watertown 250 •Middletown 140 Central Bucks White Lake 425 New Philadelphia . . 140 County 400 Woodbourne 200 Newark 105 •Chambersburg . . . .340 Woodridge 300 Piqua 120 Chester 2,100 Portsmouth 120 Coatesville 305 NORTH CAROLINA •Sandusky 150 Connellsville 110 •Asheville 1,000 •Springfield 340 Donora 100 180 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

Easton 1,300 Wayne County . . .210 •Houston 28,000 Ell wood City . . . .110 West Chester .... 300 •Laredo 420 •Erie 930 •Wilkes-Barre . . . .4,000 •Longview 185 Farrell 150 •Williamsport 415 •Lubbock 350 Greensburg 300 •York 1,600 •McAllen 295 •Harrisburg 4,750 •North Texas Zone* . 100 •Hazleton 625 RHODE ISLAND Odessa 150 Homestead 300 •Providence (incl. rest of Port Arthur 260 'Indiana 135 state) 22,000 •San Antonio . . . .6,500 •Johnstown 450 Texarkana 100 Kittanning 175 SOUTH CAROLINA •Tyler 450 •Lancaster 1,800 •Charleston 3,200 •Waco 750 •Lebanon 425 •Columbia 2,300 •Wharton 170 Lock Haven 140 •Florence 350 Wichita Falls ... .260 •Lower Bucks Greenville 600 1 County . . . .18,000 Orangeburg County . 105 UTAH McKeesport . . . .2,000 •Spartanburg 295 Ogden 100 Monessen 100 Sumter 190 •Salt Lake City . . .2,200 Mt. Pleasant 120 New Castle 400 SOUTH DAKOTA VERMONT *New Kensington . . 560 •Sioux Falls 120 Bennington 120 Norristown . . . .2,000 •Burlington 1,800 North Penn 200 TENNESSEE •Rutland 350 •Oil City 165 •Chattanooga . . . .1,750 •St. Johnsbury .... 100 Oxford-Kennett Johnson City . . . .210 Square 180 •Knoxville 1,350 VIRGINIA •Philadelphia Metropolitan •Memphis 9,000 •Alexandria (incl. Falls Area . . .295,000 •Nashville 3,700 Church, Arlington •Phoenixville 340 Oak Ridge 240 County, and urban- •Pittsburgh . . . .50,000 ized Fairfax •Pottstown 700 TEXAS County)' . . . .30,000 Pottsville 500 •Amarillo 300 Arlington (incl. in •Reading 2,800 •Austin 2,100 Alexandria) Sayre 100 Baytown 300 •Charlottesville ... .800 •Scranton 4,000 •Beaumont 400 •Danville 180 •Sharon 330 Brownsville 160 Fredericksburg . . .140 •State College 450 •Corpus Christi . . .1,030 Hampton (incl. in New- Stroudsburg 410 •Dallas 20,000 port News) •Sunbury 200 De Witt County" .150 •Harrisonburg . . . .115 •Uniontown 290 •El Paso 5,000 Hopewell 140 Upper Beaver .... 500 •Ft. Worth 3,000 •Lynchburg 275 •Washington 325 •Galveston 620 Martinsville 135 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 181

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

•Newport News (incl. •Spokane 800 •Fond du Lac .... 100 Hampton) . . .3,000 •Tacoma 750 •Green Bay 350 •Norfolk (incl. Virginia •Kenosha 250 Beach) . . . .11,000 WEST VIRGINIA •Madison 3.000 •Petersburg 600 •Bluefield-Princeton .250 •Manitowoc 115 •Portsmouth (incl. •Charleston 1,150 •Milwaukee . . . .23,900 Suffolk) 1,100 •Clarksburg 205 •Oshkosh 150 •Richmond .... 10,000 •Huntington 450 •Racine 405 •Roanoke 800 •Morgantown 200 •Sheboygan 250 Williamsburg ... .120 •Parkersburg 155 •Superior 165 •Winchester 110 Weirton 150 Waukesha (incl. in •Wheeling 650 Milwaukee) WASHINGTON •Wausau 155 Bellingham 120 WISCONSIN Bremerton (incl. in •Appleton 250 WYOMING Seattle) •Beloit 120 •Cheyenne 255 •Seattle 16,000 •Eau Clair 120

•Denotes estimate submitted within the last three years. •Florence, Sheffield, Tuscumbia. 'Towns in Chicot, Desha, Drew Counties. 'Includes Alta Loma, Chino, Claremont, Cucamonga, La Verne, Montclair, Ontario, Pomona, San Dimas, Upland. "Centerbrook, Chester, Clinton, Deep River, Essex, Killingworth, Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, Seabrook, Westbrook. 'Ansonia, Derby-Shelton, Oxford, Seymour. 'Greater Washington includes urbanized portions of Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties, Maryland, Arlington County, Fairfax County (organized portion); Falls Church, Alexandria, Virginia. •Rock Island, Moline (Illinois); Davenport, Bettendorf (Iowa). "Towns in Alexander, Bond, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Frank- lin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Johnson, Lawrence, Mas- coupin, Madison, Marion, Massac, Montgomery, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, St. Clair, Saline, Union, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, White, Williamson Counties. Includes Crown Point, East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, Munster, Valparaiso, Whiting, and the Greater Calumet region. Towns in Caroline, Kent, Queen Annes, Talbot Counties. kAllendale, Elmwood Park, Fair Lawn, Franklin Lakes, Oakland, Midland Park, Rochelle Park, Saddle Brook, Wykoff also included in North Jersey estimate. 'Includes Camden and Burlington Counties. "Includes contiguous areas in Hudson, Morris, Somerset, and Union Counties. includes Clayton, Paulsboro, Woodbury. Excludes Newfield; see Vineland. 182 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

"See footnote (m). "Includes Guttenberg, Hudson Heights, North Bergen, North Hudson, Secaucus, Union City, Weehawken, West New York, Woodcliff. "Includes Paterson, Wayne, Hawthorne in Passaic County, and nine towns in Bergen County. See footnote (k). 'Includes Perth Amboy, Metuchen, Edison Township (part), Woodbridge. 'Includes in Middlesex County, Cranbury, Dunellen, East Brunswick, Edison Township (part), Jamesburg, Matawan, Middlesex, Monmouth Junction, Old Bridge, Parlin, Piscataway, South River, Spottswood, in Somerset County, Kendall Park, Somerset; in Mercer County, Hightstown. 'Excludes Kendall Park and Somerset, which are included in Raritan Valley. "Includes in Cumberland County, Norma, Rosenheim, Vineland; in Salem County, Elmer; in Gloucester County, Clayton, Newfield; in Cape May County, Woodbine. •Estimate based on the 1970 National Jewish Population Study. Includes the Bronx, Brook- lyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island, Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties. "Elizabethtown, Fairmont, Jacksonville, Lumberton, Tabor City, Wallace, Warsaw, and Loris, S.C. "Towns in Alfalfa, Beckham, Cadelo, Canadian, Cleveland, Custer, Jackson, Kingfisher, Kiowa, Lincoln, Logan, Oklahoma, Payne, Roger Mills, Tillman, Washita Counties. "Bensalem Township, Bristol, Langhorne, Levittown, New Hope, Newtown, Penndel, War- ington, Yardley. 'Includes Kingsport and Bristol (including the portion of Bristol in Virginia). "Includes communities also in Colorado, Fayette, Gonzales, and La Vaca Counties. "•Denison, Gainesville, Greenville, Paris, Sherman, and Durant (Oklahoma). Canada

Domestic Affairs

REACHED THE END OF 1979 with its promise and potential unfulfilled. The influential Economic Council of Canada titled its annual survey "Two Cheers for the Eighties," and listed a number of "disquieting elements" affecting the current and future economic well-being of the country. Canada was also plagued by political uncertainty; just nine months after the last divisive national election, in which the Conservatives took power for the first time in 16 years, there was to be another round of voting. Prime Minister Joe Clark's minority government fell in December 1979, after introducing one of the most austere budgets in recent times. It was the third shortest government in Canada's 113-year history. There were the usual regional disputes that characterized Canada's brand of fractious federalism. In Quebec the ruling separatist Parti Quebecois scheduled a referendum for the spring of 1980 on its plan, as yet ill-defined, for simulta- neous provincial sovereignty and economic association with Canada. The French-speaking province was also beset by economic out-migration to the West and a cautious investment climate created by the provincial government's move to expropriate the General Dynamics Corporation's holdings in Asbestos Corpo- ration. A smoldering feud between Alberta and Ontario over the price of oil also awaited resolution.

Foreign Relations Little was accomplished by the short-lived Clark government in the area of foreign affairs. It did receive high marks for its liberal policy with regard to the admission of Cambodian "boat people." The prime minister attended the Tokyo economic summit and the Commonwealth meeting in Lusaka. On such issues as Afghanistan, the trouble in Iran, and the Olympic games in Moscow, the government followed the lead of the United States. A well-advertised foreign policy initiative proved to be a major blunder for the Clark government. During the election campaign, Clark had called for the transfer of the Canadian embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, thus granting implicit recognition to Israeli sovereignty over the entire holy city. The Arab countries, of course, were furious, and one, Iraq, temporarily stopped oil exports to Canada. 183 184 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

When Clark came into office, he backed down from his earlier stand. The Canadian Jewish News editorialized: Canada and Israel have enjoyed a warm and most cordial relationship ever since the birth of the Jewish state, and we are confident this bond will not be weakened by the embassy incident. The roots of that friendship run deep and will not be severed by the Canadian government's belated discovery of basic Middle East realities . . . The larger community should not fault Canadian Jewry for wanting to see Jerusalem recognized by Canada as Israel's capital. We are unshaken in our belief that support for recognition of Jerusalem's status as Israel's capital is a just and legitimate cause.

Clark went so far as to state that Canada was prepared to consider the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the official spokesman for the Palestinians. He made it clear, however, that Ottawa would deal with the PLO only if it accepted Israel's right to exist and renounced terrorism. In the 1979 political campaign, Clark had declared that he would enact tough anti-boycott legislation to make certain that Canadian Jews were not victimized by discriminatory contracts. However, the proposed anti-boycott bill was dropped from the government's legislative agenda.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography The Jewish population of Canada in 1979 was estimated at 305,000. Leading Jewish centers were Toronto (120,000); Montreal (100,000); Winnipeg (18,000); Vancouver (14,000); and Ottawa (8,500).

Community Relations Antisemitic graffiti were smeared on the walls of York University's tunnel system connecting various buildings on campus. The culprits were not caught. A cartoon strip with obvious antisemitic overtones, which appeared in the Cana- dian Travel Courier, a Maclean-Hunter publication, aroused anger in the Jewish community, and brought a swift apology from the publisher. Amnesty International Canada suspended distribution of an educational pamphlet, Human Rights Past and Present, which was considered offensive by the joint community relations committee of the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) and B'nai B'rith. One paragraph in the pamphlet had equated the Nazi genocide of Jews with Israeli actions in the Middle East. CJC and B'nai B'rith protested to the Metropolitan Toronto Police Associa- tion about articles appearing in the latter's organizational bulletin which reflected negatively on Jews, blacks, and Roman Catholics. CANADA / 185

The remarks attributed to Pierre Elliott Trudeau, leader of the opposition and immediate past prime minister, that Canadian Jews had "opened the way to growing antisemitism" by making their views known on matters related to Israel and anti- boycott legislation, were viewed with concern by CJC and B'nai B'rith. Rabbi Jordan Pearlson, speaking on behalf of the two organizations, stated: "The Jewish community of Canada understands that matters of principle must often be expressed at cost. To express what we believe to be a danger to all Canadians is regarded by the Jewish community as a Canadian duty as well as a specifically Jewish obligation." The fascist Nationalist party failed to become an official Ontario political organization when the Ontario Commission on Election Finances rejected its application for registration. Approval of the application would have entitled the party to have its name on the election ballot and to collect tax-exempt contributions. Donald Andrews, the Nationalist leader, was released on parole after serving ten months of a two-year prison term for possession of explosives and conspiracy. The Western Guard party was ordered by Canada's first human rights tribunal to cease using the telephone to transmit hate messages. The tribunal met after complaints were lodged with the Canadian Human Rights Commission by the Canadian Holocaust Remembrance Association, the Toronto Zionist Council, and others. The Canadian Human Rights Commission, concluding a six-month investigation, ruled that a controversial contract between Bell Canada Limited and the Saudi Arabian government did not discriminate against Canadian Jews. Windsor-West MP Herb Gray and the Consumers Association of Canada had requested the investigation after a Bell contract was found to contain a clause requiring the company to abide by the customs and traditions of Saudi Arabia. G. Emmett Carter, Roman Catholic archbishop of Toronto, issued an unusual pre-Easter message devoted to Catholic relations with the Jewish people. He examined the Jewish origins of Christianity, referred to "heretical" attempts throughout history to de-Judaize the Christian faith, and dwelt upon Christian responsibility for the Holocaust.

Zionism and Israel The Canada-Israel Committee (CIC), in a major reorganization effort designed to bolster its effectiveness, moved its national headquarters from Montreal to Ot- tawa and increased representation on its governing administrative committee. Henceforth, all policy decisions would require unanimous agreement by the constituent organizations (CJC, Canadian Zionist Federation (CZF), and B'nai B'rith) comprising CIC, which represented the organized Jewish community on all matters concerning Canada-Israel affairs. CIC national director Myer Bick announced his resignation; associate national director Howard Stanislawski was expected to do 186 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 likewise in the near future. In an interview, National Chairman Harold Buchwald disclosed that CIC's annual budget would be reduced by some ten per cent. CZF announced formation of an Israel affairs committee whose first task would be a media and grassroots campaign to push for Canada's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital A record crowd of over 30,000 gathered in Toronto to celebrate Israel's 31st birthday. The festivities included excerpts from the Broadway show Golda, a photographic exhibit, "Jerusalem, Keeping the Past Alive," and an Israeli fashion show. Canadian agriculture minister Eugene Whelan and his Israeli counterpart Ariel Sharon signed an agreement in Jerusalem for the exchange of agricultural scientists and the development of joint agricultural research projects. Due to disappointing sales, Wardair decided to cancel its projected weekly charter flights to Israel. Asher Rahav, director of the Israel tourist office in Canada, voiced regret at the decision. In his view, Wardair had acted too hastily in cancelling the flights.

Soviet Jewry Irwin H. Gold, executive vice president of the Toronto Jewish Congress (TJC), indicated that close to 3,000 Soviet Jews had been aided by Jewish Immigrant Aid Services (JIAS) in Toronto during the past few years. The agency handled an average of 25 families per month. To assist in job placement, JIAS and the Jewish Vocational Service co-sponsored several important training programs. Israel Zalmanson, released by Soviet authorities in 1978 after serving eight years in a prison camp, visited Toronto on October 6-7. The annual Simchat Torah rally on behalf of Soviet Jews took place under the joint sponsorship of the Committee for Soviet Jewry (CSJ) and the Jewish Students' Union-Hillel; approximately 1,000 young people participated. In Montreal, CSJ and the Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry co-sponsored a successful Simchat Torah rally; more than 1,200 people were present. The Canadian Lawyers and Jurists for Soviet Jewry honored Arthur Maloney, Q.C., former ombudsman of Ontario Province. Maloney reported on his recent visit to the Soviet Union, which he had made in the company of Justice Emmett Hall and Brian Goodman.

Holocaust Observances Canada's first memorial to the Holocaust, the Montreal Holocaust Memorial Center, was opened to the public in October. Hundreds openly wept in the Spanish- Portuguese synagogue in Montreal as they sang the "Al Moleh Rachamim" for the six million dead. The commemorative ceremony, organized by the Association of CANADA / 187

Survivors of Nazi Oppression, marked the deposition of an urn of ashes at the Holocaust Memorial Center. The 25th year of Holocaust remembrance services in Toronto forsook speeches for prose, poetry, and song. Organized by Rabbi Dov Shapiro, chairman of TJC's Holocaust remembrance committee, the dramatic presentation took place in the Beth Emeth sanctuary before more than 3,000 people. A symposium, "Crisis in Teaching the Holocaust," was held before an overflow audience at Toronto's Shaarei Shomayim synagogue.

Religion After 40 years of operation, Terminal Beef, Canada's largest single supplier of kosher meat, ceased operation. In recent years the plant had supplied more than a third of the kosher beef available in Toronto and Montreal. The Canadian Jewish News commented editorially: "Shutdowns of kosher slaughterhouses signal a possible crisis for Canadian Jews. The ramifications are unpleasant to contemplate: a scarcity of supply; a possible rise in prices; and the concentration of supply in fewer and fewer hands. In the long-term, these could discourage younger families— and our senior citizens—from following kashrut in their homes, where Judaism begins. With the community already buffeted by assimilation, inter-marriage, and missionary predations, the scarcity of kosher meat is just one problem we do not need." Minister of Consumer Affairs Allan Lawrence and Ontario MPP David Roten- berg were presented with a brief by Montreal and Toronto rabbinic leaders outlining steps needed to curtail misrepresentations of kashrut by butcher shops. The Rabbinat Sepharade du Quebec, the umbrella organization of the 14 Sephar- dic congregations in Montreal, sent a brief to a provincial government commission requesting legal measures to prevent Jewish couples from obtaining a civil divorce before a religious divorce had been granted. The reason for the request, according to Sephardic chief rabbi David Sabbah, was to better protect the rights of Jewish women. Mayor Nolan Filiatrault closed the door to further negotiations on a separate municipal status for the hasidic Tasher settlement in Boisbriand, Quebec. The hasidim had been conducting talks with the town and the Quebec government for over a year, and their struggle had attracted the attention of the media across Canada. A delegation of four leading Toronto Orthodox rabbis met with Roy McMurtry, solicitor general of Ontario, David Rotenberg, MPP, and the chief coroner of Ontario to discuss recently passed legislation calling for the retention of the pituitary gland during a coroner's autopsy. The delegation received assurances that the gland, used to treat pituitary dwarnsm, would not be removed if the family of the deceased raised any objection. 188 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Nearly 3,000 delegates attended the joint biennial assembly of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations and National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, making it one of the largest meetings of Jews ever held in Canada. Highlights of the convention included addresses by Shimon Peres and Rabbi Alexander Schindler, and presentation of Eisendrath awards to Arthur Goldberg, Supreme Court chief justice Bora Laskin, and Rabbi Samuel Cook, former director of the National Federation of Temple Youth. A proposal by Schindler that children of non-Jewish mothers in mixed marriages be accepted as Jews resulted in controversy. Orthodox spokesmen were quick to dismiss the idea. Rabbi Harvey Fields, spiritual leader of Holy Blossom temple and chairman of the Toronto Association of Reform Rabbis, stated that it was "irresponsible" of Schindler to raise the issue without dealing with its implications for "Jewish family life, education, and the synagogue." An assertion by Albert Goldberg, director of the local Israel Aliyah Center, that Jewish community life in Toronto was on the decline, and that even Orthodox groups had accepted the Christian definition of Judaism, came under varying degrees of attack by communal and rabbinic leaders. Goldberg stated in an interview that although the Toronto community was one of the strongest in North America, it had no future. He explained: You can't live a full Jewish life in the Diaspora, and neither can you guarantee that your descendants will be Jews. If you want to remain a Jew, you have to live in Israel... At least half of Toronto's Jews are uninvolved in community affairs. On the university campus, the situation is worse. The younger generation is not attracted to membership in any of the Jewish groups. Asked to comment on Goldberg's observations, Phil Givens, national president of CZF, characterized them as sweeping generalizations without supporting evidence. "I'm always astonished by people who come into the community for a short time and become experts on long-term trends," Givens stated. Rabbi Gun- ther Plaut, national president of CJC, argued that while "it's probably true that young people are not attracted to membership in organizations, . . . that doesn't mean there's no Jewish consciousness among our youth . . . Goldberg's assumption that Jews perceive Judaism through Christian eyes is wrong and out of date."

Jewish Education While a larger percentage of children in Toronto than anywhere else in North America were receiving some form of Jewish education, Jewish educators in that city were not pleased with the existing situation. Approximately 5,100 students attended eight Jewish day schools on the elementary level, but only about a third that number were enrolled in Jewish day high schools. Furthermore, 50 per cent of young Jews in Toronto received no Jewish education at all. Rabbi Irwin E. Witty, director of the Board of Jewish Education, commented: "Today, when Jewish youth CANADA / 189

confront such a wide variety of religious alternatives and lifestyles, the choices are overwhelming and confusing." He called for a maximization of Jewish knowledge, and criticized parents who allowed their children to drop their Jewish studies. Montreal's Jewish school system, with approximately 6,000 children registered in 14 elementary schools and eight high schools, recorded its first drop in enrollment in three years. After more than two years of negotiations with the Association of Jewish Day Schools, the Quebec government agreed to restore an 80 per cent subsidy for all elementary grades. In accordance with government demands, French instruction in the elementary schools increased to 12 hours per week, and was scheduled to rise to 14 hours over the next two years. Rabbi Benjamin Friedberg of Toronto's Beth Tzedec congregation told the Cana- dian Jewish News that pressure should be brought to bear on the government of Ontario to provide funds for Jewish education. Friedberg said, "In the type of Canadian mosaic that all levels of government wish to preserve, significant assistance to Jewish schools in Ontario would be eminently fair." The Ontario court of appeals upheld a ruling that the Associated Hebrew Schools in North York, suburban Toronto, could not set up a publicly supported Jewish school with mandatory religious courses. The Associated Hebrew Schools had sought to join the public school system while retaining its traditional approach to Jewish education.

Jewish Culture The Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada's exhibition, "A Journey into our Heritage," was extremely well received during its showing at the National Archives of Canada. More than 15,000 people in Winnipeg viewed "Shalom Square —Israeli Pavilion," a cultural display sponsored by CZF and the Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada. The Nephesh Theatre Group's production of Children of Night completed a two-week run at the Warehouse Theatre in Winnipeg. The play, written by Gordon Wiseman, featured Paul Kligman as Dr. Janusz Korczak, benefactor of orphans in the Warsaw Ghetto, who died along with many of the children under his care in a Nazi concentration camp. Discussion sessions followed those performances attended by Jewish school students. The second National Conference on Yiddish, held in October at the Shaar Ha- shomayim synagogue in Montreal, attracted more than 2,000 delegates and guests from Canada, the United States, Australia, and Israel. Several thousand people also attended the Yiddish Festival of Theatre and Song in Montreal.

Publications The Public Archives of Canada published A Guide to the Sources for the Study of Canadian Jewry, prepared by Lawrence F. Tapper. 190 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Journalist and historian Abe Arnold of Winnipeg received CJC's Caiserman Award for Jewish Life in Canada, illustrated by the late William Kurelek. Stephen Speisman's The Jews of Toronto: A History to 1937 was widely praised. Shlomo Birnbaum's Yiddish, a Survey and a Grammar, the first such work written in English, was hailed upon publication. Rabbi Yitzhok Oelbaum of Toronto published his fourth book of responsa. Two volumes dealing with aspects of the Holocaust are Elizer Szchory's Night in Day and Leon Kahn's No Time to Mourn. In Diasporas, young poet Seymour Mayne exudes Jewish pride. Rabbi Joseph Carmi's Who's After the Rabbi? is an autobiographical novel dealing with the problems of a rabbi in a small Wisconsin community. Shirley Faessler's first novel, Everything in the Window, a study of Jewish life in Toronto, received favorable reviews. Faessler is the author of many short stories. Nairn Kattan's Paris Interlude is about the coming of age of a young Iraqi Jew. Peretz Miransky, a Toronto-based Yiddish poet and writer, was awarded a $5,000 federal multicultural grant to complete his book of Yiddish fables, Between Smiles and Tears.

Personalia Joseph Kates, computer scientist and former chairman of the Science Council of Canada, was named chancellor of the University of Waterloo. Jack R. Londan was appointed dean of the faculty of law at the University of Manitoba. June Tarshis Bernhard was the first woman to be named a judge in the criminal division of Ontario's provincial court. Elevated to chief justice of the British Co- lumbia court of appeal was Charles Nemetz. The appointment of Nathan Nurgetz to the Canadian Senate made him the sixth Jewish member of that body; the others were David A. Croll, Carl Goldenberg, Sidney Buckwold, Jack Marshall, and Jack Austin. Among those awarded the Order of Canada were Aba Bayefsky, noted artist on the faculty of Ontario Art College; Jack Diamond, Vancouver meat packer involved in numerous civic ventures; Alexander Brott, founder of the McGill Symphony Orchestra; Reuben Cohen, Q.C., Moncton, New Brunswick lawyer and business executive; Joseph Cohen, chief justice of the British Columbia Supreme Court; Reva Gerstein, prominent psychologist and former president of the National Council of Jewish Women of Canada; Barbara Frum, well-known radio and television journalist; Belle Shenklman, prominent promoter of Canadian talent in the arts; and Ethel Stark, music teacher and distinguished orchestra leader. The prestigious Nicholas M. and Hedy J. Munk Geriatric Award was presented to Melvyn J. Ball, associate professor of pathology at the University of Western Ontario, for his work on brain failure. Rabbi Gunther Plaut, national president of CJC, was named winner of the Ben Sadowski Award for exceptional service to the Jewish community. CANADA / 191

Victor Goldbloom resigned his national assembly seat in the Quebec legislature to become president of the Canadian Council of Christians and Jews. Among Canadian personalities who died in 1979 were Shlomo Perla (67), a founder of Betar; David A. Corne (78), founder and publisher of the Western Jewish News of Winnipeg; Samuel Rajzman (89), a leader of the Treblinka concentration camp uprising; Morris Surdin (65), composer and conductor with the CBC for more than 40 years; Samuel Granatstein (73), long-time leader of the Toronto Jewish community; Sam Yuchtman (69), Toronto radio impresario; Richard E. Dwor (68), widely known for his inter-faith activities in the Niagara peninsula; Rabbi Arthur Brodey, former executive director of Canadian Women's ORT; and Sheila Henig, concert pianist.

BERNARD BASKIN Western Europe

Great Britain

Domestic Affairs

A HE DOMINATING EVENT OF 1979 WAS THE DEFEAT at the polls of the Labor government, and its replacement by a Conservative administration headed by Margaret Thatcher. In the general election on May 3, the Conservatives secured an overall majority of 43 seats. In part, the Labor government's unpopularity was due to a rash of strikes that lasted through the winter and into April; among the strikers were lorry drivers, hospital workers, and grave diggers. The Labor government was also embarrassed by the failure of its plans for devolution in Wales and Scotland; in separate referenda, four out of five Welsh voters opposed devolution, while the majority in Scotland was so small that the legislation lapsed. The new Conservative government introduced a strict monetarist policy aimed at curtailing the growth of credit and restricting public expenditure. It removed all exchange controls and foreswore any attempt at a wage policy. Plans were also announced for curbing excessive trade union power. However, in November, the government had to increase the minimum lending rate from 14 to 17 per cent in order to restrain the growth of credit. Moreover, it had little success in controlling wage inflation, which, by the end of the year, was again approaching 20 per cent. Nor was industrial investment showing any sign of picking up. An engineers' strike was settled, but at year's end a threatened strike in the steel industry brought back memories of the previous winter of discontent. All 301 right-wing National Front (NF) candidates in the general election were defeated; they gained a total of 191,267 votes, compared with the 114,415 votes obtained by 90 candidates in the previous general election. To counter the NF election effort, the Board of Deputies of British Jews issued some 2.5 million leaflets attacking the group. Leaflets were also distributed by the Anti-Nazi League (ANL), which reached agreement with the Board to keep in touch on an "informal friendly basis, exchanging information and ideas, and resolving . . . differences in a sensible fashion." After violence occurred at NF marches through London's Southall and Leicester in April, Board of Deputies president Lord Fisher condemned the policy of confrontation as practiced by the Socialist Workers' party, Socialist Unity, and

192 GREAT BRITAIN / 193 other groupings of the extreme left. Their actions, Fisher stated, gave the NF "massive publicity, unmerited sympathy, and cast the neo-Nazis in the role of upholders of free speech."

Relations with Israel In March Prime Minister Callaghan publicly pledged Britain's complete support for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty, "the first significant step toward a comprehensive settlement of the problems in the Middle East." Britain's concurrence in the increasingly pro-Arab pronouncements of the Euro- pean Economic Community brought a complaint from Zionist Federation (ZF) chairman Eric Moonman. In response, Lord Carrington, the Conservative foreign secretary, stated that "the government's view is that the provisions of Resolution 242 for Israeli withdrawal apply to East Jerusalem just as to the other occupied territories; we have never recognized the validity of Israeli actions which purported to change the status of the city." Carrington summarized government thinking in a speech at the United Nations in September, which stressed the need for Israel to cease its settlement policy in the occupied territories. Such settlements, he argued, prejudiced chances of progress in the autonomy talks. They also made it more difficult to achieve a comprehensive Middle East settlement "based on the effective application of Resolution 242 in all its parts." A broad international consensus, Carrington stated, recognized that Resolution 242 was incomplete in not taking account of the political rights of the Palestinians. "This, I believe, is an area in which Resolution 242 may be supplemented," he added. The British government believed that a settlement which did not "command the broad assent of the Palestinian people" could not last. However, if the Palestinians were to exercise the right to determine their own future as a people, "this had to be in the context of a negotiated peace settlement which guaranteed Israel's right to a peaceful and permanent existence within secure boundaries." There was no change in the official attitude toward the PLO. As Prime Minister Thatcher put it in October: We condemn without reservation Palestinian terrorism including terrorist acts carried out in Israel, and the occupied territories for which the PLO claims responsibility. Nevertheless the government continues to regard the PLO as primarily a political umbrella grouping whose views can not be ignored in the search for a comprehensive Middle East settlement. Without Palestinian acceptance, a lasting peace will not be possible, and the PLO plays an important part in the determination of Palestinian attitudes. We shall continue to urge on them acceptance of Resolution 242 and Israel's right to exist within secure and recognized boundaries. Until they take this step, their wish to be accepted as a responsible party to the Arab-Israel dispute is likely to remain unfulfilled. In September a new group, United Kingdom Palestine Coordination, opened a far-reaching campaign in support of the Palestinian cause. In October the general management committee of the Hackney North-Stoke Newington branch of the 194 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Labor party passed a motion declaring "its opposition to the Zionist State of Israel" and fully supporting "the struggle of the Palestinian people for the liberation of their homeland and the establishment of a non-sectarian secular society in Palestine." In December the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding called on Great Britain to "take the initiative" in recognizing the PLO and reconvening the Geneva Conference. In August the Jerusalem district court rejected a libel action by Christopher Mayhew and Michael Adams against the Israeli newspaper Maariv, ruling that their criticism of Israel and Zionism in Publish It Not: The Middle East Cover Up was, in fact, Nazi-like in character. In April ZF's Jews in Arab lands committee drew the attention of United Nations secretary-general Kurt Waldheim to the plight of Syrian Jewry. In June the same committee protested against the executions of Habib Elghanian, the president of the Iranian Jewish community, and Mukhtaran Bascohen, an Iranian Jewess. In October, despite Israeli protest, Britain agreed to sell Jordan 270 tanks.

Arab Boycott With Britain's exports to the Arab world at over £3,000 million in 1978, government reaction to the recommendations of the select committee on Lord Byer's foreign boycott bill (see AJYB, 1980, Vol. 80, p. 199) was limited to new, firmer guidelines issued by the Department of Trade. The guidelines, which aimed at encouraging British businessmen to trade with both Israel and the Arab countries, restated government opposition to "all trade boycotts that lack international support and authority. Government policy is to maintain friendly relations with the Arab states and Israel, and it is therefore against the introduction into commercial documents and transactions of clauses and undertakings which are intended to restrict the commercial freedom of British firms to trade with all countries in the Middle East." Despite this, however, the foreign office decided in November to continue authenticating negative certificates of origin. Although British imports from Israel increased in 1978 (to £189.2 million, from £159 million in 1977), British exports to Israel declined (to £243.6 million, from £274 million in 1977) as a result of the boycott, according to Lewis Goodman, retiring chairman of the Anglo-Israel Chamber of Commerce, which during 1979 held a series of seminars to promote trade with, and investment in, Israel. By August an upturn in trade was evident; British exports to Israel in the first six months of 1979 stood at £145 million, 15 per cent higher than in the comparable period in 1978, and imports at £120 million, up by 14 per cent. In September the National Coal Board agreed to sell the Israel Electricity Board 250,000 tons of coal annually over a three-year period. In February the Bank of England and the Treasury consented to the sale of Israel Bonds in Britain. GREAT BRITAIN / 195 JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography The Jewish population of Great Britain was estimated to be 410,000. Leading Jewish population centers were London (260,000), Manchester (35,000), Leeds (18,000), and Glasgow (13,000). The Board of Deputies' research unit reported in July that synagogue marriages continued to decline; there was a total of 1,291 in 1978, 86 fewer than in 1977. The greatest proportional loss, with 89 marriages in 1978 as against 103 in 1977, was experienced by the traditionalist Orthodox element. Among the modern Orthodox, 895 marriages were recorded in 1978 as compared with 953 in 1977, while in the Reform-Liberal sector, the respective figures were 266 and 278. Total burials, at 4,901 in 1978, showed an increase of 152 over 1977, but were very close to the general community average. No synagogue grouping married more people than it buried, but Reform's proportion of young people marrying, at 13.6 per cent, continued to significantly exceed its proportion of deaths among the aged (9.8 per cent).

Communal Affairs The revised constitution of the Board of Deputies, which came into force in June, implemented some of the recommendations that had been put forward in the Wol- kind and Mishcon reports. Innovations included provision for a youth committee and a ban on the election of deputies over 72 years of age as honorary officers or committee chairmen. Further plans, as announced by Greville Janner, the new Board of Deputies president, included the formation of a press and public relations committee whose purpose would be to change the Board of Deputies' image as "a public talking shop." Lack of care facilities for an increasing elderly population continued to be a cause of communal concern. Hammerson House and Westmount, residential establishments managed by the London Jewish Housing Committee (LJHC), had a joint waiting list of 400. In December LJHC closed its waiting list for sheltered flatlets at 500, though organization director Alan Silverman indicated that government finance for further projects was available if suitable sites could be found. LJHC also provided flatlets for 223 people through such groups as the B'nai B'rith Housing Society, which opened its North-West London project in June, and the Westlon Housing Association, which, in March, acquired a Hendon, London site. Jewish Welfare Board (JWB) executive director Melvyn Carlowe warned that spiralling inflation and government social-service cutbacks threatened JWB's residential establishments which had 432 places. JWB had reduced its waiting list to 150-170 by introducing such services as meals-on-wheels, friendship clubs, and day centers (including Michael Sobell House in North-West London, which was officially opened by Princess Margaret in September), and looked forward to making 196 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 still further progress in this regard when its Redbridge project opened (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, p. 201), and if Birchlands Jewish Hospital in Wandsworth were transferred to Nightingale House, the home for aged Jews, as was mooted. Nightin- gale House had a waiting list of 300, according to executive director Asher Corren. In November work began on the first housing project for the elderly sponsored by the Leo Baeck Housing Association. In December Jewish Blind Society (JBS) chairman David J. Lewis stated that because of the growth in number of elderly Jewish blind, JBS had acquired a site in London for a residential establishment. In December Stuart Young, co-chairman of the Central Council for Jewish Social Services, announced the formation of an advisory council on the elderly that would investigate needs and suggest improvements in existing services. In March plans were announced to extend Ravenswood Village's care for the mentally handicapped. In July Sidney Frosh, joint treasurer of the Jewish Children's Welfare Organization, reported that Norwood Homes for Jewish Children had purchased a building in Hendon to house handicapped children. In September the Barnet borough council gave its approval to a plan to erect a sheltered housing block on the Michael Sobell site to accommodate 20 disabled youth. A National Jewish Youth Council was formed in January with the aims of attracting more Jews into youth movements, developing a unified youth policy, and pressuring communal organizations to increase resources for youth activities. In July the Council obtained representation on the Board of Deputies and the Confer- ence of Solidarity with Israel. In December Britain's Union of Jewish Students voted to secede from the World Union of Jewish Students. In April the Board for Jewish Sport was formed.

Zionism and Aliyah In June the conferences of ZF and the Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi Federation ratified a merger agreement to form the United Federation of Zionists. However, the plan had still not been implemented by year's end. In May the Board of Deputies voted to accept Poale Zion as an affiliated organization. In July Malvyn Benjamin, co-chairman of the Herut Movement of Great Britain, was appointed a judge of the Zionist Supreme Court. Britain's aliyah figure for 1978 stood at 1,005; this was 23 per cent higher than in 1977. The rise, attributed to more and better information being available about opportunities for settling in Israel, continued in the first eight months of 1979, when 949 people went on aliyah. GREAT BRITAIN / 197 Soviet Jewry June Jacobs, chairman of the National Council for Soviet Jewry (NCSJ), stated in February that her organization had "no policy to press for withdrawal" from the Olympic games, and only sought to ensure that Israel participated on an equal basis. However, in November NCSJ called on the International Olympic Committee to urge the Soviet government to release Soviet Jewish prisoners of conscience before the games took place in Moscow. Continued efforts on behalf of Soviet Jewry frequently centered around individual refuseniks. Thus, in June, Ida Nudel Day provided an opportunity for a delegation of prominent women, organized by Conscience, to approach the prime minister. Political conferences were also utilized to obtain support, e.g., London and Liver- pool members of the 35s (Women's Campaign for Soviet Jewry) collected signatures at the Blackpool trade union congress in September; former refusenik Wulf Zal- monson addressed a gathering at the Labor party conference in September; and a delegation of Manchester 35s met with Prime Minister Thatcher at the Conservative party conference in October. In addition, there were protests by the 35s during a Soviet computer exhibition at Wembley in October and during a performance by "stars of the Soviet Union" from Lithuania at Glasgow's King's Theatre in Novem- ber. Non-Jewish support for Soviet Jewry was forthcoming in a variety of ways. In May the Greater Manchester Council decided to withhold subsidies to visiting Soviet delegations until "the USSR demonstrates that it has ceased persecuting its citizens in accordance with the Declaration of Human Rights." In October the Sheffield City Council urged Soviet authorities in Donetsk in the Ukraine to com- mute death sentences imposed on four Jews. In December the prime minister and foreign secretary renewed their pledge to continue efforts for "basic human rights for Jews as well as for other minorities in the Soviet Union." In May an all-party parliamentary committee was set up to demand details of the fate of Raoul Wallenberg.

Religion Synagogue Affiliation in the United Kingdom, 1977, published by the Board of Deputies' research unit, placed total synagogue membership at 111,000, a decline of 6 per cent from the 1970 figure. Most of the decline was in Greater London, and was explicable in part by migration to surrounding areas and by decreased multiple memberships. A breakdown of membership in London indicated a shift from the modern Orthodox to both the traditional Orthodox and Progressive groups. The number of congregations (368 in 1970; 351 in 1977) and synagogue buildings (345 in 1970; 315 in 1977) fell because of amalgamations and closures arising from high operating costs. 198 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

In April the United Synagogue (US) set up a committee of honorary officers to review its financial structure and make recommendations for equitable communal taxation and simplified accounting methods. Despite substantial salary increases for US ministers, readers, beadles, and clerical staff, there were ten major synagogue posts vacant in the 200 synagogues under the chief rabbi's jurisdiction. There was a shortfall in religious functionaries being trained at Jews' College; the school had produced only 12 ministers and nine cantors over the past seven years. In November Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits, in association with US and Jews' College, presented a scheme designed to change the system of appointing ministers. The plan called for the creation of a placement committee and the development of a career structure whereby ministers could expect promotion to more important posts over time. There were no shortages of personnel in the Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues, which had 23 synagogues, or in the Reform Synagogues of Great Britain (RSGB), which had 29 congregations. A Leo Baeck College spokesman reported that 60 rabbis had been ordained since the school had opened in 1956. In July RSGB launched a £1 million appeal to establish a Reform Foundation that would fund an education department and provide material assistance to newly developed synagogues. In April Chief Rabbi Jakobovits refused to join the Beth Din of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations and several rashe yeshivot in a blanket denuncia- tion of Reform and Liberal Judaism. He stated: "Where we differ (with the traditionalist Orthodox) is in how we deal with them (Reform and Liberal Judaism). I operate a clear line of demarcation. On matters on which we are united—Soviet Jewry, Israel, Jewish defense, Jewish-Christian relations—we cannot write them off." In November the Federation of Synagogues announced that non-political religious Zionist societies would be established in all its synagogues. The National Council of Shechita Boards launched a campaign in June to encourage the purchase of home-produced poultry products. This followed the announcement of expansion plans by the United Kingdom distributor of Empire Kosher Products, which were imported from the United States. An agreement in principle to amalgamate was reached in August by the Federation of Synagogues' Kashrus Board, the Sephardi Kashrut Authority, and the Kashrus Commission. In June the US Council approved the appointment of Rabbi Isaac Dov Berger as full-time dayan of the London Beth Din.

Jewish Education Five thousand more day school places in the 1980's were among the aims of the chief rabbi's Jewish Educational Development Trust (JEDT), which in October appealed for £1 million over a five-year period. Other objectives included a better balance between primary and secondary educational facilities (currently there are GREAT BRITAIN / 199 five places in the former for every three in the latter); more nursery schools; an improvement in the quality of education; selective assistance to Jewish schools, particularly in less affluent areas; and increased contacts with Jewish pupils in non-Jewish schools. In the 1970's, JEDT had helped build six schools providing 1,400 places; had supported the expansion of four other schools serving over 3,000 pupils; had given financial assistance to ten schools to expand their Jewish studies offerings; had mounted rescue operations to ensure the continuation of three schools; and had provided teacher-training scholarships to over 100 individuals. The total number of pupils attending classes administered by the London Board for Jewish Religious Education rose slightly to 9,251 in 1978. A fall in the number attending synagogue classes (6,249 in 1978 as against 6,407 in 1977) was more than offset by increased attendance at withdrawal classes. Classes in developing Jewish areas increased significantly. Following a Board decision, education fees for children of US members were raised so as to provide additional funds for teachers' salaries. It was hoped, said Board chairman Ronald Rabson, that more teachers would be available as a result. New projects related to education included a program announced by Youth Aliyah providing tuition according to the English system for British secondary school pupils in Israeli schools, and a combined Jews' College-US scheme offering a wide range of courses on various facets of the Jewish tradition. Rabbi Jonathan Sachs, who was in charge of the latter project, explained that there was a new sense of urgency within Jews' College to bring its activities to the community at large. In August B'nai B'rith First Lodge of England decided to establish a senior fellowship in memory of Sir Israel Brodie at the Oxford Center for Post-Graduate Hebrew Studies.

Publications The Jewish Chronicle -Harold H. Wingate Literary Awards went to Emanuel Litvinoff for his novel, The Face of Terror, and to Nelly Wilson for her biographical study, Bernard Lazare. Aspects of Zionism were treated in Letters to my Israeli Sons by Lynne Reid Banks; The Left Against Zion, edited by Robert Wistrich; and The Palestine Trian- gle: The Struggle between the British, the Jews, and the Arabs, 1935-1948 by Nicho- las Bethell. Suez: The Double War by Roy Fullick and Geoffrey Powell covered one episode in Israeli history. Other books about Israel included The Land of Israel by Hilla and Max Jacoby, and The Israeli Air Force Story by Murray Rubenstein and Richard Goldman. Works on Jewish-Gentile relations included Britain and the Jews of Europe by Bernard Wasserstein; Mussolini and the Jews by Meir Michaelis; Anti-semitism in British Society, 1876-1939 by Colin Holmes; Political Anti-semitism in England, 1918-1939 by Gisela C. Lebzelter; and Final Journey: The Fate of the Jews in Nazi Europe by Martin Gilbert. 200 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Aspects of contemporary English Jewish history were studied in The Streets of the East End by William J. Fishman; Bright Star of Exile by Lulla Rosenfeld; The Rothschilds at Waddesdon Manor by Mrs. James Rothschild; and A Coat of Many Colours: Memoirs of a Jewish Experience by Chaim Raphael. Other Jewish historical works included The Jewish World, edited by Elie Kedou- rie; The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, Vol. II, by Emil Schiirer, revised and edited by Geza Vermes and Fergus Millar; Civilizations of the Holy Land by Paul Johnson; and Ebla: An Archeological Enigma by Chaim Ber- mant and Michael Weitzman. Religious studies included Shabbethai Safer and his Prayer-Book by Stefan C. Reif; The Book of Daniel by Andre Lacocque; Two Prague Haggadahs, edited with an introduction by Chimen Abramsky; and A Backdoor to Heaven by Lionel Blue. Works on Jewish art included Vision of the Temple by Helen Rosenau; Judaism by Michael Kaniel; and Hebrew Manuscript Painting by Joseph Gutmann. Among notable works of fiction were Spring Sonata by Bernice Rubens; Rasp- berry Reich by Wolf Mankowitz; Sleeps Six by Frederic Raphael (who also published Cracks in the Ice, a collection of essays); Almonds and Raisins by Maisie Mosco; The Intruder by Gillian Tindall; and The Lost Tribe by Jack Ronder.

Personalia British Jews who were made life peers in 1979 included Harold Lever, chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Labor government; Sir Myer Galpern, former deputy speaker of the House of Commons; and George Strauss, former "father of the House" and one-time minister of supply. Knighthoods were conferred on Isaac Hai Jacob, Q.C., senior master of the Supreme Court and Queen's remembrancer; Raphael Tuck; and Montague Levine, Prime Minister Callaghan's physician. Harry Kenneth Woolf was knighted on his appointment as a High Court judge. British Jews who died in 1979 included Sir Mark Henig, former lord mayor of Leicester and one-time chairman of the English Tourist Board, in January, aged 67; Alfred Bermel, leading Stepney personality, in January, aged 78; Arnold Harris, communal worker, in January, aged 84; Sissie Laski, Sephardi communal personality, in February, aged 84; Sir Israel Brodie, emeritus chief rabbi of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, in February, aged 83; Heinz W. Cassirer, philos- opher, in February, aged 75; Claude Rogers, painter, in February, aged 72; Dennis Gabor, professor of applied electronic physics and Nobel Prize winner, in February, aged 78; Sir John Cohen, food retailer and philanthropist, in March, aged 80; Yvonne Mitchell, actress and writer, in March, aged 53; Leslie Paisner, solicitor, in April, aged 70; Sir Leon Bagrit, automation and electronics expert, in April, aged 77; David J. Kamhi, Semitic scholar, in April, aged 44; Maurice Orbach, communal worker and Zionist, in April, aged 76; Professor Alfred Bloch, engineer, in May, aged 74; Berty Gudansky, vice president, Federation of Women Zionists, in May, aged 75; Eric Ceadel, orientalist and Cambridge University librarian, in June, aged GREAT BRITAIN / 201

58; Isidore Walton, Glasgow property magnate and philanthropist, in June, aged 66; Sir Charles Clore, industrialist, financier, and philanthropist, in July, aged 74; Sir Richard Jessel, banker, in July, aged 83; Reverend Dr. Reuben Brookes, Birming- ham minister and author, in August, aged 65; Sir Otto Kahn-Freund, international law expert, in August, aged 78; Sir Ernst Boris Chain, bio-chemist and Nobel Prize winner, in August, aged 73; Reverend Isaac Livingstone, doyen of Anglo-Jewry, in September, aged 94; Professor Asher Winegarten, economist and statistician, in September, aged 57; Solomon Teff, Board of Deputies president 1964-1967, in September, aged 87; Rabbi Leib Lopian, joint principal, Gateshead yeshiva, in September, aged 69; Maurice Bannister, musician, in September, aged 82; Samuel, Lord Fisher of Camden, retiring Board of Deputies president, prominent in communal service, socialism, and local government, in October, aged 74; Leslie Grade, impresario, in October, aged 63; Sonnie Bloch, publisher, in October, aged 61; Harold Hyam Wingate, businessman and philanthropist, in October, aged 78; Sir Louis Halle Gluckstein, lawyer, civic leader, parliamentarian, and communal per- sonage, in October, aged 82; Sir Ben Lewis Barnett, former deputy director-general, General Post Office, in November, aged 85; Rabbi Yaacov Gardyn, former rosh hashochetim of the London Beth Din and the Board of Shechita, in November; Ben Zion Beinart, Barber Professor of Jurisprudence, Birmingham University, in No- vember, aged 65; Sydney Tafler, character actor, in November, aged 63; Anne Posnansky, honorary vice president, Federation of Women Zionists, in December; Jack Solomons, boxing promoter, in December, aged 77; Jack Ronder, author, in December, aged 55; Abba Bornstein, Orthodox communal leader and Zionist, in December, aged 79.

LIONEL AND MIRIAM KOCHAN France

Domestic Affairs

IL,N 1979 THE GAP widened between the partners in the Socialist-Commu- nist opposition coalition, with Communist secretary-general Georges Marchais ac- cusing Socialist leader Francois Mitterrand of supporting Giscard d'Estaing's administration. On September 20, for the first time since the defeat of the left in the 1978 presidential elections, there was a summit meeting of Socialist and Communist leaders. Their disagreements persisted, but they decided to "encourage any conver- gences that might manifest themselves." Inside the Socialist party, the conflict grew more bitter between Mitterrand and Pierre Rocard, an aspirant to party leadership whose popularity in the polls rose at the same time that Mitterrand's steadily declined. This development raised the possibility that Rocard might become the coalition's presidential candidate in the 1981 elections. At the 23rd Communist party congress in May some intellectuals openly dissented from the party line.

Antisemitism There was a running debate as to whether antisemitism in France was on the rise or on the wane. To judge by the public opinion polls, overt antisemitism, i.e., a categorical rejection of Jews, was clearly declining. Thus, more Frenchmen today than in the past were prepared to accept a Jewish president of the republic, or a Jewish son- or daughter-in-law. At the same time, however, there was strong evidence of a rise in racist sentiment, which, for the moment, expressed itself primarily in a hostility toward Arabs. Any consideration of the status of antisemitism had to take account of the ideological ascendancy of the "New Right." Reaping a great moral and political harvest from the malaise and decrepitude of French Marxism, "New Right" ideo- logues, such as Louis Pauwels and Alain de Benoist, advanced ideas very close to some elements of late 19th-century racism, the precursor of Hitlerian ideology. The "New Right" intellectuals spoke out in opposition to Judeo-Christian morality and praised not only classical Greek paganism, but also pre-Christian German and Celtic paganism. The proponents of these ideas were highly cultivated men, trained in science and philosophy; their style of writing and debate was refined, free of the vulgar language found in most racist propaganda. "New Right" spokesmen denied that they were antisemitic, pointing out that they did not seek discriminatory measures against Jews, and condemned Nazi crimes. Their racism, however, had clearly dangerous implications.

202 FRANCE / 203

One organization which was considered part of the "New Right" was Groupe- ment de Recherche et d'Etude sur la Civilisation (Research and Study Group on Civilization), which organized a colloquium in Paris in December. Some young Jews claiming to be members of the Organisation Juive de Defense (Jewish Defense Organization) attacked the meeting hall where the colloquium was being held and, in the ensuing brawl, people on both sides were wounded. Various Jewish delegations went to Cologne to attend the trial of Kurt Lischka, a Nazi who was accused of responsibility for deporting French Jews. The delegations marched through the streets of the Rhine city where, according to reports, young Germans repeatedly expressed their sympathy and solidarity. In Paris, anti-Jewish graffiti proliferated, mostly in subway corridors, but also on the walls of synagogues, including the great synagogue on the rue de la Victoire. The usual message was "Les Juifs dehors!" (Jews Out!). There was a hint of antisemitism in the campaign against the legalization of contraceptive devices, a measure associated with Simone Veil, a former cabinet minister who was now president of the Council of Europe. At the Council headquarters in Strasbourg, demonstrations by peasants against price-setting for- mulas for agricultural products were accompanied by antisemitic harangues of Veil. The broadcast of Holocaust in France did not have the great impact it had in West Germany, although it was widely discussed in high school classes and other forums. Criticism of the production in the press and elsewhere faulted its "fabricated" quality. In December Pierre Goldman, a staff member of the extreme-left newspaper Liberation, who had been released from a long prison term the year before, was shot dead near his Paris home. A clandestine organization calling itself "police honor" (although completely unknown to the authorities) claimed responsibility. It was believed that the killing was a protest against Goldman's acquittal at a second trial (in 1976) for murder, after being found guilty in the first. Although it was not certain that antisemitism was the motive for his assassination, it seemed probable, and the crime was attributed to one of France's extreme-right, pro-fascist, antisemitic groups. Nothing came of the police investigation. Goldman, a tragic figure in the post-war generation, was a fascinating personality. The son of a Polish immigrant and Jewish resistance fighter, he became a militant in various Communist youth movements. Subsequently, he joined the ultra-revolutionary underground, became a guerrilla in Latin America, returned to Paris where he evaded military service, and took to crime. Charged with four holdups and a murder, Goldman confessed to the former crimes, but vigorously denied the latter one. He spent six years in prison, during which he acquired several university degrees and wrote a moving book, Memoires obscures d'un Juifpolonais ne en France ("Dark Memories of a Polish Jew Born in France"), in which he showed an acute Jewish consciousness, and rejected all connection with the anti-Israel, pro-Pales- tinian attitudes of his leftist friends. After his release, Goldman joined the staff of 204 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Liberation, but also wrote for the Jewish press, especially L 'Arche. He was 35 years old the day he died. At lunch time on March 26, a violent explosion shook the area of Le Foyer Media's, a Paris kosher restaurant frequented by Jewish university students, leaving some 30 wounded. Because the attack occurred the day after the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty had been signed, it was assumed that it was the work of "Palestinian" terrorists. No organization claimed responsibility, and the police failed to find the perpetrators. The day after the incident, Jewish and anti-racist organizations held a protest rally in front of the wrecked restaurant.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography The Jewish population of France was estimated to be 650,000. Paris was the leading Jewish center, with a population of 300,000. Other important Jewish communities were Marseilles (65,000), Nice (20,000), Lyons (20,000), and Toulouse (18,000).

Communal Activities In her report to the annual meeting of the Fonds Social Juif Unifie (FSJU, United Jewish Philanthropic Fund), Secretary-General Nicole Goldman predicted that the number of "social cases" requiring assistance would decrease progressively as a result of general material prosperity among Jews in France. The budget report by FSJU treasurer David de Rothschild indicated that the organization's 12 million franc deficit had been reduced by half, following an agreement with the Jewish Agency on a new formula for apportioning funds between Israel and local programs. The FSJU budget was expected to increase. On November 22 a special meeting of the Conseil Representatif des Institutions Juives en France (CRIF, Representative Council of Jewish Institutions in France) discussed possible action against the projected visit of Palestine Liberation Organi- zation (PLO) chief Yasir Arafat, which was considered an "offense to the Jewish community." It was decided to undertake an information campaign exposing the PLO's true aims and its direct responsibility for terrorist murders in Israel and elsewhere. Immediately after his accreditation, the new Israeli ambassador, Meir Rosenne, was received by Jewish organizations, including the World Jewish Congress, FSJU, and CRIF. Avi Primor succeeded Abraham Ben-Ami as director of services for the Jewish Agency. Primor was also delegate-general of the World Zionist Organiza- tion. A new organization, Renouveau Juif (Jewish Renewal), was created to gather Jewish youth into a mass movement. Its chief promoter was Henri Hajdenberg, a FRANCE / 205 young lawyer, who felt that the French Jewish community was showing increased vitality but seemed unable to properly channel it. Hajdenberg's aim was to develop a "Jewish power politics" in France modeled on the U.S. pattern. Renouveau Juif enjoyed the approval of the Jewish Agency, as it supported the Israeli government without reservation and vigorously opposed Giscard d'Es- taing's Middle East policy. It was estimated that 1,700 French Jews went on aliyah in 1979.

Religion As the retirement of France's octogenarian chief rabbi, Jacob Kaplan, drew near, the question arose as to who would be his successor. Kaplan declined to take a stand on the matter, thus leaving the choice to an electoral college made up of delegates from all the Jewish communities in the country. The leading candidate was thought to be Strasbourg's chief rabbi, Max Warchavski, who, like Rabbi Kaplan, was a Zionist. The post of chief rabbi of Paris, vacant since 1978, had not yet been filled by year's end. Institutionalized religious life in France continued with little change. Only 15 per cent of Jewish schoolchildren received a religious education. On the other hand, 90 per cent of deceased Jews were buried in traditional religious manner. If there was little change in the pace of community-sponsored religious life, there was a noticeable growth in activity by marginal groups such as the Lubavitcher hasidim, whose proselytizing attracted more and more attention in various circles of Jewish youth, including the assimilated. The Lubavitcher activists did not propagate a specific hasidic doctrine, but rather encouraged the observance of basic religious commandments. Only a short time ago, the militant hasidim were mostly Yiddish-speaking East Europeans, but now almost all spoke French and many were of North African origin. The contemporary Jewish scene in France, certainly in Paris, was being greatly affected by their distinctive presence. The synagogues at Reims and Dijon celebrated their 100th anniversaries in 1979. Among those present at the ceremonies were municipal authorities, regional representatives to the national parliament, and Chief Rabbi Jacob Kaplan. In honor of the Dijon centennial, the postal authorities issued a stamp bearing a picture of the synagogue. The synagogue at Drancy, a Paris suburb, which had been badly damaged by an accidental fire in 1978, was restored; the Communist mayor attended the rededication.

Jewish Education The Maimonides School of Paris, the first Jewish lycee (high school) in France, acquired land on which to erect a new building accommodating 750 students. At the initiative of FSJU, three forums, one in Paris and two in the provinces, were held on ways of spreading Jewish culture. The participants expressed great 206 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 concern about widespread Jewish illiteracy in France, and gave thought to the possibility of creating "people's universities" offering Jewish studies. Courses in modern Hebrew were being taught in about ten high schools in the Paris region and in about 20 others in the provinces. This development reflected the growing acceptance of Hebrew as a first or second living language meeting the requirements for the baccalaureate examinations. In Paris, Yiddish was taught on the university level at the School for Eastern Languages, at the Faculty of Letters, and at the Centre Universitaire d'Etudes Juives (CUEJ, University Center for Jewish Studies). There were also teaching chairs in Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) and Judeo-Arabic.

Jewish Culture Neo-Yiddishism, as a cultural expression with a non-Zionist, if not anti-Zionist, political connotation, was a growing tendency among young Jews who had broken wholly or partly with the anarchic leftism of the May 1968 "revolution." The neo-Yiddishist movement aligned itself more or less with the regionalism or autono- mism now popular among several of France's ethnic groups—Corsicans, Bretons, and Languedocians. Among Jews, it created a paradoxical situation—regionalism without a region. The concrete expressions of this trend were productions of some plays and the reading of Yiddish works in French translation. At the end of the year a new periodical reflecting neo-Yiddishism, Combat pour la Diaspora (Fight for the Diaspora), was launched; its young promoters, some of them former members of leftist groups or the Communist party, preached secular Jewish cultural autonomy. Parallel to the Yiddish trend, in a cause and effect relation to it and with the same generation of French Jews involved, one could see the outlines of a Sephardic cultural and political revival which expressed itself in terms of a principled support for diasporism. Toward the end of the year, an Association of Arab Jews was organized, with a pro-Palestinian bias, but with very meager resources. A Spanish- language branch of Sephardism functioned mostly around the Hispanic studies departments of the universities which offered Ladino.

Publications There was a surge of novels by Jews of North African origin. Balace Bounel (Editions Ramsay), by Marco Coscas, which won a literary prize, is a humorous, folkloristic evocation of the Jewish community in a small Tunisian town. Sud profond ("Deep South," Editions des Autres), by Maurice Partouche, is about Jewish childhood in the Algerian city of Oran. Le sang de I'autre ("Blood of the Other," Albin Michel), by Henri Mechoulam, is an important historical work about Jewish fate under the Spanish inquisition. Un peuple de trop sur la terre ("A Superfluous People on the Earth," Presses FRANCE / 207 d'Aujourd'hui), by Wladimir Rabi, is a diatribe against the Jewish establishment in France. Rabi is a well-known Jewish leftist. The 1979 WIZO Prize went to Nous autres Juifs ("We Other Jews," Hachette), by Arnold Mandel.

Personalia Joseph Kessel, the famous novelist, reporter, and member of the Academie Fran- c.aise, died in Paris in July. Born in Argentina of Polish and Russian Jewish parents, he was brought to France as a young child, fought in the Air Force during World War I, and in the 1920's won great fame for bis reportage and adventure stories. He was one of the first French authors to write, in a novel entitled Terre d'amour ("Land of Love"), about Jewish Palestine. He became a correspondent during Israel's War of Independence. His introductory address to the French Academy after his election included a clear declaration that he was a foreign-born Jew.

ARNOLD MANDEL Central Europe

Federal Republic of Germany

Domestic Affairs

s JULY 1, 1979 Karl Carstens of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) took office as the new president of the Federal Republic. He had been elected by the federal parliament to succeed Walter Scheel. Also in July CDU and the Christian Social Union (CSU), the opposition parties in the federal lower house, chose Franz Josef Strauss as their candidate for chancellor in the 1980 elections. In the state parliament elections in Berlin and Rhineland-Palatinate on March 18, the governing parties retained their majorities; the results in Berlin were CDU, 44 per cent; Social Democratic party (SDP), 43 per cent; and the Free Democratic party (FDP), 8 per cent; the results in Rhineland-Palatinate were CDU, 50 per cent; SPD, 42 per cent; FDP, 6 per cent; and the National Democratic party (NPD), .7 per cent. In the parliamentary election in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, on April 29, CDU maintained its absolute majority against SPD and FDP; the results were CDU, 48 per cent; SPD, 42 per cent; FDP, 6 per cent; and NPD, .2 per cent. In the election for the city-state parliament in Bremen, on October 7, SPD retained its absolute majority, while CDU and FDP lost a number of seats. The election for the first European parliament, in June, produced the following outcome in the Federal Republic: SPD, 40 per cent; CDU, 39 per cent; CSU, 10 per cent; FDP, 6 per cent; and the German Communist party (DK.P), .4 per cent. The voter turnout was 66 per cent. On the 40th anniversary of the outbreak of the Second World War, Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt declared:

September 1, 1939, is a date that influences the lives of all of us... No other event in the 20th century has so radically, so brutally, and so lastingly altered the political situation in Germany, in Europe, and the world . . . The territory of Poland became the scene of the greatest crime: the annihilation of the European Jews . .. Long, all too long, the states of Europe had stood idly by, putting a good face on their own, mostly inactive, behavior, while the German Reich forcibly expanded at the expense of its neighbors . . . This war, begun for the sake of German hegemony in Europe, was at the same time a war against the great traditions of European history .. . We know that we must do everything possible

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so that the horrors of the past can not recur. From this obligation follow three great political tasks: the task of securing peace; the task of neighborliness, that is, of coining to terms with all neighbors; the task of political, economic, and cultural cooperation in Europe. By far most Germans living today were still unborn in Hitler's day, or were children. They certainly are not responsible for Hitler's crimes. But all Germans—whether in the Federal Republic of Germany or the German Democratic Republic—are responsible for fulfilling these three tasks, so that the horrors of the Second World War may never recur. Economic growth in the Federal Republic intensified during 1979. The gross national product increased by 4.4 per cent, as against 3.5 per cent in 1978 and 2.6 per cent in 1977. The overall cost of living rose by 5.4 per cent, due primarily to markedly higher energy costs. Unemployment averaged less than one million (4.3 per cent).

Extremism Early in the year, Minister of the Interior Gerhart Rudolf Baum stated that organized right-wing extremism did not constitute a danger to the Federal Republic; right-wing extremist groups were meeting with decisive rejection by the electorate. However, he noted that excesses by fanatics, especially neo-Nazis, had increased. A heightened tendency toward the use of force was evident; hence, vigilance was called for. As of the first of the year, Baum reported, the number of organized right-wing extremists was about 17,600, fewer than in the preceding year. Member- ship shrinkage was especially great in the National Democratic party (NPD), whereas membership in neo-Nazi groups had grown. Experts noted that the legal bases for combatting right-wing extremism were generally adequate, but that determined neo-Nazis were not being deterred by the increased number of convictions and the more severe penalties being imposed. Radical right-wing groups such as NPD and its youth organization, the Young National Democrats, pursued anti-constitutional aims and glorified the Nazi regime. The National-Freiheitliche Rechte (National Right Wing for Liberty), led by Gerhard Frey of Munich, editor of the Deutsche National-Zeitung, acclaimed Hit- ler; Frey's various publications were aggressively antisemitic. Similarly, neo-Nazi organizations such as the Deutsche Biirgerinitiative (German Citizens' Initiative), the Burger- und Bauerninitiative (Citizens' and Farmers' Initiative), the Kampf- bund Deutscher Soldaten (German Soldiers' Combat League), and local NSDAP (Nazi party) groups openly embraced Nazi ideology. At least 91 publishing houses produced and distributed literature that was either neo-Nazi in character or glorified war; 53 newspapers and magazines did the same. In September Minister Baum announced that nearly as many violent acts had been committed by right-wing extremists during the first half of 1979 as in all of 1978. According to government agencies, the number of neo-Nazi activists increased by 300, to a total of 1,300, during the first half of the year. Some 300 of these reportedly were part of a hard core, which did not shrink from terrorist acts. 210 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Cooperation with like-minded persons in such countries as the Netherlands, Bel- gium, France, and the United States was reported to be growing. In November the federal criminal investigation office released new statistics on neo-Nazi manifestations during 1979, noting three assassination threats; three other threats; three bomb attacks; five cases of arson; eight cases in which explosives or explosive devices were confiscated; 18 cases involving confiscation of weapons; 22 instances of mayhem; 24 cemetery desecrations; 447 daubing episodes; 41 instances of other damage to property; 3,400 incidents involving dissemination of newspapers, magazines, posters, or flyers; 1,691 cases in which printed matter and recordings were confiscated; and 276 cases concerning manufacture, distribution, or wearing of Nazi emblems. During the same month, Minister of Justice Hans-Jochen Vogel reported that 139 persons had been convicted of neo-Nazi activities, while hundreds more faced criminal proceedings. The minister announced that the federal government was planning a number of legal steps to make the fight against neo-Nazi activities even more effective. According to Defense Minister Hans Apel, right-wing extremism was demonstra- bly weak in the armed forces. In May he suspended from active service Major Karl-Heinz Lindner, who during the previous month had been elected chairman of NPD in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. At the same time, disciplinary proceedings were initiated to remove Lindner from the army. The year's most important conviction of right-radical culprits took place at Biickeburg in September. Six defendants, belonging to a clique centered around a former Bundeswehr lieutenant, Michael Kiihnen, founder and leader of the Ak- tionsfront Nationaler Sozialisten (National Socialists' Action Front), were found guilty of activity in a terrorist organization and of engaging in neo-Nazi agitation. Kiihnen received the smallest penalty, four years detention, because he could not be proved to have participated in violent acts. The most severe penalty fell to a former non-commissioned officer of the Bundeswehr, Lothar-Harold Schulte, who was sentenced to 11 years detention for robbery, extortion, and mayhem. Prison sentences were also meted out to Lutz Wegener (eight years), Uwe Rohwer and Klaus-Dieter Puls (nine years), and Manfred Borm (seven years). One of the witnesses at the trial was the American neo-Nazi Gerhard (Gary) Lauck, who had been granted immunity by the authorities to testify, even though he was wanted by the German courts. In February a court at Fiirth sentenced Erwin Schonborn, chairman of the German Soldiers' Combat League and other neo-Nazi groups, to five months detention and a DM 1,000 fine for defaming the state and personal insult; in June a Frankfurt court sentenced him to 18 months deteniion for insult, slander, and coercion. In November Karl-Heinz Hoffman, leader of a neo-Nazi "martial arts" group in Bavaria, was sentenced by a court in Fiirth to a year in prison and a DM 3,000 fine. On the ultra-leftist scene, the situation continued to calm down during 1979; there were no spectacular events. Several persons believed to be involved in terrorist FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 211 groups were arrested, among them Rolf Clemens Wagner, who was apprehended in Switzerland during the fall. Siegfried Haag, the ringleader of a left-wing terrorist association, was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment by a Stuttgart court, in July; Roland Mayer received 12 years, and Sabine Schmitz two years and eight months. In another terrorist trial, a Stuttgart court, during October, sentenced Marion Folkerts to two years and three months imprisonment. A Diisseldorf court, in November, gave terrorist Angelika Speitel a life sentence for murder. During the first half of 1979, German authorities arrested 11 members of, or sympathizers with, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) who had been apprehended carrying explosives. German security agencies were concerned about possible Palestinian acts of terror to obtain release of the arrested individuals, but no such violent incidents occurred. In July a court in Passau sentenced two of the arrested persons, both Lebanese, to two-and-a-half years imprisonment; two Irani- ans who were tried at the same time received four-month sentences. Reportedly at the insistence of the federal government, the two Lebanese were released and deported. The trial of the remaining seven defendants—five Lebanese, one Algerian, and one German—began in October before a West Berlin court. Turkish ultra-leftist and ultra-rightist groups, engaged chiefly in fighting each other, were increasingly in evidence on the political scene. The ultra-rightist groups were openly antisemitic; at a protest march through West Berlin, Turkish demonstrators carried a poster with the exhortation "Kill all Jews!" Various groups, the labor unions among them, called on the government to take energetic measures against the Turkish extremists, demanding a ban of the most radical groups.

Antisemitism An increase in antisemitic incidents was noted in 1979. The perpetrators included extreme right-wing groups, mini-groups of neo-Nazi and antisemitic activists, and fanatic loners. A major pretext for antisemitic excesses was the showing of the American TV film Holocaust; its depiction of the mass murder of Jews was pilloried by antisemites as "enemy propaganda" and "Jewish lies." In addition, the trials of Nazi criminals, with their revelations of inhuman treatment of Jews, continued to afford German ultra-nationalists and antisemites occasion for attacks on Jews. The country's highest court of law, the Supreme Court in Karlsruhe, handed down a precedent-setting decision in October intended to facilitate judicial measures against anti-Jewish propagandists. The court ruled that whoever denies the murders of Jews in the Third Reich insults each and every Jew, and that the guarantee of freedom of speech does not cover such utterances. The ruling came in response to a lawsuit by a young Jew who claimed he had been insulted by the utterances of a neo-Nazi; the latter had denied the Nazi crimes against Jews, asserting they were a Zionist hoax. In Stade, during February, a teacher was suspended because he had represented the annihilation of European Jewry as a phony atrocity story. In Bad Berleburg, 212 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 during the same month, a teacher was suspended because she had spoken approv- ingly of the destruction of the Jews. In Hanau, again in February, a teacher was suspended because he had given pamphlets to his students in which the mass murder of Jews was denied; in the fall he was transferred to another school. In West Berlin schools a number of antisemitic incidents were noted; in one, a Jewish teacher requested to be transferred to another school after students made anti-Jewish remarks. Two leading anti-Jewish propagandists, Erwin Schonborn and Edgar Werner Geiss, were tried in Hamburg in November for publicly describing the Nazi crimes against Jews as lies. They were convicted of criminal agitation, incitement to race hatred, and slander; Geiss was sentenced to a year's detention, Schonborn to eight months. The penalties did not deter either from continued propaganda efforts. In West Berlin, Michael Pohl, a businessman who described himself as a Nazi, was sentenced to six-and-a-half months in prison for criminal agitation. In the same city, in September, three right-wing extremists, aged 17 to 26, were sentenced to terms ranging from two weeks to seven months for insulting Jews and beating up persons who objected to their utterances. Again in Berlin, during October, two students aged 15 were tried for criminal agitation; they had written on a blackboard, "There is nothing greater on earth than seeing Jews gassed." The judge viewed the episode as a silly prank and sentenced them to write an essay about their behavior. In July a Frankfurt court, on pain of a DM 500,000 fine, forbade Heinz Roth, a right-radical propagandist, to assert that the diary of Anne Frank was a forgery. Frankfurt police, in February, apprehended three men who had prepared Das braune Bataillon (The Brown Battalion), an incendiary piece of Nazi propaganda in the style of the Sturmer. In September the Frankfurt prosecutor's office indicted Manfred Heidenfelder for attempting to reproduce The Brown Battalion. A Dort- mund court, in March, sentenced a soldier, Richard Taube, to a year's detention for anti-Jewish, right-radical propaganda. A Cologne court, during March, sentenced Wolf-Dieter Eckart to nine months in prison for incitement to race hatred, criminal agitation, and voicing approval of Nazi crimes. In Bremen, during April, a laborer was sentenced to six months in prison and a DM 1,200 fine for criminal agitation and incitement to race hatred. A Kaiserslautern court, in December, sentenced a businessman to two years detention for disseminating Gary Lauck's neo-Nazi propaganda materials; the defendant had also sent threatening letters to numerous Jews. Jewish cemeteries in Frankfurt, Freiburg, Hochberg, Hochst, Hungen, Krum- bach, Steinbach, and West Berlin were desecrated during the year. In the Krumbach case, the culprits were four 15-year-old students who said they had acted "just for kicks." In Hochberg, three students aged 13 and 14 stated that they had perpetrated the desecration as a "test of courage." In Freiburg, three young neo-Nazis, who were members of the militant Priem Action Group, admitted the desecration. In December the Munich prosecutor's office indicted two officers at the Bundes- wehr academy in Neubiberg; they had neglected to report to their superiors an FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 213 antisemitic incident in February 1977 in which officer trainees had staged a mock "burning" of Jews. Some of the participants had been suspended at the time, but all were now returned to active service.

Foreign Relations East-West relations and the situation in the Middle East stood at the center of the government's foreign policy concerns during 1979. The Federal Republic played a leading role in the Western allies' attempt to relax tensions in Europe. As to relations with the German Democratic Republic, hesitant steps were taken to improve the political atmosphere. With respect to the Israel-Arab conflict, the government continued to strive for a comprehensive solution that would satisfy all parties, including the Palestinians. During the summer, Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher visited Syria, Leba- non, Jordan, and Egypt. In his talks there, he stressed the Palestinians' right to self-determination and a homeland; the foreign minister repeatedly voiced criticism of Israel's settlement policy. In Bonn, it was emphasized that Europe had a decisive interest in a Middle East settlement that would allow for an uninterrupted flow of oil. Chancellor Schmidt described the Egyptian-Israeli treaty as an event of historic significance, but pointed out that it was merely a first step. The government, he said, could not ignore the fact that the majority of Arab countries rejected the treaty on the ground that it left important problems unsolved. Chancellor Schmidt's visit to Israel, planned for several years, did not take place in 1979. In May Erik Blumenfeld, president of the Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft (DIG, German-Israeli Society), declared that if the visit were not paid this year, relations of the Federal Republic with the Arab nations and Israel would become unbalanced. In June Jiirgen Wohlrabe, the chairman of the German-Israeli parliamentary group in Bonn, appealed to the chancellor to pay the long overdue official visit. Returning from a trip to Israel, Wohlrabe reported widespread lack of understanding of the posture of the head of the German government, and warned that estrangement between the two countries might result. In August a government spokesman explained that the chancellor wanted his visit to Israel to produce progress in the Middle East discussions. In July SPD chairman Willy Brandt, who was also chairman of the Socialist International, met in Vienna with PLO chief Yasir Arafat, in the presence of the Austrian chancellor, Bruno Kreisky. Brandt subsequently commented that first- hand knowledge of an organization so influential in the Arab world was preferable to just reading about it. With what he described as differing emphases, the discussion partners had agreed, he said, that the Middle East peace process must go on, and the Palestinians' right to self-determination must be realized. The three had also agreed, he added, that "the forced settlement policy in the territories occupied by Israel cannot really be termed helpful as far as the preparation of a comprehensive peace settlement is concerned." Brandt stressed that he and Kreisky had not 214 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 committed themselves to any specific organizational forms for realizing Palestinian self-determination; that, he said, would have to grow out of the negotiating process. Brandt's meeting with Arafat prompted Chancellor Schmidt to declare that he welcomed any step likely to serve the course of peace in the Middle East and to help bring about recognition of Israel by the Palestinians. Besides Brandt, other West German politicians also met with Palestinian and PLO representatives. This development, together with continuing German criticism of Israeli policies, gave rise to tensions between the two countries, which found expression on such occasions as the visit of Israeli foreign minister Moshe Dayan to Bonn in September. Dayan was openly critical of German politicians who championed the Palestinians' right to self-determination, noting that the posture of the Germans even went beyond the Middle East declaration of the foreign ministers of the European Economic Community, which Israel had sharply rejected. Bonn's demand for implementation of the Palestinians' right to self-determination contained an opening for the establishment of a Palestinian state, something which Israel would never accept, Dayan asserted. The West German government, nevertheless, took a positive view of Dayan's visit, asserting that, despite continuing disagreements, it had been possible to remove several points of misunderstanding. Bonn particularly appreciated Dayan's statement that he continued to view the Federal Republic as a friendly country. One of the severest West German critics of Israel, Helmut Schafer, foreign policy spokesman for the FDP delegation in the Bundestag, declared that Israel's posture —especially her settlement policy and her refusal to enter into negotiations about the Golan Heights, Jerusalem, and Palestinian self-determination—was incompre- hensible to friends of the Jewish state. During November Schafer called on the Bonn government to begin official talks with the Palestinians. The Arabs must be made to understand, he stated, that Germany was just as concerned about the fate of the Palestinians as about Israel.

Relations with Israel Notwithstanding the generally critical German attitude toward Israel's foreign policy, German-Israeli contacts remained intensive during 1979. More German tourists than ever visited Israel—145,000 as against 132,000 in 1978. Trade, scientific collaboration, and cultural exchange between West Germany and Israel flour- ished. West Germany became Israel's second biggest trading partner; Germany accounted for one-quarter of Israeli trade with the EEC. However, German concessions in the agricultural sector were felt to be insufficient, even though farm products headed the list of exports to Germany, reaching a volume of $98 million in 1978; Israel wanted to compete on the same terms as the Mediterranean member countries in the EEC. Exports of consumer goods and technology from Israel to Germany were steadily growing. Shipments of metal products during the first half of 1979 totaled $24 million, five times as much as during the same period the year before. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 215

In October Daimler-Benz received an order for 1,050 buses from the Egged transport company in Israel, at a price of more than $100 million. Strengthening German-Israeli cooperation in vocational education was the aim of an official visit to Bonn by Israeli minister of labor and social betterment Israel Katz, during October. Arrangements were made to enlarge exchanges of vocational teachers during 1980, when some 50 Israeli experts were to visit the Federal Repub- lic. In March Education Minister Jiirgen Schmude presented the Weizmann Insti- tute of Science in Rehovot with a charter establishing a chair for cancer research in memory of SPD Bundestag deputy Bertram Blank; the federal government took the occasion to provide an additional DM 150,000 to insure staffing for three years. In September the Bundestag budget committee appropriated DM 1.5 million to establish an Albert Einstein Center at the Weizmann Institute, which was to intensify further the close relationship between German and Israeli physicists. The committee also voted to provide DM 500,000 for the chair in German history at Tel Aviv University; previous financing by the Volkswagenwerk Foundation had terminated. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, in November, established a chair in economics named after Walter Hesselbach of Frankfurt, a banker, economist, and friend of Israel. In September West Germany and Israel signed a highway traffic agreement creating a mutual contractual basis for international freight transport by road between the two countries. Several German cities concluded partnership agreements with Israeli cities and localities, among them Dortmund in the Ruhr region with moshav Ein Vered, and Diisseldorf with Haifa. In the course of talks held in Israel, Minister of Family Affairs Antje Huber agreed to expand the German-Israeli youth exchanges. Berlin's German Opera visited Israel during the summer with a guest performance of Verdi's Nabucco. The Munich Motet Choir also toured Israel. The 12 cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic were honored with the Israeli government's Music Prize, awarded for the best interpretation of a contemporary Israeli work of chamber music.

Restitution Up to July 1, 1979 restitution payments by the Federal Republic for the consequences of Nazi persecution totaled DM 60.284 billion. Of this amount, DM 47.250 billion came under the federal restitution law; DM 3.884 billion under the federal indemnification law; DM 3.450 billion under the indemnification agreement with Israel; DM 1 billion under global indemnification agreements with 12 countries; and DM 4.700 billion under other disbursements, including payments to former civil servants. According to official estimates, a total of about DM 25.016 billion remained to be paid for various forms of restitution. During the year, agreement was reached between the government, the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, and the Central Council of Jews in Germany on a concluding restitution measure to satisfy hardship cases not covered 216 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 by the settlements to date. The political parties in the Bundestag declared themselves ready for a final payment of DM 440 million, but no resolution was passed in the budget debate during December. Instead, the three party delegations—CDU-CSU, SPD, and FDP—at the third reading of the budget passed the following motion:

In view of the chancellor's declaration of May 17, 1974, to the effect that the government considered legislation concerning restitution and the consequences of the war as complete, as well as of the authorization for 'disbursements on behalf of German-French reconciliation' (earmarked in Draft Plan 05 with a total sum of DM 250 million) and the pending concluding restitution measure for a 'final disbursement to settle hardships in individual cases,' the federal government is requested to inform the Bundestag by March 31, 1980, what conclusions it expects to draw with respect to remaining hardships to former displaced persons and refugees in the legislation on consequences of the war, especially in the Equalization of Burdens Act, in the restitution provisions of the law adopted pursuant to Article 131-GG of the Basic Law, and in the law on aid to formerly imprisoned persons. The federal government is requested to submit a supplementary budget for the 1980 fiscal year, thereby creating the basis for a final disbursement (concluding restitution measure) for settling hardships in individual cases. In this way, the Central Council of Jews in Germany and the country's Jewish communities, as well as the Claims Conference, are to be enabled to make good for hardships in individual cases. The total disbursement is to amount to DM 440 million, to be paid in three installments: DM 240 million in 1980; up to DM 100 million by 1982; up to DM 100 million by 1983.

Nazi Trials After months of vehement debate concerning the impending deadline for the prosecution of Nazi crimes at the end of 1979, the Bundestag repealed the statute of limitations as applied to murder. The opposition parties, CDU and CSU, voted almost unanimously against the measure. Repeal of the statute was championed mainly by SPD. Numerous groups, agencies representing Nazi persecutees and resistance fighters, the German Jewish community, as well as foreign organizations and governments, including Israel, had appealed to the Bundestag to insure that it would remain possible to prosecute Nazi crimes after 1979. The International Auschwitz Commit- tee demanded repeal on the ground that a deadline for prosecution would be equivalent to ex post facto approbation of the crimes which had been committed, and would thus serve as an impetus to neo-fascist forces. Israeli president Yitzhak Navon stressed the point that what was at stake was not the fate of individual criminals, but rather the principle that there was no forgiveness or means of atone- ment for genocide. Before the vote in parliament, Chancellor Schmidt spoke in favor of repeal, but stressed that he respected contrary opinions on the matter. He added that the airing of Holocaust had made an essential contribution to the debate. The German Federa- tion of Labor Unions, favoring repeal, declared that "our democracy, young as it FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 217 still is, will lose credibility if it exempts these crimes, through a statute of limitations, from further prosecution and punishment." It would be intolerable, the organization said, if Nazi culprits who had gone underground could live without fear in the Federal Republic, next door to individuals who had been persecuted by the Nazis and to the surviving families of the victims. The same aspect of the problem was underscored by Jewish spokesmen. Among the German public, as evidenced by opinion polls and utterances in the press, opinions were clearly divided. To make an end of the Nazi past was the avowed desire of a right-radical Volksbewegung fur Generalamnestie (Popular Movement for a General Amnesty) founded in Munich by persons close to Gerhard Frey, the editor of the Deutsche National-Zeitung. The German Judges' Association took an unusual position in opposing repeal of the statute of limitations, citing mainly practical considerations. In the opinion of the Association, any change in the law would only force prosecutor's offices and courts to cope indefinitely with cases in which, judging by experience to date, convictions seemed practically impossible. Because of the long time span between the criminal acts and prosecution, cases would constantly be quashed or end in acquittal, earning the administration of justice and the country as a whole unmerited reproaches of leniency toward Nazi acts of violence. The head of the West German Central Office for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes, Adalbert Ruckerl, countered criticism alleging that proceedings against Nazi criminals were being delayed. He said he saw no realistic chance of shortening the proceedings (some of them extending over decades) if groups of crimes that belonged together were to be dealt with in context. Except in a few cases, there was no cause for charging delay, he said. According to Ruckerl, the agency instituted 83 new proceedings between repeal and the end of the year. From 1958 through 1979, the Central Office had conducted a total of 4,364 preliminary investigations, which generated some 12,000 preliminary proceedings by prosecutors' offices. During October the chief prosecutor in West Berlin ordered the resumption of preliminary proceedings against former judges and prosecutors of the Nazi People's Court. The local top official in the administration of justice, Gerhard Meyer, gave assurances that every effort would be made to indict judges and prosecutors who had played a role in unjust verdicts, but doubted whether it was still possible to obtain convictions. The government asked Brazil to extradite Gustav Franz Wagner, former SS sergeant and deputy commander of the Sobibor extermination camp. The effort proved unsuccessful, however, when the Brazilian Supreme Court, in June, denied extradition. Bonn pointed out that in 1967 Brazil had extradited Franz Strangl, former SS first lieutenant and chief of the Sobibor and Treblinka extermination camps, who was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment. The president of the Jewish community in Berlin, Heinz Galinski, declared that the Brazilian court decision constituted nothing less than governmental aid to a Nazi mass murderer. 218 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

One of three German war criminals imprisoned in the Netherlands, former SS member Joseph Kotalla, died in Breda prison during August, at the age of 71. He had been deputy commander of the Amersfoort concentration camp from 1942 to 194S. A special court in Amsterdam had condemned him to death after the war, but later commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. Two Nazi criminals, Ferdi- nand aus der Fiinten and Franz Fischer, were still in Breda prison. During June the prosecutor's office in Baden-Baden indicted Aribert Heim, former SS physician in the Mauthausen concentration camp, on charges of killing an undetermined number of inmates, mostly Jews, through injections. Heim had been a fugitive since 1962. A de-nazification court in West Berlin, the last such court in existence, declared Heim to be a principal Nazi criminal, and imposed a DM 510,000 fine. This amount was equivalent to the value of a Berlin apartment house which Heim owned and from which, as recently as the first of the year, he had received rental income through his lawyer. The house was released for auction by the court, and a reward of DM 15,000 was offered for the apprehension of Heim, now 64 years old. Cologne: In a criminal court, proceedings began on October 23 against three former members of the SS and the Nazi security service (SD) in occupied France —Kurt Lischka, Herbert Hagen, and Ernst Heinrichsohn. According to the indictment, they were responsible for the deportation of some 70,000 Jews from France to the annihilation camps in the East. The proceedings against them were made possible by a German-French agreement in 1971 enabling German courts to try Nazi criminals convicted in absentia by French courts after the war. A Jewish lawyer in France, Serge Klarsfeld, and his wife Beate, a German, had gathered numerous documents to substantiate the guilt of the three men as well as others. All three of the Cologne defendants pleaded not guilty as charged, claiming not to have known or suspected that death was to be the fate of the deported Jews. Sentence was pronounced on February 11, 1980: Lischka, former deputy Gestapo chief of Paris, received ten years; Hagen, former consultant to the SS head in Paris, received 12 years; and Heinrichsohn, an official in the Jewish section of the security police in Paris, received six years. Following his conviction, Heinrichsohn resigned as mayor of Biirgstadt, a small municipality in Franconia. He had held this office for nearly 20 years, retaining it during the trial at the behest of his party (CSU) and townspeople despite massive public protests by French Jews and Jewish groups in West Germany, among others. When convicted, Heinrichsohn also resigned from CSU. Dusseldorf: In the Majdanek trial, begun in November 1975, a criminal court, in April, acquitted four former SS members—Heinrich Schmidt, Charlotte Meyer, Hermine Bottcher, and Rosa Suss—of charges of murder. The acquittals were due to lack of proof. Among former persecutees, the decision gave rise to perplexity and indignation. Polish observers objected especially to the requirement that defendants, even if shown by the testimony of witnesses to have been involved in mass murder, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 219 be proved guilty of having killed particular individuals. Furthermore, critics charged, the acquittals had a symbolic dimension and could lead to trivialization of Nazi crimes. Following the four acquittals, the Diisseldorf court continued the proceedings against the remaining nine defendants, including two women. Stuttgart: In April a former SS member, Richard Paul, was acquitted of murdering two Jews. He had appealed a 1974 conviction in which he had been sentenced to eight years detention. Hanover: In January proceedings began against a former SS sergeant, Josef Michalsky, for assisting in the murder of Jews in Latvia. In April former SS first lieutenant Kurt Heinemeyer was acquitted of charges of murdering and abetting the murder of Poles and Jews. Proceedings against his fellow defendants, Rudolf Korner and Max Olde, were temporarily halted because of their unfitness to stand trial. In July a former 55 auxiliary guard and kapo in the Majdanek concentration camp, whose name was not released, was sentenced to seven years of juvenile detention for murder and attempted murder. Also in July Heinrich Niemeier, one-time SS guard in a sub-camp at Auschwitz, was sentenced to six years detention for ten acts of murder. Bochum: In April two former members of the security service in the Soviet Union, Josef Lenge and Johann Forster, were acquitted for lack of proof and because they acted under binding orders. Their fellow defendant, Georg Hasenkamp, was sentenced to four years imprisonment for murdering an undetermined number of Jews. In May former SS staff sergeant Helmut Krizons went on trial for murdering Jews. In October proceedings began against two former 55 members, Siert Bruins and August Neuhauser, for the murder of two Dutch Jews. Munich: In June Hitler's expert on counterfeiting, Friedrich Schwend, was sentenced to two years imprisonment for abetting manslaughter. In November former SS lieutenant colonel Kurt Christmann was arrested; he was thought responsible for the murder of numerous Jews and other persons on the Russian front. Cologne: In July former SS master sergeant and concentration camp commander Walter Knop was sentenced to nine years imprisonment for abetting murder. Bielefeld: During November the former German regional commissar of Vladimir- Volynsk in the Ukraine, Wilhelm Westerheide, and his one-time secretary, Johanne Zelle, were acquitted of participation in the murder of thousands of Jews, because of lack of proof. Hamburg: In December Viktor Arajs, former SS major in the Latvian legion and major in the police, received a life term for participation in the murder of at least 13,000 Jews. In July proceedings against former SS lieutenant colonel Hermann Bischoff for the murder of at least 26 Jewish inmates were halted on the ground that the defendant was not fit to stand trial. The Polish Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Nazi Crimes nevertheless continued to demand that Bischoff, one- time Gestapo chief in Poznan, be punished, pointing out that he had been responsible for mass executions. 220 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Limburg: In January former SS sergeant Ludwig Klemm was arrested on suspicion of having participated in the shooting of Jews and Poles. In May the defendant committed suicide in his cell.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography On January 1, 1979 the 66 Jewish communities in the Federal Republic and West Berlin had 27,295 members—13,063 females and 14,232 males. Their average age was 45 years. Jews who were not members of a Jewish community were estimated to number between 10,000 and 15,000. On January 1, 1980 there were 27,768 registered community members—13,306 females and 14,462 males. During 1979, 1,154 immigrants and 340 emigrants were registered, as were 80 births and 444 deaths; 55 persons were converted to Judaism. The largest communities were West Berlin, with 6,145 members; Frankfurt, with 4,931; Munich, with 3,920; Diisseldorf, with 1,691; Hamburg, with 1,375; and Cologne, with 1,248.

Communal Activities The Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Central Council of Jews in Ger- many) repeatedly turned its attention to developments in the Federal Republic, voicing particular concern about the increasingly militant activities of ultra-rightist groups. The Central Council welcomed the predominantly positive reaction to Holocaust. However, in view of the information gap, particularly among young Germans, about the history and crimes of the Nazi era which Holocaust had shown to exist, the Central Council advocated more detailed teaching about the Third Reich in German schools. In collaboration with the Union of Teachers and Scholars, it appointed a committee to develop recommendations for a more satisfactory history curriculum. After the statute of limitations on Nazi murders was repealed, the Central Council thanked the Bundestag deputies, saying their decision was an act of conscience that would contribute toward reconciliation of Germans and Jews. At a press conference in April, Werner Nachmann, chairman of the Central Council's board of directors, complained that the German courts were reluctant to convict ultra-rightist culprits—a short-sighted policy which failed to take account of the dangers of neo-Nazism. Also responsible for the development of right-wing radicalism, he said, were the democratic parties and the information media, which to date had either ignored the phenomenon or dealt with it only superficially. Since the followers of right-wing extremist organizations were mostly young people, it was particularly necessary to sensitize the new generation so as to keep German FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 221 democracy from harm. Churches and labor unions also were duty-bound to fight neo-Nazism, Nachmann said. At the convention of the Zionist Organization of Germany, held in November, Heinz Galinski, president of the Berlin Jewish community, made an impassioned plea for strong support for Israel by the Jewish community in the Federal Republic, the "accidental survivors." The delegates to the convention deplored the lack of understanding of Zionism among Jewish youth. Rabbi Manfred Lubliner of Berlin was elected president of Keren Kayemet Le'Yisrael in the Federal Republic. He succeeded Louis Henry Farnborough, who in 20 years as president of Keren Kayemet in Germany had quadrupled donation receipts. In May a Keren Kayemet delegation visited Israel and presented a $100,000 check to the organization's head office in Jerusalem. Keren Hayesod in the Federal Republic staged a series of events in various cities during October with Israel labor minister Israel Katz and Keren Hayesod international chairman Abraham Avi-Hai participating. Magen David Adorn observed its tenth anniversary in the Federal Republic in June. The larger local communities offered their members a variety of cultural events —speakers on political issues concerning Jews and Israel, discussions of religious problems, Yiddish performances, and exhibitions by Jewish artists. The seven B'nai B'rith lodges in the Federal Republic and West Berlin scheduled regular lectures for their members, with speakers discussing topics of Jewish or general interest.

Youth In September, at Hanover, the Central Council of Jews in Germany held its third youth conclave; the theme was "On Moses Mendelssohn's 250th Birthday: German Jews and Jews in Germany." About 100 young Jews from all parts of the country participated in discussions which examined the distinctive problems of German Jewry down to the present. Among the speakers were the vice president of the World Jewish Congress, Rabbi Joachim Prinz, formerly of Berlin, and the Jewish philoso- pher, Professor Hermann Levin Goldschmidt, of Zurich. Various Jewish youth activities were undertaken by the League of Jewish Youth and the Federal Association of Jewish Students in Germany. The former, every few months, conducted workshops or weekend seminars devoted to particular subjects, with 30 to 40 participants; the topics included "Prayer in Judaism," "Holocaust on TV," "Moses Maimonides," "Yiddish: The Language and the Culture," and "Juda- ism in Literature." In addition, the League held several "festivals," with each drawing about 100 young people. The Federal Association of Jewish Students, at its convention, deplored the difficulties of arousing interest and activity among Jewish students, as well as the lack of funds for long-term projects. Neverthe- less, the organization reaffirmed its determination to remain active in cultivating contacts with the various Jewish student organizations in Europe, and in informing the public, especially the younger generation, about the goals and activities of the 222 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

PLO. During November the Federal Association expressed solidarity with its Swed- ish sister organization in the latter's attempt to clarify the fate of the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg. In June the group held a seminar on "Ideologies of Zionism: Structures and Tendencies of the State of Israel"; in November a seminar was devoted to "Self-understanding of Jewish Youth and Students in the Federal Republic." During the summer young Jews from England, the Netherlands, Israel, and Switzerland met in Bendorf on the Rhine at the annual conference of the youth section of the World Union for Progressive Judaism. The theme was "The High Holy Days: Commitment and Renewal."

Religious Life and Education In November the regional rabbi in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Emil Davidovic of Dortmund, was elected president of the ten-member Conference of Rabbis in the Federal Republic of Germany. The Cologne rabbi, Israel Meir Lev- inger, finished his term of office and became rabbi of the Israelite Congregation of Basel in Switzerland. In December Rabbi Abraham Hochwald, until then chief cantor and teacher of religion in the Israelite Congregation of Munich, took office as rabbi of Hanover and regional rabbi in the state of Lower Saxony. During October agreement was reached between the City of Worms and the Rashi Association for the Preservation of Jewish Cultural Movements in Europe to restore the historic building in which Rashi had taught. Two floors were to be used as a Jewish museum and for lectures and exhibitions, while the rest of the building was to house the Worms city archives. The cost of the restoration was to be borne by the city, the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and the federal government. The Academy for Jewish Studies at Heidelberg began its activities in October. Initiated by the Central Council and financed by West German state agencies, it was the first institution of its kind established in German-speaking territory since the Second World War. The purpose of the Academy was to train religious leaders, cantors, educators, and social workers for the Jewish community, and to offer non-Jews an opportunity to learn about Judaism. The Academy had cooperative arrangements with the University of Heidelberg and with teaching institutions in the United States and Israel. Alexander Ginsburg, secretary-general of the Central Council, described the Academy as a long overdue contribution to moral restitution.

Christian-Jewish Cooperation The most important event of the year in terms of Christian-Jewish relations was the airing in January of Holocaust on the regional programs of the country's television stations. About 20 million residents of West Germany and West Berlin viewed the program; an estimated 48 per cent of adult citizens saw at least part of it. The response was found to be particularly strong among middle-aged people; 34.5 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 223 per cent of men and women aged 30 to 49 turned on their TV sets during each of the four segments. In contrast, barely one-fourth of persons over SO looked at the program. Discussions by experts and eyewitnesses, broadcast after the showing of the film, were viewed by about 12 million persons. Nearly 16,000 viewers reacted directly to the program through telephone calls or letters. Analysis showed that 68 per cent of the reactions were favorable, 13 per cent unfavorable, and the rest neutral. Holocaust gave rise to vigorous political and emotional debates among the public concerning the Third Reich and its crimes. The extent of historical ignorance disclosed by the airing of Holocaust, notably among the young, surprised politicians, educators, and media people. It was noted that this emotional treatment of the Nazi crimes had prompted millions of Germans to confront the facts for the first time, even though for three decades a multitude of publications and films on the subject had been available. Holocaust triggered an unprecedented demand for information about the Third Reich among the nation. Many public conferences, seminars, and discussions on the subject were held. Docu- mentary material on the Nazi regime and its crimes, compiled and published by public agencies for political education, was distributed in tens of thousands of copies to schools, youth groups, organizations, and influential persons. The teachers' union demanded more intensive treatment of the Third Reich in history classes. A conference of history teachers, held in May in Freudenberg, explored "Implications of Holocaust" for the work of the schools. The City of Frankfurt bought five copies of the filmfo r classroom use. Students in West Berlin made a film about the reaction of Berliners to Holocaust. A film-lending service offered a movie version of the TV film to all appropriate state and local agencies for use in adult education. Youth groups and school classes visited Jewish communities to inform themselves about Jewish life and Jewish ways, attended trials of Nazis, and went on pilgrimages to memorial sites at former concentration camps. Thus, the memorial at Dachau had more visitors—764,000—in 1979 than ever before. In the wake of Holocaust, many new books were published about the Nazi Reich and its crimes, and earlier books were reissued. By the end of the year optimistic forecasts asserting that Holocaust would provide the impetus for a thorough and lasting confrontation with the history of Nazism were meeting with skepticism among observers. A survey of the Sample Institute in Hamburg found that Holocaust did not remain in the public consciousness for long; before the airing of Holocaust, 31 per cent of citizens had opposed a statute of limitations for Nazi crimes; in February 1979, following Holocaust, the proportion rose to 51 per cent; but by the end of the year it was down to 34 per cent. Jewish spokesmen warned against overestimating the positive effects of Holocaust. They felt that reflection about the Nazi era had pretty much waned by the end of the year, and demanded measures to make confrontation with Nazism an integral part of public education. Under the impact of Holocaust, the German Conference of Catholic Bishops emphasized that as early as 1930 the German episcopate had declared the central 224 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 tenets of Nazi philosophy to be irreconcilable with the teaching of the Church. The Pope concluded the 1933 concordat with the Hitler government not in order to give moral sanction to Hitler and his rule, the bishops asserted, but in order to insure unabridged dissemination of the Christian message, then threatened by the pull of Nazi "coordination." Though itself persecuted, the Church began early to help others suffering persecution insofar as it was able, the Conference recalled, stating that according to reliable estimates "about 70 to 90 per cent of the 950,000 European Jews who survived the Nazi regime owed their lives to steps taken by Catholics." However, the bishops also stressed that the behavior of the Catholic Church in the face of particular phases of the persecution of the Jews "calls for critical examination." Among large segments of the German population, "and thus also among Catholics," there was a tradition of antisemitism, it was noted, though the attitude of the Church was based on the traditional opposition of Judaism and Christianity, "not on a racist ideology." The bishops acknowledged that it was hard to understand today that no "adequately clear and relevant position" was taken by the Church against the boycott of Jewish businesses in April 1933, the promulgation of the Nuremberg race laws in 1935, or the excesses of November 1938. With respect to the Oberammergau passion play planned for 1980, the archbishop of Munich, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, declared early in the year that there were no theological objections to the text to be used, based upon that by Joseph Alois Daisenberger. He added, however, that "some additional improvements" had been discussed for the sake of orienting the text as exactly as possible to the spirit and words of the Bible, as well as in order to avoid any statements which might be thought to contain antisemitic tendencies and thus violate the Second Vatican Council's declaration on Jews and Christians. In Oberammergau, reports about continued Jewish criticism of the passion play and about discussion in American Jewish circles of a possible boycott were calmly received. It was stressed in the Bavarian village that Jewish objections had been complied with as far as possible, but that there could be no question of departing from the testimony of the Bible. At the end of the year, it was announced in Oberammergau that the 1980 performances were already sold out. In October the eighth conference of the liaison committee, combining representatives of the Roman Catholic Church's Vatican Secretariat for Religious Relations with Jews and the International Jewish Committee on Religious Consultation, was held in Regensburg. It was the first time that this private dialogue was held in the Federal Republic. Speaking for the Jewish group, Professor Shemaryahu Talmon of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem voiced gratitude and satisfaction with the efforts of Catholics and Protestants to correct distorted images of Jews and Judaism in the eyes of believers. Chancellor Schmidt sent a telegram of thanks for holding the meeting on German soil; this, he said, would strengthen hopes that, even against a background of great historic liabilities, efforts for a new beginning would prove not to have been in vain. The Regensburg meeting focused particularly on the issues of religious freedom and education for Christian-Jewish dialogue. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 225

In a joint statement on the 40th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II, the German Protestant Church and the Federation of Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic declared: "The German responsibility for touching off the Second World War is manifest. The question of who is guilty demands that we inquire into our share of this guilt and into our own entanglements. The Protes- tant Church's Stuttgart Acknowledgment of Guilt was, among other things, an attempt to help us accept the consequences of this war and to make a new beginning." The Protestant Church's Study Commission on the Church and Judaism prepared a workbook, Christians and Jews, during the summer. The workbook offered material enabling groups desirous of exploring the subject of the Church and Jewry to inform themselves more accurately. Jewish observers paid tribute to Christians and Jews as an important step toward better mutual understanding. The volume contained basic information, not only on Judaism and its history, but also on the roots it shared with Christianity. Particularly significant were the sections on antisemitism, persecution, and genocide under the Nazi regime, and on the common responsibilities of Christians and Jews in the world. Christian-Jewish mutual understanding was discussed at the 18th convention of the German Protestant Church, held in Nuremberg during June. A widely noted presentation by Professor Albert H. Friedlander of London, delivered before more than 2,000 participants, dealt with "Jewish Faith After Auschwitz." Brotherhood Week, conducted yearly across the country by the Coordinating Council of 47 local Societies for Christian-Jewish Cooperation, focused on the topic "Toleration Today: 250 Years after Lessing and Mendelssohn." At the opening of the main event in Hanover, Manes Sperber, the writer, was awarded the Coordinat- ing Council's 1979 Buber-Rosenzweig Medal. In October the Coordinating Council named the recipient of the 1980 Buber-Rosenzweig Medal—Professor Eugen Kogon, German political scientist and former inmate of Buchenwald concentration camp, who was the author of The Theory and Practice of Hell. Professor Kogon was one of the speakers at an international seminar of the Aspen Institute, held in West Berlin during December, on the topic of German-Jewish- Israeli relations. Numerous politicians and intellectuals from Israel, the United States, and West Germany took part, among them: Nahum Goldmann; Israel's first ambassador in Bonn, Asher Ben-Natan; Bonn's ambassador in Israel, Klaus Schiitz; Tel Aviv mayor Shlomo Lahat; Moshe Meron, vice president of the Knesset; and Jacques Torczyner, member of the executive committee of the World Zionist Orga- nization. In June 750 former Jewish citizens visited Berlin at the invitation and expense of the city. It was the tenth anniversary of the visitors' program. In July the City of Frankfurt appropriated DM 100,000 for a ten-day visit of former Jewish citizens. Other cities organized similar programs. In recognition of their valor, the West German president awarded the Distin- guished Service Cross of the Federal Order of Merit to a number of non-Jewish 226 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

German citizens who during the Nazi period had aided persecuted Jews—Franziska Wiitscher, Elly Enke, Erika Patzschke, Fritz Clemens, Romuald Malinowski- Probog, and Erika Schempp. In Freiburg, Gertrud Luckner was named an honorary citizen of the city; she had saved many Jews, and for this had been sent to a concentration camp. Plaques commemorating murdered Jewish citizens were unveiled during 1979 in Meinerzhagen, Puderbach, Rodelheim, Saarlouis, Sprendlingen, and Staufenberg- Treis. Martin Buber's former home in Heppenheim was given landmark status in April, and was inaugurated as the headquarters of the International Council of Christians and Jews. Numerous persons prominent in political, religious, and cultural life attended the opening. The building also contained a Buber Memorial Room. The Volkswagenwerk Foundation made DM 300,000 available for the archive of the Leo Baeck Institute in New York. In memory of the cultural and art historian Aby M. Warburg of Hamburg, who died in 1929, the Hamburg Senate established a DM 30,000 prize, to be awarded to individuals who made important contributions to cultural life. The prize of the German Janusz Korczak Society in Giessen was awarded to a Polish physician, Boguslaw Halikowski. At the 29th International Film Festival in West Berlin, the main prize—the "Berlin Golden Bear"—was awarded to David, a film by the Jewish director Peter Lilienthal which deals with a rabbi's son in Nazi Germany. The municipalities of Pulheim, near Cologne, and Freudental, in Wiirttemberg, decided to restore ancient synagogues which had become dilapidated. In Koblenz, during restoration of Our Lady's Church, fragments of early 15th-century Jewish gravestones were found.

Publications German-language publishers issued many books on the subjects of Nazism and the persecution of the Jews, among them: Georg L. Mosse, Ein Volk—ein Reich— ein Fiihrer: Die vdikischen Urspriinge des Nationalsozialismus ("One People, one Reich, one Fiihrer: The Folk Origins of National Socialism"; Athenaum-Droste, Diisseldorf); H. G. Adler, Hermann Langbein, and Ella Lingens-Reiner, editors, Auschwitz: Zeugnisse und Berichte ("Auschwitz: Testimony and Reports"; Euro- paische Verlagsanstalt, Cologne); Heiner Lichtenstein, Majdanek: Reportage eines Prozesses ("Maidanek: Report on a Trial"; Europaische Verlagsanstalt, Cologne); Floris B. Bakels, Nacht und Nebel: Der Bericht eines holldndischen Christen aus deutschen Gefdngnissen und Konzentrationslagern ("Night and Fog: Report of a Dutch Christian from German Prisons and Concentration Camps"; Fischer, Frank- furt); Krystyna Zywulska, Wo vorher Birken waren: Uberlebensbericht einer jungen Frau aus Auschwitz-Birkenau ("Where Once There Were Birch Trees: A Young Woman's Report on Her Survival in Auschwitz-Birkenau"; Kindler, Munich); Zacheusz Pawlak, Ich habe iiberlebt. . . Ein Hdftling berichtet u'ber Majdanek ("I FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 227

Survived: An Inmate Reports on Majdanek"; Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg); Ger van Roon, Widerstand im Dritten Reich: Ein Uberblick ("Resistance in the Third Reich: A Synopsis"; Beck, Munich); Peter Hoffmann, Widerstand gegen Hitler: Probleme des Umsturzes ("Resistance Against Hitler: Problems of Revolu- tion"; Piper, Munich); Christabel Bielenberg, Als ich Deutsche war 1934-1945: Eine Engldnderin erzdhlt ("When I was a German, 1934-1945: An Englishwoman's Story"; Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich); C. Heubner, A. Meyer, and J. Pieplow, Lebenszeichen: Gesehen in Auschwitz ("Signs of Life: Seen in Auschwitz"; Lamuv, Bornheim-Merten); Anne Frank Foundation, Amsterdam, editor, Anne Frank Eine Dokumentation ("Anne Frank: A Documentation"; Lambert Schneider, Heidelberg); Uwe Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich ("Pol- icy toward Jews in the Third Reich"; Athenaum-Droste, Diisseldorf); Eberhard Busch, Juden und Christen im Schatten des Dritten Reiches ("Jews and Christians in the Shadow of the Third Reich"; Kaiser, Mainz); Alfred Lapple, Kirche und Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland und Osterreich: Fakten, Dokumente, Analysen ("The Church and National Socialism in Germany and Austria: Facts, Documents, Analyses"; Pattloch, Aschaffenburg); Hans Erik Hausner, Der Zweite Weltkrieg 1939-1945: Das erste Sachbuchfiir Jugendliche u'ber das Dritte Reich ("The Second World War, 1939-1945: The First Nonfiction Book for Youth About the Third Reich"; Ueberreuter, Munich); Hans Askenasy, Sind wir alle Nazis? Zum Potential der Unmenschlichkeit ("Are We All Nazis? On the Potential of Inhumanity"; Campus, Frankfurt); Heinz Albert Raem, Pius XI. und der Nationalsozialismus: Die Enzyklika "Mit brennender Sorge" vom 14. Mdrz 1937 ("Pius XI and National Socialism: The Encyclical 'With Burning Care' of March 14, 1937"; Schoningh, Paderborn); M. Bosch: Antisemitismus, Nationalsozialismus und Neonazismus ("Antisemitism, National Socialism and Neo-Nazism"; Schwann, Diisseldorf); Her- bert Rosenkranz, Verfolgung und Selbstbehauptung: Die Juden in Osterreich 1938- 1945 ("Persecution and Self-Preservation: The Jews in Austria, 1938-1945"; He- rold, Vienna); Jiirgen Seifert, editor, Der Unrechtsstaat: Recht und Justiz im Nationalsozialismus ("The Rule of Injustice: Law and the Administration of Justice under National Socialism"; Europaische Verlagsanstalt, Cologne); Else R. Behrend- Rosenfeld, Ich stand nicht allein: Erlebnisse einer Jiidin in Deutschland 1933-1945 ("I Did Not Stand Alone: Experiences of a Jewish Woman in Germany, 1933— 1945"; Europaische Verlagsanstalt, Cologne); Christian Zentner, Anmerkungen zu "Holocaust": Die Geschichte der Juden im Dritten Reich ("Footnotes to Holocaust: The History of the Jews in the Third Reich"; Delphin, Zurich); Amos Elon, Schrei ohne Antwort: Die Mission des Joel Brand, 1 Million Juden gegen 10,000 Lastwagen zu tauschen ("Cry Without Answer: Joel Brand's Mission to Exchange One Million Jews for 10,000 Trucks"; Molden, Vienna); Volker Dahm, Dasjiidische Buch im Dritten Reich ("Jewish Books in the Third Reich"; Booksellers' Association, Frank- furt); Immanuel Geis and Wolfgang Jacobmeyer, editors, Deutsche Politik in Polen 1939-1945: Aus dem Diensttagebuch von Hans Frank, Generalgouverneur von Polen ("German Policy in Poland, 1939-1945: From the Office Diary of Hans Frank, 228 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Governor General of Poland"; Leske, Leverkusen); Rolf Friecke-Finkelnburg, Na- tionalsozialismus und Schule: Amtliche Erlasse und Richtlinien 1933-1945 ("Na- tional Socialism and the Schools: Official Decrees and Guidelines, 1933-1945"; Leske, Leverkusen); Adalbert Riickerl, NS-Vernichtungslager im Spiegeldeutscher Strafprozesse ("Nazi Annihilation Camps As Mirrored in Criminal Trials in Ger- many"; Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich); Alfred Grosser, editor, Wie war es mbglich? Die Wirklichkeit des Nationalsozialismus ("How Was It Possible? The Reality of National Socialism"; Fischer, Frankfurt); Peter Martesheimer and Ivo Frenzel, Im Kreuzfeuer—Der Fernsehfilm "Holocaust": Eine Nation ist betroffen ("Crossfire—The Holocaust TV Film: A Nation Is Appalled"; Fischer, Frankfurt); Wieslaw Kielar, Anus Mundi: FunfJahre Auschwitz ("Anus Mundi: Five Years in Auschwitz"; from the Polish; Fischer, Frankfurt); Giinther Schwarberg and Daniel Haller, Der SS-Arzt und die Kinder: Bericht iiber den Mord vom Bullenhuser Damm ("The SS Physician and the Children: Report on the Murder on Bullenhuser Damm"; Gruner und Jahr, Giitersloh); Erich Cramer, Hitlers Antisemitismus und die "Frankfurter Schule": Kritische Faschismustheorie und geschichtliche Realitdt ("Hitler's Antisemitism and the 'Frankfurt School': The Critical Theory of Fascism and Historical Reality"; Droste, Diisseldorf); Wilhelm van Kampen, editor, "Holo- caust": Ein Medienereignis und die Offentlichkeit ("Holocaust: A Media Event and the Public"; Hammer, Wuppertal); Ernst Loewy, editor, Exit Literarische und politische Texte aus dem deutschen Exil 1933-1945 ("Exile: Literary and Political Texts from the German Exile, 1933-1945"; Metzler, Stuttgart); Ann Charbey, Dobryd: Eine polnische Kindheit 1940-1950 ("Dobryd: A Polish Childhood, 1940- 1950"; Kerle, Freiburg). Topics related to neo-Nazism were dealt with in the following books: Werner Habermehl, Sind die Deutschen faschistoid? Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersu- chung iiber die Verbreitung rechter und rechtsextremer Ideologien in der Bundes- republik Deutschland ("Are Germans Fascistoid? Findings of an Empirical Inquiry Into the Prevalence of Rightist and Ultra-Rightist Ideologies in the Federal Repub- lic of Germany"; Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg); Alwin Meyer and Karl Klaus Rabe, Unsere Stunde, die wird kommen: Rechtsextremismus unter Jugendlichen ("Our Time Will Come: Right-Wing Extremism Among Youth"; Lamuv, Born- heim-Merten); Henryk M. Broder, Deutschland erwacht: Die neuen Nazis—Ak- tionen und Provokationen ("Germany Awakes: The New Nazis—Actions and Provocations"; Lamuv, Bornheim-Merten). Israel and the Middle East were the subjects of Christoph von Imhoff, editor, Krisenquadrat Mittelost ("Middle East, Square of Crisis"; Osang, Bonn); Udo Stein- bach, Rolf Hofmeier and Mathias Schonborn, editors, Politisches Lexikon Nahost ("Political Dictionary of the Middle East"; Beck, Munich); Werner Richter, Israel und seine Nachbarrdume: Ldndliche Siedlungen und Landnutzung seit dem 19. Jahrhundert ("Israel and Neighboring Areas: Rural Settlements and Land Use Since the 19th Century"; Steiner, Wiesbaden); Raymonda Tawil, Mein Gefdngnis FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 229

hat viele Mauern: Eine Paldstinenserin berichtet ("My Prison Has Many Walls: A Palestinian Woman Reports"; Neue Gesellschaft, Bonn); Shlomo Erel, Aus dem Tagebuch eines Kibbuz-Sekretdrs ("From the Diary of a Kibbutz Secretary"; Bleicher, Gerlingen); Carl Alpert, Farbiges Israel ("Colorful Israel"; Herbig Lan- gen-Muller, Munich); Kazuyoshi Nomachi, Sinai: Land der Verheissung ("Sinai: Land of Promise"; Reich, Lucerne); Julian J. Landau, Israel: Ein Reise- und Kultur- fiihrer ("Israel: A Travel and Cultural Guide"; Athenaum, Konigstein); Herbert Fasching, Gelobtes Land: Begegnung mil Israel ("Promised Land: Encounter With Israel"; Verlagsgruppe Engagement; Munich); Annemarie Ohler, Israel: Volk und Land ("Israel: The People and the Land"; Katholisches Bibelwerk, Stuttgart); Benjamin Mazar, Der Berg des Herrn: Neue Ausgrabungen in Jerusalem ("The Mountain of the Lord: New Excavations in Jerusalem"; Liibbe, Bergisch-Glad- bach); Friedrich Laubscher, Jerusalem—Widerspruch und Verheissung: Geschichte einer Stadt ("Jerusalem—Paradox and Promise: History of a City"; Bahn, Con- stance); Eli Rothschild, Kb'nig Davids Kinder—Eine Heimkehr: Chronik der Juden ("King David's Children—Their Return: A Chronicle of the Jews"; Hase & Kohler, Mainz); Shalom Ben-Chorin, Ich lebe in Jerusalem: Ein Bekenntnis zur Geschichte und Gegenwart ("I Live in Jerusalem: A Pledge to History and to the Present"; Bleicher, Gerlingen); Flavius Josephus: Judische Altertumer ("Antiquities of the Jews"; Fourier, Wiesbaden). The following publications were devoted to the Jewish religion: Giinter Stem- berger, Das klassische Judentum: Kultur und Geschichte der rabbinischen Zeit ("Classical Judaism: The Culture and History of the Rabbinic Era"; Beck, Munich); Herbert Donner, Pilgerfahrt ins Heilige Land: Zur Geschichte der wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Israel und seinem Land in alttestamentlicher Zeit ("Pilgrim- age to the Holy Land: On the History of the Mutual Relations Between Israel and Its Land in Old Testament Times"; Katholisches Bibelwerk, Stuttgart); Franz Mussner, Traktat iiber die Juden ("A Treatise on the Jews"; Kosel, Munich); David Gibbon and Ted Smart, Das Heilige Land ("The Holy Land"; Delphin, Munich); Heinz Kremers, Judenmission heute? Von der Judenmission zur briiderlichen Solidaritdt undzum okumenischen Dialog ("Missions to the Jews Today? From the Jewish Mission to Brotherly Solidarity and Ecumenical Dialogue"; Neukirchener, Vienna); Riidiger Bartelmus, Heroentum in Israel und seiner Umwelt: Abhandlun- gen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments ("The Roie of the Hero in Israel and Its World: Studies in Old and New Testament Theology"; Theologischer Ver- lag, Zurich); Rolf Rendtorff, editor, Arbeitsbuch "Christen und Juden ": Beitragzum christlich-judischen Dialog ("A Workbook on Christians and Jews: A Contribution to Christian-Jewish Dialogue"; Mohn, Giitersloh); Werner Georg Kiimmel, editor, Judische Schriften aus hellenistisch-rb'mischer Zeit ("Jewish Writings of the Helle- nistic-Roman Era"; Mohn, Giitersloh); Hans Hermann Henrix, editor, Judische Liturgie: Geschichte, Struktur und Wesen ("Jewish Liturgy: Its History, Structure and Essence"; Herder, Freiburg); Hans Jochen Gamm, Das Judentum: Eine 230 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Einfuhrung ("Judaism: An Introduction"; Campus, Frankfurt); Amric Brauer, Die Pessach-Haggadah ("The Passover Haggadah"; Piper, Munich); Leo Baeck, Das Wesen des Judentums ("The Essence of Judaism"; Fourier, Wiesbaden). Biographical publications included these volumes: Julius H. Schoeps, Moses Men- delssohn (Athenaum, Konigstein); Alexander Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn: Brief- wechsel der letzten Lebensjahre ("Moses Mendelssohn: Correspondence of His Last Years"; Frommann, Stuttgart); Hans Kohn, Martin Buber: Sein Werk und seine Zeit ("Martin Buber: His Work and Times"; Fourier, Wiesbaden); Leopold Marx, Jehoshua, mein Sohn: Lebensbild eines frith Gereiften ("Yehoshuah, My Son: Por- trait of One Who Matured Early"; Bleicher, Gerlingen); Miron Sima, Lebensabend und Abschied von Else Lasker-Schuler in Jerusalem: Zeichnungen und Erinnerungen ("Else Lasker-Schuler in Jerusalem—Late Years and Farewell: Drawings and Memories"; Baedeckersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wuppertal); Arnost Kolman, Die verirrte Generation—So hdtten wir nicht leben sollen: Eine Biographie ("A Generation Gone Astray—We Should Not Have Lived Like This: A Biography"; Fischer, Frankfurt); Henryk M. Broder and Michel R. Lang, editors, Fremd im eigenen Land: Juden in der Bundesrepublik ("Strangers in Their Own Land: Jews in the Federal Republic"; Fischer, Frankfurt); Friedrich Diirrenmatt, Albert Ein- stein (Diogenes, Zurich); Albert Einstein, Aus meinen spdten Jahren ("Out of My Later Years; Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart); Rolf Vogel, editor, Das Echo: Widerhall auf Simon Wiesenthal ("The Echo: Response to Simon Wiesenthal"; Seewald, Stuttgart); Saul Friedlander, Wenn die Erinnerung kommt. . . ("When Memory Comes . . ."; Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart); Henry A. Kissinger, Memoiren 1969-1973 ("Memoirs, 1969-1973"; Bertelsmann, Munich); Lilli Palmer, Umarmen hat seine Zeit ("A Time to Embrace"; Droemer Knaur, Mu- nich); Yehudi Menuhin, Unvollendete Reise: Lebenserinnerungen ("Unfinished Journey: Recollections"; Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich); Eva Mendels- sohn, Zwischenzeit ("Interval"; Knaus, Hamburg). Outstanding among literary prose works were Isaac Bashevis Singer, Leiden- schaften: Geschichten aus der Neuen und der Alien Welt ("Passions: Stories from the New and the Old World"; Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich); Edgar Hilsenrath, Gib acht, Genosse Mandelbaum ("Watch Out, Comrade Mandelbaum"; Langen-Miiller, Munich); Ephraim Kishon, Parodies neu zu vermieten: Neue Satiren ("Paradise Newly for Rent: New Satires"; Langen-Miiller, Munich); Stefan Eisner, Todliche Liebe: Ein Schauspiel iiber die unerlaubte Liebe zwischen einer Ju'din und einem jungen Nazi im Dritten Reich ("Deadly Love: A Drama of the Forbidden Love of a Jewish Woman and a Young Nazi in the Third Reich"; Ellenberg, Cologne); Max Brod, Reubeni, Ftirst der Juden: Ein Renaissance-Roman ("Reuveni, Prince of the Jews: A Novel of the Renaissance"; Fischer, Frankfurt); Hans Habe, Drei iiber die Grenze ("Three Across the Border"; Walter, Olten); Meir M. Faerber, editor, Stimmen aus Israel: Eine Anthologie deutschsprachiger Literatur in Israel ("Voices from Israel: An Anthology of Literature in German From Israel"; Bleicher, Gerlingen). FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 231 Personalia Hermann Lewy, editor-in-chief of the Diisseldorf Allgemeine jiidische Wochen- zeitung, the only nationwide Jewish weekly in the country, was awarded the Great Cross and Star of Merit of the Federal Order of Merit. The Cross of Merit With Ribbon was awarded to Simon Snopkowski, president of the State Association of Israelite Congregations in Bavaria; Henryk Ingster, a leading representative of the Israelite Congregation in Munich; and Marian Rogovski, a Jewish writer in Frank- furt. The Cross of Merit was awarded to Ernst Simon, a public school administrator and leading member of the Cologne congregation, and to Ernst J. Cramer, a noted Berlin publicist. The Bavarian Order of Merit was presented to David Schuster, vice president of the State Association of Israelite Congregations in Bavaria, who was also president of the Wiirzburg congregation, and to Julius Spokojny, the Augsburg manufacturer and president of the local Jewish congregation. Heinz Galinski, president of the Berlin congregation, a leader in many Jewish organizations, and co-publisher of the Allgemeine jiidische Wochenzeitung, received the Gold Award of the League of Brain-damaged Persons in Germany for "outstanding merit" on behalf of this group of handicapped individuals. In Frankfurt, the widow of Jewish writer and historian Paul Arnsberg (deceased December 10, 1978) received in his name the rarely awarded Goethe Plaque. Stefan Schwarz, president of the Jewish community in Straubing, was awarded the city's Citizen Medal in gold, as well as the Bavarian Historic Landmark Protec- tion Medal. Since 1945, Schwarz had contributed greatly to the preservation of Jewish cemeteries in Bavaria. In recognition of his efforts on behalf of Jewish education and culture, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem awarded the Honorary Fellow title to Hans Lamm, president of the Israelite Congregation in Munich. The American violinist and conductor, Yehudi Menuhin, was awarded the Peace Prize of the Organization of German Booksellers. For their contributions to German-Israeli understanding, Shalom Ben-Chorin, Inge Deutschkron, Felix E. Shinnar, and Walter Katz received the Rudolf Kiister- meier Prize, donated by the German publisher Axel Springer. In the former synagogue at Michelstadt in Hesse, a museum named after the late Rabbi I. E. Lichtigfeld was opened. The president of the Minden Jewish community, Emil Samuel, died on January 4, aged 85. The president of the Frankfurt Jewish community, Ignaz Lipinski, died on January 6, aged 72. The rabbi of the Jewish congregations in Baden-Wiirttemberg state, Fritz E. Bloch, died on September 27, aged 76.

FRIEDO SACHSER German Democratic Republic

URING 1979 the German Democratic Republic (DDR) observed the 30th anniversary of its founding. On this occasion, the Federation of Jewish Com- munities in the DDR, with eight local affiliates, issued a declaration which stated: Thirty years of the German Democratic Republic means, to us citizens of the Jewish faith, thirty years of life in security and safety. It means, to us, thirty years of unqualified equality and it means, not least, thirty years of religious freedom, guaranteed by our socialist constitution. With pride and joy we observe the thirtieth anniversary of the founding of our German Democratic Republic. We, the survivors of the grim era of Nazi fascism and concentration camps, have taken part with all the fullness of our hearts in the successful building of our state. With all the strength we could still muster, under the leadership of the party of the working class, a home was created in which we are fully integrated. In this state of ours we live free and undisturbed; antisemitism and race agitation are strictly punished here. New synagogues and prayer rooms have been built, with resources provided for us by the state. We citizens of the Jewish faith honor the steady, single-minded struggle to maintain and secure peace which our socialist republic has for thirty years carried on, undeviatingly and successfully, alongside the Soviet Union and the other socialist brother nations, and we take part in this struggle. In the Pentateuch, the Five Books of Moses, we are bidden, "Love thy neighbor as thyself," and this commandment obligates us to respect every human being, no matter what his skin color, what his religion or philosophy of life may be. Never may his human dignity be profaned or trodden underfoot. This is the spirit in which the younger generation in our republic is educated. We see with horror that in some parts of the world, particularly in the Federal Republic of Germany, fascism and agitation for war boldly raise their heads, with antisemitism following in their wake. Why those in power do not uproot these alarming developments is impossible to understand. By failing to do so, they make themselves accomplices in the threat to peace . . . We citizens of the Jewish faith are loyal citizens of our German Democratic Republic, for in its thirty years it has given us what we always longed for: safety, equality, and a life in freedom and security. We work and fight for our country's lofty goals, for the happiness of all humans, for reconciliation of nations and for peace.

On the Jewish New Year, the deputy minister for church affairs in the DDR, Hans Seigewasser, stated in a message to the Federation of Jewish Communities: "You may observe the New Year in the certain awareness that our Jewish fellow citizens have helped to shape, during the past three decades, the first truly humanistic, socialist German state, a state definitively free of racism. They have done so, in part, through their own great achievements, in comradeship with all citizens. You may rest assured that this republic of ours, having become a place of security and safety for the members of Jewish communities, will unwaveringly uphold its anti- fascist principles and will continue to view peace, disarmament, human well-being and the happiness of its citizens as its highest maxims in political action."

232 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC / 233

There were fewer than 800 Jews in the DDR, most of them aged. Ninety per cent were recognized victims of Nazi persecution or fighters against Nazism. Indemnifi- cation payments such as were provided in the Federal Republic did not exist; in lieu of a restitution annuity, persons with a claim received an honorary pension. Helmut Aris, the president of the Federation of Jewish Communities, reported that there were practically no poor Jews. None of the eight communities in the DDR (Berlin, Dresden, Erfurt, Halle, Karl-Marx-Stadt, Leipzig, Magdeburg, and Schwerin) had a rabbi or cantor. The quarterly Nachrichtenblatt and the annual Jewish calendar were bought by Jews in the DDR and by emigrants abroad who wanted to maintain contact with their former homeland. During 1979 the DDR held numerous commemorative events in connection with the 250th anniversary of the birth of Moses Mendelssohn and the 100th anniversary of the birth of Albert Einstein. In September the memorial day for the victims of fascism was observed with a large-scale demonstration in East Berlin, attended by tens of thousands, including leading figures of the state. Me- morial gatherings were also held in other locations, including the former concentration camps at Nordhausen and Ravensbriick. In May a memorial for the approximately 1,000 victims of the Laura sub-camp of Buchenwald was inaugurated at Schmiedebach. Referring to the debate on the statute of limitations in the Federal Republic, a spokesman for the chief prosecutor's office in East Berlin noted in January that the DDR had no such statute. The spokesman indicated that since 1945 a total of 12,681 persons had been convicted in the DDR of war crimes and crimes against humanity. It was stressed that the DDR would continue to evaluate all documents about Nazi criminals, and would expand its contacts abroad, so as to bring to justice all guilty individuals. In February it became known that in October 1978 three former members of a police battalion under 55 command, Arno Schumann, Kurt Melzer, and Rudolf Miksch, had been sentenced to terms ranging from 14 years to life for murdering at least 15,000 Jews in White Russia. The public had been excluded from the proceedings. In February Neues Deutschland, the organ of the Socialist Unity party (SED), printed extracts from decrees and reports of the Third Reich concerning the persecution of Jews. A preface pointed out that such documents exploded the notion, often suggested in the Federal Republic, that the mass murder of Jews had been carried out by a small handful of fanatics. In fact, it was noted, a huge judicial apparatus had taken part, as had the foreign office and the military. In the Federal Republic, the preface continued, the truth about the nature of German fascism and its crimes had been distorted or passed over in silence, whereas in the DDR, not only had the truth been told, but fascism had been completely uprooted. The DDR ministry of culture declined to broadcast the American TV film Holo- caust on the ground that it did not present the full truth about Nazi crimes. 234 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAH BOOK, 1981

However, many DDR citizens were able to see the film on their television screens when it was aired in the Federal Republic. The DDR continued its policy of unwavering support of the Arab rejectionist front in the Middle East conflict, and most particularly of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In May a "week of solidarity with the anti-imperialist struggle of the Arab peoples" was conducted throughout the country. On this occasion, a joint declaration by the government and numerous organizations demanded a comprehensive Middle East peace settlement, including the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. The separate agreement between Egypt and Israel, achieved under the aegis of the United States, was condemned. PLO chief Yasir Arafat thanked the DDR for its aid. The PLO maintained a permanent bureau in East Berlin.

FRIEDO SACHSER Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Domestic Affairs

D'URIN, G 1979 THE QUESTION OF SUCCESSION, although avoided in the press, obviously preoccupied Soviet leadership. Both the party chief, Leonid Brezh- nev, and the head of government, Aleksei Kosygin, were seriously ill and not always able to attend to their duties. Toward the end of the year, 74 year old Nikolai Tikhonov, first deputy premier and a close associate of Brezhnev, was promoted to full membership in the politburo. At the same time, Mikhail Gorbachev, a national party secretary in charge of the all-important agriculture sector, was made a candidate member of the politburo. It was significant that Gorbachev was the only Soviet leader under the age of 50 in a group where the average age was about 70. The politburo consisted of 14 full voting members and nine candidates. Dissident circles abroad spoke of continuing division within the politburo, with Brezhnev and Kosygin representing the moderate faction, and Suslov, Ponomarev, and Demichev leading the rigid Stalinist group. At the same time, the growing complexity of planned economic management was increasing the limited powers of the technical bureaucracy, which had immediate responsibility for meeting the needs of the state. Some local observers saw in the enhanced role of the technocratic sector an opportunity for general internal change. The well-known dissident leader Andrei Sakharov suggested that a strong policy in the West could substantially strengthen the moderates in the ruling circles of the USSR. In any case, contradictory though it might seem, both the moderates and the hardliners feared the possibility of a return to terror. According to dissidents, there was considerable restraint in the debates at the top of the party. Kremlin leaders, upset about a decline in production, called for improved economic planning, efficiency, and output. According to available information, Soviet industrial production in the first half of 1979 rose by some 3.5 per cent, instead of the planned 5.7. A decree promulgated in July emphasized the need for efficient use of technological advances, and took Soviet administrators to task for railroad bot- tlenecks and the poor condition of the nation's highways. Substantial price increases

235 236 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 were introduced for a variety of goods, including cars, furs, imported furniture, and jewelry. While this affected a relatively small number of individuals with substantial savings, increases in restaurant charges were a blow to a larger sector of the population. Soviet ideologists repeatedly argued that inflation was a curse of capitalist societies, but Soviet citizens were well aware that the ruble, like some Western currencies, was losing more and more of its value. Around Christmas a pound of turkey cost more than 7 rubles or the equivalent of over 10 dollars. The average monthly wage was about 160 rubles or some $240 at the official rate of exchange. Retirees, who received pensions of some 50 rubles, were the hardest hit. The 1979 harvest was hurt by drought, and in June the Kremlin contracted for an additional 730,000 metric tons of grain from the United States. (A U.S. embargo imposed in 1980 substantially reduced the amount of grain exported to the USSR.) The Moscow leadership, concerned about an increase in crime, drunkenness, and general lawlessness, issued a decree in September calling for a national effort to strengthen public order, especially in the urban centers. The increase in urban crime was perhaps one of the factors shaping the ambivalent attitude toward Stalin that was very much present in Soviet society; many people favorably compared Stalin's stern law-and-order regime with the present "soft" leadership.

Dissidence There was a degree of relaxation in some areas of Soviet life, notwithstanding instances of harsh treatment of individual dissidents. It was significant that the Leningrad Ballet Ensemble, oriented toward modern expression and using "rock" music, was permitted to extend its work to wider audiences in many cities. Nonethe- less, firm control and censorship prevailed in all areas of life. When a group of well-known writers attempted to publish an unofficial "thick" magazine, Poiski (Search), devoted to expressing divergent views—Marxist, liberal, Slavophile, etc. —the initiative was harshly suppressed. The police raided the apartments of the participating authors, and warned one of Poiskrs editors, Piotr Egides, that the magazine constituted slander against the Soviet system. Egides was forced to emigrate in 1979, but during the year three issues of Poiski appeared—quite an achievement for a periodical of this kind. Among the Poiski group was Raisa Lert, a member of the party for over 50 years, who was expelled in March as a result of her connection with the magazine. Vasily Aksenov, a leading literary figure of the postwar period, resigned from the Union of Soviet Writers in protest against the organization's refusal to reinstate two young authors expelled for arguing against censorship. The authorities did not react when a group of dissidents circulated an open letter requesting that the government demand the immediate release of the American hostages held in Iran. Among the signers of the letter were several of the contributors to Poiski. However, when poet Bella Akhmadulina spoke in defense of Andrei Sakharov, the human rights activist and Nobel Prize winner, the authorities SOVIET UNION / 237 responded by depriving her of some of the material perquisites enjoyed by writers in the USSR. An interesting development in the Soviet dissident movement—bringing a new voice to the fore—was the appearance in the fall of an uncensored publication devoted to the problems of women in the Soviet Union. According to Amnesty International, more than 40 dissidents were brought to trial in the USSR in the last third of 1979. Among those arrested was Viktor Nekipelov, a pharmacist and poet, who had already served a two-year prison term. Nekipelov is a Karaite from the Crimea; one of his poems was devoted to Chufut Kale, the ancient Karaite center there. In April five Soviet dissidents—Aleksandr Ginzburg, Edward Kuznetsov, Mark Dymshits, Valentin Moroz, and Georgii Vins—were released from detention centers and flown to New York in exchange for two Soviet spies sentenced to long prison terms in the United States. Kuznetsov and Dymshits had been sentenced to death in 1970 for participation in the aborted plot to hijack a Soviet plane to Israel; their sentences were commuted to long prison terms. Interestingly, Ginzburg, a practicing Greek Orthodox Christian, took the name of his Jewish mother in defiance of the prevailing antisemitism. He was active in relief work on behalf of arrested dissidents, distributing funds coming from royalties received by Aleksandr Solzhe- nitsyn. Georgii Vins was active in opposition to the official All-Soviet Council of Evangelical Christians and Baptists. Valentin Moroz was a strongly nationalist Ukrainian. In an open letter to a Washington meeting of human rights activists, Andrei Sakharov pointed out that dissidence was developing in the Soviet satellite countries.

Nationalities Although Moscow was firmly in control of the large number of national minorities residing in various areas of the USSR, there was deep unrest, particularly among the local intelligentsia who resented increased efforts at russification. In the Baltic countries—Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia—the government had brought in Rus- sians and Ukrainians, who were not only taking over a great many of the available jobs, but were changing the demographic character of the region. Dissidents among the Ukrainian intelligentsia, particularly in the Western Ukraine, were having success in attracting writers and teachers who remained in the party but resented Russian dictates. Nationalist protests also continued in Georgia and Armenia. Thousands of Armenians, including many who went to the USSR after World War II, were seeking to emigrate. Between 1970 and 1978, 3,000 Armenians left the Soviet Union for the United States, and the rate of emigration was on the rise. Among others, the Crimean Tatars, victims of deportations decreed by Stalin, were protesting their inability to return to the Crimea, presently part of the Ukrainian Republic. 238 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

The Communist apparatus mobilized all of its resources to stop the growth of local nationalist dissent. Following up on the decision of the 25th party congress (1978), a serious effort was being made to mold the younger generation into Soviet patriots. In May a conference on "Russian Language, the Language of Friendship and Cooperation of the People of the USSR" took place in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). The focus of the deliberations, in which language specialists, educators, and school administrators participated, was the idea that the Russian language should be introduced into every non-Russian school beginning with the earliest grades. If and when this suggested reform was adopted, it would surely encounter strong opposition in Georgia, Lithuania, Kirghizia, etc., since its intent was the application of a policy of forced assimilation.

Foreign Affairs In June there was a summit meeting in Vienna that brought together Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter. The two leaders signed the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT), which required approval by the U.S. Senate before going into effect. Although developments in Chinese-U.S. relations did not please the Soviets, Sino-Soviet talks were entered into toward the end of 1979. Both the Soviets and the Chinese were aware of the need to normalize relations, but much remained to be done to push both sides to concrete results. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union conducted large-scale military maneuvers along the Chinese border, and from time to time there were reports of clashes between Soviet and Chinese forces. The policy of detente did not stop the Kremlin leaders from pursuing a policy of overt and covert expansion. In neighboring Afghanistan, Moscow engineered a change of presidents, replacing Nur Mohammed Tarak with Hafizullah Amin. In September Soviet troops were flown into Kabul.*

Relations with Israel Moscow maintained its strong anti-Israel policy, supporting the PLO and the Arab demand for a Palestinian state in the area, including East Jerusalem. At the same time, Moscow Radio, in its programs directed to the Arab world, disseminated crude anti-Zionist propaganda, emphasizing the "racist character" of Zionism and the "racist" policies of Israel. In the United Nations, Moscow indicated its unhappi- ness with President Carter's Camp David efforts at peace in the Middle East. Reports by Israeli leftists that the Kremlin leaders were beginning to rethink their harsh anti-Israeli policy appeared to be wishful thinking. However, in August a group of Israeli political scientists did participate in the International Conference on Political Science held in Moscow. On the Sabbath, the Israeli delegates went to the synagogue, where Professor Zev Katz addressed the congregation in Yiddish,

*The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan will be discussed in the next volume of the AJYB. SOVIET UNION / 239 and expressed hope that peace would come to the Middle East. Meanwhile the Soviets continued to send large supplies of weapons to many of the Arab states.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography Preliminary results of the 1979 Soviet census were released, but the figures had to be viewed with care. According to the 1959 census, the Soviet Jewish population stood at 2,268,000, while the 1970 census indicated some 2,161,000 Jews, or a decline of 117,000. The 1979 census gave the figure for Jews as 1,810,000, or 460,000 less than in 1959 and some 350,000 less than in 1970. While part of the decline was due to emigration (as of 1978 about 175,000 Jews had left the Soviet Union), there were still about 285,000 Jews unaccounted for as persons belonging to the Jewish national group. According to the 1959 census there were 875,307 Jews in the RSFSR (Russian group) and 840,311 in the Ukraine, as against 700,000 and 634,000, respectively, indicated in the present census. In other words, the Jewish population of these two Slavic republics declined by some 380,000. What happened to these Jews remains an open question, particularly if one takes into account the fact that the total population of the Soviet Union showed an approximately 8 per cent increase over 1970—some 260,000,000 in 1979, as against 242,000,000 in 1970. The most likely explanation is that in addition to purely demographic factors, i.e., a declining birth rate and increased emigration, Jews were being "passed" into the Russian, Ukrainian, and, probably, Belorussian nationalities. The 1979 census revealed that a falling birth rate had particularly affected the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian nationalities, who now constituted 72 per cent of the total population, as against 74 per cent in 1970. The number of ethnic Russians fell from 54.6 per cent in 1959, to 53.4 per cent in 1970, and then to 52.4 per cent in 1979. At the same time, among the more than one hundred nationality groups living in the USSR, many, which had not yet reached the level of industriali- zation and urbanization attained by the Slavs, experienced considerable population growth. A well-known Soviet demographer, M.B. Tatimov, in The Development of Popula- tion and Demographic Policy, pointed out that by the year 2000 the proportion of ethnic Russians in the total population would be reduced to some 46 per cent. Russians and other Slavs represent the leading national and political elements in the Soviet Union, and their numerical decline worries the leadership. Under these circumstances, it appears the Kremlin leaders have allowed a gradual "passing" of some Jewish elements into the corresponding Slavic populations, at least in terms of national identification. Respondents to the Soviet census do not have to present their internal passports, and are able to identify themselves according to choice. Many assimilated Jews, it seems, are quite willing to register as Russians, 240 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Ukrainians, etc. From the Kremlin's point of view this not only boosts the total figures of the dominant Slavic groups, but also reduces the weight of the so-called Russian Jewish intelligentsia. However, a Jew remains a Jew whether he is registered as a Jew, a Russian, or a Ukrainian. The same, of course, is true of assimilated Jews. It is estimated that in 1979 there were some 2,630,000 Jews in the Soviet Union. This figure assumes a rate of natural increase of about 5 per cent, and allows for Jewish emigration during the year. It is important to note that in the census 14.2 per cent of the respondents listed Yiddish as their mother tongue, while others listed Judeo-Tadzhik and other Jewish dialects.

Emigration According to available figures, some 50,000 Jews left the USSR in 1979, bringing the total since emigration became possible in 1970 to approximately 225,000. As years went by, about 75 per cent of the emigrants went to countries other than Israel. Oddly enough, hundreds of Jewish families went to West Berlin. There were an estimated 250,000 Jews still seeking to leave the Soviet Union. Of great significance was the increasing number of non-Jews who were applying for exit visas. Among them were many representatives of the Russian intelligentsia —writers, musicians, and painters. Several thousand Armenians have left the USSR, as have several tens of thousands of Volga Germans. Among the religious denominations, thousands of Pentacostals were clamoring for permission to leave.

Communal and Religious Life Whatever remained of Jewish communal life in the USSR was concentrated around the small number of still-functioning synagogues; the synagogues were the only places where Jews with national feelings felt at home. The precise number of synagogues was not known, but apparently, in addition to the legally constituted congregations (the so-called dvadtsatkas), there were minyonim assembling privately. Iakov Fishman was rabbi of the Moscow synagogue. In the spring Adolf Shayevich was installed as deputy rabbi. Shayevich, a native of Birobidzhan, was trained by special permission at the Jewish Rabbinical Seminary in Budapest, where two other Russian students were awaiting ordination. Two Soviet Jews were also being trained at New York's Yeshiva University, where they were taking a three- year "crash" course before returning home. It was obvious that the Moscow yeshiva was not able to provide rabbinical training. According to reports, in August Iakov Mikelberg, president of the Moscow synagogue, was replaced by Boris Gram. In 1979 a sufficient quantity oimatzot was provided in Moscow and Leningrad. Rabbi Pinhas Teitz of Elizabeth, New Jersey reported that his shipments of esrogim, lulavim, and hadasim reached Jews in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Vilno, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Kovno, Chernovitz, Baku, Minsk, Bobruisk, and Lvov. In May the authorities in charge of religious cults gave the Moscow synagogue permission to import SOVIET UNION / 241

1,500 prayer shawls, 250 pair of tefilin, and 300 mezuzot. This news was greeted with joy, since the production of religious articles was discouraged and a black market for them had developed. There was no formal religious education in the USSR. Chedorim were strictly forbidden, and underground religious education could not be provided to more than a very limited number of youth. There were signs, however, of awakening interest in Jewish religious observance. This, no doubt, was connected with the increased concern for Jewish national identification. Under these conditions, synagogues become centers of Jewish affirmation, although in many cases with a peculiar secular tinge. The lack of formal Jewish religious education was a factor in the conversion to Christianity of some Jews seeking deeper religious experience. The well-known Christian church historian, A. Levitin-Krasnov, recently wrote about Mikhail Meerson Aksenov, a priest, and his wife, now in the United States, both of whom were young Jews inspired by the Christian ideal. All religious activities in the Soviet Union were strictly controlled by the state. However, the Greek Orthodox Church and the Moslem religious group were favored for political reasons, and from time to time used this to their advantage. Thus, Patriarch Pimen of Moscow announced that new Greek Orthodox churches had been opened in Vladivostok, Novokuznetsk, and in the Novgorod region. Repre- sentatives of various sects—Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, and others—who displeased the authorities were arrested and sent to prison camps; Vladimir A. Shelkov, a Seventh-Day Adventist, died in a camp near Yakutsk, Siberia. Along with other representatives of religious groups, Rabbi Fishman issued a statement in support of the SALT II agreement. "This agreement," said Fishman, "will be a model for settling tensions in the world, including the Middle East."

Antisemitism and Discrimination Anti-Jewish sentiments continued to pervade Russian society. Indeed, judging by the literature on Jews, Judaism, and Israel appearing in the Soviet Union, it was clear that nothing had changed in this regard since Tsarist times. Not only did the Soviets put Jews in a special category, they also attempted to eradicate the Jewish past. At this late date, the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" was still being utilized to warn of the danger that Jews presented to the USSR. In February, not long before the election to the Supreme Soviet, a mimeographed sheet circulated in Leningrad calling on "the faithful sons of Russia to throw the Zionists out of the Kremlin." Anti-Jewish feelings were even expressed in some dissident circles, particularly among those which were inspired by Slavophile ideology. In May an unsigned statement, distributed privately, accused Soviet poet Andreii Voznesensky of being a Zionist because, during a visit to Moscow by Marc Chagall, Voznesensky had referred to him as "a great Russian artist." Evgenii Evseev, a notorious antisemitic writer, characterized Aron Vergelis, editor of Sovetish Heim- land, as a crypto-Zionist. In his pamphlet, Zionism in the Cause of Imperialism, 242 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Evseev called Zionism the "most dangerous of all fascist forms." The International Affairs Publishing House in Moscow issued a new book by Lidiia Magzhorian under the title Zionism as a Form of Racism and Racist Discrimination. Among other things, Magzhorian argued that the Jewish question was created under Tsar Nikolaii I by Jews from Western Europe who were trying to penetrate, with their capital, into the Russian empire. Anti-Jewish quotas were in effect throughout the Soviet structure, both in agencies providing employment and in the major institutions of higher learning. Grigorii Freiman, a mathematics professor, indicated that whereas in the 1960's one-fifth of the mathematics students at Moscow University were Jewish, in the mid-1970's there were only two or three Jewish mathematics students at Leningrad University. While there were still many Jews in industry and science, it was clearly difficult for them to obtain advancement, or to be employed in a responsible post. With the exception of Veniamin Dymshits, the perennial deputy premier of the USSR, there were no Jews in top positions in the party, state, or armed forces. On occasion one noticed a Jewish retired general among the officers of a Soviet agency, e.g., General Mikhail Milshtein at the Moscow Institute of the United States and Canada. From time to time, there were developments that were inexplicable in the context of Soviet anti-Jewish policy. Thus, in the summer, Moscow's Tretiakov Gallery organized an exhibition of paintings and illustrations by Leonid Paster- nak (the father of Boris Pasternak, author of Doctor Zhivago), who left Russia after the October revolution. In Tbilisi, Georgia, the state television station presented a 50-minute program on medieval Jewish poetry, including the Zion poems of Yehuda Halevi.

Jewish Resistance Jewish dissidents and "refuseniks" who protested against the obstacles placed in the way of would-be emigrants received harsh treatment at the hands of Soviet authorities. Among those arrested in the summer was Igor Guberman, who was involved in many Jewish cultural endeavors, including the underground magazine Jews in the USSR. Moscow "refuseniks" Viktor and Irina Brailovsky were repeatedly interrogated; the former was threatened with arrest as a "parasite." Yecheskiel Zaks, in Tashkent, was given a two-year suspended sentence for baking and selling matzot. Although Jewish dissent centered around the emigration issue, some Jews looked for means to improve the quality of Jewish life in the Soviet Union. There were an estimated 60 Hebrew teachers active throughout the USSR, with 34 in Moscow and 14 in Leningrad. Samizdat material on Jewish history and thought was being circulated. Isai Goldstein, a meteorologist in Tbilisi, suggested to party officials in Georgia that, in line with Soviet nationalities policy, a Jewish radio and television station and a Jewish cultural institution be established. In December a seminar on Jewish history was held in Kishinev, with Hanukah the subject of discussion. SOVIET UNION / 243 Culture The authorities continued to discourage Jewish cultural activities. There were no Jewish schools, and only one Yiddish periodical, Sovetish Heimland, edited by Aron Vergelis. Despite the attitude of the authorities, and the departure for abroad of a number of Yiddish writers and actors, some Yiddish activities were maintained. The Moscow Yiddish Drama Ensemble, under the direction of Joseph Riklin, performed in Moscow and other cities around the capital. Lia Sokolovskaia, a member of the Moscow Ensemble, gave a recital of Jewish songs. The Vilno Yiddish Folk Theater added to its repertoire a new play, Chelmer Chachomim (The Wise of Chelm), by Moshe Gershonson. Its music ensemble of 25 members, under the direction of V. Glushko, presented Yiddish songs to Jewish and non-Jewish audiences. Jewish music was also heard at the Festival of Russian Winter in Moscow, when Evgenii Svetlanov conducted the Academic State Symphony in such works as Bloch's Bal-Shem Tov, and Zinovii Kompaneets' Rhapsody on Jewish Themes. The Yiddish Chamber Theater in Birobidzhan, the only professional Yiddish theater group in the USSR, under the direction of Iuri Sherling, presented the premiere of Lo MirAlle in Einem (Let Us All Together) with musical arrangement by Mikhail Gluz. The group was enthusiastically received in many cities of the Ural region as well as in Chernovitz. Amateur Yiddish groups continued their activities in Kovno, Leningrad, and Kiev. As far as could be ascertained, the following new Yiddish books became available: Harbst Lieder (Autumn Songs), by Shika Driz; Intervegs (On the Way), by Itsik Kipnis; Di Eibike Mos (Eternal Measure), by Shmul Gordon; In Farshidene Tseitn (In Various Times), by Iosif Rabin; Der Mench is Gut (Man is Good), by Moishe Kulbak; and Di Kleine Erd (The Little Land), by Leonid Brezhnev—a translation of the Soviet leader's memoirs. The official Soviet statistical publications failed to include a listing of Yiddish books appearing in the Soviet Union. It would appear that between 1948 and 1979 only 71 books in Yiddish were published in the USSR —an average of two books a year. Sovetish Heimland carried an article by the well-known semitologist Leib Wilsker on the Yiddish and Hebrew holdings of the Leningrad Library, which included over 18,400 books in Hebrew and related languages, and some 18,800 in Yiddish. In February the Leningrad Library organized an exhibition of Sholem Aleichem's works, both in the original and in translation. Many thousands of Jews crowded the International Book Fair held in Moscow on September 4-10 to examine books of Jewish interest written in English, Yiddish, Hebrew, and Russian. Among 40 books excluded by Soviet authorities were four dealing with Jewish subjects. Among artists dealing with Jewish themes was Peisach Krivoruski, who exhibited his sculptures (including those of Yiddish writers and actors) in Repino, near Leningrad. Tankhum Kaplan, the well-known illustrator of Sholem Aleichem, had his works on Chekhov included in an exhibition at the Leningrad Museum. Many of the graphic works of Gershon Kravtsov were placed on exhibit in Moscow. 244 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

An interesting event was sponsored by the Moscow University's ethnographic department: Vladimir Tchernin, a student, prepared a paper on the history and culture of the Karaites and Krymchaks (Crimean Jews). Among other sources, Tchernin used the works of the Karaite scholar Avram Firkovich. He also presented songs recorded locally.

Birobidzhan There were some 15,000-16,000 Jews living in Birobidzhan. After two years of preparation, Yiddish courses were being taught there by 12 teachers in three high schools; the teachers were employing textbooks prepared before World War II. This was the first time in decades that courses in Yiddish were available for teenagers. However, there was very little interest among the youth in Yiddish as a language. Communist, an official publication, ran an article by Lev Shapiro, the first secretary of the Jewish regional committee of the party in Birobidzhan, in which he described the history of Birobidzhan and pointed out that the Birobidzhaner Shtern was the only Yiddish newspaper in the USSR. He also noted that in the recent election to the Supreme Soviet of Nationalities, Rakhel Geller, a Jewish worker, had become the deputy of Birobidzhan.

Commemoration of the Holocaust On October 28, 1979, the 38th anniversary of the murder of the Jews in the Kovno ghetto, an impressive gathering took place at 9th Fort, where a wreath bearing Yiddish and Lithuanian inscriptions was placed on the mass grave. Mune Gitkind, a Kovno ghetto survivor, recited a poem. There was a similar gathering at 7th Fort. In November an international conference of Auschwitz committees was held in Moscow. Stefan Grayek, a former partisan leader now living in Israel, represented the Jewish Resistance Fighters. In July the Supreme Court of Lithuania sentenced Ionas Mecislovas Plunge to death for his participation in the mass murder near Minsk of 46,500 Jews, Poles, and Belorussians.

Personalia Sonia Frey, a Communist writer and member of the editorial group of Sovetish Heimland, died at the age of 75. Iekhiel Tchichelnitskii, the deputy editor of Sovetish Heimland. died at the age of 70. Iasha Rubin, a Yiddish writer, died at the age of 66. Anatoly Kuznetsov, a non Jewish Russian writer, died in London at the age of 49; he had defected to Britain in 1969. Kuznetsov was known for his book, Babi-Yar, which recounted the German murder of Jews in Kiev in 1941.

LEON SHAPIRO Soviet Bloc Nations

Introduction

M. HERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL CHANGES during the period under review in the East European countries controlled by the Soviet Union.* The Soviet Bloc nations conformed to Kremlin policy, while trying, where possible, to preserve a limited independence in domestic affairs. All of them were integrated into the Soviet Union's economic plans, and were compelled to participate in economic exchanges with the USSR on terms dictated by the Kremlin. The situation of the Jewish communities in Eastern Europe depended in large part on the internal political structure and degree of liberalization prevailing in each of the various Soviet satellite states. While dissident movements, in varying degrees, played an important role in the countries concerned, they had no significant effect on the official Jewish communal structure. The size of the individual Jewish communities, of course, also had an impact in determining their ability to maintain a certain level of religious and secular Jewish life. This survey will deal with the Jewish communities of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.

Poland The decline in the economic situation in Poland made it impossible for the government to meet workers' demands for higher wages and adequate supplies of consumer goods. The annual rate of growth in industrial production fell from 10.9 per cent in 1975 to about 2.8 per cent in 1979. Sporadic strikes were a regular occurrence in various cities. The regime did make small concessions to avert a major explosion, but subsidies for consumer goods and promises of a better future did not stop the growing social ferment. Dissidence was growing and was apparently attracting even some elements that followed the Communist party line. The

*The events in Poland in August 1980 will be discussed in the next AJYB.

245 246 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 opposition, particularly the Workers Defense Committee, with Jacek Kuron and Edward Lipinski, the aged economist, among its leaders, enlarged its demands, calling not only for economic changes, but also for independent workers trade organizations, free bargaining, and the elimination of censorship. It succeeded in maintaining Zapis and Robotnik as censorship-free publications. In November 1979 some 150 individuals, including members of the free trade union movement, students, and writers, openly demonstrated in Warsaw, demanding radical changes in the country. The police arrested the demonstrators, but released them the next day; the authorities were clearly unwilling to provoke further incidents. At the same time, the authorities tried to suppress the "Flying Univer- sity," which was organized by academics and intellectuals, and provided uncensored lectures on history, economics, and literature. The Catholic Church maintained its position as an essential factor in Polish life. Its importance was underscored during the visit of the Pope, the former Karol Cardinal Vojtyla, which, notwithstanding the official atheistic policies of the state, occasioned an unprecedented demonstration of religious devotion. In the course of his visit to Auschwitz, the Pope paused before a Hebrew memorial and stated: "This inscription awakens the memory of the people whose sons and daughters were intended for total extermination." "This people draws its origin from Abraham, our father in faith," he added. Perhaps as a result of the election of a Pole as Pope, relations between the Catholic Church and the government improved markedly. Among new policies adopted was an exemption from military draft of young men studying for the priesthood. Stefan Cardinal Wyszinski, the Polish primate, announced that the authorities had permitted the construction of 14 new churches. Under current conditions, the Church was a stabilizing factor in the country. The Soviet Union has for years maintained a substantial military presence in Poland. For obvious reasons, this has been a factor in limiting moves by competing social groups. Edward Gierek continued in the post of secretary-general of the Polish Commu- nist party (PPRZ) and thus was the actual leader of the country. Henryk Jablonski was head of state, a largely ceremonial post. Prime Minister Piotr Jaroczewicz was removed from his post and ousted from the ruling politburo; he was replaced by Edward Babiuch.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

There were about 6,000 Jews in Poland. Some sources cited a figure of 8,000, apparently including in their estimate Jews who had changed their names, intermarried, and become integrated into Polish society. The Warsaw Jewish population numbered some 2,500; in Wroclaw there were 1,000 Jews; in Krakow and Lodz about 600 each; in Katowice and Tarnow about 100 each; and there were small groups elsewhere. SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 247 Jewish activities were coordinated by the secular Jewish Cultural and Social Union (JCSU), whose membership was estimated at about 1,500, and which had affiliates functioning in 14 cities, among them Warsaw, Wroclaw, Krakow, Lodz, Walbrzych, Dzierzionow, Szczecin, Katowice, and Lublin; the executive secretary was Ruta Gutkowska. In the early post-World War II period, JCSU had organized a wide range of activities, including schools, "folk universities," libraries, publications, cultural clubs, and theatrical productions. In the course of the last seven or eight years, however, most of these activities had been liquidated. In 1979 the Union was maintaining a party propaganda program, party literary forums, and an occasional lecture series. The Jewish Historical Institute, headed by Maurizi Horn, was still in existence but under strict party control. Its substantial archives and library facilities were being used for research on Jewish subjects. The Warsaw-based Yiddish State Theater, named for Esther Rachel Kaminska, enjoyed a substantial state subsidy and gave Yiddish performances three times a week before Jewish and non-Jewish audiences. Earphones were provided for simul- taneous translation into Polish, as knowledge of Yiddish was practically nil. The Theater employed eight non-Jewish performers who had been trained in Yiddish. Among the directors was Jacob Rotbaum, who was well-known to Yiddish audiences in the United States, where he had directed many Yiddish productions. The head of the Theater was Szymon Szurmiej, who studied in the Soviet Union during the war years and returned to Poland in 1946. The Theater's repertoire included plays about the Holocaust as well as contemporary dramas such as Death of a Salesman. Folks-sztyme, JCSU's newspaper, edited by M. Tenenblat, published a Polish supplement for the younger generation. It had a circulation of about 3,000. Of late, some assimilated Jews among the intelligentsia had begun to show an interest in Jewish life as part of a quest for roots. Jewish religious life in Poland continued to deteriorate. There were no rabbis or cantors, and chedorim for religious education of the young were forbidden. The Union of Religious Congregations (URC) provided an address for what remained of religious Jewry in Poland; it was presided over by Moses Finkelsztein. Since there were no rabbis, services were conducted by knowledgeable men of the older generation. On occasion a rabbi from Hungary visited a Polish synagogue. However, in February 1979, Asher Zibes, a Brooklyn rabbi, reported to be Polish-born, was appointed to serve as a rabbi. It was expected that he would soon take over rabbinical responsibilities. URC provided for burials and tried to cope with the problem of rapidly deteriorating Jewish cemeteries. It provided matzot for Passover. In addition to its purely religious activities, it operated a kosher communal kitchen in Warsaw. While Poland had no diplomatic relations with Israel, some contacts between Polish Jews and Israel were maintained. A Polish-Jewish delegation participated in a conference of Polish Jews from many countries held in Israel in February 1979. Among the delegates were Szymon Szurmiej and Moses Finkelsztein. Warsaw 248 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

University hosted a congress devoted to Hebrew Language and Culture in which Israeli scholars and Hebrew activists participated. President Carter's Commission on the Holocaust announced in December 1979 that the Polish government had agreed to renovate the spot in Warsaw from which hundreds of thousands of Jews had been deported to the Nazi extermination camps. At the same time, it was reported that Polish authorities had asked UNESCO to include the former Auschwitz camp in the World Heritage List. If this should come to pass, it would confer on Auschwitz the protection provided under the Convention for the Preservation of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which was adopted in 1972. In support of the request, the World Jewish Congress stated that the inclusion of Auschwitz would "insure the safeguarding of its unique character as a place that witnessed unparalleled crimes of profound significance for the history of mankind."

Hungary The Hungarian Communist leadership had succeeded for some years in pursuing a policy which, while remaining faithful to overall Soviet dictates, afforded substantial independence in the conduct of internal affairs. A striking feature in this regard was an economic policy based on the profit motive. Plans were being made for a redistribution of the labor force that would put some 10 per cent of workers in new jobs. It was expected that some old enterprises would be closed, and that functioning enterprises would pay full prices for raw materials based on world rates. Once established, factories would be monitored for both productivity and profit. Under the continuing direction of Janos Radar, secretary-general of the Commu- nist party, the authorities permitted greater freedom in internal life than that generally prevailing in the Soviet sphere of influence. This was also true with respect to church-state relations; there was a continuing dialogue between Marxists and Cath- olics. The government permitted tourist exchange, and many Hungarians traveled abroad. Limitations, however, were imposed on the activities of writers and other intellectuals. Release of a volume of essays by Gyula Illyes, a well-known poet and writer, was delayed by the authorities because they objected to his views on the situation of the Hungarian minorities living in neighboring Rumania and Czecho- slovakia. In October 1979 seven intellectuals, led by Lazlo Rajk, son of the former Communist leader of the same name who was executed in 1949, signed a letter of protest against the persecution of dissidents in Czechoslovakia.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

It was estimated that the Jewish population of Hungary (including Jews who did not identify with Jewish activities) stood at about 80,000, making the Hungarian Jewish community the second largest in Eastern Europe. Large numbers of Jews had become completely integrated into the surrounding society. Antisemitism was SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 249 strictly forbidden by the authorities. As a consequence, there was no desire for emigration. Jewish activities were coordinated by the Central Board of Jewish Communities, which included both the Neolog (Conservative) and Orthodox trends. Imre Heber was president of the Board; Mrs. I. Seifert was secretary. Central Board records indicated some 70 affiliated Jewish communities maintaining several dozen synagogues, including the famous Budapest Dohanyi Synagogue, where several hundred men and women attended regular Sabbath services. There were seven Orthodox synagogues in Budapest. The Board maintained a Bet-Din, a ritual bath, and a hevra kadisha to deal with burials. As was the case with other religious denominations, salaries of religious personnel were provided by the state. The Central Board maintained a home for the aged caring for some 100 individuals, and supported a 200-bed hospital; both institutions provided kosher food and had adequate facilities. The Board also operated a kosher restaurant, a kosher butcher shop, and a matzot bakery. The Central Board's educational efforts included a gymnasium that offered Jewish studies to high school students and an elementary yeshiva for younger children. A Jewish museum was functioning in Budapest. Of special importance was the operation of Budapest's Rabbinical Seminary—established a century ago—the only institution offering rabbinic training in Eastern Europe. Directed by the well-known scholar, Rabbi Alexander Scheiber, the school had an enrollment of 17, including one student from Czechoslovakia, two from Bulgaria, and three from the Soviet Union. Students at the Seminary were helpful in performing religious services in the provincial communities. The Seminary's academic staff conducted research encompassing Jewish history, literature, and thought. The significance of the school, whose budget was covered in equal parts by the state and the Jewish community, could not be overestimated. The Jewish research and publication program conducted in Budapest included the issuance of a new volume of Monumenta Hungariae Judaica, a scholarly ency- clopedic work begun long before World War II. In preparation were a history of the Jews of Kaposwan, a volume dealing with Jews in the Tolna district, and a 1980-1981 yearbook. Efforts were also being made to prepare a register of archival and library holdings. The educational and cultural work of the community was supported by the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. Erno Gero, the last Stalinist leader before the 1956 rebellion, passed away in Budapest at the age of 82. He had been removed from office and replaced by Janos Kadar.

Czechoslovakia The government of Gustav Husak, state president and secretary-general of the Communist party, continued its fight against what it called "subversion of the republic." It did not, however, succeed in silencing the many intellectuals who 250 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 opposed the regime and demanded radical social change. Among the dissidents were individuals who wrote for the Samizdat Pedlice Press and actors who participated in the Living Room Theater. In October 1979 six human rights activists—Vaclaw Havel, Peter Uhl, Vaclaw Benda, Jiri Dienstbier, Mrs. Ota Bednarova, and Mrs. Dana Nemcova—were convicted of "anti-state" activities; all received prison sentences ranging from two to six years. The six were affiliated with the Charter 77 movement and the Group for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted. One of the defendants, Vaclaw Havel, was well-known in the West; two of his plays had been performed in New York, and one had received an Obie Award during the 1968 season. The trial of the six dissidents was one of the largest of its type among the Eastern European satellites, and provoked protests from, among other groups, the French, Italian, and Spanish Communist parties. In another case, Pavel Kohut, a playwright, was stripped of his citizenship. Jiri Leder, a Jewish journalist and one of the signers of the Charter 77 manifesto, who was jailed in 1977, was released from prison. Following the general hard-line policy of the Kremlin, the Prague government pursued a strong pro-Arab, anti-Israel policy. The anti-Zionist attitude of the authorities was often transformed into open anti-Jewish propaganda; "Jewish bankers and capitalists of the USA" were attacked in the media, and Soviet antisemitic literature was translated into Czech and Slovak. A series, "Unknown Chapters from Zionist History," was made available in the ideological journal Tribuna; the author, Svatopluk Dolejs, argued that there was close cooperation between the Zionists and the Nazis.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

It was estimated that the Jewish population of Czechoslovakia numbered some 12,000, including persons of Jewish origin who had become integrated into the surrounding population. Membership in the Community of Religious Congrega- tions amounted to some 4,000-5,000, including 1,500 in Prague and 1,200 in Brati- slava. Most of the members were elderly. Bedrich Bass was chairman of the Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Czech Lands (CJRC); Artur Radvanski was secretary-general. Julius Ehrenthal was chairman of the Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Slovakia. Both Bass and Ehrenthal participated as observers in the conference of the European Council of Jewish Communal Service held in Vienna in November 1978. Jewish religious and cultural life continued to deteriorate. Jewish education for the young was, to all intents and purposes, non-existent. Czech Jews had been without a rabbi for many years. In Slovakia, Rabbi Isidor Katz died in December 1978. It was expected that a Czech student at the Rabbinical Seminary in Budapest would take over the rabbinical post in Prague upon his graduation. SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 251

Religious services were conducted in synagogues, and there were also private minyonim. The religious community in Prague celebrated Purim and arranged for seder meals and the sale of matzot. There was a kosher restaurant that received meat supplies from Bratislava. In Prague, a lecture series on Jewish subjects was organized, and a Women's Committee, under the chairmanship of Vilma Holzer, was formed. The condition of the Jewish museum in Prague continued to worsen; systematic research projects were no longer being conducted. Jewish cemeteries continued to deteriorate. It was reported that CJRC was seeking ways to preserve some of the 400 cemeteries in Bohemia and Moravia. Accord- ing to Vestnik, CJRC's organ, some of the ancient cemeteries in Bohemia were scheduled to be razed so that housing projects could be built. Since 1977, 14 Jewish cemeteries—two in Bohemia, two in Moravia, and ten in Slovakia—had been destroyed. Vestnik celebrated its 40th anniversary in 1979. In addition, the Jewish community had at its disposal a yearbook which published studies dealing with Jewish historical subjects. Ludvik Svoboda, former president of Czechoslovakia, passed away in Prague at the age of 83. Svoboda had been elected to office in March 1968, some five months before the Russians invaded Prague and liquidated the liberal Dubcek regime. Svoboda remained in high office until 1975, when he retired.

LEON SHAPIRO Israel

A HE OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF ISRAEL'S AFFAIRS in 1979 and the first part of 1980 were the beginning of the normalization of relations with Egypt after the conclusion of the peace treaty; the negotiations on autonomy for the Arabs of Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza strip; continued Arab terrorism and Israeli strikes at terrorist headquarters in Lebanon; the establishment of additional Israeli settlements, especially in Samaria; unrest among the Arab population in the areas under Israeli administration; political realignments in the Likud, and preparations for a showdown in the struggle for Labor leadership; and economic difficulties dominated by record inflation.

Normalization of Relations with Egypt The signing of the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt on March 26, 1979 (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, pp. 258-263) was followed by Prime Minister Menachem Begin's first official visit to Cairo on April 2. He was cordially received, he reported to the Knesset, not only by President Anwar Sadat, but by "thousands, tens of thousands, some say even hundreds of thousands of Cairo residents," who "applauded us and we could really feel how their hearts opened up." A "hotline" was established between Cairo and Jerusalem to facilitate communication between the two leaders. On April 6 an agreement was signed between Israel and the United States for the construction, with American finance, of two new airfields, at Matred, east of Beer- sheba, and at Bik'at Ovda, near Eilat. They were to replace the Etzion and Eitan air bases in Sinai, which Israel was scheduled to evacuate by April 1982 under the terms of the peace treaty. The United States government assumed overall responsibility for the project: the work was to be supervised by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Americans were to bring into Israel most of the equipment, materials, and labor required, so as to avoid the inflationary effects of such large- scale construction works. It was also thought preferable that the United States have responsibility for completing the project in time to enable the peace timetable to be observed. Contracts for the construction of the two bases, at a cost of $1.04 billion, were signed in May with two American companies. Concern was expressed in Jerusalem in mid-April over bellicose remarks by Egyptian deputy premier Hassan al-Tohami and statements by Prime Minister

252 ISRAEL / 253

Mustafa Khalil and Acting Foreign Minister Butros Ghali implying that, despite the treaty, Egypt might participate in hostilities between Israel and the Arabs. However, President Sadat, in a conversation over the newly-inaugurated "hotline," reassured Prime Minister Begin that all was well. Defense Minister Ezer Weizman paid a "very friendly" visit to Egypt toward the end of the month, and had talks with Sadat to "further and deepen the already deep friendship between us," as he put it. The formal instruments of ratification of the treaty were exchanged at the Ameri- can Sinai field mission station at Umm Khashiba, and went into force on April 26. The first Israel-flag ship passed through the Suez canal on April 30. The town of El-Arish, on the Mediterranean coast, with a broad corridor linking it to the Suez canal area, was handed back to Egypt as a gesture on May 25, eight months ahead of schedule. On the same day, Egyptian and Israeli representatives met in Beersheba to start negotiations on the plan for autonomy in Judea and Samaria (the "West Bank") and the Gaza Strip (see below). The hand over of El-Arish was preceded by a four-day confrontation between Israeli soldiers and Jewish settlers from Neot Sinai in the Rafa area (Pit'hat Rafiah), who had been cultivating a 500-acre vegetable field in the area to be transferred. A minor battle ended only when Prime Minister Begin promised to ask President Sadat to allow the settlers to continue cultivating the field. When the two leaders met on the 27th in El-Arish for talks in which U.S. secretary of state Vance also took part, Sadat insisted that the field be vacated. Begin announced that the borders between Egypt and Israel were now open, although practical arrangements still remained to be worked out. Sadat was welcomed by President Yitzhak Navon and Begin when he visited Beersheba the same day. The establishment of normal relations between the two countries was based, as Israeli officials put it, on gradualness and reciprocity. During a visit to Cairo early in June, Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan agreed with Prime Minister Khalil and Acting Foreign Minister Ghali on unlimited air and sea travel, leaving land links to be arranged. Other landmarks in the normalization process were: June 9—Yigael Yadin, deputy prime minister, started a six-day visit to Egypt, devoted mainly to antiquities; June 29—the first meeting of the joint military committee took place in Beersheba; July 8—Koor, the Histadrut's industrial concern, set up a trade office in Cairo in cooperation with an Egyptian company; July 10—Prime Minister Begin started a three-day visit to Alexandria; July 23—Histadrut secretary-general Yeru- ham Meshel visited Egypt as a guest of the Egyptian minister of labor; July 29— Egyptian defense minister Kamal Hassan Ali came to Israel to discuss the situation after the expiration of the UN Emergency Force's mandate (see below); August 21 —the first group of Israeli tourists left for Egypt via Athens; September 4—Presi- dent Sadat started a three-day visit to Haifa and was received by President Navon; October 22—an Israeli academic delegation visited Cairo to inspect the Genizah; November 15—the area of Santa Katerina monastery was transferred to Egyptian sovereignty ahead of time, with special arrangements for Israeli tourists; November 254 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

25—the area including the Alma oilfield (developed by Israel) was transferred to Egyptian sovereignty; January 7, 1980—Prime Minister Begin arrived for a three- day visit in Aswan; January 25—the area containing the Refidim airfield in Sinai was transferred to Egyptian sovereignty, completing redeployment of Israeli forces on the El-Arish-Ras-Muhammad line. Defense Minister Weizman, returning from a visit to Egypt, reported President Sadat's agreement to complete normalization by February 15; January 26—normal relations between the two countries were officially inaugurated; February 17—a memorandum of understanding on communications was signed; February 26—Sa'ad el-Din Murtada, the first Egyptian ambassador to Israel, presented his credentials to President Navon in Jerusalem. Eliahu Ben-Elissar, the first Israeli ambassador to Egypt, presented his credentials to President Sadat in Cairo; March 2—an agreement on cooperation in education, culture, and science was signed; March 3—air service was inaugurated from Ben- Gurion Airport, Lydda, to Cairo by El-Al, and from Cairo to Lydda by Nefertiti Airline; March 10—a memorandum of understanding on tourism was signed; March 24—a memorandum of understanding on agriculture was initialled; March 30—a memorandum of understanding on land and sea transportation was signed; April 20—a trade agreement was initialled. Problems arose over the provision of United Nations forces and observers to supervise Israeli withdrawal and security arrangements under the peace treaty. In a letter attached to the treaty, President Jimmy Carter had undertaken that, if the UN Security Council failed to establish and maintain the necessary arrangements, the U.S. would "ensure the establishment... of an acceptable multilateral force for the purpose." The UN Emergency Force (UNEF) set up after the Yom Kippur War was expected to fulfill these functions, but the Soviet Union objected to its involvement in the implementation of the treaty and threatened to veto the extension of its mandate, due to expire on July 24. The Americans found it difficult to get suitable countries to send contingents to the proposed multinational force, and agreed with the Soviets that its functions be carried out by the UN Truce Supervision Observer force (UNTSO). Israel rejected this proposal, regarding UNTSO as inappropriate and inadequate for the purpose, especially as it was responsible to the UN secretary- general, and not to the Security Council. It was agreed, after talks by Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan in Washington at the end of September, that the interim withdrawal would be monitored by the American civilian field mission set up under the 1975 interim agreement (see AJYB, Vol. 77, 1977, p. 485), with UNTSO cooperation, and by joint Israel-Egypt patrols in the buffer zone. Israel made it clear, however, that ultimate withdrawal to the international frontier would depend on the full implementation of the treaty provisions on supervision. Difficulties also arose over the implementation of the agreement for the supply of Egyptian oil to replace the two million tons a year (about one-quarter of Israel's total consumption) obtained from the Alma wells, which were to be evacuated under the treaty. Israel wanted to purchase the oil at OPEC prices, but Egypt was only willing to sell at Rotterdam spot prices. Agreement was reached only a few days ISRAEL / 255 before the date of withdrawal; Egypt undertook to supply the two million tons per annum for $30 a barrel during the first year, and thereafter at world market prices (about $8 more a barrel).

The Autonomy Negotiations The peace treaty with Egypt provided that negotiations for "full autonomy" for "the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza," in accordance with the "Framework for Peace in the Middle East" adopted at Camp David, should begin within a month of the ratification of the treaty, with "the goal of completing the negotiations within one year" (AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, pp. 258-259, 263). The target date was thus May 26, 1980. Prime Minister Begin's original autonomy plan, approved by the Knesset (with Labor abstaining) on December 28, 1977 (AJYB, Vol. 79, 1979, pp. 273-274), envisaged the establishment of an 11-man administrative council, elected by "the residents of Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza district," to be responsible for "all the administrative affairs relating to the Arab residents of the areas." Security and public order would be the responsibility of Israeli authorities. The Labor party warned that the autonomy plan could give rise to a Palestinian state, but it was prepared to support it as a temporary arrangement for a specified period. As a permanent solution, Labor advocated the establishment of a Jordanian-Palestinian .^tate, whose boundaries with Israel would be based on territorial compromise. In mid-March the National Religious party (NRP) reached agreement with Prime Minister Begin on the principles to be observed during the negotiations on the scheme, and in mid-May guidelines for the Israeli negotiating team, presented by Begin, were approved by the 11-man cabinet committee on autonomy. The guidelines were not officially published, but they reportedly provided that the military government would be "withdrawn" (presumably from the main centers), but not abolished; Israel would retain responsibility for internal law and order, and control over land and water resources; and Jewish settlements would be subject to Israeli law and sovereignty. Defense Minister Ezer Weizman opposed the cabinet guidelines on the ground that they did not provide a basis for negotiations, and Foreign Minister Dayan had serious reservations about them. As a result, Interior Minister Yosef Burg of NRP was appointed chairman of Israel's six-man negotiating team, and Weizman and Dayan, though nominally members of the team, hardly participated in the negotiations. The other members of the negotiating team were Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon (Likud-Herut), Justice Minister Shmuel Tamir (Democratic Movement), and Minister Without Portfolio Moshe Nissim (Likud- Liberals). Egyptian representatives suggested on several occasions that autonomy might be implemented first in the Gaza Strip, which had been under Egyptian rule between 1948 and 1967. The idea was coldly received by Israeli government circles, but was favored by Labor party chairman Shimon Peres. An Egyptian cabinet committee 256 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

insisted early in May that autonomy would have to apply to the land of the West Bank and Gaza, and not only the population of the areas. Foreign Minister Mustafa Khalil headed the Egyptian delegation at the first meeting of the negotiating teams. The talks continued, at intervals of approximately two weeks, alternately in Egypt and Israel, with the United States being represented by Under-Secretary of State James Leonard and, starting with the meeting in Alexandria on July 6, by Special Ambassador Robert Strauss. The heads of the teams also met in October, in London. In November Sol Linowitz replaced Strauss as chief American representative. There was some progress in regard to the method of electing the "self-governing authority (administrative council)," but far-reaching differences over its powers and status came to a head at the meeting in Cairo in mid-January 1980, at which each side turned down the other's model for the operation of the autonomy scheme. Israel proposed that the administrative council should consist of a chairman and ten heads of divisions, who would be responsible for budgets, issuance of regulations, employment of personnel, etc. "Residual" powers, to remain under Israeli authority, would include foreign affairs and defense; internal security; Israeli inhabitants and settlements; state lands; natural resources and energy; printing of stamps and currency; radio, television, and information; supervision of aerospace and territorial waters; international communications; and supervision of Israeli banking and insurance institutions, and representation of local banks abroad. The Egyptians, on the other hand, demanded the election of a 100-man council with legislative powers, which would take over all the authority exercised by the Israeli military government in the territories occupied by Israel in the Six-Day War, including East Jerusalem. Prime Minister Begin told the cabinet on January 20 that the Egyptian proposals were "in complete divergence" from the Camp David accord, and would lead, if put into practice, to the establishment of a Palestinian state, something which Israel totally rejected. The cabinet unanimously endorsed this attitude. Other crucial points of difference included Egyptian demands that the Arabs of East Jerusalem participate in the election to the self-governing council, and that Arab representatives have a say in determining the "specified locations" in which the Israeli forces were to be redeployed under the Camp David accord. In hope of breaking the deadlock, President Carter invited President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin to meet with him, separately, in mid-April. After the meeting with Begin, it was announced that negotiations would be carried on continuously, in Egypt and in Israel, in the hope of reaching agreement by the target date. The renewed talks started in Herzliah on the 30th, but on May 7 Sadat surprised his own representatives, as well as the Israelis and the Americans, by announcing the suspen- sion of the negotiations. ISRAEL / 257 Lebanon Israel kept up pressure on the bases of the Palestinian terrorists in Lebanon, from which detachments were sent out by sea and land for attacks on Israeli civilian targets. Artillery, aircraft, missile boats, and commando detachments were used in these operations. According to official spokesmen, efforts were made to avoid inflict- ing civilian casualties, but this was not always possible because many bases were situated in or near civilian centers. The Israeli attacks were often launched immediately after terrorist outrages, but Defense Minister Ezer Weizman made it clear that further operations could be expected "whenever and wherever the government of Israel deems it necessary." The aims of the operations were to demoralize the terrorists and to keep them in a constant state of alert, thus impairing their capacity to mount attacks on Israel. There was frequent press criticism of the failure of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, p. 263) to prevent the continued infiltration of Palestinians into South Lebanon. Israel continued to support the Christian militia in the area, headed by Major Sa'ad Haddad. Defense Minister Weizman described Haddad as "a true Lebanese patriot," and called on the Leba- nese government to liberate the country from the hold of the Palestinian terrorists. Israel was embarrassed by clashes between the Christians and UNIFIL personnel, some of which led to casualties among the latter. Difficulties arose over the use of American-supplied "smart" weapons in Leba- non, and Defense Minister Weizman was reported to have discussed the question with State Department officials in Washington in September. Opposition was expressed in Israeli government circles to consultation with the Americans on future military operations, but Weizman stated he had only agreed to "compare notes" on the subject. There were two serious clashes between Israeli and Syrian aircraft over Lebanon; in June, when six Syrian Migs were shot down, and in September, when the Syrians lost four planes.

Other Foreign Affairs The U.S. administration continued to regard Israeli settlements in occupied territory as illegal and a threat to peace. There were misgivings in Israel about apparent American support for the Egyptian position in the autonomy negotiations, and about U.S. arms supplies to Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab countries. In August there was considerable disquiet in Israel over indications of a possible American opening toward the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). On August 5 the cabinet categorically condemned a reported American plan to promote an amendment of UN Security Council 242 (1967) to recognize "Palestinian national rights"; Prime Minister Begin reiterated the Israeli stand in a meeting with U.S. ambassador Strauss on the 17th. Public opinion was also disturbed by President 258 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Carter's comparison of the Palestinians with the civil rights movement in the United States, and by the meetings of Milton Wolf, the American ambassador in Vienna, and UN ambassador Andrew Young, with PLO representatives. Israel denied all responsibility for bringing about Young's resignation from his post. In 1980 concern was expressed at America's failure to veto Security Council resolutions calling for the end of Israel's "occupation of Arab territories," including Jerusalem. Negotiations on U.S. financial aid to Israel were conducted mainly by Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, who visited Washington in March, September, and Decem- ber, but efforts to increase the aid and improve its terms were largely unsuccessful. The total of special aid to meet the costs of the redeployment dictated by the peace treaty with Egypt remained $3 billion—$2.2 billion in loans and $800 million in grants. Israel requested $3.45 billion in financial aid for fiscal year 1980, but the total remained, as in the previous year, $1.78 billion, including $1 billion for defense. President Carter agreed, however, to an interest-bearing loan of $200 million in addition to the special peace treaty supplementary aid. The U.S. agreed to supply all the weapons systems requested by Israel, and to grant co-production rights for the development of a new fighter-bomber. There was considerable criticism in Israel of statements by Defense Minister Weizman supporting President Carter's candidacy for re-election. This was seen as interference in American internal affairs, and as likely to be harmful to Israel if another candidate were successful. Disagreements widened between Israel and most West European countries, particularly those of the European Economic Community, which were lukewarm in support of the Camp David accords and showed signs of working toward recognition of the PLO. Visits by Prime Minister Begin to London in May, and by Foreign Minister Dayan to Paris in January, the Hague in July, and Bonn in September, led to no perceptible change in the situation. Indignation was aroused by France's offer to supply Iraq with materials that might facilitate the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and by statements by Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky criticizing Isra- eli policy, advocating negotiations with the PLO, and favoring the establishment of a Palestinian state. In July, after Kreisky's reception of PLO chairman Yasir Arafat with all the honors usually accorded a chief of state, the Israeli cabinet recalled its ambassador in Vienna for consultations, and a strong verbal protest was conveyed through the Austrian ambassador in Israel. Labor party chairman Shimon Peres said he had not been informed in advance of the meeting between Kreisky, Socialist International chairman Willy Brandt, and Arafat. "The upshot of what has happened in Vienna," he said, "is to enhance the prestige of an organization which continues to demand the destruction of Israel." Israel announced in January 1979 that it was prepared to give asylum to 100 Vietnamese "boat people," in addition to the 66 admitted in June 1977. They were accommodated temporarily, like the first group, in an immigrant absorption center in Afula, a small town in the Jezreel Valley. In the second half of June Israel ISRAEL / 259 undertook to accept 200 more refugees. Prime Minister Begin told the Knesset that he had appealed to SO heads of government to follow suit, and the Knesset itself issued a similar appeal to the parliaments of the world. In November widespread efforts were made to raise funds for the starving people of Kampuchea, culminating in a marathon TV program through which over IL .4 million was collected. A volunteer medical team went to the area, and a food convoy, headed by Mordecai Lador, Israel's ambassador to Thailand, and Abie Nathan, operator of the "Peace Ship," set out from Bangkok.

Terrorism From time to time, as in previous years, explosive devices were planted by terrorists in markets and other public places, especially in Jerusalem but also in Tel Aviv, Netanya, Tiberias, and other centers. Many of these were discovered by alert passers-by and dealt with before any damage was done. On January 13 three terrorists penetrated into a vacation center at Ma'alot, about ten kilometers from the northern border, which had been the scene of one of the worst terrorist attacks in May 1974. The terrorists, who tried to hold some of the guests as hostages, were challenged by soldiers and killed, but one woman guest died trying to escape from a balcony. The nation was shocked by an attack on April 22 on a house in the coastal town of Nahariya, in which four people, including two infant girls, were killed. Of the terrorists, who came by sea, two were killed and two captured. Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan said: "No one can expect us to ... have any dealings with an organization (the PLO) that perpetrates such attacks." On April 29 the cabinet approved, by seven votes to five, a proposal by Prime Minister Begin to empower prosecutors to demand the death penalty for "terrorists who commit acts of inhuman cruelty." The ruling would not apply to offences previously committed. Justice Minister Shmuel Tamir explained that the decision did not involve any change in the law, but stopped interference by the executive in the judicial process by repealing a 1967 cabinet decision which denied prosecutors authority to call for a death sentence. The cabinet decision was severely criticized by the Labor opposition, which also condemned the release of 76 terrorists, including several convicted of murder, in exchange for an Israeli reservist captured in Lebanon in 1978 by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. No-confidence motions on both subjects were defeated in the Knesset. Two UNIFIL soldiers—Warrant-Officer Papa Koli Saar, of Senegal, and Lieuten- ant Colonel Alfred Gom, of Nigeria—were convicted of smuggling explosives into Israel for the use of terrorists. In both cases, challenges to the competence of the courts were rejected. Saar was sentenced to ten years imprisonment, and Gom to 15 years; both men were deported a few months after being sentenced. 260 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Jewish Settlement The government continued its policy of establishing new Jewish settlements in Judea and Samaria (the "West Bank")- Plans were approved by a joint committee of the government and the World Zionist Organization, chaired by Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon, and the work was carried out by the WZO settlement division. (The Jewish Agency settlement department was responsible for settlement within the 'green line.') The two departments were jointly headed by Matityahu Drobless (Herut) and Raanan Weitz (Labor), the former being in charge of operations in the administered areas. Speaking a few days after the signature of the peace treaty with Egypt, Agricul- ture Minister Sharon declared that settlement in Judea and Samaria was vital to the safety of the bulk of Israel's Jewish population, which lived on the coastal plain. Prime Minister Begin reminded a Herut party meeting on April 29 that 28 settlements had been set up in Judea and Samaria since he took office. "The 'green line' no longer exists—it has vanished for ever," he declared. He denied that he had undertaken at Camp David to stop setting up new settlements; he had only agreed to a three-month's halt, which had expired on December 17, 1978. Addressing a Herut party convention on June 3, Begin declared that "ever since the concept of law took root in the human race there had never been an act more legal than Jewish settlement in all parts of the Jewish homeland." "Settlement is a right and a duty," he continued. The Democratic Movement tried from time to time to implement its right according to the coalition agreement (see AJYB, Vol. 79, 1979, p. 268) to appeal against decisions to establish settlements in the administered territories, but with little effect. In mid-May Raanan Weitz called for intensive settlement in the Jordan Valley and the end of all settlement activity in areas of high Arab concentration—Judea and Samaria and the Gaza Strip—so as to avoid the haphazard waste of precious resources. Agriculture Minister Sharon declared that Weitz's statement would cause "irreparable damage" to Israel by indicating that the Alignment favored the return of Judea and Samaria to Arab rule. Much of the initiative for settlement in Judea and Samaria came from the Gush Emunim religious activist movement, which also supplied many of the settlers. However, there was tension from time to time when the Gush or its supporters acted without government authority. At the beginning of May, after some 20 women and 30 children had taken over the disused building of the Hadassah Hospital in Hebron, Prime Minister Begin declared: Gush Emunim has a number of fine people, but it also has a number of out-and- out liars and frauds. In this country there will be no squatting and seizing houses in Hebron, and there will be none in Tel Aviv either . . . This government will not tolerate grabbers. It will be the sole arbiter of when and where settlement in Eretz Israel will be carried out. ISRAEL / 261

No action was taken, however, to expel the squatters, who were supplied with food from Kiryat Arba, the Jewish township on the outskirts of Hebron, and with water by the army. Mrs. Moshe Levinger, who led the women, declared that they had come "to wipe out the shame of 1929" (when the small Jewish community of the town was almost wiped out by Arab rioters). The question of the seizure of privately-owned land in the administered areas for settlement purposes aroused much controversy and litigation. In March the High Court of Justice rejected an appeal by Arab landowners against the seizure of land for the settlement of Bethel, about 20 kms. northwest of Jerusalem, accepting the government's claim that civilian settlements were an integral part of Israel's security system. The ruling established a precedent for several similar cases. A notable exception, however, was Elon Moreh, near Nablus, pioneered by Gush Emunim (see AJYB, Vol. 77, 1977, p. 495; AJYB, Vol. 78, 1978, p. 482; and AJYB, Vol. 79, 1979, p. 262). On April 22 the cabinet approved a decision to give permanent status to the settlement. The three Democratic Movement ministers opposed the decision because they doubted the wisdom of planting Jewish settlements in the heart of the populated region of Samaria; so did Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, who refused to sign a seizure order for 200 acres of land for Elon Moreh. On June 3, however, the cabinet confirmed its decision by 8 votes to 5 (Weizman, Foreign Minister Dayan, and the three DM ministers), and two abstentions, and the settlement was established in a lightning operation a few days later. The move was bitterly criticized by the Labor party, Shai (which had broken away from the Democratic Movement for Change in 1978) (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, p. 226), and the Peace Now movement, which held a demonstration near the site. A general strike, headed by Mayor Bassam Shak'a, was held in Nablus, and was accompanied by riots. Prime Minister Begin, however, repeated his 1977 statement that "there will be more Elon Morehs." Seventeen Arabs from the village of Rujeib appealed to the High Court of Justice against the requisitioning of their land for the establishment of Elon Moreh, claiming that the settlement was not required for military purposes, which alone justified the seizure of private land in occupied territory. Their counsel submitted supporting affidavits from former chief of staff Hayim Bar-Lev (now secretary of the Labor party) and Major General (res.) Matityahu Peled. The case was heard by a five-man bench, which issued an interim injunction on June 20 ordering the stoppage of all work at the site. The government presented a sworn affidavit by Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan certifying that the settlement overlooked a vital crossroads and was essential for Israel's security, and an agricultural expert testified that the land siezed was rocky and unfit for cultivation. While the court was considering its verdict, Gush Emunim settlers and their supporters demanded government measures to solve the problem of providing land for the expansion of settlement in Judea and Samaria. In mid-September the Likud Knesset faction unanimously called on the government to adopt a master plan giving priority to the construction and development of new settlements in Judea and 262 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Samaria over projects in other areas, and to take steps to solve the land shortage problem. On September 16 the cabinet lifted a 12-year ban on the purchase of land in the administered territories by private persons in Israel. (Since 1967 this had been restricted to public corporations or authorities.) The cabinet spokesman said that the decision removed discrimination against Jews, who could buy land all over the world but not in Judea, Samaria, and Gaza. The decision was vehemently denounced by Arabs in the administered territories, but it was not expected to have any widespread effect, since Jordanian law prohibited the sale of land by Arabs to Jews on pain of death. Ibrahim Tawil, the mayor of El-Bira, called for "an iron hand" to smite any Arabs who sold "Palestinian land" to Israelis. The cabinet decided on October 14 not to expropriate privately-owned Arab land to expand Jewish settlements. Instead, about a thousand acres of public or unregistered land would be handed over to settlements seeking to expand. On October 23 the High Court ruled unanimously that Elon Moreh had been established for political reasons and that, therefore, the seizure of private land was contrary to the Hague Convention on the administration of occupied territories. It ordered that the settlement be dismantled within 30 days. The settlers threatened to defy the ruling, and Gush Emunim demanded the extension of Israeli law to Judea and Samaria to prevent similar verdicts being handed down in relation to other settlements. The cabinet decided to comply with the High Court's decision as soon as an alternative site for Elon Moreh had been found nearby, and also to expand settlement in Judea and Samaria by reinforcing existing settlements and creating additional ones on state-owned land. On November 18, a few days before the deadline, the cabinet decided that the area should be evacuated in two stages: first, 30 acres belonging to the petitioners, and the rest six weeks later. After an appeal by Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook, spiritual mentor of Gush Emunim, most of the settlers moved to a new site at Jabal Kebir, about 8 kms. away, but a small number of die-hards had to be forcibly evicted by the army. In mid-1980 Matityahu Drobless reported that, during the three years since the establishment of the Begin government, 141 new settlements had been established, 22 of them by new immigrants. Of the total, 35 were set up in Judea and Samaria; 9 in the Jordan Valley; 10 in the Golan Heights; 5 in the Gaza district; 52 in Galilee (including 31 look-out posts); 22 in the Negev and the Arava; and 8 in the center of the country. As a result of the rapid pace of settlement, there was a shortage of adequate housing.

Unrest Among the Arab Population The signing of the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt was greeted with a massive, but on the whole peaceful, strike encompassing almost the whole of Judea and Samaria and most of the Gaza Strip. Disorderly behavior, including tire- burning and stone-throwing, by Arab students on Israel's Independence Day (May 2) led to the closing of the Bir Zeit University, near Ramallah, until the end of the ISRAEL / 263 academic year. Major General Danny Matt, coordinator of operations in the administered territories, described the Bir Zeit campus as a "den of trouble," where anti-Israel slogans were displayed, seditious material was distributed, and students were suspected of membership in terrorist organizations. Freres University at Beth- lehem was also closed for a few days, and curfews were imposed on refugee camps after similar offences. There was another serious incident at Bir Zeit toward the end of December, when student demonstrators blocked the main road through the village, and soldiers, after firing warning shots and tear-gas grenades, entered the college to arrest several students. Bassam Shak'a, mayor of Nablus, was arrested on November 11, with a view to his deportation for expressing, in a conversation with General Matt, support for terrorism and terrorist organizations. Deputy Defense Minister Mordecai Zippori said the decision had been taken because of a series of actions "which no democratic and tolerant society can put up with." Most of the Arab mayors tendered their resignations in protest against Shak'a's arrest. Shak'a appealed to the High Court of Justice, which told him to apply first to the statutory military advisory committee. When he did so, the committee recommended rescind- ing the deportation order. Brigadier General Binyamin Eliezer, O.C. Judea and Samaria, accepted the recommendation on December 5, and Shak'a was released. There were several incidents in which residents of Kiryat Arba and other settlements in Judea and Samaria were accused of assaulting Arabs or damaging their cars, especially in Hebron and the nearby town of Halhoul, in retaliation for stone- throwing against Israeli vehicles. Two followers of Rabbi Kahane's Kach organization, arrested in May for breaking into Arab houses in Hebron and terrorizing the inhabitants, were sentenced to terms of imprisonment. Prime Minister Begin was denounced as a traitor and shouted down by Kach followers in Kiryat Arba when he paid his first visit to Judea and Samaria in 20 months. Kahane himself was also arrested repeatedly, and in mid-May was detained for three months under the Emergency Powers Law. Tension rose when a student at the Kiryat Arba yeshiva, Jesper Yehoshua Sloma, was shot dead in Hebron on January 31, 1980. The town was placed under curfew and the approaches to Kiryat Arba were sealed off to prevent retaliation. Nationalist circles called for Jews to be allowed to occupy Jewish-owned houses in Hebron as a "Zionist reaction" to the murder. The Knesset rejected a Labor Alignment resolution opposing the settlement of Jews in the town, but the DM ministers, most of the Liberals, and Defense Minister Weizman were of much the same mind as the opposition, and the cabinet adopted a compromise resolution affirming the principle that Jews had the right to live in Hebron, but deferring its implementation. On March 23 the cabinet decided by 8 votes to 6, with 3 abstentions, to establish a residential yeshiva and a field school in the town, but Deputy Premier Yigael Yadin (DM) announced that he would appeal to the foreign affairs and defense committee of the Knesset against the decision. Since there was no assurance of a majority in 264 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 the committee to support the cabinet decision, it was not put to a vote, and up to mid-1980 no steps had been taken to implement it. On March 26 a strike was held in the main Arab cities to protest against the government decisions on Hebron. Brigadier General Ben-Eliezer severely reprimanded Mayor Fahd Kawasma for inflammatory statements made at one protest meeting. At the same meeting, Sheikh Rajud Bayud al-Tamimi, the kadi of Hebron, bitterly denounced Jews and declared: "The Jews must know that this country has Muslim owners—not only in Hebron, but in Jaffa, Haifa, and Acre." Tension continued to rise in the following weeks—stones were thrown by Arab youths at Israeli passers-by; a hand-grenade, which did not explode, was tossed into a busload of Israeli settlers; and windows and car windshields in the twin towns of Ramallah and al-Bireh were smashed, presumably by Jewish settlers from the neighborhood. Mayor Karim Khalaf of Ramallah called for a strike by "Palestinian laborers who work in Zionist factories." By far the most serious outrage in the administered areas occurred in Hebron on May 2, when six yeshiva students, returning from Friday night prayers at the Tomb of the Patriarchs, were mowed down by rifle fire and grenades in front of the Hadassah building, which they intended to visit before going home to Kiryat Arba. Defense Minister Weizman was denounced by Kiryat Arba representatives for excessive leniency in dealing with Arab unrest. The military government took stern measures; several stores and workshops near the Hadassah building were demol- ished to facilitate its protection, and Mayor Kwasma of Hebron, Kadi al-Tamimi, and Mayor Mohammed of Halhoul were deported to Lebanon.

Political Affairs Three leading ministers resigned during 1979 and the first half of 1980—Finance Minister Simcha Ehrlich as a result of widespread disquiet over economic developments, and Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan and Defense Minister Ezer Weiz- man because they found themselves out of tune with the government's foreign policy. Ehrlich was the first whose position appeared shaky. In July a crisis broke out over the government's failure to tackle growing inflation and rising state expenditures. A special cabinet meeting was called for the evening of July 17, and the country anxiously awaited a severe slash in subsidies for essential foodstuffs and a consequent rise in prices. The cabinet adjourned, however, without making any major decisions; it was reported that Begin and Ehrlich had taken alarm at the high prices that would follow resolute action. The next morning there was a wave of panic-buying throughout the country, and Deputy Finance Minister Yehezke'el Flomin called in effect for Ehrlich's resignation. Ehrlich dismissed his deputy, but offered his resignation, which Begin did not accept. On July 19 Prime Minister Begin was admitted to a hospital suffering from an arterial blockage in the brain. Thus, there was a lull for a while, but disquiet grew ISRAEL / 265 after his recovery. The balance of trade was deteriorating rapidly, and a survey published in mid-September showed that living costs had almost doubled during the past year. Ehrlich dismissed criticism of his policies as exaggerated, however, and declared that a program of economic restraint to combat inflation was impractica- ble. Toward the end of September, while Ehrlich was abroad, pressure mounted for his resignation; there was considerable support for his replacement by Yigael Hur- vitz, of the La'am party, who had resigned in 1978 as minister of industry, commerce, and tourism (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, pp. 260, 266, 268). On his return to Israel, Ehrlich at first suggested that all the Liberal party ministers resign so as to enable Prime Minister Begin to reorganize his cabinet. There was little support for this proposal, however, and Ehrlich finally agreed to exchange the finance portfolio for that of deputy prime minister (in addition to Yigael Yadin), giving way at the finance ministry to Hurvitz, who insisted, as a condition of taking on the post, on the establishment of a small "economic cabinet" with extensive powers. The new appointments were approved by the Knesset on November 6. A proposal to compensate the Liberals by putting Minister Without Portfolio Moshe Nissim in charge of a new ministry of information was dropped. Dayan was repeatedly overruled by the cabinet during the peace negotiations. In mid-February a furor arose when he made a statement seemingly foreshadowing eventual negotiations with the PLO, although both Dayan and Prime Minister Begin said that he had been misunderstood. Another statement by Dayan, in mid- April, which seemed to imply that Israel might ultimately have to evacuate the Golan Heights in order to reach a peace agreement with Syria, led to Herut demands for his dismissal. On August 8 Dayan, in an interview with the two mass-circulation evening papers, declared that Israel presented to the world a deplorable image of economic weakness and dependence on foreign aid. Leading Likud members of the Knesset expressed unprecedented criticism of the government and called on Prime Minister Begin to reorganize his cabinet to prevent defeat at the next elections. On October 21 Dayan submitted his resignation because of his disagreement with the manner in which the autonomy negotiations were being conducted, and his conviction that no foreign minister could carry out his duties under such circumstances. At the same time he continued to offer the government general support. He proposed that if the autonomy talks failed, Israel should unilaterally replace its military government in the administered areas with a civilian Palestinian administration; the army would only return if the PLO overran the areas and turned them into a base for terrorist activity. Defense Minister Weizman frequently disagreed with the majority in the cabinet over the autonomy talks and settlement policy in the administered areas, and criticized the government and the prime minister in cabinet discussions and statements to the media. The situation came to a head in May 1980 when Fi- nance Minister Yigael Hurvitz, supported by the economic cabinet, demanded additional cuts in defense expenditure. Weizman announced his resignation on the 24th. 266 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

The appointment of a new foreign minister was held up because of complaints by the Liberals that they were under-represented in the cabinet after the replacement of Ehrlich by Hurvitz as finance minister. It was not until March that they agreed to the nomination of Yitzhak Shamir, the speaker of the Knesset. Yitzhak Berman (Likud-Liberal) succeeded Shamir as speaker. The filling of the defense portfolio proved to be even more difficult. Begin proposed that Shamir should take over the post and be succeeded by Yitzhak Modai, the minister of energy and communications, who had achieved a dominant position at the recent Liberal party convention. The Democratic Movement ministers, however, categorically opposed the nomination of Modai on the ground that he was not qualified for the post. At the same time, Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon (a noted former army general) threatened to resign if anyone other than himself were given the defense portfolio, but his appointment came up against determined opposition from the Liberals and DM. For the time being, therefore, Begin himself served as acting defense minister, but this was widely regarded as an unsatisfactory arrangement because of the complex nature of the problems involved. Geula Cohen (Herut-Likud) and Moshe Shamir (La'am-Likud) had vociferously denounced the government's peace policy ever since the Camp David accords. Shamir resigned from the Likud in May, and Cohen followed suit two months later, the two forming a new faction called Banai (from the initials of Brit Ne'emanei Eretz Yisrael—League of Land of Israel Loyalists), which demanded a revision of the peace treaty with Egypt and permanent Israeli rule over the whole of former Western Palestine and the Golan Heights. At the beginning of October they joined forces with Professor Yuval Ne'eman, a distinguished physicist, to form Tehiya (Renaissance), which also included many members of Gush Emunim and the Land of Israel Movement. Ne'eman demanded the resettlement of the Arab refugees in Arab countries, with the Arabs under Israeli rule being given the choice of leaving the country, remaining as resident aliens or, if they wished, becoming fully integrated citizens of Israel. Tehiya expected to win as many as 20 seats in the next election. The Labor party, under its chairman, Shimon Peres, and its secretary-general, Hayim Bar-Lev, made considerable efforts to reorganize its finances, recruit new members, and prepare for a membership census and convention in 1980. The party was troubled, however, by lingering bad blood between Peres and former prime minister Yitzhak Rabin (see AJYB, Vol. 78, 1978, pp. 476-477, and AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, pp. 266-267), and the prospect of a contest for the party leadership. Rabin's animosity found expression from time to time in acrimonious exchanges at party forums. Toward the end of June, Yigal Allon, who had been deputy prime minister from 1968 to 1977, announced that he intended to seek the party leadership, but said he was on good terms with Peres and wanted "a clean and civilized fight." The solid base of Allon's backing was the Kibbutz Meuhad movement, of which he was a leading member. Peres' supporters argued that the question of leadership could not ISRAEL / 267 be left open, and in mid-July the party leadership bureau declared, by agreement between Peres and Allon, that it continued to regard Peres as not only chairman of the party, but also its candidate for the premiership in the next election. At the same time, it recognized the right of every member to stand for any office. It had been expected that the struggle would be postponed until the party convention in 1980, but tension flared up again in mid-August when Rabin published his memoirs, in which he accused Peres of having used subversion and deception to undermine his position as prime minister, and declared that he would never serve in a cabinet headed by Peres. The leadership bureau almost unanimously condemned Rabin for publishing his allegations, Allon being the only dissenter. Disquiet continued over the holding of unofficial public gatherings, some of them apparently meant to advance the claims of aspirants to the second spot in the leadership, some to whip up support for Allon or Peres, and others representing party "doves" or "hawks." Toward the end of the year Peres' supporters decided to bring matters to a head and called a special meeting of the central council, which, on January 20, 1980, resolved, by a two-thirds majority, to confirm Peres' position as candidate for the premiership in the next elections. Although Allon did not present his candidature, he said he was encouraged by the fact that almost one-third of the central council members voted against the motion. Alton's sudden death on February 29 seemed to transform the situation, but Kibbutz Meuhad representatives announced that the "Allon Camp" still existed, and it soon became evident that their support had been transferred to Rabin. Although Rabin refused to commit himself, his supporters conducted an aggressive campaign against Peres, and backers of both men organized unofficial groups to carry on the struggle. Public opinion polls indicated a steady swing toward Labor and away from the Likud. A June poll showed that if the elections were held then, Labor might reverse its 1977 defeat, winning 46 seats to the Likud's 40. The gap between the two continued to widen, until in March 1980 it seemed that the Labor-Mapam Align- ment might even win an overall majority for the first time, with 65 seats to the Likud's 22. The religious parties seemed to be holding their own, but the two sections of the DMC appeared to have lost most of their support, with Shai unlikely to win more than two or three seats and the Democratic Movement facing possible extinction. It was noted, however, that a large percentage of the electorate—ranging from 30 to 40 per cent—were undecided or would not state their preference.

Economic Developments Economic developments in 1979 were dominated by unprecedentedly rapid inflation, especially in the second half of the year, rising to a peak of 9.7 per cent (monthly) in November. The consumer price index in December was 114 per cent higher than at the end of 1978. While the index rose more slowly in the first quarter of 1980, it jumped again by 10.2 per cent in April. Currency devaluation was rapid—from IL 19 per U.S. dollar at the beginning of 1979, to 268 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

IL 35 at the end of the year, and to IL 46 in May 1980—but it lagged behind the rise in prices. Inflation was reflected in the rise in the nominal total of the budget—from IL 202.7 billion (revised value) in 1978-1979 to IL 424.9 billion in 1979-1980 and IL 653 billion (estimate) in 1980-1981. Of the 1980-1981 total, 30.6 per cent was to go for defense; 28.1 per cent for debt interest and repayments; 8.7 per cent for economic services; 7 per cent for education; 6.1 per cent for welfare; 5.7 per cent for housing; 3 per cent for health; 3 per cent for general administration; and 7.8 per cent for local authorities and reserves. Finance Minister Yigael Hurvitz, who took office in November 1979, instituted a series of tough measures, including the abolition of most subsidies and severe cuts in others, leading to drastic increases in the price of bread, dairy products, and public transportation; reductions in the allocations to government departments, including defense; and cuts in the civil service, mainly through a ban on the filling of vacancies resulting from resignations, retirements, or death. Despite these measures, however, inflation continued, and was expected to be as high in 1980 as in the previous year, or even higher. There was also a considerable degree of unemployment by Israeli standards, especially among professional men, with over 12,000 receiving unemployment benefits by mid-1980. On February 22, 1980 it was announced that the Israel pound (lira) would be replaced by the shekel, at the rate of one shekel for ten lirot. For a transitional period, both would be legal tender. The gross national product, at fixed prices, grew by 5 per cent in 1979, the same as 1978, but the rise in the agricultural product (in 1978-1979) was only 1 per cent, compared with 7 per cent in the previous year. National income at current prices and total nominal wage payments almost doubled, and indirect taxation rose at the same rate, but total national insurance and welfare payments rose by only 78 per cent. Since the average consumer price index in 1979 was 78 per cent higher than the 1978 average, there was, thus, a rise in real wages, national income, and taxation, while the real level of national insurance and welfare payments was unchanged. Of the resources at the disposal of the economy, about 40 per cent went to private consumption; 12.3 per cent for defense; 6.6 per cent for civilian public consumption; 16.3 per cent for gross domestic investment; and 24.6 per cent for exports. Total resources were 3.6 per cent higher during the year; domestic investment grew by 15.8 per cent and private consumption by 6.1 per cent, while defense consumption dropped by 6.4 per cent owing to a drop of 35.4 per cent in defense imports.

Israeli Arabs There was tension at the universities, particularly in Jerusalem and Haifa, between nationalist Arab students, sometimes supported by left-wing Jewish circles, and right-wing Jewish students. Provocative appearances on campus by Rabbi Meir Kahane helped to fuel the situation. Six Arab students at the Hebrew University, ISRAEL / 269 belonging to the pro-PLO Progressive Nationalist Movement, were served orders in January under emergency security regulations, confining them to their home villages. They were said to have signed a cable to the Palestine National Council meeting at Damascus expressing support for the PLO's struggle against the "Zionist entity." At a press conference toward the end of the month, the Jerusalem Arab Students' Committee and the left-wing campus organization condemned both the restriction orders and the cable of support to the PLO. It was stated that, though most of the country's 1,800 Arab students looked to the PLO as "the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people," only some 25 per cent supported the Progressive National Movement, which favored the replacement of Israel by "a secular democratic state." Problems arose over the expropriation for military and other public purposes of large tracts in the Negev sparsely inhabited by Bedouin. Early in April the High Court severely criticized the action of the authorities in connection with some 750 acres near the township of Laghiya, for which an expropriation order had been issued so that houses could be built for the Bedouin. Despite a previous agreement reached before the court that no further action would be taken without a court order, the public works department had started excavations on part of the land. In the ensuing skirmish, several persons were injured and ten Bedouin detained. Al- though the responsible officials claimed that there had been a misunderstanding, the attorney-general ordered disciplinary action taken against them. A particular problem was posed by the need to build a military airfield to replace one of those to be evacuated in Sinai in accordance with the peace treaty with Egypt. The most suitable area was a 21,000-acre tract at Tel Malhata, about 14 miles east of Beersheba, which was inhabited by 5,000-6,000 Bedouin. As the normal expropriation procedure would have taken a long time, a special law was proposed (the Law for the Acquisition of Land in the Negev) which specified rates of compensation to Bedouin living on seized land according to the area and quality of the land, its water resources, the buildings on it, and the extent to which it was cultivated. It would be possible to appeal to the courts about the amount of compensation, but not against the actual seizure of the land. The bill was held up for a time to enable negotiations with representatives of the Bedouin and consultation with the opposition. No agreement was reached with the Bedouin; after a number of changes had been made, the law was passed, with the support of the opposition, in July 1980. Much controversy was aroused by the announcement, early in January 1980, that the government intended to withdraw the concession (granted originally by the Turks before World War I) of the Jerusalem Electric Corporation to supply current to the eastern part of Jerusalem and part of the West Bank. The decision was defended on the ground that there were frequent interruptions in the power supply to Jewish neighborhoods in east Jerusalem, but it was opposed by several cabinet ministers and by Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. Moshe Sharon, the prime minister's adviser on Arab affairs, resigned toward the end of January 1979 because he felt that the powers of the office were not in keeping 270 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 with the needs. He proposed that either a statutory coordinating authority be set up to deal with Arab affairs, or that they be transferred directly to the ministries concerned.

Other Domestic Matters The population at the beginning of 1980 stood at 3,830,000—3,212,000 Jews and 618,000 non-Jews; it had grown by 2.5 per cent during the year. Of the growth in the Jewish population—72,000 (2.3 per cent)—two-thirds was due to natural increase and the rest to the immigration balance. The non-Jewish population grew by 21,000 (3.6 per cent), almost all due to natural increase. During the decade 1970- 1979 the population grew by 901,000—706,000 Jews (471,000 by natural increase and 235,000 due to the immigration balance) and 195,000 non-Jews. The number of Jews increased during the decade by 28 per cent and the number of non-Jews by 46 per cent. On May 14, 1980, the 13th anniversary (according to the Jewish calendar) of the reunification of Jerusalem, the population of the capital was 402,000—about 290,000 Jews (72 per cent), 100,000 Muslims, and 12,000 Christians. The efforts of a handful of police officers to promote the establishment of a police union occupied a great deal of public attention toward the end of 1978 and in the first half of 1979. The police command was strongly opposed to the idea, but in December 1978 the High Court ruled that the Police Ordinance did not specifically forbid the establishment of a union. Inspector-General Haim Tavor thereupon issued an order forbidding any unionizing activities, but three police officers again appealed to the High Court, which ruled toward the end of April that Tavor had no legal authority to issue such an order. Following this, Interior and Police Minis- ter Yosef Burg submitted an amendment to the Police Ordinance forbidding policemen to cooperate in the establishment or activities of a trade union. Thousands of policemen took part in a protest demonstration in Jerusalem when the amendment came under consideration in the Knesset, but it passed. At the same time, Burg announced several reforms, including the appointment of a police ombudsman and the establishment of a public council for police welfare. Further attempts to get policemen to demonstrate in favor of the right to form a union fizzled out for lack of support. There was considerable controversy over the role of Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan in reducing sentences passed by military courts. In April he cut from ten years imprisonment to three the sentence of a Jerusalem reservist who had shot and killed an Arab at random in retaliation for the shooting of an Israeli soldier; in June he reduced from eight years imprisonment to two the sentence on an officer found guilty of killing prisoners during the Litani operation in Lebanon in 1978; and in November he cut from five years imprisonment to two-and-a-half the sentence of another officer found guilty of ordering prisoners shot in the Litani operation. Critics proposed that the chief of staff and senior officers be deprived of their statutory authority to reduce sentences. ISRAEL / 271

Toward the end of May Samuel Flatto-Sharon, who was elected to the Knesset in 1977 as an independent, and two of his aides, were charged with attempted bribery of voters during the elections. Attorney-General Yitzhak Zamir asked the Knesset to remove Flatto-Sharon's parliamentary immunity so that he could be brought to trial. After lengthy consideration, the Knesset, in a secret ballot (61 votes to 30), agreed. Flatto-Sharon's trial was still in progress in mid-1980. The two kibbutz movements associated with the Labor party, Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim and the Kibbutz Meuhad, resolved on June 23 to unite to form Hatenuah Hakibbutzit Hameuhedet (the United Kibbutz Movement), with some 73,000 members in 162 kibbutzim. The new body was expected to play a more active part in political affairs, and to work through the Labor party to achieve a change of government. It was believed that complete fusion of the two groups would take some time. A compromise would have to be found, for instance, between the activist traditions of the Kibbutz Meuhad, which had been associated with the Achdut Ha'avodah party before its reunion with the Labor party in 1968, and the more pluralistic Ihud. The former, too, wholeheartedly supported Yigal Allon, and, after his death, Yitzhak Rabin, in the struggle for the Labor leadership, while the latter took no collective stand on the issue. At the beginning of July the Tel Aviv district court delivered its verdict in one of the most sensational libel cases in recent years. A businessman, Bezalel Mizrahi, won his suit against the Ha'aretz daily, which had alleged, in a series of articles, that he was one of the leaders of organized crime in Israel. The judge ruled that the allegations had not been proved. Legislation was pushed through the Knesset to implement one of the clauses of the coalition agreement with the orthodox Agudat Israel (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, p. 269). At the end of October Health Minister Eliezer Shostak presented a bill to repeal clause five of the Termination of Pregnancy Law, 1977, which permitted abortion if "continuation of the pregnancy is likely to cause serious harm to the woman or her children, on account of the woman's difficult family or social conditions or her environment." Repeal was opposed, not only by the opposition parties and the Democratic Movement, but also by some members of the Likud, four of whom voted against and four of whom abstained or were deliberately absent from the final vote on November 12. As a result, there was a tie, and the bill was not passed. The future of the coalition was at stake, as the four Agudat Israel members threatened to resign. The government submitted the bill again, this time declaring its passage a matter of confidence, and it was approved on December 22 by a small majority. There was trouble during the year in Jerusalem over proposals to build a new sports stadium on the outskirts of the city, and to construct a new road to the Ramot quarter in East Jerusalem. Extremist religious elements objected to the stadium on principle, and to both the road and the stadium on the ground that Sabbath traffic would disturb the peace of nearby religious neighborhoods. The stadium project was abandoned for the time being in favor of improvements to the existing Hapoel 272 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 football field, and it was agreed to build a bypass to meet the objections of religious residents near the Ramot road.

Israel and World Jewry A total of almost 37,000 new immigrants arrived in Israel in 1979—46 per cent more than in the previous year. Of these, 18,675 came from Eastern Europe, including 17,600 from the Soviet Union (an increase of 45.3 per cent). The total from Western Europe was up by 19.5 per cent to 3,666, of whom 1,649 came from France and 1,024 from the United Kingdom. The number of immigrants from Asian countries (largely Iran) more than tripled to 7,223. There was a small growth in immigration from North America—3,289 (2.9 per cent)—and the Pacific region— 209 (2.5 per cent)—while there were reductions in the numbers from Latin America —2,576 (a drop of 8.8 per cent)—and Africa—1,341 (a drop of 19.2 per cent). There was a considerable drop in immigration during the first part of 1980; in January-March the total was 6,769—27.4 per cent less than in the corresponding period of 1979. The fall was largely due to the decline in the number of Jews allowed to leave the USSR and to the large percentage of "dropouts" among them; 8,875 Soviet Jews arrived in Vienna during the period, but 5,246, or 59 per cent, did not go to Israel. During the decade 1970-1979, immigrants totalled 346,000, of whom 110,000 came with potential immigrant visas. The largest group—148,000—came from the Soviet Union, and 42,000 from the United States. Of the 200,000 immigrants aged 18 and over who arrived in 1970-1978, some 25,000 left the country in less than three years; 14,000 of them were among the 56,000 who arrived as potential immigrants. The highest percentage of those leaving—32 per cent—was among newcomers from North America, compared with 18 per cent of immigrants from South America and 7 per cent of those from the Soviet Union. A survey of a sample of immigrants from the USSR who had completed fiveyear s in Israel in 1978-1979 found that 96 per cent had permanent housing (including about 40 per cent who owned their own homes) and practically all those belonging to the work force were employed. The problem of how to help the Falashas, the "black Jews" of Ethiopia, come to Israel was raised at a press conference held by the Association of Ethiopian Jews in Israel in January. Spokesmen described their tribulations after the Ethiopian revolution, and warned that the community was in danger of extinction. A Jewish Agency representative explained that the Falashas could not be helped to come to Israel before 1975 because it was only in that year that the rabbinate recognized them as Jews. The revolutionary government in Ethiopia did not allow them to leave, and efforts to help them, therefore, had to be discreet. A great deal was in fact being done, the representative said. However, in October a Falasha delegation complained to the Knesset's immigration and absorption committee that nothing had been done to bring the Falashas out. Shlomo Hillel, chairman of the Public ISRAEL / 273

Committee for the Jews of Ethiopia, said that the government had begun to take more effective steps and that excessive publicity would do more harm than good. The problem of noshrim—Jews who left the Soviet Union with permits to go to Israel, but, after reaching Vienna on the first stage of their journey, went on to the United States or some other country—continued to be a subject of great concern to Israeli public opinion. At a meeting of government and Jewish Agency officials with American Jewish leaders in June, Jewish Agency chairman Arye Leon Dultzin argued that the presence of the offices of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) and the Joint Distribution Committee in Vienna and Rome had helped increase the dropout rate, and proposed that all Russian Jews with exit visas for Israel be sent there. When this idea was rejected, Prime Minister Begin proposed that HIAS and the JDC help only those Russian Jews who had close relatives in the United States. No decision was reached during the period under review. There was much controversy between Dultzin and David Levy, who held the portfolios of immigration absorption and housing, over the division of responsibility for immigration and absorption between the Jewish Agency and the government. Dultzin urged that the entire process be concentrated in the hands of a single body under the auspices of the Agency, as envisaged in the report of the Horev committee in 1976 (see AJYB, Vol. 78, 1978, p. 480). Toward the end of February 1980 the joint Government-Agency Coordinating Board agreed on a compromise, under which both the ministry of immigrant absorption and the Jewish Agency's immigration and absorption department would remain in being, but a new authority would be set up to coordinate their activities. By the middle of the year, however, the decision had not been put into practice. There was much misgiving over the slow progress in implementing Project Renewal, which had been initiated at the suggestion of Prime Minister Begin, with the aim of rehabilitating slum quarters and new-immigrant areas through a joint effort of the Israeli government and world Jewry. Deputy Prime Minister Yigael Yadin, who was in charge of the project, said that the delay had been due to the need for detailed planning, and for assuring the participation of the local residents in the planning process.

Personalia Major General Ze'ev Almog was appointed O.C. Israel navy, in succession to Major General Michael Barkai, on January 13, 1979. Major General Amnon Reshef was appointed O.C. armored corps, in succession to Major General Moshe Peled, on January 13. Major General Yehoshua Saguy was appointed chief of military intelligence, in succession to Major General Shlomo Gazit, on February 2. Yosef "Tommy" Lapide became director-general of the Israel Broadcasting Authority on April 1. Zev Hymovitz, vice president of the American Joint Distribution Commit- tee, became director of Joint-Israel on July 1. Professor Yaakov Ne'eman was appointed director-general of the ministry of finance on November 11. 274 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Major General (res.) Herzl Shafir became inspector-general of police, in succession to Commissioner Hayim Tavori, on January 1, 1980. Mattityahu Shmuelevitz became director-general of the prime minister's office, in succession to Eliahu Ben- Elissar, on February 24, 1980. Rose Ginnosar, honorary president of World WIZO, died in Haifa, January 10, 1979, at the age of 90. Sara Herzog, widow of the late chief rabbi, died in Jerusalem, January 13, at the age of 79. Ernst Lehmann, chairman of Bank Leumi, died in Tel Aviv, January 28, at the age of 77. Israel Yeshayahu, former speaker of the Knesset, died in Petah Tikva, June 20, at the age of 68. Arthur Saul Super, former rabbi and editor, died in Natanya, July 29, at the age of 71. David Horowitz, former governor of the Bank of Israel, died in Jerusalem, August 12, at the age of 80. Yehoshua Rabinowitz, former minister of finance, died in Tel Aviv, August 14, at the age of 68. Rahel Yanait Ben-Zvi, labor leader and widow of the late president of Israel, died in Jerusalem, November 16, at the age of 93. Shalom Moscovitz ("Der Zeiger- macher"), primitive painter, died in Safad, January 4, 1980, at the age of 80. Dov Bernard Joseph, former minister, died in Jerusalem, January S, at the age of 80. Hanna Rowina, "first lady of the Israeli stage," died in Raanana, February 2, at the age of 90. Yigal Allon, former minister and commander of the Palmach, died in Afula, February 29, at the age of 61. Anna Ticho, distinguished artist, died in Jerusalem, March 1, at the age of 86.

MISHA LOUVISH South Africa

Domestic Affairs

X HE ARREST IN FRANCE and subsequent extradition to South Africa of Eschel Rhoodie, the discredited former secretary of the now defunct department of information, brought to a head the scandal which had shocked the nation and led to the resignation of leading members of the government and civil service—including Cornelius Mulder, the cabinet minister responsible for the affairs of the department and head of the National party in the Transvaal. Mulder resigned as head of the Transvaal executive of the party and was later forced to resign from the party itself. He was succeeded by Andries Treurnicht, a leading member of the party's right wing. The special commission which had been appointed to investigate the affairs of the department, found that Balthazar John Vorster, the state president, who was prime minister at the time of the scandal, had to share blame with Rhoodie and Mulder for the irregular activities. The report also indicted General Gert van der Bergh, former head of the defunct bureau for state security. Rhoodie had threatened to publish various secret documents abroad, and had accused Vorster of involvement in the affairs of the department. In an unprecedented move, Vorster publicly denied these accusations, whereupon the English language press and the opposition called for his resignation for unseemly conduct. Upon publication of the special commission report, Vorster resigned as state president; Marais Viljoen was elected in his place. At his trial, Rhoodie was found guilty on five counts of theft and fraud, and was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment. He was released on bail pending an appeal. Prime Minister Pieter W. Botha effected one of the largest cabinet reshuffles in the country's history. The major changes were the appointment of the former minister of justice and police Jan Kruger as speaker of the house, and the splitting of the ministry into two separate ministries. Botha spoke increasingly of changing the political and social dispensation in South Africa, declaring his support for a statement made by Minister of Plural Development Piet Koornhof, while on a visit to the United States, that apartheid was dead in South Africa. Koornhofs statement had elicited a denial by Treurnicht, and the prime minister's public support of Koornhof was widely regarded as a repudiation of the right-wing faction of the National party. In his first major policy speech, Botha expressed the hope that a

275 276 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 constellation of mutually interdependent southern African states would bring har- mony and peace to the whole of the sub-continent. This view received much warm praise from numerous quarters, including, most especially, the business leaders of the country. The increasing commitment of the Botha government to the idea of removing all forms of racial discrimination in South Africa was evidenced in the acceptance of the reports of two important commissions—one dealing with labor legislation and the other with legislation affecting the utilization of manpower. Subsequent legislation passed by parliament, stemming directly from the two reports, was variously applauded and condemned. On the one hand, the removal of various racially discriminatory practices was hailed as a great step forward in the promotion of a new society in South Africa. On the other hand, it was widely felt that the legislation represented a watering down of the far reaching proposals of the commissions, and that the net result was little more than cosmetic in effect. Koornhof s subsequent actions with regard to implementing the legislation again gave rise to mixed reaction. In the main, however, the country tended to receive the new legislation favorably, although somewhat cautiously. There were other significant developments in the area of race relations. Thus, the Afrikaanerstudentebond (ASB), the most representative Afrikaans student body in the country, took a stand against apartheid. A large gathering of churchmen, representing all shades of opinion in South Africa, held under the auspices of the South African Christian Leadership Assembly, heard speeches by Koornhof and Chief Gatsha Buthelezi, chief executive minister of Kwazulu and leader of the Inkhata movement, which represented the views of many millions of urban and rural blacks. This was a unique event in the history of race relations in South Africa. The visit by the prime minister and the minister for plural relations to the various black homelands; open discussions with black leaders, including those critical of the government; the removal of various forms of race discrimination, called "petty apartheid"; the prime minister's unequivocal endorsement of the removal of all forms of discrimination in SWA-Namibia; the decision to provide alternative housing for the squatters at Crossroads instead of merely bulldozing the shanties; integrated participation in various sport activities; the attempts to improve labor relations and to close the wage gap—all these were signs of the changed attitudes of the new prime minister and his government. Most remarkable of all was the speed with which all this occurred. Evidence that the new attitude of the government did not enjoy universal approval was clear in the results of various by-elections. The Nationalist majorities were substantially reduced at the polls, with the major beneficiary being the extreme right-wing Herstigte Nationale party (HNP). Notwithstanding the gains of HNP, however, the party was still not represented in parliament. A change of a very different kind was the victory of the Progressive Federal party (PFP) in the Edenvale by-election. SOUTH AFRICA / 277

The country was shocked by a number of terrorist attacks in urban areas; an attack by two right-wingers on the home of PFP leader Colin Eglin; a raid on a police station in Soweto by three men, in which a policeman died and five others, including three civilians, were injured; another raid on a Soweto police station resulting in the killing of two policemen and the wounding of two others; and the takeover of a bank building in Pretoria by three Angola-trained members of the African National Congress, during which two hostages died and 20 others were wounded. South Africa benefitted greatly from the dramatic rise in the price of gold and other precious metals. By year's end the price was over 800 U.S. dollars an ounce. In light of the dramatically improved financial situation, the minister of finance announced changes in foreign exchange regulations whereby emigrants would be able to take substantially more of their capital with them when they left the country. Large-scale building projects were announced by the government, particularly in areas of black housing. Plans were also announced for the electrification of Soweto. Colin Eglin, leader of PFP, was attacked in parliament for his telephone contact with Donald McHenry, who, at the time, was special U.S. representative on the South West Africa (Namibia) negotiating team. The accusations levelled at Eglin by the prime minister were evidence of deteriorating relations with the United States. These relations took a further turn for the worse when the prime minister appeared on national television to accuse three staff members of the U.S. embassy of using an ostensibly private aircraft for spying purposes; the three left South Africa immediately. Eglin later announced his resignation as leader of PFP, and Frederik van Zyl Slabbert was elected to succeed him. Van Zyl Slabbert became the youngest leader of the opposition in the country's history. Developments in SWA-Namibia were dramatic, as an impasse was reached with the United Nations negotiating team, particularly regarding the request of the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) for bases inside the territory. South Africa was denied the right to address the general assembly of the United Nations, which approved a report rejecting South Africa's credentials. The South African delegation walked out of the assembly, in whose deliberations the country had not participated since 1974. Dirk Mudge, leader of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, announced the formation of the South West Africa national assembly in May. The South African government indicated its support for the assembly in light of the failure of the Western powers to support South African endeavors to ensure a democratic independence for the territory. By year's end consideration was being given to re-entering negotiations on the future of the territory. Guerrilla activity continued in SWA-Namibia; a terrorist attack on a grandmother and two children was a particularly horrifying atrocity. During March it was announced that the South African air force had crossed the border into Angola and destroyed SWAPO guerrilla bases. Developments in Rhodesia continued to concern the country. Some 700 Rhodesians came to South Africa each month. The government of Bishop Abel 278 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Muzorewa maintained formal relations with South Africa; the relationship between Zimbabwe-Rhodesia and South Africa was not significantly different from what it had been under Ian Smith's regime. By year's end the Rhodesian settlement agreement reached in Britain was being implemented, and South Africa was preparing to make such adjustments as might be required in its relations with the new government of Zimbabwe.

Relations with Israel The relationship between Israel and South Africa continued to develop favorably. The signing of the peace agreement between Israel and Egypt was hailed as a major development in international relations, and the hope was expressed that it would serve as an example to other countries caught up in similarly explosive situations. After the visit in February of Simcha Ehrlich, Israel's finance minister, trade between Israel and South Africa expanded greatly; it was expected to exceed R8S million in 1979. Israel was reported to be South Africa's second fastest-growing foreign market after Switzerland. Over 250 South African firms were members of the South Africa-Israel Chamber of Economic Relations, which estimated that by 1980 total South African sales to Israel would exceed one billion rands, especially after the commencement of large coal shipments. Indicative of the growing trade between the two countries were contracts signed for the provision by South Africa to Israel of such goods as boneless kosher beef amounting to some 1,000 tons and valued at about R2 million and prefabricated houses expected to cost some R3S million. During February Neil Webster, director-general of resources of the South African army, was the guest of the world assembly of Jewish war veterans in Jerusalem. Remarks he made at the assembly elicited widespread comment in South Africa. Of particular interest was his statement that South Africa and Israel faced a common enemy—the various forces loyal to Marxist ideology. Events in Iran were also seen as having a similar negative effect on Israel and South Africa. Despite her desire for friendship, Israel was not prepared to condone the injustices which blighted race relations in South Africa. This being clear, there was understanding of Israel's stand regarding the international decisions to impose an arms embargo against South Africa, and to refuse to allow South Africa to participate in sport activities. Such actions as were taken by Israel in these matters were recognized as occupying their own specific place within the overall framework of the positive relations between the two countries. Remarks made by outgoing Israel ambassador Itzhak Unna at Stellenbosch Uni- versity, about how he had been deeply affected by incidents he had witnessed in the implementation of the pass laws in South Africa, received front page coverage in all the country's major newspapers. Many editorials noted that Unna's well known attitude of friendship toward South Africa made it especially important that his comments be taken seriously. The announcement of the end of Unna's tour of duty SOUTH AFRICA / 279 as Israel's ambassador to South Africa, during which time he had become the doyen of the diplomatic corps, was greeted with much sadness, and a large number of farewell functions were held in his honor. Joseph Harmelin was appointed Unna's successor. It was reported that the number of Israelis who had applied for tourist visas to South Africa had increased by 35 per cent in the first half of 1979. It was further reported that many of the applicants intended to settle in South Africa, and were seeking employment in the diamond cutting industry. Some 20 to 30 per cent of the applicants were European (mainly Russian and Rumanian) Jews who had come to Israel as immigrants. The main reason given by these people for coming to South Africa was their inability to cope with conditions in Israel, particularly the overwhelming bureaucracy. There were estimated to be about 20,000 Israelis living in South Africa, many illegally. The president of the National Council of Women, Sheila MacKenzie, attended the international conference of women leaders held under the auspices of the Coun- cil of Women's Organizations in Israel. The University of Stellenbosch Choir and the Drakensberg Boys Choir participated in the 1 lth Israel choir festival. A delegation of South African medical researchers under the leadership of Professor A.J. Brink visited Israel in March; this was the first of a proposed series of annual visits. A joint scientific research program was launched by the University of Pretoria and the Ben Gurion University.

Antisemitism Various antisemitic groups continued to propagate theories about Jewish con- spiracies aimed at world domination. Slanderous attacks on Jews and Judaism were published in the SA Observer, edited by S.E.D. Brown; some issues were banned. The emergence in some centers of Odal, a Nazi-style youth movement, and its illegal distribution of racist propaganda at state schools, drew public condemnation, official proscription, and strong protest from the Jewish community. The allegation that Jews had falsified history in regard to the Nazi attempt at genocide continued to be made in a number of right-wing extremist magazines. The same charge appeared in Muslim News, which also published ugly attacks on Israel, Zionism, and the Jewish religion. An article by Bill Chalmers, head of English language religious programs of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, which was published under the auspices of a right-wing publishing house, drew angry protest from the Jewish community. Condemnation of overt antisemitism was widespread; through the agency of the South African Jewish Board of Deputies (SAJBD) protests about serious antisemitic incidents were lodged whenever they occurred. To counter increased campus activity by anti-Zionist elements on both the right and the left, seminars were organized by the South African Union of Jewish Students (SAUJS). 280 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 JEWISH COMMUNITY

Communal Activities The high rate of emigration among white South Africans appeared to be declining, but its impact was still felt in the Jewish community, which was relatively small. There was a dearth of personnel to man communal institutions as posts became vacant. Fewer rabbis from abroad were ready to accept appointments in South Africa; this was particularly true in the smaller centers. To deal with this situation, efforts were made to coordinate communal activities, particularly in the cultural sphere. SAJBD continued its policy of intergroup contacts through meetings with leaders of various sectors of South African society. The organization consistently expressed its commitment to the principle of racial non-discrimination. The publication in Jewish Affairs of a demographic survey of the Jewish community, conducted by Dr. Allie Dubb under the auspices of SAJBD, received broad coverage in the general press. Of particular interest was the finding that a very large proportion of Jews supported the major communal institutions, considering them necessary, and seeing them as fulfilling their functions competently. SAJBD became fully affiliated with the World Jewish Congress; previously it had enjoyed associate status.

Zionism The aliyah department of the South African Zionist Federation (SAZF) continued to be quite active, although the rate of emigration to Israel declined. It was noted, in fact, that some South Africans were returning from Israel. SAZF continued to support youth work, sponsoring a number of well-attended seminars and summer camps. The organization also supported projects held under the auspices of SAUJS. During March the Israel United Appeal (IUA) conducted its biennial campaign. Julius Weinstein was national president of the campaign and Mendel Kaplan was national chairman. Distinguished Israeli participants in IUA's effort included ambassadors Simcha Dinitz, Itzhak Keenan, and Moshe Gilboa, Rabbi Mordechai Kirshblum, Meron Medzini, and Harry Rosen. The South African Jewish community accepted responsibility for the restoration of Jerusalem's Bucharan quarter as its contribution to Project Renewal. General Aharon Doron came to South Africa to launch the project. At its 23rd biennial congress, the Women's Zionist Council of South Africa dealt with the areas of fund-raising and aliyah. The congress was opened by Professor Ruth Lapidoth of the Hebrew University. SOUTH AFRICA / 281 Jewish Education Funds for Jewish education, provided in the main by the United Communal Fund, were inadequate, and various arrangements were entered into with the Jewish Agency for the support often day schools and numerous afternoon schools. Difficul- ties continued to be experienced in the recruitment of suitable personnel to serve as Hebrew and Jewish studies teachers in the various schools; some teachers were successfully recruited from Israel on short-term contracts. Matters of school administration, recruitment of staff, and curriculum planning were discussed at the Jewish Headmasters Association conference, held in July.

Religion Conflict between the Orthodox and Reform sectors of the community surfaced on a number of occasions, and received dramatic coverage in the Jewish and general press. There was discontent among the leadership of the United Progressive Jewish Congregations, representing the Reform movement, about the distribution of communal funds to day schools which did not cater to Reform children. Moreover, the claim was made that children from Reform homes were not provided for in the community-funded religious study program offered as an alternative to religious instruction in state schools. The growth of the Lubavitcher movement, particularly in Johannesburg, added an important new dimension to Jewish religious life. The Lubavitch Foundation of South Africa, headed by Rabbi Mendel Lipskar, sponsored a highly successful seminar on the family; the featured speaker was Judah Landes of the United States.

Jewish Culture Lectures and seminars by visiting and local personalities continued to be organized under the auspices of the leading communal bodies. Aside from SAJBD and SAZF, the Union of Jewish Women of South Africa (UJW) and the Women's Zionist Council of South Africa (WZC) were very active in this area. Projects of specific interest to their own members were organized by the Hebrew Order of David (which celebrated its 75th anniversary and invited Judge Felix Landau of Israel to be its guest of honor) and B'nai B'rith. SAUJS conducted programs which enjoyed wide support among students. SAJBD's Harry and Friedel Abt Museum organized a number of prestigious exhibitions and cultural events which were praised in the general press. The University of Cape Town was the recipient of a large grant from the Ka- plan-Kushlik Foundation, made on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the family business. The grant made possible the establishment of the Isaac and Jes- sie Kaplan Center of Jewish Studies and Research. The Foundation also established a chair in Egypt-Israel relations at Tel Aviv University. The publication 282 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

of a book chronicling the history of the Kaplan family, From Shtetl to Steel- making, was announced. After assisting in the launching of the Women's United Communal Fund campaign, under the auspices of UJW, Chaim Bermant, the British author and journalist, delivered lectures throughout the country. Other prominent visitors who gave lectures were Professor Shlomo Breznitz, at the invitation of the Haifa University Cultural Exchange Society; Professor Israel Knox, Professor Harold Fisch, and Herman Wouk, at the invitation of SAJBD; Bernard Cherrick, vice president of the Hebrew University, at the invitation of the South African Friends of the Hebrew University; Rabbi Emanuel Rackman, president of Bar-Ilan University, at the invitation of SAZF; General Amos Hovev, at the invitation of the Haifa Technion Society; and Rabbi L.I. Rabinowitz, at the invitation of the World Bible Society of South Africa.

Personalia Professor M.Z. Kadar was appointed head of the department of Hebrew at the University of the Witwatersrand. Lionel Conyer became president of the United Progressive Jewish Congregation of South Africa. Leslie Frankel accepted the chair of the Israel Bonds campaign. Freda Kapelus was elected president of UJW. Julius Weinstein became a member of the Jewish Agency's board of governors. Ronald Misheiker retired from his post as secretary of the Board of Jewish Education upon his aliyah to Israel, and was succeeded by Maish Zimmerman. Mark Cohen, previously headmaster of Yeshiva College in Johannesburg, succeeded Denis Diamond as executive director of SAJBD; the latter went on aliyah. Stephen Pincus was elected chairman of SAZF's youth council. Rabbi E.J. Steinhorn succeeded Rabbi David Rosen as spiritual leader of the Green and Sea Point Hebrew Congregation. David Lazarus was made an associate life member of the Cape Society of Chartered Accountants. Hyman Moross, who died in April, was posthumously awarded an honorary doctorate of law by the University of the Witwatersrand. Professor Mar- garetha Isaacson was appointed head of the department of pathology at the Univer- sity of the Witwatersrand. Morris Nestadt was granted a fellowship by the Rotary Foundation of South Africa. Harold Levy was appointed an acting judge. Walter Arenson was elected chairman of the Pharmaceutical Society of South Africa. Jeanne Rudolph was awarded an honorary doctorate of music by the University of Pretoria. Louis Kreiner became mayor of Cape Town. Julius Gelb assumed the post of mayor of Milnerton. Professor Philip Tobias was appointed dean of the faculty of medicine at the University of the Witwatersrand. The same university presented its alumni award to Helen Suzman. Among prominent Jews who died during the year were Nathan Rosenfeld, who had been active in the Federation of Synagogues, in April; Solomon Alufovitz, prominent in civic and Jewish affairs in Griqualand West, in April; Lionel Magid, leader of Natal Jewry and one-time chairman of the Council of Natal Jewry, in SOUTH AFRICA / 283

April; Dr. Hyman Moross, medical superintendent of Tara Hospital, in April; Dr. Hodda F. Maisel, Durban medical officer, in April; Leon Feldberg, writer, editor, and founder of the SA Jewish Times, in April; Adam Leslie, prominent theatrical personality, in May; Neville Brodie, leader of Port Elizabeth Jewry, in May; Esther Oleska, secretary of the country communities committee of SAJBD and editor of Hayenu, in June; Arnold Gewer, a leading member of the SA Board of Jewish Education, in June; Jessie Karpas, former mayor of Parow, in June; Miriam Solo- mans, chairman of the National Council of Women, in June; Rabbi Arthur Saul Super, former chief minister of the United Progressive Jewish Congregations of South Africa and former editor of the SA Zionist Record, in Israel, in July; Chayele Rosenthal, theatrical personality, in July; Saville Dorfman, former chief traffic officer of Johannesburg, in September; Israel Geshen, prominent businessman and leader of Natal Jewry, in October; Sallie Kussel, active in UJW, SAJBD, and the International Council of Women, in October; Dr. Jack Abelson, prominent medical figure and Jewish leader, in November; and Israel Alter, former cantor of the Great Synagogue of Johannesburg, in November.

DENIS DIAMOND World Jewish Population

J. HERE ARE NO PRECISE DATA on Jewish population in the various countries. The figures presented below represent the best possible estimates for 1979. They are based on local censuses, communal registration figures, and data obtained from a special inquiry conducted in spring 1980. Fifty-eight questionnaires were sent to major Jewish bodies in selected countries requesting information on: a) the number of Jews in the country, including nationals and refugees; b) the figures for principal cities; c) the source of the data and the method used in arriving at the estimate. Responses were received from 20 countries.1 The figures are of varying degrees of accuracy, and are subject to substantial margins of error. They will be revised when more accurate data become available. In the tables below, figures obtained from 1980 inquiry are indicated by an "x".

DISTRIBUTION BY CONTINENTS

The estimated world Jewish population at the end of 1979 was 14,527,150. Of the total number, about 6,800,000 (47 per cent) lived in the Americas, some 4,102,000 (29 per cent) in Europe, including the Asian parts of Turkey and the USSR, and over 3,330,000 (22 per cent) in Asia. Only about 173,000 (1.5 per cent) remained in Africa, and 72,000 (0.5 per cent) were in Australia and New Zealand.

'Australia: Executive Council of Australian Jewry; Bolivia: Circulo Israelite; Canada: Coun- cil of Jewish Federations; Chile: Comite Representativo de la Collectividad Israelita de Chile; Finland: The Jewish Community of Helsinki; Gibraltar: Managing Board of the Jewish Com- munity; Honduras: Comunidad Hebrea de Tegucigalpa; Ireland: Jewish Representative Coun- cil of Ireland; Jamaica: The United Congregation of Israelites; Kenya: Nairobi Hebrew Con- gregation; Netherlands: Netherlands-Israelitisch Kerkgenootschap; Norway: Det Mosaiska Trossamfund; Singapore: Jewish Welfare Board; Spain: Jewish Community of Spain; Sweden: Judiska forsamlingen; Turkey: Chief Rabbinate of Turkey; United Kingdom: The Board of Deputies of British Jews; Uruguay: Comite Central Israelita del Uruguay; Yugoslavia: Federa- tion of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia; Zimbabwe: Central African Jewish Board of Deputies.

284 WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 285

TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION BY CONTINENTS, 1979

Continent Number Per Cent Europe (including Asiatic USSR and Turkey) 4,102,350 29.0 America (North, Central, and South) 6,839,560 47.0 Asia 3,339,810 22.0 Africa 173,430 1.5 Australia and New Zealand 72,000 05 TOTAL 14,527,150* 100.0 •Because sources and dates were not always identical, there may be discrepancies between figures given in the tables below and those in other sections of this volume.

Various estimates have been put forward for the Jewish population of the Soviet Union, the United States, Argentina, and France. If the lower estimate were accepted in each case, the total world Jewish population would be smaller by about one million than the estimate offered here.

Europe Of the approximately 4,102,000 Jews in Europe, some 2,790,000 were in the Communist area, including 80,000 in Hungary, some 45,000 in Rumania, about 12,000 in Czechoslovakia, and 6,000 in Poland. Students of Jewish population disagreed on the number of Jews in the USSR (see the article on the Soviet Union in this volume). About 1,300,000 Jews lived in non-Communist countries. France, with some 650,000, was the largest Jewish community in Western Europe. (Other sources estimated the French Jewish population as being 550,000.) Great Britain had 410,000; Belgium, 41,000; Italy, 41,000; and Germany (including both East and West Germany), 38,000.

TABLE 2. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRIES, 1979

Total Jewish Country Population' Population Albania 2,670,000 300 Austria 7,510,000 13,000 Belgium 9,850,000 41,000 Bulgaria 8,810,000 7,000 Czechoslovakia 15,250,000 12,000 Denmark 5,120,000 7,500 Finland 4,750,000 1,000" France 53,480,000 650,000 Germany 78,800,000 38,000" Gibraltar 30,000 600" Great Britain 55,820,000 410,000" 286 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Greece 9,440,000 6,000 Hungary 10,700,000 80,000 Ireland 3,370,000 1,900" Italy 56,910,000 41,000 Luxembourg 360,000 1,000 Malta 350,000 50 Netherlands 14,030,000 30,000* Norway 4,070,000 900* Poland 35,440,000 6,000 Portugal 9,870,000 600 Rumania 22,070,000 45,000 Spain 37,180,000 12,000" Sweden 8,290,000 17,000" Switzerland 6,330,000 21,000 Turkey 44,310,000 24,000" USSR 264,110,000 2,630,000° Yugoslavia 22,160,000 5,500" TOTAL 4,102,350 "United Nations Statistical Office, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, and other sources, including local publications. •"Includes West Germany, East Germany, and both sectors of Berlin. 'Includes Asian regions of the USSR and Turkey. "Reply to 1980 inquiry.

North, Central, and South America The number of Jews in the United States, including all persons living in Jewish households, was estimated at about 5,920,000 (see the article "Jewish Population in the United States" in this volume). Some demographers disagreed with this figure and suggested an estimate one quarter million smaller. Canada had about 305,000 Jews, and Central and South America some 575,000. The Jewish population in Argentina was estimated to be 300,000, but some local observers considered this figure as too low.

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES, BY COUNTRIES, 1979

Total Jewish Country Population' Population Canada 23,690,000 305,000" Mexico 69,380,000 37,500 United States 220,100,000 5,920,890 Total North America . . . 6,263,390 Barbados 270,000 70 Costa Rica 2,190,000 2,500 WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 287

Cuba 9,850,000 1,500 Curacao 150,000 700 Dominican Republic 5,280,000 200 El Salvador 4,350,000 350 Guatemala 6,620,000 2,000 Haiti 4,920,000 150 Honduras 3,560,000 200" Jamaica 2,160,000 350" Nicaragua 2,640,000 200 Panama 1,880,000 2,000 Trinidad 1,130,000 300 Total Central America and West Indies 10,520

Argentina 26,730,000 300,000 Bolivia 5,430,000 750" Brazil 118,650,000 150,000 Chile 10,920,000 30,000" Colombia 26,360,000 12,000 Ecuador 8,080,000 1,000 Paraguay 2,970,000 1,200 Peru 17,290,000 5,200 Surinam 380,000 500 Uruguay 2,910,000 50,000" Venezuela 13,520,000 15,000 Total South America 565,650

TOTAL 6,839,560

'See Table 2, note1. "See Table 2, note".

Asia, Australia, and New Zealand The Jewish population of Asia was over 3,330,000. Of this figure, 3,254,000, or approximately 97 per cent, were in Israel, the second largest Jewish population center in the world. There were 70,000 Jews in Iran and 8,000 in India. It was difficult to ascertain the precise impact of events in Iran and Lebanon on the number of Jews in these countries as well as in Syria. The Jewish population of Australia was estimated at about 67,000, and that of New Zealand at 5,000.

TABLE 4. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN ASIA, BY COUNTRIES, 1979

Total Jewish Country Population' Population Afghanistan 15,490,000 200 Burma . . . 32,910,000 50" 288 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

China 945,020,000 30 Cyprus 620,000 30 Hong Kong 4,710,000 250 India 650,980,000 8,000 Indonesia 148,470,000 100 Iran 35,510,000 70,000 Iraq 12,330,000 450 Israel 3,867,000 3,254,000 Japan 115,870,000 400 Lebanon 3,090,000 400 Pakistan 76,770,000 250 Philippines 47,720,000 200 Singapore 2,360,000 450* Syria 8,350,000 4,500 Yemen 5,790,000 500

TOTAL 3,339,810

"See Table 2, note". "See Table 2, note".

TABLE 5. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, 1979

Total Jewish Country Population* Population Australia 14,420,000 67,000" New Zealand 3,110,000 5,000

TOTAL 72,000

aSee Table 2, note". xSee Table 2, note".

Africa The Jewish population of Africa stood at about 173,000, including some 118,000 in South Africa. Events in Zimbabwe had a substantial impact on the number of Jews there, bringing it down to some 1,960. An estimated 22,000 were in Ethiopia. The Jewish communities of the Maghreb were very small- some 22,000 in Morocco, 7,000 in Tunisia, and about 1,000 in Algeria. Egypt had 400 Jews and Libya 20.

TABLE 6. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN AFRICA, BY COUNTRIES, 1979

Total Jewish Country Population* Population Algeria 19,130,000 1,000 Egypt 40,980,000 400 WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 289

Ethiopia 30,420,000 22,000 Kenya 15,320,000 450 Libya 2,860,000 20 Morocco 19,470,000 22,000 Republic of South Africa 26,130,000 118,000 Zimbabwe 7,140,000 1,960" Tunisia 6,200,000 7,000 Zaire 27,940,000 200 Zambia 5,650,000 400 TOTAL 173,430 •See Table 2, note*. "See Table 2, note".

COMMUNITIES WITH LARGEST JEWISH POPULATION

The largest Jewish community was in the United States, followed by Israel and the Soviet Union. Together they accounted for some 82 per cent of the world Jewish population. France, Great Britain, Canada, and Argentina had Jewish communities of 300,000 or over. Brazil had a Jewish population of 150,000, while that of South Africa stood at 118,000. The balance of the countries had Jewish communities of less than 100,000 each.

TABLE 7. COUNTRIES WITH LARGEST JEWISH POPULATION

Jewish Country Population United States 5,920,000 Israel 3,254,000 Soviet Union 2,630,000 France 650,000 Great Britain 410,000 Canada 305,000 Argentina 300,000

TABLE 8. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION, SELECTED CITIES

Jewish City Population Adelaide 1,600 Amsterdam 15,000" Ankara 500" Antwerp 13,000 290 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Athens 2,800 Auckland 1,500 Barcelona 3,000" Basel 2,300 Belgrade 1,500" Berlin (both sectors) 6,000 Bern 800 Birmingham 6,000" Bogota 5,500 Bombay (and district) 6,970 Bordeaux 6,400 Brisbane 1,200" Brussels 24,500 Bucharest 40,000 Budapest 65,000 Calcutta 300 Cape Town 25,650 Cochin 500 Copenhagen 7,000 Durban 5,990 Florence 1,400 Geneva 3,250 Glasgow 13,000 Goteborg 1,600" Guatemala City 1,500 Haifa 210,000 Helsinki 800" Istanbul 20,000" Izmir 2,500 Jerusalem 290,000 Johannesburg 57,500 Kiev 170,000 Kobe 80 La Paz 500" Leeds 18,000 Leningrad 165,000 Lima 5,000 Lisbon 550 Liverpool 6,500 London (greater) 260,000" Luxembourg 850 Lyons 20,000 WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 291

Madrid 3,000' Malaga 1,500" Malmo 1,930* Manchester (greater) 35,000 Manila 300 Marseilles 65,000 Melbourne 32,000" Mexico, D.F 32,500 Milan 9,000 Montevideo 48,000 Montreal 100,000" Moscow 285,000 Nice 20,000 Oslo 675 Ottawa 8,500" Paris 300,000 Perth 3,200 Plovdiv 1,000 Porto Alegre 12,000 Prague 3,000 Rabat 2,500 Recife 3,000 Rio de Janeiro 55,000 Rome 10,000 Salisbury 1,100" Salonika 1,300 San Jose 2,500 Santiago 28,000" Sao Paulo 75,000 Sarajevo 1,090" Sofia 4,000 Stockholm 5,000" Strasbourg 12,000 Subotica 220" Sydney 26,500" Teheran 50,000 Tel Aviv-Jaffa 394,000 Tokyo 320 Toronto 120,000" Toulouse 18,000 Trieste 1,200 Vancouver 14,000" 292 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Valparaiso 4,000 Vienna 9,000

Wellington 1,500 Warsaw 4,500 Winnipeg 18,000* Zagreb 1,030" Zurich 6,150

•For cities in the United States, see Table 3 of section, "Jewish Population in the United States" in this volume. "See Table 2, note".

LEON SHAPIRO Directories Lists Necrology

National Jewish Organizations1

UNITED STATES Organizations are listed according to functions as follows: Religious, Educational 305 Cultural 299 Community Relations 295 Overseas Aid 302 Social Welfare 323 Social, Mutual Benefit 321 Zionist and Pro-Israel 326 Note also cross-references under these headings: Professional Associations 334 Women's Organizations 334 Youth and Student Organizations 335

COMMUNITY RELATIONS Gutman. Applies Jewish values of justice and humanity to the Arab-Israel conflict in AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR JUDAISM (1943). the Middle East; rejects nationality attach- 307 Fifth Ave., Suite 1006, N.Y.C., 10016. ment of Jews, particularly American Jews, (212)889-1313. Pres. Clarence L. Cole- to the State of Israel as self-segregating, man, Jr.; Sec. Alan V. Stone. Seeks to ad- inconsistent with American constitutional vance the universal principles of a Judaism concepts of individual citizenship and sep- free of nationalism, and the national, civic, aration of church and state, and as being a cultural, and social integration into Ameri- principal obstacle to Middle East peace, can institutions of Americans of Jewish Report. faith. Issues of the American Council for Judaism; Special Interest Report AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE (1906). In- stitute of Human Relations, 165 E. 56 St., AMERICAN JEWISH ALTERNATIVES TO N.Y.C., 10022. (212)751-4000. Pres. May- ZIONISM, INC. (1968). 133 E. 73 St., nard I. Wishner; Exec. V. Pres. Bertram H. N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628-2727. Pres. Gold. Seeks to prevent infraction of civil Elmer Berger; V. Pres. Mrs. Arthur and religious rights of Jews in any part of

'The information in this directory is based on replies to questionnaires circulated by the editors. Inclusion does not necessarily imply approval of the organizations by the publishers; nor can they assume responsibility for the accuracy of the data.

295 296 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

the world; to advance the cause of human practices, scope, and public understanding rights for people of all races, creeds, and of Jewish community center and kindred nationalities; to interpret the position of work. The Kesher; Viewpoints. Israel to the American public; and to help American Jews maintain and enrich their ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY RE- Jewish identity and, at the same time, LATIONS WORKERS (1950). 823 UN Plaza, achieve full integration in American life; N.Y.C., 10017. (212)490-2525. Pres. Har- includes Jacob and Hilda Blaustein Center old L. Alder. Aims to stimulate higher for Human Relations, William E. Wiener standards of professional practice in Jew- Oral History Library, Leonard and Rose ish community relations; encourages re- Sperry International Center for the Reso- search and training toward that end; con- lution of Group Conflict. AMERICAN JEW- ducts educational programs and seminars; ISH YEAR BOOK (with Jewish Publication aims to encourage cooperation between Society of America); Commentary; Present community relations workers and those Tense; What's Doing at the Committee. working in other areas of Jewish communal service. AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS (1918). Ste- phen Wise Congress House, 15 E. 84 St., CENTER FOR JEWISH COMMUNITY STUDIES. N.Y.C., 10028. (212)879-4500. Pres. How- 555 Gladfelter Hall, Temple University, ard M. Squadron; Exec. Dir. Henry Sieg- Philadelphia, Pa., 19122. (215)787-7534. man. Works to foster the creative religious Chmn. Daniel J. Elazar. Worldwide con- and cultural survival of the Jewish people; sortium of scholars devoted to the study of to help Israel develop in peace, freedom, Jewish community organization, political and security; to eliminate all forms of ra- thought and public affairs, past and pre- cial and religious bigotry; to advance civil sent, in Israel and throughout the world. rights, protect civil liberties, defend reli- Publishes original articles, essays, and gious freedom, and safeguard the separa- monographs; maintains library, archives, tion of church and state. Congress and reprint series. Monthly; Judaism. COMMISSION ON SOCIAL ACTION OF RE- , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1933). Ste- FORM JUDAISM (1953) (under the auspices phen Wise Congress House, 15 E. 84 St., of the Union of American Hebrew Congre- N.Y.C., 10028. (212)879-4500. Pres. gations). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Leona Chanin; Exec. Dir. Esther H. Ko- (212)249-0100. Chmn. Alex Ross; Dir. Al- latch. Committed to the achievement of bert Vorspan; Assoc. Dir. David Saper- social justice through its international and stein. Develops materials to assist Reform domestic programs; works for a free and synagogues in setting up social-action pro- secure Israel, world peace, human dignity, grams relating the principles of Judaism to and the creative continuity of the Jewish contemporary social problems; assists con- people; supports Louise Waterman Wise gregations in studying the moral and reli- Youth Hostel in Jerusalem. gious implications in social issues such as civil rights, civil liberties, church-state re- ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI lations; guides congregational social-action B'RITH (1913). 823 United Nations Plaza, committees. Issues of Conscience; Newslet- N.Y.C., 10017. (212)490-2525. Nat. ter. Chmn. Maxwell E. Greenberg; Nat. Dir. Nathan Perlmutter. Seeks to combat an- CONFERENCE OF PRESIDENTS OF MAJOR tisemitism and to secure justice and fair AMERICAN JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS treatment for all citizens through law, edu- (1955). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. cation and community relations. ADL Bul- (212)752-1616. Chmn. Theodore R. Mann; letin: Face to Face; Fact Finding Report; Exec. Dir. Yehuda Hellman. Coordinates Israel Backgrounder; Law Notes; Rights; the activities of 34 major American Jewish Law; Research and Evaluation Report; Dis- organizations as they relate to American- criminations Report. Israeli affairs and problems affecting Jews in other lands. Annual Report; Middle East ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CENTER WORK- Memo. ERS (1918). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Pres. William Budd; Exec. CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH OR- Dir. Debbie Schwartz. Seeks to enhance GANIZATIONS-CCJO (1946). 61 Broad- and improve the standards, techniques, way, N.Y.C., 10006. (212)425-5170. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 297

Co-Chmn. Jules Braunschvig (Alliance Is- communicate with colleagues in order to raelite Universelle), Harry Batshaw (Cana- enrich quality of their work. Conducts dian Friends of Alliance Israelite Univer- quadrennial international conferences in selle), Basil Bard; V. Chmn. Marcel Jerusalem and periodic regional meetings. Franco (American Friends of Alliance Is- Proceedings of International Conferences; raelite Universelle); Sec.-Gen. Moses Mos- Newsletter. kowitz. A nongovernmental organization in consultative status with the UN, JEWISH LABOR COMMITTEE (1934). Atran UNESCO, International Labor Organiza- Center for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 St., tion, UNICEF, and the Council of Europe; N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535-3700. Pres. Don- cooperates and consults with, advises and ald Slaiman; Exec. Dir. Emanuel Murav- renders assistance to the Economic and So- chik. Serves as a link between the Jewish cial Council of the United Nations on all community and the trade union move- problems relating to human rights and eco- ment; works with the AFL-CIO and others nomic, social, cultural, educational, and to combat all forms of racial and religious related matters pertaining to Jews. discrimination in the United States and abroad; furthers labor support for Israel's COORDINATING BOARD OF JEWISH ORGAN- security and Soviet Jewry, and Jewish com- IZATIONS (1947). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., munal support for labor's social and eco- N.W., Washington, DC, 20036. (202)857- nomic programs; supports Yiddish cul- 6545. Pres. Jack J. Spitzer (B'nai B'rith), tural institutions. JLC News. Greville Janner (Board of Deputies of Brit- ish Jews), David K. Mann (South African , NATIONAL TRADE UNION COUNCIL Jewish Board of Deputies); Exec. V. Pres. FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (1956). Atran Center Daniel Thursz (U.S.). As an organization for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., in consultative status with the Economic 10021. (212)535-3700. Chmn. Wilbur and Social Council of the United Nations, Daniels; Exec. Sec. Betty Kaye Taylor. represents the three constituents (B'nai Works with trade unions on programs and B'rith, the Board of Deputies of British issues affecting labor and the Jewish com- Jews, and the South African Jewish Board munity. of Deputies) in the appropriate United Na- tions bodies for the purpose of promoting , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1947). human rights, with special attention to Atran Center for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 combatting persecution or discrimination St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535-3700. Nat. on grounds of race, religion, or origin. Chmn. Eleanor Schachner. Supports the general activities of the Jewish Labor Com- COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN mittee; provides secondary school and col- CIVIL SERVICE, INC. (1948). 45 E. 33 St., lege scholarships for needy Israeli stu- N.Y.C., 10016. (212)689-2015. Pres. Louis dents; participates in educational and Weiser. Supports merit system; combats cultural activities. discrimination; promotes all Jewish interest projects; sponsors scholarships; is mem- , WORKMEN'S CIRCLE DIVISION OF ber of Greater N.Y. Conference on Soviet (1939). Atran Center for Jewish Culture, Jewry, Jewish Labor Committee, America- 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535- Israel Friendship League, N.Y. Jewish 3700. Chmn. Saul Charrow; Co-Chmn. Community Relations Committee, N.Y. Samuel Perel. Promotes aims of, and raises Metropolitan Coordinating Council on funds for, the Jewish Labor Committee Jewish Poverty. CJO Digest. among the Workmen's Circle branches; conducts Yiddish educational and cultural INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH POLICY PLANNING activities. AND RESEARCH (see Synagogue Council of America, p. 314). JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1896). 1712 New INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH Hampshire Ave., N. W., Washington, COMMUNAL SERVICE (1966). 15 E. 26 St., D.C., 20009. (202)265-6280. Nat. Comdr. N.Y.C., 10010. (212)683-8056. Pres. Her- Harris B. Stone; Nat. Exec. Dir. Jerome L. bert Millman; Sec.-Gen. Miriam R. Levinrad. Seeks to foster true allegiance to Ephraim. Established by Jewish commu- the United States; to combat bigotry and nal workers to strengthen their under- prevent defamation of Jews; to encourage standing of each other's programs and to the doctrine of universal liberty, equal 298 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

rights, and full justice for all; to cooperate Chmn. Albert D. Chernin; Sec. Raymond with and support existing educational in- Epstein. Consultative, advisory, and coor- stitutions and establish new ones; to foster dinating council of 11 national Jewish or- the education of ex-servicemen, ex-service- ganizations and 108 local Jewish councils women, and members in the ideals and that seeks cooperatively the promotion of principles of Americanism. Jewish Vet- understanding of Israel and the Middle eran. East; freedom for Jews in the Soviet Union; equal status and opportunity for all groups, , NATIONAL MEMORIAL, INC; NA- including Jews, with full expression of dis- TIONAL SHRINE TO THE JEWISH WAR tinctive group values and full participation DEAD (1958). 1712 New Hampshire Ave., in the general society. Through the pro- N.W., Washington, D.C., 20009. (202)265- cesses of the Council, its constituent organ- 6280. Pres. Meyer J. Abgott; Treas. Cherie izations seek agreement on policies, strate- Siegel. Administers shrine in Washington, gies, and programs for most effective D.C., a repository for medals and honors utilization of their collective resources for won by Jewish men and women for valor common ends. Guide to Program Planning from Revolutionary War to present; main- for Jewish Community Relations. tains Golden Book of names of the war dead. NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH YOUTH COUN- CIL (1965). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOVIET JEWRY (212)751-6070. Chmn. Craig Wasserman; (formerly AMERICAN JEWISH CONFER- Exec. Dir. Donald Adelman. Provides a ENCE ON SOVIET JEWRY) (1964; reorg. framework for coordination and exchange 1971). 10 E. 40 St., Suite 907, N.Y.C., of programs and information among na- 10016. (212)679-6122. Chmn. Burton S. tional Jewish youth organizations to help Levinson; Exec. Dir. Jerry Goodman. them deepen the concern of American Jew- Coordinating agency for major national ish youth for world Jewry; represents Jew- Jewish organizations and local community ish youth in the Conference of Presidents, groups in the U.S., acting on behalf of So- United States Youth Council, etc. viet Jewry through public education and social action; stimulates all segments of the STUDENT STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET JEWRY, community to maintain an interest in the INC. (1964). 200 W. 72 St., N.Y.C., 10023. problems of Soviet Jews by publishing re- (212)799-8900. Nat. Dir. Jacob Birnbaum; ports and special pamphlets, sponsoring Nat. Coord. Glenn Richter. Provides in- special programs and projects, organizing formation and action guidance to adult and public meetings and forums. News Bulle- student organizations, communities and tin, Leadership Wrap-Up Series; Activities schools throughout U.S. and Canada; as- Report. sists individual Soviet Jews financially and by publicity campaigns; helps Russian , SOVIET JEWRY RESEARCH BU- Jews in the U.S.; aids Rumanian Jews seek- REAU. Chmn. Charlotte Jacobson. Orga- ing emigration; maintains speakers bureau. nized by NCSJ to monitor emigration Soviet Jewry Action Newsletter. trends. Primary task is the accumulation, evaluation, and processing of information UNION OF COUNCILS FOR SOVIET JEWS regarding Soviet Jews, especially those (1969). 24 Crescent St., Suite 3A, Wal- who apply for emigration. tham, Mass., 02154. (617)893-4780. Pres. Robert Gordon; Exec. Dir. Davida NATIONAL JEWISH COMMISSION ON LAW Manon. A confederation of 28 grass-roots AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (COLPA) (1965). organizations established in support of So- 919 3rd Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)755- viet Jewry. Acts as a clearinghouse for in- 2180. Pres. Howard Zuckerman; Exec. formation; organizes demonstrations in Dir. Dennis Rapps. Voluntary association support of Soviet Jews. Alert of attorneys whose purpose is to represent the Orthodox Jewish community on legal WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS (1936; org. in matters and matters of public affairs. U.S. 1939). 1 Park Ave., Suite 418, N.Y.C., 10016. (212)679-0600. Pres. Philip M. NATIONAL JEWISH COMMUNITY RELA- Klutznick; Chmn. No. Amer. Branch, TIONS ADVISORY COUNCIL (1944). 55 Edgar M. Bronfman; Chmn. Amer. Sect. West 42 St., N.Y.C., 10036. (212)564- Arthur Schneir; Sec.-Gen. Gerhart M. 3450. Chmn. Bennett Yanowitz; Exec. V. Reigner (Geneva); Dir. Amer. Sect. Israel NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 299

Singer. Seeks to intensify bonds of world Publishes pamphlets and books on various Jewry with Israel as central force in Jewish Israeli and Middle East topics. life; to strengthen solidarity among Jews everywhere and secure their rights, status, AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY and interests as individuals and communi- (1892). 2 Thornton Rd., Waltham, Mass., ties; to encourage development of Jewish 02154. (617)891-8110. Pres. Saul Viener; social, religious, and cultural life through- Dir. Bernard Wax. Collects, catalogues, out the world and coordinate efforts by publishes and displays material on the his- Jewish communities and organizations to tory of the Jews in America; serves as an cope with any Jewish problem; to work for information center for inquiries on Ameri- human rights generally. Represents its can Jewish history; maintains archives of affiliated organizations—most representa- original source material on American Jew- tive bodies of Jewish communities in more ish history; sponsors lectures and exhibi- than 65 countries and 21 national organi- tions; makes available historic Yiddish zations in Amer. section—at UN, OAS, films and audio-visual material. American UNESCO, Council of Europe, ILO, UNI- Jewish History; Newsletter. CEF and other governmental, intergovern- mental, and international authorities. Pub- AMERICAN JEWISH PRESS ASSOCIATION lications (including those by Institute of (formerly AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF Jewish Affairs, London): Christian Atti- ENGLISH JEWISH NEWSPAPERS) (1943). tudes on Jews and Judaism; Compendium c/o Jewish Exponent, 226 S. 16 St., Phila- of Current Jewish Research; Folk, Veil un delphia, Pa., 19102. (212)893-5740. Pres. Medinah; Gesher; Jewish Journal of Sociol- Frank F. Wundohl. Seeks the advancement ogy; Patterns of Prejudice; Soviet Jewish of Jewish journalism, the attainment of the Affairs. highest editorial and business standards for members, and the maintenance of a strong CULTURAL Jewish press in the U.S. and Canada.

AMERICAN ACADEMY FOR JEWISH RE- AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR JEWISH MUSIC SEARCH (1920). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., (1974). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. 10027. Pres. Salo W. Baron; Sec. Isaac E. (212)533-2601. Pres. Albert Weisser; V. Barzilay. Encourages research by aiding Pres.-Treas. Paul Kavon; Sec. Hadassah B. scholars in need and by giving grants for Markson. Seeks to raise standards of com- the publication of scholarly works. Pro- position and performance in Jewish liturgi- ceedings, American Academy for Jewish cal and secular music; encourages research Research. in all areas of Jewish music; publishes scholarly journal; presents programs and AMERICAN BIBLICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA SOCI- sponsors performances of new and rarely ETY (1930). 24 West Maple Ave., Mon- heard works and encourages their record- sey, N.Y., 10952. (914)356-0046. Pres. ing; commissions new works of Jewish in- Leo Jung; Exec. V. Pres. Bernard Green- terest. Musica Judaica. baum; Author-Ed. Menachem M. Kasher. Fosters biblical-talmudical re- ASSOCIATED AMERICAN JEWISH MUSEUMS, search; sponsors and publishes Torah INC. (1971). 303 LeRoi Road, Pittsburgh, Shelemah (the Encyclopedia of Biblical Pa., 15208. Pres. Walter Jacob; V. Pres. Interpretation) and related publications; William Rosenthall; Sec. Robert H. Leh- disseminates the teachings and values of man; Treas. Jason Z. Edelstein. Maintains the Bible. Noam. regional collections of Jewish art, historical and ritual objects, as well as a central AMERICAN HISTADRUT CULTURAL EX- catalogue of such objects in the collections CHANGE INSTITUTE (1962). 33 E. 67 St., of Jewish museums throughout the U.S.; N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628-1000. Nat. helps Jewish museums acquire, identify Chmn. Herbert Levine; Coordinator, and classify objects; arranges exchanges of Karen Chaikin. Serves as a vehicle for pro- collections, exhibits, and individual objects moting better understanding of the efforts among Jewish museums; encourages the to create in Israel a society based on social creation of Jewish art, ceremonial and rit- justice. Provides a forum for the joint ex- ual objects. ploration of the urgent social problems of our times by American and Israeli labor, ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOCIOLOGICAL academic and community leaders. STUDY OF JEWRY (1971). (201)932-7720. 300 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Dept. of Sociology, University College, Hon. Pres. Salo W. Baron; V. Pres. Joseph Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., L. Blau, J. M. Kaplan. Publishes scientific 08903. Pres. Chaim I. Waxman; Sec- studies on the Jews in the modem world, Treas. Rela Geffen Monson. Arranges aca- dealing with such aspects as antisemitism, demic sessions among social scientists demography, economic stratification, his- studying Jewry; facilitates communication tory, philosophy, and political develop- among social scientists studying Jewry ments. Jewish Social Studies. through meetings, newsletter, and related materials. Contemporary Jewry: A Journal CONGRESS FOR JEWISH CULTURE, INC. of Sociological Inquiry. (1948). 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)- 879-2232. Pres. Joseph Landis; Exec. Dir. ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH LIBRARIES (1966). Hyman B. Bass. Seeks to centralize and c/o National Foundation for Jewish Cul- promote Jewish culture and cultural activi- ture, 408 Chanin Bldg., 122 E. 42 St., ties throughout the world, and to unify N.Y.C., 10017. (212)490-2280. Pres. Har- fund-raising for these activities. Bulletin vey P. Horowitz; Sec. Edith Degani. Seeks fun Kultur Kongres; Zukunft; Leksikon to promote and improve services and pro- fun der Nayer Yiddisher Literature; Pinkos fessional standards in Jewish libraries; far der Forshungfun der Yiddisher Litera- serves as a center for the dissemination of ture un Presse; World of Yiddish. Jewish library information and guidance; promotes publication of literature in the HEBREW ARTS SCHOOL FOR MUSIC AND field; encourages the establishment of Jew- DANCE (1952). 129 W. 67 St., N.Y.C., ish libraries and collections of Judaica and 10023. (212)362-8060. Bd. Chmn. Abra- the choice of Jewish librarianship as a vo- ham Goodman; Pres. Philip Esterman; cation. AJL Bulletin; Proceedings. Dir. Tzipora H. Jochsberger; Sec. Benja- min W. Mehlman. Chartered by the Board ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH PUBLISHERS of Regents, University of the State of New (1962). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. York. Provides children with training in Pres. Jacob Steinberg. As a nonprofit music, dance, and art, combining instruc- group, provides a forum for discussion of tion in Western culture with the cultural mutual problems by publishers, authors, heritage of the Jewish people; adult divi- and other individuals and institutions con- sion offers instrumental, vocal, dance, and cerned with books of Jewish interest. art classes, music workshops for teachers, ensemble workshops, and classes of special CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST STUDIES, INC. interest covering many areas of music- (1974). 1605 Ave. J., Bklyn, N.Y., 11230. making, dance, and art; has Jewish Music (212)338-6494. Dir. Yaffa Eliach; Chmn. Teacher Training Institute, a part-time Adv. Bd. Allen J. Bodner. Collects and program for professional musicians or preserves documents and memorabilia, music majors; sponsors Hebrew Arts oral histories and literary works on the Chamber Players, Hebrew Arts String Holocaust period for purpose of documen- Quartet, Quadro Barocco, Jewish Young tation and research; arranges lectures and People's concerts in schools, and other exhibits; maintains speakers bureau and concert series. audio-visual department. Newsletter. HEBREW CULTURE FOUNDATION (1955). CENTRAL YIDDISH CULTURE ORGANIZA- 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)752- TION (CYCO), INC. (1943). 25 E. 78 St., 0600. Chmn. Milton R. Konvitz; Sec. N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Noah Singman; Sec. Moshe Avital. Sponsors the introduction Jona Gutkowicz. Promotes and publishes of the study of Hebrew language and litera- Yiddish books; distributes books from ture in institutions of higher learning in the other Yiddish publishing houses through- United States. out the world; publishes annual biblio- graphical and statistical register of Yiddish HlSTADRUTH IVRITH OF AMERICA (1916; books, and catalogues of new publications. reorg. 1922). 1841 Broadway, N.Y.C., Zukunft. 10023. (212)581-5151. Pres. David Mirsky; Exec. Dir. Shlomo Shamir. Em- CONFERENCE ON JEWISH SOCIAL STUDIES, phasizes the primacy of Hebrew in Jewish INC. (formerly CONFERENCE ON JEWISH life, culture, and education; aims to dis- RELATIONS, INC.) (1939). 250 W. 57 St., seminate knowledge of written and spoken N.Y.C., 10019. Pres. Jeannette M. Baron; Hebrew in the Diaspora, thus building a NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 301

cultural bridge between the State of Israel basis. Jewish Music Notes and numerous and Jewish communities throughout the music resource publications for national world. Hadoar; Lamishpaha. distribution.

JEWISH ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMER- INC. (1925). c/o Sec'y, 123 Gregory Ave., ICA (1888). 117 S. 17th St., Philadelphia, West Orange, N.J., 07052. (201)731-1137. Pa., 19103. (215)564-5925. Pres. Edward Headquarters: Dropsie University, Phila- B. Shils; Ed. Maier Deshell; Exec. V. Pres. delphia, Pa., 19132. Pres. Jewish Center, Bernard I. Levinson. Publishes and dis- N.Y.C. Leo Jung; Pres. Emeritus Dropsie seminates books of Jewish interest on his- Univ. Abraham I. Katsh. Scholarship, tory, religion, and literature for the pur- contributions, accomplishments of Jews in pose of helping to preserve the Jewish the arts and sciences; recognition by elec- heritage and culture. AMERICAN JEWISH tion to membership and/or fellowship; YEAR BOOK (with American Jewish Com- publishes papers delivered at annual con- mittee). vocations. Annals. JUDAH L. MACNES MEMORIAL MUSEUM— JEWISH BOOK COUNCIL OF JWB (1925). 15 JEWISH MUSEUM OF THE WEST (1962). E. 26 St., N.Y.C, 10010. (212)532-4949. 2911 Russell St., Berkeley, Calif., 94705. Pres. Robert Gordis; Dir. Ruth Frank. (415)849-2710. Pres. Marvin Weinreb; V. Promotes knowledge of Jewish books Pres. Harry Blumenthal; Dir. Seymour through dissemination of booklists, pro- Fromer. Serves both as museum and li- gram materials; stimulates observance of brary, combining historical and literary Jewish Book Month; presents literary materials illustrating Jewish life in the Bay awards and library citations; cooperates Area, the Western states, and around the with publishers of Jewish books, and gives world; provides archives of world Jewish advice on general Jewish literature. Jewish history and Jewish art; repository of histor- Book Annual; Jewish Books in Review. ical documents intended for scholarly use; changing exhibits; facilities open to the JEWISH INFORMATION BUREAU, INC. general public. (1932). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C, 10019. (212)582-5318. Chmn. Judah A. Richards; LEO BAECK INSTITUTE, INC. (1955). 129 E. V. Chmn. Eleazar Lipsky. Serves as clear- 73 St., N.Y.C, 10021. Pres. Max Gruene- inghouse of information for inquiries re- wald; Sec. Fred Grubel (212)744-6400. En- garding Jews, Judaism, Israel, and Jewish gages in historical research, the presenta- affairs; refers inquiries to communal agen- tion and publication of the history of cies. Index. German-speaking Jewry, and in the collection of books, manuscripts and documents JEWISH MUSEUM (1904) (under auspices of in this field; publishes monographs. LBI Jewish Theological Seminary of America). Bulletin; LBI News; LBI Year Book; LBI 1109 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10028. (212)860- Library and Archives News. 1888. Dir. Joy Ungerleider-Meyerson; Pres. Richard J. Scheuer. Main repository MEMORIAL FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- in western hemisphere of Jewish ceremo- TURE, INC. (1964). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C, nial objects. Collection ranges from Bibli- 10010. (212)679-4074. Pres. Nahum Gold- cal archaeology to contemporary Judaica. mann; Exec. Dir. Norman E. Frimer. Sup- Offers changing exhibitions of paintings, ports Jewish cultural and educational pro- sculpture and photography, in addition to grams all over the world, in cooperation films, lectures, and children's programs. with universities and established scholarly Dedicated to exploring richness and diver- organizations; conducts annual scholar- sity of past and present Jewish life; pub- ship and fellowship program. Annual Re- lishes catalogues of exhibitions. port.

JEWISH MUSIC COUNCIL OF JWB (1944). 15 NATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- E. 26 St., N.Y.C, 10010. (212)532-4949. TURE (1960). 1512Chanin Bldg., 122 E. 42 Chmn. Leonard Kaplan; Dir. Irene St., N.Y.C, 10017. (212)490-2280. Pres. Heskes. Promotes Jewish music activities Amos Comay; Exec. Dir. Harry I. Barren. nationally, annually sponsors and pro- Provides consultation, guidance, and sup- motes the Jewish Music Festival, and en- port to Jewish communities, organizations, courages participation on a community educational and other institutions, and 302 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

individuals for activities in the field of Jew- (212)960-5390. Dir. Sylvia A. Hershko- ish culture; awards fellowships and other witz. Collects, preserves, interprets, and grants to students preparing for careers in displays ceremonial objects, rare books and Jewish scholarship and to established scrolls, models, paintings, and other works scholars; makes awards for creative efforts of art expressing the Jewish religious expe- in Jewish cultural arts and for Jewish pro- rience historically, to the present. gramming in small and intermediate communities; encourages teaching of Jewish YIDDISHER KULTUR FARBAND—YKUF studies in colleges and universities; serves (1937). 853 Broadway, Suite 2121, N.Y.C., as clearinghouse of information on Ameri- 10003. (212)228-1955. Pres. Itche Gold- can Jewish culture; administers Joint Cul- berg. Publishes a monthly magazine and tural Appeal among local Jewish welfare books by contemporary and classical Jew- funds in behalf of nine national cultural ish writers; conducts cultural forums and exhibits works by contemporary Jewish organizations, and administers Council for artists and materials of Jewish historical Archives and Research Libraries in Jewish value. Organizes reading circles. Yiddishe Studies. Jewish Cultural News. Kultur. NATIONAL HEBREW CULTURE COUNCIL (1952). 1776 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10019. Yivo INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH RESEARCH, (212)247-0741. Pres. Frances K. Thau; INC. (1925). 1048 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Exec. Dir. Judah Lapson. Cultivates the 10028. (212)535-6700. Chmn. Morris study of Hebrew as a modern language in Laub. Engages in Jewish social and humanistic research; maintains library and American public high schools and colleges, archives of material pertaining to Jewish providing guidance to community groups life; serves as information center for organ- and public educational authorities; annu- izations, local institutions, information ally administers National Voluntary Ex- media, and individual scholars and lay- amination in Hebrew Culture and Knowl- men; publishes books. Yedies fun Yivo— edge of Israel in the public high schools, News of the Yivo; Yidishe Shprakh; Yivo and conducts summer seminar and tour of Annual of Jewish Social Science; Yivo Israel for teachers and other educational Bleter. personnel of the public school system, in cooperation with Hebrew University and , MAX WEINREICH CENTER FOR AD- WZO. Hebrew in Colleges and Universities. VANCED JEWISH STUDIES (1968). 1048 Fifth Ave., NYC, 10028. (212)535-6700. RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH IMMI- Pres. Nathan Reich; Act. Dean Marvin I. GRATION, INC. (1971). 570 Seventh Ave., Herzog. Trains scholars in the fields of NYC, 10018. (212)921-3870. Pres. Curt Eastern European Jewish life and culture; C. Silberman; Sec. Herbert A. Strauss. the Holocaust; the mass settlement of Jews Studies and records the history of the mi- in the U.S. and other countries; Yiddish gration and acculturation of Jewish Nazi language, literature, and folklore through persecutees in the various resettlement inter-university courses and seminars and countries; is in process of preparing world- its panel of consultants. Annual Bulletin. wide biographical handbook of outstanding emigres, in partnership with the OVERSEAS AID Institut fur Zeitgeschichte, Munich, Ger- many. AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR JUDAISM PHILAN- THROPIC FUND (1955). 386 Park Ave. S., SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF CZECHOSLO- N.Y.C., 10016. (212)684-1525. Pres. VAK JEWS, INC. (1961). 87-08 Santiago Charles J. Tanenbaum; Exec. Dir. Anna St., Holliswood, NY., 11423. Pres. Lewis Walling Matson. Through offices in Weiner; Sec. Joseph Abeles. Studies the Austria, France, Italy and the United history of the Czechoslovak Jews, collects States, maintains programs offering free- material and disseminates information dom of choice and resettlement assistance through the publication of books and pam- in Western Europe and the United States phlets. The Jews of Czechoslovakia book to Jewish refugees from the Soviet Union, series: Vol. I (1968), Vol. II (1971), Vol. Ill Eastern Europe and Arab countries. in prep. Annual reports and pamphlets. AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE ALLIANCE YESHIVA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM (1973). ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE, INC. (1946). 61 2520 Amsterdam Ave., N.Y.C., 10033. Broadway, N.Y.C., 10006. (212)425-5170. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 303

Pres. Marcel Franco; Exec. Dir. Saadiah national and local organizations, congrega- Cherniak. Helps networks of Jewish tions; helps to equip ORT installations and schools in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Alli- Jewish artisans abroad, especially in Israel. ance Review. ORT Bulletin.

AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION , WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT (1927). COMMITTEE, INC.—JDC (1914). 60 E. 42 1250 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10001. (212)594- St., N.Y.C., 10017. (212)687-6200. Pres. 8500. Pres. Beverly Minkoff; Exec. V. Pres. Donald M. Robinson; Exec. V. Pres. Nathan Gould. Represents and advances Ralph I. Goldman. Organizes and finances the program and philosophy of ORT rescue, relief, and rehabilitation programs among the women of the American Jewish for imperiled and needy Jews overseas; community through membership and edu- conducts wide range of health, welfare, cational activities; supports materially the rehabilitation, education programs and aid vocational training operations of World to cultural and religious institutions, pro- ORT; contributes to the American Jewish grams benefiting 430,000 Jews in 25 coun- community through participation in its au- tries overseas. Major areas of operation are thorized campaigns and through general Israel, North Africa, Iran and Europe. education to help raise the level of Jewish JDC Annual Report; JDC World. consciousness among American Jewish women; through its American Affairs pro- AMERICAN ORT FEDERATION, INC.—OR- gram, cooperates in efforts to improve GANIZATION FOR REHABILITATION quality of education and vocational train- THROUGH TRAINING (1924). 817 Broad- ing in U.S. Facts and Findings; Highlights; way, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-4400. Pres. Insights; The Merchandiser; Women's Sidney E. Leiwant; Exec. Dir. Paul Ber- American ORT Reporter. nick. Teaches vocational skills in 24 countries around the world, particularly in Is- A.R.I.F.—ASSOCIATION POUR LE RE"TA- rael, to over 100,000 persons annually, BLISSEMENT DES INSTITUTIONS ET with the largest program of 60,000 trainees OEUVRES ISRAELITES EN FRANCE, INC. in Israel. The teaching staff numbers about (1944). 119 E. 95 St., NYC, 10028. (212)- 3,400. Annual cost of program is about $80 876-1448. Pres. Baroness Robert de Gunz- million. ORT Bulletin; ORT Yearbook. burg; Sec.-Treas. Simon Langer. Helps Jewish religious and cultural institutions in , AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN France. FRIENDS OF ORT (1941). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-4400. Pres. CONFERENCE ON JEWISH MATERIAL Simon Jaglom; Chmn. Exec. Com. Jacques CLAIMS AGAINST GERMANY, INC. (1951). Zwibak. Promotes the ORT idea among 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)679- Americans of European extraction; sup- 4074. Pres. Nahum Goldmann; Sec. Nor- ports the Litton ORT Auto-Mechanics man E. Frimer. Utilizes balance of funds School in Jerusalem. received from the German Federal Repub- lic under Luxembourg agreement for relief , AMERICAN LABOR ORT (1937). 817 to needy Jewish victims of Nazi persecu- Broadway, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-4400. tion and needy non-Jews who riskedthei r Chmn. Shelley Applet on; Exec. Sec. Sam- lives to help such victims. Annual Report. uel Milman. Promotes ORT program of vocational training among Jews. HIAS, INC. (1880; reorg. 1954). 200 Park , BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ORT Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674-6800. (formerly YOUNG MEN'S AND WOMEN'S Pres. Edwin Shapiro; Exec. V. Pres. Gay- ORT) (1937). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., nor I. Jacobson. Worldwide Jewish migration agency with offices, affiliates, commit- 10003. (212)677-4400. Pres. Rose Seidel tees in United States, Europe, North Kalich; Exec. Sec. Helen S. Kreisler. Pro- Africa, Latin America, Canada, Australia, motes work of American ORT Federation. Israel, and New Zealand. Assists migrants , NATIONAL ORT LEAGUE (1914). and refugees from Eastern Europe, the 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677- Middle East, North Africa, and Latin 4400. Pres. Raymond Gebiner; Chmn. America to find new homes in the United Exec. Bd. Jack Weinstein; Exec. V. Pres. States and other countries. Assists, at the and Sec. Jacob Zonis. Promotes ORT idea request of the U.S. Government, in the among Jewish fraternal landsmanshaften. resettlement of Indochinese refugees. 304 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Responsible for premigration planning, (212)757-1500. Chmn. Michael Walzer; visa documentation, consular representa- Dir. Melvin L. Libman. To promote faction and intervention, transportation, re- ulty leadership support for local and na- ception, initial adjustment and reunion of tional UJA campaigns through educa- families; carries on adjustment of status tional and personal commitment; to make and naturalization programs; provides pro- use of faculty resources and expertise on tective service for aliens and naturalized behalf of UJA and Israel. citizens; works in the United States through local community agencies for the , RABBINIC CABINET (1972). 1290 integration of immigrants; conducts a Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019 planned program of resettlement for Jew- (212)757-1500. Chmn. Haskell M. Bernat; ish immigrants in Latin America; has Dir. Melvin L. Libman. To promote rab- worldwide location service to assist in binic leadership support for local and na- locating missing friends and relatives; con- tional UJA campaigns through education and personal commitment; to make use of ducts educational campaigns on oppor- rabbinic resources on behalf of UJA and tunities for migration and resettlement, Israel. with particular emphasis on family reunion. F. Y.I.; MAS Annual Report; MAS , UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS DEPT. Bulletin; Statistical Abstract. (1970). 1290 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. (212)757-1500. Dir. Judy INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR THE REPA- Flumenbaum. Student Advisory Board. To TRIATION OF RUSSIAN JEWS (1961). 315 Church St., Suite 200, N.Y.C., 10013. crystallize Jewish commitment on the (212)431-6866. Pres. Morris Brafman. campus through an educational fund-rais- Through training and guidance, aids Jews ing campaign involving various programs, seeking to emigrant from Russia to Israel. leadership training, and opportunities for participation in community functions. JEWISH RESTITUTION SUCCESSOR ORGANI- , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1946). 1290 ZATION (1948). 15-19 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. 10010. (212)679-4074. Pres. Maurice M. (212)757-1500. Pres. Peggy Steine; Nat. Bookstein; Sec. Saul Kagan. Acts to dis- Chmn. Bernice Waldman; Dir. Nan Gold- cover, claim, receive, and assist in the re- berg. Ideas That Click: Right Now; covery of Jewish heirless or unclaimed Women's Division Record. property; to utilize such assets or to provide for their utilization for the relief, , YOUNG LEADERSHIP CABINET rehabilitation, and resettlement of surviv- (1977). 1290 Ave. of the Americas, ing victims of Nazi persecution. N.Y.C., 10019. (212)757-1500. Exec. Dir. Laurence H. Rubinstein; Chmn. Lawrence LEAGUE FOR YIDDISH (formerly FREELAND Jackier. Committed to the creative survival LEAGUE; 1935). 200 W. 72 St., Suite 40, of Jews, Judaism, and Israel through dia- N.Y.C., 10023. (212)787-6675. Pres. Na- logues with leading scholars and writers, than Turak; Exec. Sec. Mordkhe Scha- and through peer exchanges at retreats, echter. Promotes the development and use conferences, missions to Israel, and special of Yiddish as a living language. Afn Shvel. programs. Cabinet Communiques. UNITED JEWISH APPEAL, INC. (1939). 1290 , YOUNG WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. CABINET (1977). 1290 Ave. of the Ameri- (212)757-1500. Pres. Irwin S. Field; Nat. cas, N.Y.C., 10019. (212)757-1500. Nat. Chmn. Herschel W. Blumberg; Exec. V. Chmn. Bobi Klotz; Dir. Barbara P. Faske. Chmn. Irving Bernstein. Channels funds Encourages young Jewish women to be- for overseas humanitarian aid, supporting come involved with the organized Jewish immigration and settlement in Israel, community. Cabinet Update. rehabilitation and relief in 30 nations, and refugee assistance in U.S. through Joint WOMEN'S SOCIAL SERVICE FOR ISRAEL, Distribution Committee, United Israel Ap- INC. (1937). 240 W. 98 St., N.Y.C., 10025. peal, United HIAS Service and New York (212)666-7880. Pres. Rosi Michael; Sec. Association for New Americans. Dory Gordon. Maintains in Israel apartments for the aged, old age homes, nursing , FACULTY ADVISORY CABINET home, hospital for incurable diseases, (1975). 1290 Ave. of the Americas. rehabilitation department, department for NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 305

bone injuries, soup kitchen. Annual Jour- Forum; Am Hatorah, Daf Chizuk, Yom nal; Newsletter. Toy Publications.

RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR JEWISH EDU- CATION (1939). 114 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., AGUDAS ISRAEL WORLD ORGANIZATION 10011. (212)675-5656. Pres. Arthur Brody; (1912). 471 West End Ave., N.Y.C., Dir. Shimon Frost. Coordinates, promotes, 10024. (212) 874-7979. Chmn. Central and services Jewish education nationally Com. Am. Sect. Isaac Lewin; Leib Gur- through 18 constituent national organiza- wicz; Pinchas Lewin. Represents the inter- tions and 51 affiliated bureaus of Jewish ests of Orthodox Jewry on the national and education; conducts and administers ex- international scenes. change program for Israeli teachers; offers fellowships in Jewish educational leader- AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA (1912). 5 ship; sponsors and supports the National Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. (212)964- Curriculum Research Institute, including 1620. Pres. Morris Sherer; Exec. Dir. the Dept. of Methods & Materials, the Na- Boruch B. Borchardt. Mobilizes Ortho- tional Board of License, and the Commis- dox Jews to cope with Jewish problems sion on Teaching About Israel. Engages in in the spirit of the Torah; sponsors a statistical and other educational research; broad range of constructive projects in provides community consultations; con- fields of religion, education, children's ducts community studies. Information; Re- welfare, protection of Jewish religious search Bulletins; Jewish Education News; rights and social services. Jewish Ob- Jewish Education Directory; Pedagogic Re- server; Dos Yiddishe Vort. porter; Curriculum Newsletter; Roundup; Safra. , CHILDREN'S DIVISION—PIRCHEI AGUDATH ISRAEL (1925). 5 Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038 (212)964-1620. Pres. Avro- AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF RABBIS. 1670 hom Portowitz; Nat. Dir. Joshua Silber- Cleveland Road, Wooster, Ohio, 44691. mintz. Educates Orthodox Jewish children (216)262-3516. Pres. Gideon M. Golden- in Torah; encourages sense of communal holz. An organization of duly ordained Or- responsibility; communal celebrations, thodox, Conservative, and Reform rabbis. learning groups, and welfare projects. Dar- Dedicated to preserving Judaism in its keinu; Leaders Guide. highest traditions. Provides placement services, a Beth Din, and a forum for rabbini- , GIRLS' DIVISION—BNOS AGUDATH cal information and fraternity. ISRAEL (1921). 5 Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. (212)964-1620. Nat. Coordinator ASSOCIATION FOR JEWISH STUDIES (1969). Shanie Meyer. Educates Jewish girls to the Widener Library M., Harvard Univer- historic nature of the Jewish people; en- sity, Cambridge, Mass., 02138. (617)495- courages greater devotion to and under- 2985. Pres. Michael A. Meyer; Exec. standing of the Torah. Kol Bnos. Sec. Charles Berlin. Seeks to promote, maintain, and improve the teaching of , WOMEN'S DIVISION—N'SHEI Jewish studies in American colleges and AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA (1940). 5 universities by sponsoring meetings and Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. (212)964- conferences, publishing a newsletter and 1620. Pres. Esther Bohensky, Josephine other scholarly materials, setting stan- Reichel. Organizes Jewish women for phil- dards for programs in Jewish studies, anthropic work in the U.S. and Israel and aiding in the placement of teachers, for intense Torah education, seeking to coordinating research and cooperating train Torah-guided Jewish mothers. with other scholarly organizations. AJS Review; Newsletter. , YOUTH DIVISION—ZEIREI AGU- DATH ISRAEL (1921). 5 Beekman St., ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CHAPLAINS OF N.Y.C., 10038. (212)964-1620. Pres. Jo- THE ARMED FORCES (1946). 15 E. 26 St., seph Ashkenazi; Exec. Dir. David Pitter- N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Pres. Jo- man. Educates Jewish youth to realize the seph I. Weiss; Sec. Norman Twersky. An historic nature of the Jewish people as the organization of former and current chap- people of the Torah and to seek solutions lains of the armed forces of the U.S. which to all the problems of the Jewish people in seeks to enhance the religious program of Israel in the spirit of the Torah. The Zeirei Jewish chaplains in the armed forces of the 306 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

U.S. and in Veterans Administration hos- Camp Institute (BCI) for college students pitals. as a leadership training institute; Camp Alonim for children 8-16; Forum on Con- ASSOCIATION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH SCIEN- temporary Values; and House of the Book TISTS (1947). 116 E. 27 St., N.Y.C., 10016. Association weekend institutes for married (212)889-1364. Pres. Reuben Rudman; Bd. adults, in an effort to instill an appreciation Chmn. Herbert Goldstein. Seeks to con- of Jewish cultural and spiritual heritage tribute to the development of science and to create a desire for active participa- within the framework of Orthodox Jewish tion in the American Jewish community. tradition; to obtain and disseminate infor- Brandeis-Bardin News. mation relating to the interaction between the Jewish traditional way of life and scien- CANTORS ASSEMBLY (1947). 150 Fifth Ave., tific developments—on both an ideological N.Y.C., 10011. (212)691-8020. Pres. Mor- and practical level; to assist in the solution ton Shames; Exec. V. Pres. Samuel Rosen- of problems pertaining to Orthodox Jews baum. Seeks to unite all cantors who are engaged in scientific teaching or research. adherents to traditional Judaism and who Intercom; Proceedings. serve as full-time cantors in bona fidecon - gregations, to conserve and promote the BETH MEDROSH ELYON (ACADEMY OF musical traditions of the Jews, and to ele- HIGHER LEARNING AND RESEARCH) vate the status of the cantonal profession. (1943). 73 Main St., Monsey, N.Y., 10952. Annual Proceedings; Journal of Synagogue V. Pres. Ira Miller; Chmn. of Bd. Arthur Music. Sternfield. Provides postgraduate courses and research work in higher Jewish stud- CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN ies; offers scholarships and fellowships. An- RABBIS (1879). 790 Madison Ave., nual Journal. N.Y.C., 10021. (212)734-7166. Pres. Rabbi Jerome R. Malino; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi B'NAI B'RITH HILLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. Joseph B. Glaser. Seeks to conserve and (1923). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., promote Judaism and to disseminate its Washington, DC, 20036. (202)857-6600. teachings in a liberal spirit. Journal of Re- Chmn. B'nai B'rith Hillel Com. Albert A. form Judaism; CCAR Yearbook. Spiegel; Internat. Dir. Oscar Groner; Chmn. Exec. Com. Seymour Martin Lip- CENTRAL YESHIVA BETH JOSEPH RABBINI- set. Provides a program of cultural, reli- CAL SEMINARY (in Europe 1891; in U.S. gious, educational, social, and counseling 1941). 1427 49 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11219. content to Jewish college and university Pres. and Dean Jacob Jofen. Maintains a students on 350 campuses in the United school for teaching Orthodox rabbis and States, Australia, Canada, England, Israel, teachers, and promoting the cause of the Netherlands, South Africa, Switzer- higher Torah learning. land, Italy, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and Sweden. Clearing House; Igeret; Hil- CLEVELAND COLLEGE OF JEWISH STUDIES lel/Community; Commission Journal. (1964). 26500 Shaker Blvd., Beachwood, Ohio, 44122. (216)464-4050. Dir. Meir B'NAI B'RITH YOUTH ORGANIZATION Ben-Horin; Bd. Chmn. Maurice Terkel; V. (1924). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Chmn. Eli Reshotko. Trains Hebrew- and Washington, D.C., 20036. (202)857-6600. religious-school teachers; serves as the de- Chmn. Youth Com. Horace Stern; Inter- partment of Hebraic and Judaic studies for nat. Dir. Sidney Clearfield. To help Jewish Cleveland-area colleges and universities; teenagers achieve self-fulfillment and to offers intensive Ulpan and Judaic studies make a maximum contribution to the Jew- for community; serves as Jewish informa- ish community and their country's culture; tion center through its library; grants to help the members acquire a greater teachers diplomas and degrees of Bachelor knowledge and appreciation of Jewish reli- of Hebrew Literature, Bachelor of Judaic gion and culture. BBYO Advisor; Monday Studies, Bachelor of Religious Education, Morning; Shofar. Master of Science in Religious Education, and Master of Hebrew Literature, Hebrew BRANDEIS-BARDIN INSTITUTE (1941). 1101 Studies. Peppertree Lane, Simi Valley, Calif., 93064. (805)526-1131. Dir. Dennis Prager; DROPSIE UNIVERSITY (1907). Broad and Pres. Ira Weiner. Maintains Brandeis York Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., 19066. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 307

(215)229-1566. Pres. Joseph Rappaport; awareness of the Jewish heritage. Hebrew Sec. Joseph B. Saltz. The only nonsectarian College Bulletin. and nontheological graduate institution in America completely dedicated to Hebrew, HEBREW THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE (1921). Biblical, and Middle Eastern studies; offers 7135 N. Carpenter Rd., Skokie, 111., 60077. graduate programs in these areas. Course (312)267-9800. Pres. Irving J. Rosenbaum; study includes the cultures and languages Bd. Chmn. Paul Rosenberg. An institution of Arabic, Aramaic, Ugaritic, Akkadian, of higher Jewish learning which includes a and ancient Egyptian peoples; offers Ph.D. division of advanced Hebrew studies, a degree. Jewish Quarterly Review. school of liberal arts and sciences, a rabbinic ordination program, and a graduate , ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF (1925). school in Judaic studies. Trains rabbis, Broad and York Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., teachers, educational administrators, com- 19132.(215)229-1566. Pres. Sidney B. Hoe- munal workers, and knowledgeable lay nig; Sec. Hanoch Guy. Enhances the rela- leaders for the Jewish community. News; tionship of the alumni to the University. Annual Journal. Newsletter. GRATZ COLLEGE (1895). 10 St. and Tabor HEBREW UNION COLLEGE—JEWISH INSTI- Rd., Philadelphia, Pa., 19141. Chmn. Bd. TUTE OF RELIGION (1875). 3101 Clifton of Overseers Daniel C. Cohen; Pres. Daniel Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220. (513)221- Isaacman; Dean Saul P. Wachs. Prepares 1875; Pres. Alfred Gottschalk; Exec. V. teachers for Jewish schools and teachers of Pres. Uri D. Herscher. Chmn. Bd. of Govs. Hebrew for public high schools; grants Jules Backman. Academic centers: 3101 Master of Hebrew Literature, Bachelor of Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220 Hebrew Literature and Bachelor of Arts in (1875), Eugene Mihaly, Exec. Dean; One Jewish Studies degrees; is accredited by the W. 4 St., N.Y.C., 10012 (1922), Paul M. Middle States Association of Colleges and Steinberg, Dean; 3077 University Ave., Secondary Schools and the Association of Los Angeles, Calif., 90007 (1954), Uri D. Hebrew Colleges; provides studies in Herscher, Chief Adm. Officer; 13 King Judaica and Hebraica, maintains a Hebrew David St., Jerusalem, Israel (1963), Ezra high school, two college preparatory de- Spicehandler, Dean. Prepares students for partments for cadet teachers, and a school rabbinate, cantorate, religious-school of observation and practice; provides Jew- teaching and administration, community ish studies for adults; community-service service, academic careers; promotes Jewish division (central agency for Jewish educa- studies; maintains libraries and a museum; tion) coordinates Jewish education in the offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral de- city and provides consultation services to grees; engages in archaeological excava- Jewish schools of all leanings. Alumni tions; publishes scholarly works through Newspaper; College Bulletin; DCS Bulletin; Hebrew Union College Press. American Gratz Chats; GC Annual of Jewish Studies; Jewish Archives; Bibliographica Judaica; 75th Anniversary Volume; Kinnereth; HUC—JIR Catalogue; Hebrew Union Col- Telem Yearbook; What's New. lege Annual; Studies in Bibliography and Booklore; The Chronicle. HEBREW COLLEGE (1921). 43 Hawes St., Brookline, Mass., 02146. (617)232-8710. , AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES Pres. Eli Grad; Assoc. Dean Michael Li- (1947). Cincinnati. Dir. Jacob R. Marcus; benson. Provides intensive programs of Asst. Dir. Abraham Peck. Maintained for study in all areas of Jewish culture from the preservation and study of North and the high-school through college and gradu- South American Jewish historical records. ate-school levels, also at branch in Hart- American Jewish Archives. ford; maintains ongoing programs with most major local universities; offers the de- , AMERICAN JEWISH PERIODICAL grees of Bachelor and Master of Hebrew CENTER (1957). Cincinnati. Dir. Jacob R. Literature, and Bachelor and Master of Marcus; Exec. Dir. Herbert C. Zafren. Jewish Education, with teaching certifica- Maintains microfilms of all American Jew- tion; trains men and women to teach, con- ish periodicals, 1823-1925; selected peri- duct and supervise Jewish schools; offers odicals, since 1925. Jewish Periodicals and extensive Ulpan program; offers courses Newspapers on Microfilm (1957); First Sup- designed to deepen the community's plement (I960). 308 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

, JEROME H. LOUCHHEIM SCHOOL OF communal service with Rhea Hirsch JUDAIC STUDIES (1969). Los Angeles. School; offers M.A. and M.S.W. in con- Acting Dir. Frida Kerner Furman. Offers junction with the University of Southern programs leading to M.A., B.S., B.A. and California School of Social Work and with Associate in Arts degrees; offers courses as the George Warren Brown School of Social part of the undergraduate program of the Work of Washington University. University of Southern California. , SCHOOL OF JEWISH STUDIES (1963). , EDGAR F. MAGNIN SCHOOL OF Jerusalem. Dean Ezra Spicehandler. Offers GRADUATE STUDIES (1956). Los Angeles. M.A. program leading to ordination for Dir. Stanley Chyet. Offers programs lead- Israeli students; offers an academic, working to Ph.D., D.H.S., and M.A. degrees; study year for undergraduate students offers program for rabbinic graduates of from American colleges and universities; the college leading to the DHL. degree; offers a one-year program in cooperation participates in cooperative doctoral pro- with Hebrew University for advanced stu- grams with the University of Southern Cal- dents, and a one-year program for all first- ifornia. year rabbinic students of the college and for master's degree candidates of the Rhea , NELSON GLUECK SCHOOL OF BIBLI- CAL ARCHAEOLOGY (1963). Jerusalem. Hirsch School of Education. Dir. Avraham Biran. Offers graduate-level , SCHOOL OF SACRED MUSIC (1947). programs in Bible, archaeology, and 1 W. 4 St., N.Y.C., 10012. (212)873-0200. Judaica. Summer excavations are carried Dean Paul M. Steinberg. Trains cantors out by scholars and students. University and music personnel for congregations; credit may be earned by participants in ex- offers B.S.M., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. cavations. Consortium of colleges, univer- Sacred Music Press. sities and seminaries is affiliated with the school. , SKIRBALL MUSEUM (1913; 1972 in Calif.). 3077 University Mall, Los Angeles, , RHEA HIRSCH SCHOOL OF EDUCA- Calif., 90007. Dir. Nancy Berman. Col- TION (1967). Los Angeles. Dir. William lects, preserves, researches and exhibits art Cutter. Offers B.S. degree and M.A. pro- and artifacts made by or for Jews, or other- gram in Jewish and Hebrew education; wise associated with Jews and Judaism. conducts summer institutes and joint pro- Provides opportunity to faculty and stu- grams with University of Southern Califor- dents to do research in the fieldo f Jewish nia; conducts certificate programs for art. teachers and librarians. HERZLIAH-JEWISH TEACHERS SEMINARY , SCHOOL OF EDUCATION (1947). 1 (1967). 69 Bank St., N.Y.C., 10014. Pres. W. 4 St., N.Y.C., 10012. (212)873-0200. Eli Goldstein; Exec. Dir. A viva Barzel; V. Pres. Alfred Gottschalk; Dean Paul M. Pres. for Academic Affairs Meir Ben- Steinberg. Trains and certifies teachers and Horin. Offers undergraduate and graduate principals for Reform religious schools; programs in Jewish studies; continuing ed- offers M.A. degree with specialization in ucation courses for teachers in Hebrew and religious education; offers extension pro- Yiddish schools; academic and profes- grams in various suburban centers. sional programs in major disciplines of Ju- , SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES daism, historic and contemporary, with (1949). Cincinnati. Dean Herbert H. emphasis on Hebrew language and litera- Paper. Offers programs leading to M.A. ture; Yiddish language and literature, Jew- and Ph.D. degrees; offers program leading ish education, history, philosophy, and so- to D.H.L. degree for rabbinic graduates of ciology. the college. _, GRADUATE DIVISION (1965). Dean , SCHOOL OF JEWISH COMMUNAL Meir Ben-Horin. Offers programs leading SERVICE (1968). 3077 University Ave., to degree of Doctor of Jewish Literature in Los Angeles, Calif., 90007. Dir. Gerald B. Hebrew language and literature, Yiddish Bubis. Offers certificate and master's de- language and literature, Jewish education, gree to those employed in Jewish commu- history, philosophy, and sociology. Admits nal services, or preparing for such work; men and women who have bachelor's de- offers joint M.A. in Jewish education and gree and background in Hebrew, Yiddish, NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 309

and Jewish studies. Annual Horace M. Mandel; V. Pres. David Rosenzweig. To Kallen lecture by major Jewish scholars. further and propagate traditional liturgy; to place cantors in synagogues throughout , HERZLIAH HEBREW TEACHERS IN- the U.S. and Canada; to develop the can- STITUTE, INC. (1921). V. Pres. for Aca- tors of the future. Kol Lakol. demic Affairs Meir Ben-Horin. Offers four- year, college-level programs in Hebrew JEWISH RECONSTRUCTIONIST FOUNDATION and Jewish subjects, nationally recognized (1940). 432 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. Hebrew teachers diploma, preparatory (212)889-9080. Pres. Ludwig Nadelmann; courses, and Yiddish courses. Chmn. of Bd. Benjamin Wm. Mehlman; V. Pres. John S. Ruskey. Dedicated to the ad- , JEWISH TEACHERS SEMINARY AND vancement of Judaism as the evolving reli- PEOPLE'S UNIVERSITY, INC. (1918). V. gious civilization of the Jewish people. Pres. for Academic Affairs Meir Ben- Coordinates all Reconstructionist activi- Horin. Offers four-year, college-level pro- ties and sponsors the Reconstructionist grams leading to Yiddish teachers diploma Rabbinical College, Reconstructionist and Bachelor of Jewish Literature; offers Press, Reconstructionist Federation (con- preparatory courses and Hebrew courses. gregations and havurot), Reconstructionist , Music DIVISION (1964). Performing Rabbinical Assn., a women's organization, Arts Div. Dir. Cantor Marvin Antosofsky. and university fellowship. Reconstruction- Offers studies in traditional and contempo- ist. rary music, religious, Yiddish, secular and Hebraic; offers certificate and degree pro- , RECONSTRUCTIONIST FEDERATION grams in Jewish music education and can- OF CONGREGATIONS AND FELLOWSHIPS tonal art, and artist diploma. (1954). 432 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-9080. Pres. Herbert Winer; Exec. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HILLEL Dir. Ludwig Nadelman. Services affiliated DIRECTORS (1949). 80 Brown St., Provi- congregations and havurot educationally dence, R.I., 02906. (401)863-2344. Pres. and administratively; fosters the establish- Richard A. Marker; V. Pres. Alan Let- ment of new Reconstructionist gongrega- tofsky. Seeks to promote professional relations and fellowship groups. Newsletter. tionships and exchanges of experience, develop personnel standards and qualifica- , RECONSTRUCTIONIST RABBINICAL tions, safeguard integrity of Hillel profes- ASSOCIATION (1975). 432 Park Ave. S.; sion; represents and advocates before Na- N.Y.C., 10016(212)889-9080. Pres. Rabbi tional Hillel Staff, National Hillel Dennis Sasso; Sees. Rabbis Ilene Commission, B'nai B'rith Supreme Lodge, Schneider, Neil Weinberg. Advances the Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. principles of Reconstructionist Judaism; provides forum for fellowship and ex- JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA SOCIETY, INC. (spon- change of ideas for Reconstructionist rab- sored by NATIONAL FEDERATION OF bis; cooperates with Reconstructionist TEMPLE BROTHERHOODS) (1893). 838 Rabbinical College, and Reconstructionist Fifth Ave. N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Federation of Congregations and Havurot. Pres. Lawrence M. Halperin; Exec. Dir. RRA Newsletter. Av Bondarin. Disseminates authoritative knowledge about Jews and Judaism; as- JEWISH TEACHERS ASSOCIATION—MORIM signs rabbis to lecture at colleges; endows (1926). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- courses in Judaism for college credit at uni- 684-0556. Pres. Michael Leinwand; Sec. versities; donates Jewish reference books to Dorothy G. Posner. Promotes the reli- college libraries; sends rabbis to serve as gious, social, and moral welfare of chil- counselor-teachers at Christian Church dren; provides a program of professional, summer camps and as chaplains at Boy cultural, and social activities for its mem- Scout camps; sponsors institutes on Juda- bers; cooperates with other organizations ism for Christian clergy; produces motion for the promotion of goodwill and under- pictures for public service television and standing. JTA Bulletin. group showings. Brotherhood. JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS ASSOCIATION AMERICA (1886; reorg. 1902). 3080 Broad- OF AMERICA, INC. (1896). 3 W. 16 St., way, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)749-8000. Chan- N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675-6601. Pres. Sidney cellor Gerson D. Cohen; Chmn. Exec. 310 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Com. Alan M. Stroock. Organized for the education, history, literature, philosophy, perpetuation of the tenets of the Jewish or rabbinics; offers dual degree in social religion, cultivation of Hebrew literature, work. pursuit of biblical and archaeological research, advancement of Jewish scholar- , INSTITUTE FOR RELIGIOUS AND SO- ship; maintains a library with extensive CIAL STUDIES (N.Y.C. 1938; Chicago collections of Hebraica and Judaica, a de- 1944; Boston 1945). 3080 Broadway, partment for the training of rabbis, a pasto- N.Y.C, 10027. (212)749-8000. Pres. Ger- ral psychiatry center, the Jewish Museum, son D. Cohen; Dir. Jessica Feingold. and such youth programs as the Ramah Serves as a scholarly and scientific fellow- Camps and the Leaders Training Fellow- ship of clergymen and other religious ship. Conservative Judaism. teachers who desire authoritative information regarding some of the basic issues now , AMERICAN STUDENT CENTER IN confronting spiritually-minded men. JERUSALEM (1962). P.O. Box 196, Jerusa- lem, Israel. Dean Shamma Friedman; Dir. , MELTON RESEARCH CENTER Reuven Hammer. Offers programs for rab- (1960). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C, 10027. binical students, classes in Judaica for (212)749-8000. Exec. Dir. Elaine Morris. qualified Israelis and Americans, and Mi- Devises new curricula and materials for dreshet Yerushalayim, an intensive pro- Jewish education; has intensive program gram of Jewish studies for undergraduates. for training curriculum writers; recruits, News of the Israel Programs. trains and retrains educators through seminars and in-service programs; maintains , CANTORS INSTITUTE AND SEMI- consultant and supervisory relationships NARY COLLEGE OF JEWISH MUSIC (1952). with a limited number of pilot schools. 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)749- Melton Newsletter. 8000. Dir. Dean Morton J. Waldman. Trains cantors, music teachers, and choral , SCHOCKEN INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH directors for congregations. Offers pro- RESEARCH (1961). 6 Balfour St., Jerusa- grams leading to degrees of B.S.M., lem, Israel. Librarian Yaakov Katzenstein. M.S.M., and D.S.M., and diploma of Haz- Incorporates Schocken library and its zan. related research institutes in medieval He- brew poetry and Jewish mysticism. , DEPARTMENT OF RADIO AND TEL- Schocken Institute Yearbook (P'raqim). EVISION (1944). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)749-8000. Exec. Prod. Milton , SEMINARY COLLEGE OF JEWISH E. Krents. Produces radio and TV pro- STUDIES-TEACHERS INSTITUTE (1909). grams expressing the Jewish tradition in its 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C, 10027. (212)749- broadest sense, with emphasis on the uni- 8000. Dean Ivan G. Marcus. Offers com- versal human situation: "Eternal Light," a plete college program in Judaica leading to weekly radio program; 7 "Eternal Light" B.A. degree; conducts joint programs with TV programs, produced in cooperation Columbia University and Barnard, en- with NBC; and 12 "Directions" telecasts abling students to receive two B.A. degrees with ABC; distributes program scripts and after four years. related reading lists. , UNIVERSITY OF JUDAISM (1947). , FANNIE AND MAXWELL ABBEL 15600 Mulholland Dr., Los Angeles, RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN RABBINICS Calif, 90024. (213)476-9777. Pres. David (1951). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. L. Lieber; V. Pres. Max Vorspan, David (212)749-8000. Co-Dirs. Louis Finkel- Gordis. West Coast school of JTS. stein, Saul Lieberman. Fosters research in Serves as center of undergraduate and rabbinics; prepares scientific editions of graduate study of Judaica; offers pre- early rabbinic works. professional and professional programs in Jewish education and allied fields, in- , INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY cluding a pre-rabbinic program and joint IN THE HUMANITIES (1968). 3080 Broad- program enabling students to receive way, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)749-8000. Dean B.A. from UCLA and B.H.L. from U. Mayer Rabinowitz. A graduate program of J. after four years, as well as a broad leading to MA. degree in all aspects of range of adult education and Jewish ac- Jewish studies and Ph.D. in Bible, Jewish tivities. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 311

MACHNE ISRAEL, INC. (1940). 770 Eastern NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR FURTHER- Parkway, Bklyn., N.Y., 11213. (212)493- ANCE OF JEWISH EDUCATION (1951). 824 9250. Pres. Menachem M. Schneerson Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, NY., 11213. (Lubavitcher Rebbe); Dir., Treas. M.A. (212)735-0200. Pres. Alex M. Parker; Hodakov; Sec. Nissan Mindel. The Luba- Exec. V. Pres. Jacob J. Hecht; Sec. Morris vitcher movement's organ dedicated to the Drucker. Seeks to disseminate the ideals of social, spiritual, and material welfare of Torah-true education among the youth of Jews throughout the world. America; aids poor, sick and needy in U.S. and Israel; provides aid to hundreds of MERKOS L'INYONEI CHINUCH, INC. (THE Iranian Jewish youth through the Iranian CENTRAL ORGANIZATION FOR JEWISH Children's Fund; maintains camp for un- EDUCATION) (1940). 770 Eastern Park- derprivileged children; sponsors Hadar Ha way, Bklyn., N.Y., 11213. (212)493-9250. Torah and Machon Chana, seeking to win Pres. Menachem M. Schneerson (the back college youth and others to the fold of Lubavitcher Rebbe); Dir., Treas. M.A. Judaism; maintains schools and dormitory Hodakov; Sec. Nissan Mindel. The educa- facilities; sponsors Heroes Fund to aid wid- tional arm of the Lubavitcher movement. ows and orphans of heroes fallen in recent Seeks to promote Jewish education among Israeli wars. Panorama; Passover Hand- Jews, regardless of their background, in the book; Seder Guide; Spiritual Suicide; spirit of Torah-true Judaism; to establish Focus. contact with alienated Jewish youth, to stimulate concern and active interest in NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR JEWISH EDUCA- Jewish education on all levels, and to TION (1926). 114 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., promote religious observance as a daily ex- 10011. (212)675-5656. Pres. George Pol- perience among all Jews; maintains world- lak; Exec. Sec. Jack M. Horden. Fellow- wide network of regional offices, schools, ship of Jewish education profession, summer camps and Chabad-Lubavitch comprising administrators and supervi- Houses; publishes Jewish educational liter- sors of national and local Jewish educa- ature in numerous languages and monthly tional institutions and agencies, and journal in five languages: Convenaciones teachers in Hebrew high schools and con la juventud; Conversations avec les Jewish teachers colleges, of all ideologi- jeunes; Schmuessen mit kinder un yugent; cal groupings; conducts annual national Sihot la No-ar; Talks and Tales. and regional conferences in all areas of Jewish education; represents the Jewish MESIVTA YESHIVA RABBI CHAIM BERLIN education profession before the Jewish RABBINICAL ACADEMY (1905). 1593 community; co-sponsors, with American Coney Island Ave., Bklyn., N.Y., 11230. Association for Jewish Education, a per- Pres. Pincus Iseson; Exec. V. Pres. Yitz- sonnel committee and other projects; chok Krepel. Maintains elementary divi- cooperates with Jewish Agency depart- sion in the Hebrew and English department of education and culture in pro- ments, lower Hebrew division and Mesivta moting Hebrew culture and studies; con- high school, rabbinical academy, and post- ducts lectureship at Hebrew University. graduate school for advanced studies in Jewish Education; Sheviley Hahinuch. Talmud and other branches of rabbinic scholarship; maintains Camp Morris, a NATIONAL COUNCIL OF BETH JACOB summer study camp. Igud News Letter; SCHOOLS, INC. (1945). 1415 E. 7 St., Kol Torah; Kuntrasim; Merchav; Shofar. Bklyn, N.Y., 11230. (212)979-7400. Pres. Israel M. Zaks; Chmn. of Bd. Shimon MIRRER YESHIVA CENTRAL INSTITUTE (in Newhouse; Sec. David Rosenberg. Oper- Poland 1817; in U.S. 1947). 1791-5 Ocean ates Orthodox all-day schools from kinder- Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11223. Pres. garten through high school for girls, a resi- and Dean Rabbi Shrage Moshe Kalmano- dence high school in Ferndale, N.Y., a witz; Exec. Dir. and Sec. Manfred Han- national institute for master instructors, delsman. Maintains rabbinical college, and a summer camp for girls. Bais Yaakov postgraduate school for Talmudic re- Digest; Pnimia Call. search, accredited high school, and Kollel and Sephardic divisions; dedicated to the NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL dissemination of Torah scholarship in the (1912). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)- community and abroad; engages in rescue 929-1525. Nat. Pres. Nathaniel Saper- and rehabilitation of scholars overseas. stein; Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim H. Sturm. 312 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Maintains a program of spiritual, cultural, meetings; publishes pamphlets and mono- social and communal activity towards the graphs. Hashkafa. advancement and perpetuation of traditional, Torah-true Judaism; seeks to instill , YISRAEL HATZAIR (reorg. 1968). 3 in American youth an understanding and W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. appreciation of the ethical and spiritual Pres. Jackie Goldstein; Nat. Dir. Arnold values of Judaism. Sponsors kosher dining Grant. Fosters a program of spiritual, cul- clubs and fraternity houses and an Israel tural, social, and communal activities for program. Viewpoint; HashkofaSeries; Mas- the advancement and perpetuation of tra- sorah Newspaper. ditional Torah-true Judaism; strives to instill an understanding and appreciation of , AMERICAN FRIENDS OF YOUNG IS- the high ethical and spiritual values and to RAEL SYNAGOGUES IN ISRAEL (1926). 3 demonstrate compatibility of ancient faith W. 16 St., N.Y.C.. 10011. (212)929-1525. of Israel with good Americanism. Chmn. Marvin Luban; Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim H. Sturm. Promotes Young Is- NATIONAL FEDERATION OF JEWISH MEN'S rael synagogues and youth work in syna- CLUBS, INC. (1929). 475 Riverside Dr., gogues in Israel. Suite 244, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)749-8100. Pres. Samuel G. Berlin; Exec. Dir. David , ARMED FORCES BUREAU (1912). 3 L. Blumenfeld. Promotes principles and W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. objectives of Conservative Judaism by or- Dir. Stanley W. Schlessel; Assoc. Dir. Sid- ganizing, sponsoring, and developing ney Weg. Advises and guides the inductees men's clubs or brotherhoods; supports into the armed forces with regard to Sab- Leaders' Training Fellowship national bath observance, kashrut, and Orthodox youth organization; sponsors Hebrew Lit- behavior. Guide for the Orthodox Service- eracy Adult Education Program; presents awards for service to American Jewry. Torchlight. , EMPLOYMENT BUREAU (1912). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. NATIONAL JEWISH CONFERENCE CENTER Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim H. Sturm; Em- (1974). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., 10019. ployment Dir. Dorothy Stein. Operates an (212)582-6116. Chmn. Neil Norry; Dir. Ir- on-the-job training program under federal ving Greenberg; Exec. Dir. Jeffrey Heil- contract; helps secure employment, partic- pern. Devoted to leadership education and ularly for Sabbath observers and Russian policy guidance for the American Jewish immigrants; offers vocational guidance. community. Conducts weekend retreats Viewpoint. and community gatherings, as well as conferences on various topics. Newsletter. , INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH STUDIES (1947). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)- , ZACHOR: THE HOLOCAUST RE- 929-1525. Pres. Nathaniel Saperstein; SOURCE CENTER (1978). 250 W. 57 St., Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi Ephraim H. Sturm. N.Y.C., 10019. (212)582-6116. Chmn. Irv Introduces students to Jewish learning and Frank. Assoc. Dir. Michael Berenbaum. knowledge; helps form adult branch Disseminates information on the Holo- schools; aids Young Israel synagogues in caust to the American Jewish community; their adult education programs. Bulletin. develops Holocaust memorial projects; advises communities and organizations on , INTERCOLLEGIATE COUNCIL AND curricula and special projects; sponsors a YOUNG SINGLE ADULTS (formerly MAS- Faculty Seminar on the Holocaust and a SORAH INTERCOLLEGIATES OF YOUNG IS- Task Force on Holocaust Liturgy. Shook RAEL; 1951). 3 W. 16 St., NYC, 10011. A Review of Holocaust Studies and Com- (212)929-1525. Pres. Sidney Weg; Dir. memorations. Stanley W. Schlessel. Organizes and operates kosher dining clubs on college and uni- NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITALITY COMMIT- versity campuses; provides information TEE (1973). 201 S. 18 St., Rm. 1519, Phila- and counseling on kashrut observance at delphia, Pa., 19103. (215)546-8293. Pres. college; gives college-age youth under- Allen S. Mailer; Exec. Dir. Steven S. standing and appreciation of Judaism and Jacobs. Assists converts and prospective information on issues important to Jewish converts to Judaism, persons involved in community; arranges seminars and intermarriages, and the parents of Jewish NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 313

youth under the influence of cults and mis- Canada, assisting them to relocate and sionaries, as well as the youths themselves. reestablish a strong Jewish community life. Our Choice. P'eylim Reporter; N'she P'eylim News.

NATIONAL JEWISH INFORMATION SERVICE RABBINICAL ALLIANCE OF AMERICA (IGUD FOR THE PROPAGATION OF JUDAISM, INC. HARABONIM) (1944). 156 Fifth Ave., Suite (1960). 5174 W. 8th St., Los Angeles, 807, N.Y.C., 10010. (212)242-6420. Pres. Calif., 90036. (213)936-6033. Pres. Moshe Rabbi Abraham B. Hecht. Seeks to pro- M. Maggal; V. Pres. Lawrence J. Epstein; mulgate the cause of Torah-true Judaism Corr. Sec. Rachel D. Maggal. Seeks to con- through an organized rabbinate that is convert non-Jews to Judaism and revert Jews sistently Orthodox; seeks to elevate the po- to Judaism; maintains College for Jewish sition of Orthodox rabbis nationally, and Ambassadors for the training of Jewish to defend the welfare of Jews the world missionaries and the Correspondence over. Also has Beth Din Rabbinical Court. Academy of Judaism for instruction on Ju- Perspective. daism through the mail. Voice of Judaism. RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY (1900). 3080 Broad- NER ISRAEL RABBINICAL COLLEGE (1933). way, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)749-8000. Pres. 400 Mt. Wilson Lane, Baltimore, Md., Rabbi Saul I. Teplitz; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi 21208. (301)484-7200. Pres. Rabbi Jacob I. Wolfe Kelman. Seeks to promote Conser- Ruderman; V. Pres. Rabbi Herman N. vative Judaism, and to foster the spirit of Neuberger. Trains rabbis and educators for fellowship and cooperation among rabbis Jewish communities in America and and other Jewish scholars; cooperates with worldwide. Offers bachelors, masters, and the Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer- doctoral degrees in talmudic law, as well as ica and the United Synagogue of America. Teachers Diploma. College has four divi- Conservative Judaism; Proceedings of the sions: Mechina High School, Rabbinical Rabbinical Assembly. College, Teachers Training Institute, Graduate School. Maintains an active RABBINICAL COLLEGE OF TELSHE, INC. community service division. Operates spe- (1941). 28400 Euclid Ave., Wickliffe, cial program for Iranian Jewish students. Ohio, 44092. (216)943-5300. Pres. Rabbi Ner Israel Bulletin; Alumni Bulletin; Ohr Mordecai Gifter; V. Pres. Rabbi Abba Hanair Talmudic Journal. Zalka Gewirtz. College for higher Jewish learning specializing in talmudic studies OZAR HATORAH, INC. (1946). 411 Fifth and rabbinics; maintains a preparatory Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)684-4733. Pres. academy including secular high school, a Joseph Shalom; Int. Pres. S.D. Sassoon; V. postgraduate department, a teachers train- Pres. Moshe Milstein. Establishes and ing school, and a teachers seminary for maintains elementary, secondary and women. Pri Etz Chaim; Peer Mordechai; boarding schools, combining a program of Alumni Bulletin. religious and secular education for Jewish youth in Morocco, Iran, Syria, and France. RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF AMERICA, INC. Bulletin. (1923; reorg. 1936). 1250 Broadway, Suite 802, N.Y.C., 10001. Pres. Bernard Rosen- P'EYLIM—AMERICAN YESHIVA STUDENT sweig; Exec. V. Pres. Israel Klavan. Pro- UNION (1951). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. motes Orthodox Judaism in the commu- (212)989-2500. Pres. Nisson Alpert; Dir. nity; supports institutions for study of Avraham Hirsch. Aids and sponsors pio- Torah; stimulates creation of new tradi- neer work by American graduate teachers tional agencies. Hadorom; Record; Sermon and rabbis in new villages and towns in Manual; Tradition. Israel; does religious, organizational, and educational work and counseling among RECONSTRUCTIONIST RABBINICAL COL- new immigrant youth; maintains summer LEGE (1968). 2308 N. Broad St., Philadel- camps for poor immigrant youth in Israel; phia, Pa., 19132. (215)223-8121. Pres. Ira belongs to worldwide P'eylim movement Eisenstein. Co-educational. Trains rabbis which has groups in Argentina, Brazil, for all areas of Jewish communal life: syna- Canada, England, Belgium, the Nether- gogues, academic and educational posi- lands, Switzerland, France, and Israel; en- tions, Hillel centers, Federation agencies; gages in relief and educational work among requires students to pursue outside gradu- North African immigrants in France and ate studies in religion and related subjects; 314 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

confers title of rabbi and grants degree of Jewish Policy Planning and Research. SCA Doctor of Hebrew Letters. Jewish Civiliza- Report; Analysis. tion: Essays and Studies. , INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF RELIGIOUS PLANNING AND RESEARCH OF (1972). JEWRY, INC. (1941; reorg. 1954). 471 West 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washing- End Avc, N.Y.C., 10024. (212)874-7979. ton, D.C., 20036. (202)872-1337. Chmn. Chmn. Isaac Strahl; Sec. Marcus Levine. Max M. Kampelman. Seeks to strengthen Engages in research and publishes studies American Jewry by conducting and pro- concerning the situation of religious Jewry moting systematic study of major issues and its problems all over the world. confronting its future vitality, for which it enlists informed academic and lay people; SHOLEM ALEICHEM FOLK INSTITUTE, INC. sponsors research and analysis on the sub- (1918). 3301 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, ject and disseminates findings to syna- N.Y., 10467. Pres. Burt Levey; Sec. Noah gogues and other Jewish organizations. Zingman. Aims to imbue children with Analysis of Jewish Policy Issues; Back- Jewish values through teaching Yiddish ground. language and literature, Hebrew and the Bible, Jewish history, the significance of TORAH UMESORAH—NATIONAL SOCIETY Jewish holidays, folk and choral singing, FOR HEBREW DAY SCHOOLS (1944). 229 and facts about Jewish life in America and Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674- Israel. Kinder Journal (Yiddish). 6700. Nat. Pres. Samuel C. Feuerstein; Exec. Chmn. Bernard Goldenberg. Esta- SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE TOURO SYNA- blishes Hebrew day schools throughout GOGUE, NATIONAL HISTORIC SHRINE, U.S. and Canada and services them in all INC. (1948). 85 Touro St., Newport, R.I., areas including placement and curriculum 02840. (401)847-4794. Pres. Seebert J. Gol- guidance; conducts teacher training insti- dowsky; Sec. Theodore Lewis. Assists in tutes, a special fellowship program, semi- the maintenance of the Touro Synagogue nars, and workshops for in-service training as a national historic site. of teachers; publishes textbooks and supplementary reading material; conducts ed- SPERTUS COLLEGE OF JUDAICA (1925). 618 ucation research and has established Fryer S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III., 60605. Found, for research in ethics and character (312)922-9012. Pres. David Weinstein; Bd. education; supervises federal aid programs Chmn. Philip Spertus. Educates teachers for Hebrew day schools throughout the of Hebraica and Judaica for elementary U.S. Olomeinu—Our World; Tempo; and secondary Jewish schools; certifies He- Torah Umesorah Report; Machberet brew teachers for public and private Illi- Hamenahel. nois schools; provides Chicago area colleges and universities with specialized , INSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL EN- undergraduate and graduate programs in RICHMENT (1973). 22 E. 28 St., N.Y.C., Judaica and serves as a Department of 10016. (212)683-3216. Dir. Bernard Dov Judaic Studies to these colleges and univer- Milians. Provides enriched training and sities; serves as Midwest Jewish informa- upgraded credentials for administrative, tion center through its Asher Library and guidance, and classroom personnel of He- Maurice Spertus Museum of Judaica; brew day schools and for Torah-com- grants degrees of Master of Arts in Jewish munity leaders; offers graduate and under- Education and in Jewish Communal Ser- graduate programs, in affiliation with vice, Bachelor of Arts, and Bachelor of accredited universities which award full Judaic Studies. Journal of Jewish Art. degrees: M.A. in early childhood and elementary education; M.S. in family counsel- SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA (1926). ing ; M.B.A. in management; M.S. in spe- 432 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- cial education, reading; B.S. in education; 686-8670. Pres. Rabbi Saul I. Teplitz; B.A. in human relations, social sciences, Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi Bernard Mandel- education, gerontology. Professional En- baum. Serves as spokesman for, and coor- richment News (PEN). dinates policies of, national rabbinical and lay synagogal organizations of Conserva- , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HE- tive, Orthodox, and Reform branches of BREW DAY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS American Judaism. Sponsors Institute for (1960). 229 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 315

(212)674-6700. Pres. David H. Schwartz; the Jewish heritage to the general culture Bd. Chmn. Rabbi Saul Wolf; Exec. Coord. of Western civilization. Annual Bulletin. Bernard Dov Milians. Coordinates the work of the fiscal directors of Hebrew day UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGA- schools throughout the country. NAHDSA TIONS (1873). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Review. 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Rabbi Alex- ander M. Schindler; Bd. Chmn. Donald , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HE- S. Day. Serves as the central congrega- BREW DAY SCHOOL PARENT-TEACHER tional body of Reform Judaism in the west- ASSOCIATIONS (1948). 229 Park Ave. S., ern hemisphere; serves its approximately N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674-6700. Nat. Pres. 750 affiliated temples and membership Mrs. Henry C. Rhein; Exec. Sec. Mrs. with religious, educational, cultural, and Samuel Brand; Chmn. of Bd. Mrs. Clar- administrative programs. Keeping Posted; ence Horwitz. Acts as a clearinghouse and Reform Judaism. service agency to PTAs of Hebrew day schools; organizes parent education , AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF CAN- courses and sets up programs for individ- TORS (1956). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., ual PTAs. National Program Notes: PTA 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Murray E. Bulletin; Fundraising With a Flair; PTA Simon; Exec. Dir. Raymond Smolover. With a Purpose for the Hebrew Day School. Members receive investiture and commis- sioning as cantors at ordination-investiture , NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF YE- ceremonies at Hebrew Union College-Jew- SHIVA PRINCIPALS (1956). 229 Park Ave. ish Institute of Religion, Sacred School of S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674-6700. Pres. Music. Through Joint Placement Commis- Rabbi Chaim Feuerman; Exec. V. Pres. sion, serves congregations seeking cantors Rabbi Joshua Fishman; Bd. Chmn. David and music directors. Dedicated to creative Mykoff. A professional organization of pri- Judaism, preserving the best of the past, mary and secondary yeshiva day-school and encouraging new and vital approaches principals which seeks to make yeshiva to religious ritual, music and ceremonies. day-school education more effective. Machberet Hamenahel. _, COMMISSION ON SOCIAL ACTION OF REFORM JUDAISM (see p. 296). , NATIONAL YESHIVA TEACHERS BOARD OF LICENSE (1953). 229 Park Ave. , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEM- S., N.Y.C.. 10003. (212) 674-6700. Bd. PLE ADMINISTRATORS OF (1941). 838 Chmn. Elias Schwartz; Exec. Consult. Zvi Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. H. Shurin. Issues licenses to qualified in- Pres. Henry E. Ziegler; Adm. Sec. Louis I. structors for all grades of the Hebrew day Heller. Fosters Reform Judaism; prepares school and the general field of Torah edu- and disseminates administrative informa- cation. tion and procedures to member synagogues of UAHC; provides and encourages , SAMUEL A. FRYER EDUCATIONAL proper and adequate training of profes- RESEARCH FOUNDATION (1966). 229 Park sional synagogue executives; formulates Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674-6700. and establishes professional ideals and Chmn. Bd. of Trustees Jack Sable; Dir. standards for the synagogue executive. Louis Nulman. Strengthens the ethics pro- NATA Journal. grams of Hebrew day, afternoon, and Sun- day schools, summer camps, and Jewish , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEM- centers through moral sensitivity-training PLE EDUCATORS (1955). 838 Fifth Ave., program; provides extensive teacher-train- N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Fred ing program; publishes monographs, news- W. Marcus; V. Pres. Richard M. Morin. letter, and teachers' bulletin. Newsletter. Represents the temple educator within the general body of Reform Judaism; fosters TOURO COLLEGE (1970). 30 W. 44 St., the full-time profession of the temple edu- N.Y.C., 10036. (212)575-0190. Pres. Ber- cator; encourages the growth and develop- nard Lander. Chartered by the NY. State ment of Jewish religious education consis- Board of Regents to operate and maintain tent with the aims of Reform Judaism; nonprofit, four-year college with liberal stimulates communal interest in and re- arts programs leading to B.A. and B.S. de- sponsibility for Jewish religious education. grees, with an emphasis on the relevance of NATE News; Compass Magazine. 316 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

, NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- ON SYNAGOGUE ADMINISTRATION PLE BROTHERHOODS (1923). 838 Fifth (1962). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. (212)249-0100. Chmn. Harold J. Tragash; Lawrence M. Halperin; Exec. Dir. Av Dir. Myron E. Schoen. Assists congrega- Bondann. Promotes Jewish education tions in management, finance, building among its members, along with participa- maintenance, design, construction, and art tion in temple, brotherhood, and interfaith aspects of synagogues; maintains the Syna- activities; sponsors the Jewish Chautauqua gogue Architectural Library consisting of Society. Brotherhood. photos, slides, and plans of contemporary and older synagogue buildings. Synagogue , NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- Service. PLE SISTERHOODS (1913). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Lil- UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGA- lian Maltzer; Exec. Dir. Eleanor R. TIONS OF AMERICA (1898). 116 E. 27 St., Schwartz. Serves more than 640 sister- N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Julius Berman; Exec. hoods of Reform Judaism; inter-religious V. Pres. Pinchas Stolper. Serves as the na- understanding and social justice; scholar- tional central body of Orthodox syna- ships and grants to rabbinic students; gogues; provides educational, religious, braille and large-type Judaic materials for and organizational guidance to groups, Jewish blind; projects for Israel, Soviet and men's clubs; represents the Orthodox Jewry and the aging; is an affiliate of Jewish community in relationship to gov- UAHC and is the women's agency of Re- ernmental and civic bodies, and the general form Judaism; works on behalf of the He- Jewish community; conducts the national brew Union College-Jewish Institute of authoritative U Kashruth certification ser- Religion; cooperates with World Union for vice. Jewish Action; Jewish Life; Keeping Progressive Judaism. Notes for Now. Posted; U News Reporter.

, NORTH AMERICAN FEDERATION OF , NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SYNA- TEMPLE YOUTH (NFTY; formerly NA- GOGUE YOUTH (1954). 116 E. 27 St, TIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Amy Sholiton; Nat. YOUTH; 1939). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Dir. Baruch Taub. Serves as central body 10021. (212)249-0100. Dirs. Stephen for youth groups of traditional congrega- Schafer; Leonard Troupp; Daniel Free- tions; provides such national activities and lander; Pres. Jeff Strauss. Seeks to train services as educational guidance, Torah Reform Jewish youth in the values of the study groups, community service, pro- synagogue and their application to daily grams consultation, Torah library, Torah life through service to the community and fund scholarships, Ben Zakkai Honor Soci- congregation; runs department of summer ety, Friends of NCSY; conducts national camps and national leadership training in- and regional events including week-long stitutes; arranges overseas academic tours seminars, summer Torah tours in over 200 and work programs, international student communities, Israel summer seminar for exchange programs, college student pro- teens and collegiates, Camp NCSY in Is- grams in the U.S. and Israel, including an rael for preteens. Divisions include Senior accredited study program in Israel. Vi- NCSY in 18 regions and 465 chapters, Jun- sions: NFTY News. ior NCSY for pre-teens, CYT-College Youth for Torah, B'nai Torah Day School , AND CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF and NCSY in Israel. Keeping Posted With AMERICAN RABBIS: COMMISSION ON NCSY; Advisors' Newsletter; Mitsvos Ma 'a- JEWISH EDUCATION (1923). 838 Fifth siyos; Holiday Series; Jewish Thought Se- Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. ries; Leadership Manual Series; Texts for Chmn. Martin S. Rozenberg; Dir. Rabbi Teen Study. Daniel B. Syme. Develops curricula and teachers' manuals; conducts pilot projects , WOMEN'S BRANCH (1923). 84 Fifth and offers educational guidance and con- Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-8857. Pres. sultation at all age levels to member con- Mrs. Samuel A. Turk; Exec. Dir. Judy Pai- gregations and affiliates and associate bod- kin. Seeks to spread knowledge for the un- ies. What's Happening; Compass; E\ derstanding and practice of Orthodox Ju- daism, and to unite all Orthodox women , AND CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF and their synagogal organizations, AMERICAN RABBIS: JOINT COMMISSION services affiliates with educational and NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 317

programming materials, leadership and or- 10010. (212)533-7800. Dir. Paul Freed- ganizational guidance and has an NGO man. Student Advisory Board. Seeks to de- representative at UN. Hachodesh; Hakol. velop a program for strengthening identification with Judaism, based on the UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF THE personality development, needs and inter- UNITED STATES AND CANADA (1900). ests of the collegian. ATID Curricula 235 E. Broadway, NYC, 10002. (212)- Judaica; ATID Bibliography. ATID Book- 964-6337. Pres. Rabbi Moshe Feinstein; mobile Project. Chmn. Rabbi Symcha Elberg, Dir. Rabbi Hersh M. Ginsberg. Seeks to foster and , COMMISSION ON JEWISH EDUCA- promote Torah-true Judaism in U.S. and TION (1930). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Canada; assists in the establishment and 10010. (212)533-7800. Chmn. Rabbi Joel maintenance of yeshivot in the United H. Zaiman; Dir. Morton K. Siegel. Pro- States; maintains committee on marriage motes higher educational standards in and divorce and aids individuals with mar- Conservative congregational schools and ital difficulties; disseminates knowledge of Solomon Schechter Day Schools and pub- traditional Jewish rites and practices and lishes material for the advancement of publishes regulations on synagogal struc- their educational program. Provides guid- ture; maintains rabbinical court for resolv- ance and information on resources, ing individual and communal conflicts. courses, and other projects in adult Jewish Hapardes. education; prepares and publishes pamphlets, study guides, tracts, and texts for UNION OF SEPHARDIC CONGREGATIONS, use in adult-education programs; publishes INC. (1929). 8 W. 70 St., N.Y.C., 10023. the Jewish Tract series and distributes (212)873-0300. Pres. The Haham, Solo- El-Am edition of Talmud. Distributes mon Gaon; Sec. Joseph Tarica; Bd. Chmn. black-and-white and color films of "Eter- Victor Tarry. Promotes the religious internal Light" TV programs on Jewish sub- ests of Sephardic Jews; prepares and dis- jects, produced by Jewish Theological tributes Sephardic prayer books and pro- Seminary in cooperation with NBC. Briefs; vides religious leaders for Sephardic Impact; In Your Hands; Your Child; Bulle- congregations. tin.

UNITED LUBAVITCHER YESHIVOTH (1940). , JEWISH EDUCATORS ASSEMBLY OF 841-853 Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., (1951). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. 11230. (212)859-7600. Pres. Eli N. Sklar; (212)533-7800. Pres. Irving Skolnick; Chmn. Exec. Com. Rabbi S. Gourary. Sup- Admin. Herbert L. Tepper. Promotes, exports and organizes Jewish day schools and tends, and strengthens the program of Jew- rabbinical seminaries in the U.S.A. and ish education on all levels in the commu- abroad. nity in consonance with the philosophy of the Conservative movement. Annual Year- UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (1913). book; Newsletters. 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533- 7800. Pres. Simon Schwartz; Exec. V. Pres. , JOINT COMMISSION ON SOCIAL AC- Rabbi Benjamin Z. Kreitman. National or- TION (1958). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., ganization of Conservative Jewish congre- 10010. (212)533-7800. Co-chmn. Jerry gations. Maintains 12 departments and 20 Wagner, Dolly Moser; Dir. Muriel Ber- regional offices to assist its affiliated con- mar. Consists of representatives of United gregations with religious, educational, Synagogue of America, Women's League youth, community, and administrative for Conservative Judaism, Rabbinical As- programming and guidance; aims to en- sembly, and National Federation of Jewish hance the cause of Conservative Judaism, Men's Clubs; reviews public issues and further religious observance, encourage es- cooperates with civic and Jewish commu- tablishment of Jewish religious schools; nity organizations to achieve social action embraces all elements essentially loyal to goals. Judaism in Social Action. traditional Judaism. Program Suggestions; United Synagogue Review; Yearbook Direc- , KADIMA OF (formerly PRE-USY; tory and Buyers' Guide. reorg. 1968). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533-7800. Int. Co-ordinator , ATID, COLLEGE AGE ORGANIZA- Carole Chapnick Silk; Dir. Amy Cytryn. TION OF (1960). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Involves Jewish pre-teens in a meaningful 318 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

religious, educational, and social environ- support of Jewish Theological Seminary ment; fosters a sense of identity and com- and Mathilde Schechter Residence Halls. mitment to the Jewish community and Women's League Outlook. Conservative movement; conducts synagogue-based chapter programs and re- WORLD COUNCIL OF SYNAGOGUES (1957) gional Kadima days and weekends. 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10010. (212)533- KADI MA; Mitzvah of the Month; Kadima 7800. Pres. David Zucker; Exec. Dir. Zip- Kesher; Advisors Aid Series; Chagim; porah Liben; Exec. Dir. in Israel Pesach Games. Schindler. International representative of Conservative organizations and congrega- , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SYNA- tions (Hatenuah Hamasoratit); promotes GOGUE ADMINISTRATORS OF (1948). 155 the growth and development of the Con- Fifth Ave., N.Y.C. 10010. (212)533-7800. servative movement in Israel and through- Pres. Charles Parmet. Aids congregations out the world; supports new congregations affiliated with the United Synagogue of and educational institutions overseas; America to further aims of Conservative holds biennial international convention; Judaism through more effective adminis- represents the world Conservative move- tration; advances professional standards ment in the World Zionist Organization. and promotes new methods in administra- Newsletter. tion; cooperates in United Synagogue placement services and administrative sur- WORLD UNION FOR PROGRESSIVE JUDAISM, veys. NASA Newsletter; NASA Journal. LTD. (1926). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Gerard Dan- , UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH OF iel; Exec. Dir. Richard G. Hirsch; Sec. (1951). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. Jane Evans; N.A. Bd. Dir. Ira S. Youdo- (212)533-7800. Pres. Bruce Gorden; Exec. vin. Promotes and coordinates efforts of Dir. Paul Freedman. Seeks to develop a Reform, Liberal, and Progressive congre- program for strengthening identification gations throughout the world; supports with Conservative Judaism, based on the new congregations; assigns and employs personality development, needs, and inter- rabbis overseas; sponsors seminaries and ests of the adolescent. AchShav; Advisors schools; organizes international confer- Newsletter; Tikun 01am; USY Alumni ences of Liberal Jews. International Con- Assn. Newsletter; USY Program Bank. ference Reports; News and Views; Shalhevet (Israel); Teshuva (Argentina); Amml WEST COAST TALMUDICAL SEMINARY (Ye- shiva Ohr Elchonon Chabad) (1953). 7215 YAVNE HEBREW THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Warring St., Los Angeles, Calif., 90046. (1924). 510 Dahill Road, Brooklyn, N.Y., (213)937-3763. Headmaster Robert Jones; 11218. (212)436-5610. Pres. Nathan Dean Rabbi Ezra Schochet; Exec. Dir. Shapiro; Exec. Dir. Solomon K. Shapiro. Rabbi Levi Bukiet; Hebrew Principal School for higher Jewish learning; trains Rabbi Chaim Yaffe. Provides facilities for rabbis and teachers as Jewish leaders for intensive Torah education as well as Or- American Jewish communities; maintains thodox rabbinical training on the West branch in Jerusalem for higher Jewish edu- Coast; conducts an accredited college pre- cation-Machon Maharshal and for an ex- paratory high school combined with a full change student program. Yavne Newslet- program of Torah-Talmudic training and a ter. graduate Talmudical division on college level. YAVNEH, NATIONAL RELIGIOUS JEWISH STUDENTS ASSOCIATION (1960). 25 W. 26 WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR CONSERVATIVE JU- St., N.Y.C, 10010. (212)679-4574. Pres. DAISM (formerly NATIONAL WOMEN'S Abraham Adler; Exec. V. Pres. Joseph LEAGUE) (1918). 48 E. 74 St., N.Y.C, Offenbacher. Seeks to promote religious 10021. (212)628-1600. Pres. Goldie Jewish and Zionist education on the col- Kweller. Constitutes parent body of Con- lege campus, to facilitate full observance of servative women's groups in U.S., Canada, halakhic Judaism, to integrate the insights Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Israel; provides gained in college studies, and to become a them with programs in religion, education, force for the dissemination of Torah Juda- social "action, leadership training, Israel ism in the Jewish community; initiated affairs, and community affairs; publishes kiruv programs aimed at drawing into the books of Jewish interest; contributes to established Jewish community alienated NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 319

and assimilated Jewish students; publishes Sponsors two high schools for boys and occasional monographs in Yavneh Studies two for girls (Manhattan and Brooklyn). Series; conducts summer tours to Israel Auxiliary services include: Stone-Saper- and an Eastern Europe holocaust study stein Center for Jewish Education, Sephar- tour. Kol Yavneh, Parshat Hashavua Se- dic Studies Program, Brookdale Founda- ries; Yavneh Shiron; Prayer: A Guide to the tion Programs for the Aged, Maxwell R. Philosophy and Meaning of Tefilah; Yav- Maybaum Institute of Material Sciences neh Dispatch. and Quantum Electronics.

YESHIVA UNIVERSITY (1886). 500 W. 185 , ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF St., N.Y.C., 10033. (212)960-5400. Pres. MEDICINE (1955). Eastchester Rd. and Norman Lamm; Chmn. Bd. of Trustees Morris Pk. Ave., Bronx, NY., 10461. Herbert Tenzer. The nation's oldest and Dean Ephraim Friedman. Prepares physi- largest private university founded under cians and conducts research in the health Jewish auspices, with a broad range of un- sciences; awards M.D. degree; includes Sue dergraduate, graduate, and professional Golding Graduate Division of Medical schools, a network of affiliates, publica- Sciences (Dir. Jonathan R. Warner), which tions, a widespread program of research, grants Ph.D. degree. Einstein College's community service agencies, and a mu- clinical facilities and affiliates encompass seum. Curricula lead to bachelor's, mas- five Bronx hospitals, including Bronx Mu- ter's, doctoral, and professional degrees. nicipal Hospital, Montefiore Hospital and Undergraduate schools provide general Medical Center, and the Rose F. Kennedy studies curricula supplemented by courses Center for Research in Mental Retardation in Jewish learning; graduate schools pre- and Human Development. AECOM News; pare for careers in medicine, law, mathe- AECOM Newsletter. matics, physics, social work, education, psychology, Semitic languages, literatures, , ALUMNI OFFICE, 500 West 185th and cultures, and other fields. It has six Street, N.Y.C., 10033. Dir. Richard M. undergraduate schools, eight graduate Joel. Seeks to foster a close allegiance of schools, and three affiliates, with its four alumni to their alma mater by maintaining main centers located in Manhattan and the ties with all alumni and servicing the fol- Bronx. Inside Yeshiva University; Yeshiva lowing associations: Yeshiva College University Report. Alumni (Pres. Joseph Applebaum); Erna Michael College of Hebraic Studies Undergraduate schools for men at Alumni; James Striar School of General Main Center: Yeshiva College (Dean Mi- Jewish Studies Alumni; Stern College chael Hecht) provides liberal arts and Alumnae (Pres. Zelda Braun); Teachers sciences curricula; grants B.A. degree. Institute for Women Alumnae (Pres. Erna Michael College of Hebraic Studies Rivka Brass Finkelstein); Albert Einstein (Dean Jacob M. Rabinowitz) awards He- College of Medicine Alumni (Pres. Selig- braic Studies and Hebrew Teacher's di- man Rosenberg); Ferkauf Graduate plomas, B.A., and B.S. James Striar School Alumni (Pres. Alvin I. Schiff); School of General Jewish Studies (Dir. Wurzweiler School of Social Work Alumni Morris J. Besdin) grants Associate in (Pres. Neva Rephun, Norman Winkler); Arts degree. Mazer School of Talmudic Bernard Revel Graduate School—Harry Studies (Dir. Zevulun Charlop) offers ad- Fischel School Alumni (Pres. Bernard vanced course of study in Talmudic texts Rosensweig); Rabbinic Alumni (Pres. Has- and commentaries. kel Lookstein); Benjamin N. Cardozo Undergraduate schools for women at School of Law Alumni (Pres. Wayne Midtown Center, 245 Lexington Ave., Halper); Alumni Council (Chmn. Abra- N.Y.C., 10016; Stern College for Women ham S. Guterman) offers guidance to Pres. (Dean Karen Bacon) offers liberal arts and and Bd. of Trustees on university's aca- sciences curricula supplemented by Jewish demic development and service activities. studies courses; awards B.A., Jewish Stud- Alumni Review; AECOM Alumni News; ies certificate, Hebrew Teacher's diploma. Jewish Social Work Forum; Alumnews. Teachers Institute for Women (Dir. Walter Orenstein) trains professionals for educa- , BELFER GRADUATE SCHOOL OF tion and community agency work; awards SCIENCE (1958). 500 W. 185 St., NYC, Hebrew Teacher's diploma and B.S. in Ed- 10033. Dir. Dr. David Finkelstein. Offers ucation. programs in mathematics and physics. 320 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

including college teaching in those areas; Schachter. Institute for advanced research conducts advanced research projects; con- in rabbinics. Provides intensive training in fers M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. Talmudic scholarship.

, BELFER INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED , (affiliate) RABBI ISAAC ELCHANAN BIOMEDICAL STUDIES (1978). Eastchester THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY (1896). 2540 Rd. and Morris Pk. Ave., Bronx, N.Y., Amsterdam Ave., N.Y.C., 10033. Chmn. 10461. Dir. Ernst R. Jaffe. Offers post-doc- Bd. of Trustees Charles H. Bendheim; Dir. toral program that coordinates projects for Rabbi Zevulun Charlop. Offers compre- research fellows and associates, and the de- hensive training in higher Jewish studies; velopment of new training programs; grants semikha (ordination) and the de- awards certificate at term's completion. grees of Master of Religious Education, Master of Hebrew Literature, Doctor of , BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO SCHOOL OF Religious Education, and Doctor of He- LAW (1976). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. brew Literature; includes Kollel (Institute Dean Monrad G. Paulsen. Prepares stu- for Advanced Research in Rabbinics; Dir. dents for the professional practice of law or Rabbi Hershel Schachter) and auxiliaries. other activities in which legal training is Cantorial Training Institute (Dir. Macy useful; grants L.L.D. degree. Nulman) provides professional training of cantors and other musical personnel for , BERNARD REVEL GRADUATE the Jewish community; awards Associate SCHOOL (1937). 500 W. 185 St., N.Y.C., Cantor's certificate and cantorial diploma. 10033. Dean Sid Z. Leiman. Offers gradu- Sephardic Community Activities Program ate work in Judaic studies and Semitic lan- (Dir. Rabbi Herbert C. Dobrinsky) serves guages, literatures, and cultures; confers M.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. the specific needs of 70 Sephardi synagogues in the U.S. and Canada; holds such , CANTORIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE. events as annual Sephardic Cultural Festi- Dir. Macy Nulman. Provides professional val; maintains Sephardic Home Study training of cantors and other music person- Group program. American Sephardi nel for the Jewish community; awards As- Community Service Division (Dir. Victor sociate Cantor's Certificate and Cantorial B. Geller) makes educational, organiza- Diploma. tional, programming, consultative, and placement resources available to congrega- , CAROLINE AND JOSEPH S. GRUSS tions, schools, organizations, and com- INSTITUTE IN JERUSALEM. Ed. Supervisor munities in the U.S. and Canada, through Aharon Lichtenstein. A center in Israel for its youth bureau, department of adult edu- advanced Talmudic studies; offers pro- cation, lecture bureau, placement bureau, grams for pre-Semikhah, Semikhah, and and rabbinic alumni. National Commis- post-Semikhah students. sion on Torah Education (Dir. Robert S. Hirt); Camp Morasha (Dir. Zvi Reich) , FERKAUF GRADUATE SCHOOL OF offers Jewish study program; Educators HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Council of America (Dir. Robert S. (1957). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. Hirt) formulates uniform educational stan- Dean Morton Berger. Offers graduate pro- dards, provides guidance to professional grams in education, psychology, Jewish ed- staffs, rabbis, lay leaders with regard to ucation, and special education; grants curriculum, and promotes Jewish educa- M.S., M.A., Specialist's Certificate, Doctor tion. of Education, Doctor of Psychology, and Ph.D. degrees. , SOCIETY OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF , HARRY FISCHEL SCHOOL FOR MEDICINE (1953). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., HIGHER JEWISH STUDIES (1945). 500 W. 10003. Exec. Dir. Harold Blond. Seeks 185 St., N.Y.C., 10033. Dean Sid Z. Lei- to further community support of Einstein man. Offers summer graduate work in College. Judaic studies and Semitic languages, literatures, and cultures; confers M.S., M.A., _, WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION (1928). and Ph.D. degrees. 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Ann Arbesfeld; Dir. Malkah Isseroff. Supports , MARCOS AND ADINA KATZ KOL- Yeshiva University's national scholarship LEL. Rosh Kollel Rabbi Hershel program for students training in education, NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 321

community service, law, medicine, and SOCIAL, MUTUAL BENEFIT other professions, and its development program. YUWO News Briefs. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR ETHIOPIAN JEWS (1974). 304 Robin Hood Lane, Costa , WURZWEILER SCHOOL OF SOCIAL Mesa, Calif., 92627. (714)642-8613. Pres. WORK (1957). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Howard M. LenhofT; Exec. V. Pres. Grae- 10003. Dean Lloyd Setleis. Offers graduate num Berger. Provides educational material programs in social casework, social group and support for Ethiopian Jews in Africa work, community social work; grants Mas- and in Israel. ter of Social Work, Master of Professional Studies, and Doctor of Social Welfare de- AMERICAN FEDERATION OF JEWISH FIGHT- grees. Includes Block Education Program ERS, CAMP INMATES AND NAZI VICTIMS, (Dir. Samuel M. Goldstein), which offers INC. (1971). 823 United Nations Plaza, practical training in fieldwork at Jewish N.Y.C., 10017. (212)490-2525. Pres. Solo- communal agencies. mon Zynstein; Exec. Dir. Elliot Welles. Seeks to perpetuate memory of victims of , YESHIVA UNIVERSITY GERONTO- the Holocaust and make Jewish and non- LOGICAL INSTITUTE. Dir. Celia B. Weis- Jewish youth aware of the Holocaust and man. Fosters and coordinates gerontologi- resistance period. Martyrdom and Resis- cal research; offers post-Master's tance. Certificate in Gerontology. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF JEWS FROM , (affiliate) YESHIVA UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL EUROPE, INC. (1942). 570 Sev- Los ANGELES (1977). 9760 West Pico enth Ave., N.Y.C., 10018. (212)921-3870. Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif., 90035. (213)- Pres. Curt C. Silberman; Exec. V. Pres. 553-4478. Bd. Chmn. Samuel Belzberg; Herbert A. Strauss. Seeks to safeguard the Co-chmn. Roland E. Arnall; Dean of rights and interests of American Jews of Admin. Rabbi Marvin Hier. With Mena- Central European descent, especially in chem Begin School of Jewish Studies, reference to restitution and indemnifica- Yeshiva Program, Beit Midrash Pro- tion; through its Research Foundation for gram, Kollel; students pursue B.A. or Jewish Immigration sponsors research and B.S. degree at college of their choice. In- publications on the history of Central cludes Simon Wiesenthal Center for European Jewry and the history of their Holocaust Studies (Coordinator, immigration and acculturation in the U.S.; Ephraim J. Zuroff). sponsors a social program for needy Nazi victims in the U.S. in cooperation with YESHIVATH TORAH VODAATH AND United Help, Inc. and other specialized so- MESIVTA RABBINICAL SEMINARY (1918). cial agencies. Undertakes cultural activi- 425 E. 9 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11218. (212)- ties, annual conferences, publication, and 941-8000. Pres. Henry Hirsch; Chmn. of lecture programs. Member, Council of Bd. Fred F. Weiss; Sec. Earl H. Spero. Jews from Germany. Offers Hebrew and secular education from elementary level through rabbinical ordi- AMERICAN SEPHARDI FEDERATION (1972). nation and post-graduate work; maintains 521 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10017. (212)697- a teachers institute and community-service 1845. Pres. Liliane L. Winn; Exec. Dir. bureau; maintains a dormitory and a non- Gary Schaer; Chmn. Bd. of Dirs. Morrie profit camp program for boys. Chronicle; Yohai. Seeks to preserve the Sephardi heri- Mesivta Vanguard; Thought of the Week; tage in the United States, Israel, and Torah Vodaath News. throughout the world by fostering and supporting religious and cultural activities of , ALUMNI ASSOCIATION (1941). 425 Sephardi congregations, organizations and E. 9 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11218. (212)941- communities, and uniting them in one 8000. Pres. Marcus Safer; Chmn. of Bd. overall organization; supports Jewish insti- Seymour Pluchenik. Promotes social and tutions of higher learning and those for the cultural ties between the alumni and the training of Sephardi lay and religious lead- schools through fund-raising; offers voca- ers to serve their communities everywhere; tional guidance to students; operates Camp assists Sephardi charitable, cultural, reli- Torah Vodaath; sponsors research fellow- gious and educational institutions every- ship program for boys. Annual Journal; where; disseminates information by Hamesivta Torah Periodical. the publication, or assistance in the 322 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

publication, of books and other literature sponsors Brith Sholom House for senior dealing with Sephardi culture and tradition citizens in Philadelphia and Brith Sholom in the United States; organizes youth and Beit Halochem under construction in young adult activities throughout the U.S.; Haifa, a rehabilitation center for Israel's supports efforts of the World Sephardi permanently war-wounded. Community Federation to alleviate social disparities in Relations Digest; Brith Sholom News. Israel. Sephardi World; Sephardi News Bulletin; Sephardi Spotlight. CENTRAL SEPHARDIC JEWISH COMMUNITY OF AMERICA (1940). 8 W. 70 St., N.Y.C., AMERICAN VETERANS OF ISRAEL (1949). 10023. Pres. Solomon Altchek; Sec. Isaac c/o Samuel E. Alexander, 548 E. Walnut Molho. Seeks to foster Sephardic culture, St., Long Beach, N.Y., 11561. (516)431- education and communal institutions. 8316. Pres. Louis Brettler; Sec. Samuel E. Sponsors wide range of activities; raises Alexander. Maintains contact with Ameri- funds for Sephardic causes in U.S. and Is- can and Canadian volunteers who served rael. in Aliyah Bet and/or Israel's War of Inde- pendence; promotes Israel's welfare; holds FREE SONS OF ISRAEL (1849). 932 Broad- memorial services at grave of Col. David way, N.Y.C., 10010. (212)260-4222. Marcus; is affiliated with World Mahal. Grand Master Louis J. Seide; Grand Sec. Newsletter. Murray Birnback. Promotes fraternalism; supports State of Israel, UJA, Soviet ASSOCIATION OF YUGOSLAV JEWS IN THE Jewry, Israel Bonds, and other Jewish UNITED STATES, INC. (1940). 247 W. 99 charities; fights antisemitism; awards St., N.Y.C., 10025. (212)865-2211. Pres. scholarships. Local lodges have own publi- Sal Musafia; Sec. Mile Weiss. Assists mem- cations. bers and Jews and Jewish organizations in Yugoslavia; cooperates with organization JEWISH LABOR BUND (Directed by WORLD of former Yugoslav Jews in Israel and else- COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF THE where. Bulletin. BUND) (1897; reorg. 1947). 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535-0850. Exec. Sec. BNAI ZION—THE AMERICAN FRATERNAL Jacob S. Hertz. Coordinates activities of ZIONIST ORGANIZATION (1908). 136 E. 39 the Bund organizations throughout the St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)725-1211. Pres. world and represents them in the Socialist Paul Safro; Exec. V. Pres. Herman Z. International; spreads the ideas of Social- Quittman. Fosters principles of American- ism as formulated by the Jewish Labor ism, fraternalism, and Zionism; fosters He- Bund; publishes pamphlets and periodicals brew culture; offers life insurance, Blue on world problems, Jewish life, socialist Cross hospitalization, and other benefits to theory and policy, and on the history, ac- its members; sponsors settlements, youth tivities, and ideology of the Jewish Labor centers, medical clinics, and Bnai Zion Bund. Unser Tsait (U.S.); Foroys (Mex- Home for Retardates in Rosh Ha'ayin, Is- ico); Lebns-Fragn (Israel); Unser Gedank rael. Program is dedicated to furtherance (Australia); Unser Shtimme (France). of America-Israel friendship. Bnai Zion Foundation Newsletter; Bnai Zion Voice. JEWISH PEACE FELLOWSHIP (1941). Box 271, Nyack, N.Y., 10960. (914)358-4601. BRITH ABRAHAM (1887). 136 E. 39 St., Pres. Naomi Goodman; Hon. Chmn. Isi- N.Y.C., 10016. Grand Master Saul Davis. dor B. Hoffman. Unites those who believe Protects Jewish rights and combats antise- that Jewish ideals and experience provide mitism; supports Israel through Bnai Zion inspiration for a nonviolent philosophy Found, and other Jewish organizations; and way of life; offers draft counseling, es- maintains foundation in support of Soviet pecially for conscientious objection based Jewry; aids Jewish education and Camp on Jewish "religious training and belief'; Loyaltown for Retarded. encourages Jewish community to become more knowledgeable, concerned, and ac- BRITH SHOLOM (1905). Adelphia House, tive in regard to the war/peace problem. 1235 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., Shalom. 19107. (215)568-4225. Nat. Pres. Bennett Goldstein; Nat. Exec. Dir. Albert Liss. JEWISH SOCIALIST VERBAND OF AMERICA Fraternal organization devoted to commu- (1921). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- nity welfare, protection of rights of Jewish 686-1536. Pres. Morris Bagno; Nat. Sec. people and activities which foster Jewish Maurice Petrushka. Promotes ideals of identity and provide support for Israel; democratic socialism and Yiddish culture; NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 323

affiliated with Social Democrats, USA. Der AMC CANCER RESEARCH CENTER AND Wecker. HOSPITAL (formerly Jewish CONSUMP- TIVES' RELIEF SOCIETY, 1904; incorpo- SEPHARDIC JEWISH BROTHERHOOD OF rated as AMERICAN MEDICAL CENTER AT AMERICA, INC. (1915). 97-29 64th Rd., DENVER, 1954). 6401 West Colfax Ave., Rego Park, N.Y., 11374. (212)459-1600. Lakewood, Colo., 80214. (303)233-6501. Pres. Bernard Ouziel; Sec. Jack Ezratty. Manfred L. Minzer, Jr.; Chmn. Bd. of Promotes the industrial, social, educa- Trustees, Bishop George R. Evans. A national, and religious welfare of its mem- tional cancer hospital that provides the bers, offers funeral and burial benefits, finest specialized treatment available to pa- scholarships and aid to needy. Sephardic tients, regardless of ability to pay; pursues, Brother. as a progressive science research center, promising leads in the prevention, detec- UNITED ORDER TRUE SISTERS, INC. (1846). tion, and control of cancer. 150 W. 85 St., N.Y.C., 10024. (212)362- 2502. Nat. Pres. Nana Klein; Nat. Sec. , NATIONAL COUNCIL OF AUXILIAR- Fran Goldman. Philanthropic, fraternal, IES (1904; reorg. 1936). 6401 W. Colfax, community service; nat. projects; cancer Lakewood, Colo., 80214. (303)233-6501. service; aids handicapped children, deaf, Pres. Sheila Levrant. Provides support for blind, etc. Echo. the AMC Cancer Research Center and Hospital program by disseminating infor- WORKMEN'S CIRCLE (1900). 45 E. 33 St., mation, fund-raising, and acting as admis- N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-6800. Pres. Ber- sions officers for patients from chapter cit- nard Backer; Exec. Dir. Nathan Peskin. ies throughout the country. Bulletin. Provides fraternal benefits and activities, Jewish educational programs, secularist ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH FAMILY AND Yiddish schools for children, community CHILDREN'S AGENCIES (1972). 200 Park activities, both in Jewish life and on the Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674-6800. American scene, cooperation with the Pres. Oscar Respitz; Exec. Dir. Martin labor movement. The Call; Kinder Zei- Greenberg. The national service organiza- tung; Kultur un Lebn. tion for Jewish family and children's agencies in Canada and the United States. Rein- , DIVISION OF JEWISH LABOR COM- forces member agencies in their efforts to MITTEE (see p. 297). sustain and enhance the quality of Jewish family and communal life. Newsletter; Di- SOCIAL WELFARE rectory. AMERICAN JEWISH CORRECTIONAL CHAP- BARON DE HIRSCH FUND (1891). 386 Park LAINS ASSOCIATION, INC. (formerly NA- Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)532-7088. TIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH PRISON Pres. Ezra Pascal Mager; Mng. Dir. Theo- CHAPLAINS) (1937). 10 E. 73 St., N.Y.C., dore Norman. Aids Jewish immigrants and 10021. (212)879-8415. (Cooperating with their children in the U.S., Israel, and else- the New York Board of Rabbis and Jewish where by giving grants to agencies active in Family Service.) Pres. Irving Koslowe; educational and vocational fields; has lim- Exec. Dir. Paul L. Hait; Assoc. Dir. Allen ited program for study tours in U.S. by S. Kaplan. Provides religious services and Israeli agriculturists. guidance to Jewish men and women in penal and correctional institutions; serves B'NAI B'RITH INTERNATIONAL (1843). 1640 as a liaison between inmates and their Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, families; upgrades the quality of correc- DC, 20036. (202)857-6600. Pres. Jack J. tional ministrations through conferences, Spitzer; Exec. V. Pres. Daniel Thursz. In- professional workshops, and conventions. ternational Jewish organization with affili- Bulletin. ates in 42 countries. Programs include communal service, social action, and pub- AMERICAN JEWISH SOCIETY FOR SERVICE, lic affairs, with emphasis on preserving INC., (1949). 15 E. 26 St., Rm. 1302, Judaism through projects in and for Israel N.Y.C., 10010. (212)683-6178. Pres. E. and for Soviet Jewry; teen and college-age Kenneth Marx; Exec. Dir. Elly Saltzman. movements; adult Jewish education. The Conducts four voluntary work service National Jewish Monthly; Shofar. camps each summer to enable young people to live their faith by serving other peo- , ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF ple. Newsletter. (see p. 296). 324 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

, CAREER AND COUNSELING SER- CONFERENCE OF JEWISH COMMUNAL SER- VICES (1938). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., VICE (1899). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010 N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036. (202)857- (212)683-8056. Pres. Bernard Olshansky; 6600. Chmn. Stanley M. Kaufman; Nat. Exec. Dir. Matthew Penn. Serves as forum Dir. S. Norman Feingold. Conducts educa- for all professional philosophies in commu- tional and occupational research and en- nity service, for testing new experiences, gages in a broad publications program; proposing new ideas, and questioning or provides direct group and individual guid- reaffirming old concepts. Concerned with ance services for youths and adults advancement of professional personnel through professionally staffed regional practices and standards. Concurrents; offices in many population centers. B'nai Journal of Jewish Communal Service. B'rith Career and Counseling Services Newsletter; Catalogue of Publications; COUNCIL OF JEWISH FEDERATIONS AND Counselors Information Service; College WELFARE FUNDS, INC. (1932). 575 Lex- Guide for Jewish Youth. ington Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)751- 1311. Pres. Morton L. Mandel; Exec. V. _, HILLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. (see p. Pres. Robert I. Hiller. Provides national 306). and regional services to more than 190 associated federations embracing 800 , INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF communities in the United States and HILLEL DIRECTORS (see p. 309). Canada, aiding in fund raising, community organization, health and welfare , YOUTH ORGANIZATION (see p. 306). planning, personnel recruitment, and B'NAI B'RITH WOMEN (1897). 1640 Rhode public relations. Directory of Jewish Fed- Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C., erations, Welfare Funds and Community 20036. (202)857-6689. Pres. Grace Day; Councils; Directory of Jewish Health and Exec. Dir. Edna J. Wolf. Participates in Welfare Agencies (triennial); Jewish contemporary Jewish life through youth Communal Services: Programs and Fi- and adult Jewish education programs, nances; Yearbook of Jewish Social Ser- human rights endeavors, and community- vices; Annual Report. service activities; supports a variety of ser- HOPE CENTER FOR THE RETARDED (1965). vices to Israel; conducts community ser- 3601 E. 32 Ave., Denver, Colo., 80205. vice programs for the disadvantage!] and (303)388-4801. Pres. Al Perington; Exec. the handicapped, and public affairs pro- Dir. George E. Brantley; Sec. Lorraine grams. Women's World. Faulstich. Provides services to develop- mentally disabled of community: pre- CITY OF HOPE—A NATIONAL MEDICAL school training, day training and work ac- CENTER UNDER JEWISH AUSPICES tivities center, speech and language (1913). 208 W. 8 St., Los Angeles, Calif., pathology, occupational arts and crafts, re- 90014. (213)626-4611. Pres. M. E. Hersch; creational therapy, and social services. Exec. Dir. Ben Horowitz. Admits on completely free, nonsectarian basis patients INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON JEWISH SO- from all parts of the nation suffering from CIAL AND WELFARE SERVICES (1961). 200 cancer and leukemia, blood, heart, and res- Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (N.Y. liaison piratory ailments, and certain maladies of office with UN headquarters.) (212)674- heredity and metabolism including diabe- 6800. Chmn. Leonard H. L. Cohen; V. tes; makes available its consultation service Chmn. Donald M. Robinson; Second V. to doctors and hospitals throughout the Chmn. William Haber; Exec. Sec. Leonard nation, concerning diagnosis and treat- Seidenman; Dep. Exec. Sec. Theodore D. ment of their patients; as a unique pilot Feder. Provides for exchange of views and medical center, seeks improvements in the information among member agencies on quality, quantity, economy, and efficiency problems of Jewish social and welfare of health care. Thousands of original services, including medical care, old age, findings have emerged from its staff who welfare, child care, rehabilitation, techni- are conducting clinical and basic research cal assistance, vocational training, agricul- in the catastrophic maladies, lupus ery- tural and other resettlement, economic as- thematosus, Huntington's disease, genet- sistance, refugees, migration, integration ics, and the neurosciences. Pilot; Presi- and related problems, representation of dent's Newsletter; City of Hope Quarterly. views to governments and international NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 325

organizations. Members: six national and LEO N. LEVI NATIONAL ARTHRITIS HOSPI- international organizations. TAL (sponsored by B'nai B'rith) (1914). 300 Prospect Ave., Hot Springs, Ark., JEWISH BRAILLE INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, 71901. (501)624-1281. Pres. Sara J. Bagen; INC. (1931). 110 E. 30 St., N.Y.C., 10016. Adm. D. E. Wagoner. Maintains a non- (212)889-2525. Pres. Jane Evans; Exec. V. profit nonsectarian hospital for treatment Pres. Gerald M. Kass. Seeks to serve the of sufferers from arthritis and related dis- religious and cultural needs of the Jewish eases. blind by publishing braille prayer books in Hebrew and English; provides Yiddish, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH FAM- Hebrew, and English records for Jewish ILY, CHILDREN'S AND HEALTH PROFES- blind throughout the world who cannot SIONALS (1965). 24123 Greenfield, South- read braille; maintains worldwide free field, Michigan, 48075. (313)559-1500. braille lending library. Jewish Braille Re- Pres. Samuel Lerner; V. Pres. Seymour Sie- view; JBI Voice. gel, Ethel Taft. Brings together Jewish caseworkers and related professionals in JEWISH CONCILIATION BOARD OF AMER- Jewish family, children, and health ser- ICA, INC. (1922). 120 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., vices. Seeks to improve personnel stan- 10019. (212)582-3577. Pres. Lewis Bart dards, further Jewish continuity and iden- Stone. Evaluates and attempts to resolve tity, and strengthen Jewish family life; conflicts within families, organizations, provides forums for professional discus- and businesses to avoid litigation; offers, sion at national conference of Jewish com- without' charge, mediation, arbitration, munal service and regional meetings; takes and counseling services by rabbis, attor- action on social policy issues; provides a neys, and social workers; refers cases to vehicle for representation of Jewish case- other agencies, where indicated. workers and others in various national associations and activities. Newsletter. JWB (1917). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Pres. Robert L. Adler; Exec. V. Pres. Arthur Rotman. Major ser- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH HOMES vice agency for Jewish community centers FOR THE AGED (1960). 2525 Centerville and camps serving more than a million Road, Dallas, Texas, 75228. (214)327- Jews in the U.S. and Canada; U.S. Govern- 4503. Pres. Howard Bram; Exec. V. ment accredited agency for providing ser- Pres. Herbert Shore; Pres. Elect Gerald vices and programs to Jewish military Cohn. Serves as a national representative families and hospitalized veterans; proof voluntary Jewish homes for the aged. motes Jewish culture through its Book and Conducts annual meetings, conferences, Music Councils, JWB lecture bureau, Jew- workshops and institutes. Provides for ish Media Service, Hebrew language pro- sharing information, studies and clear- gramming, and Jewish educational, cul- inghouse functions. Directory; Progress tural and Israel-related projects. JWB Report. Circle; Zarkor; Contact; Public Relations NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH VOCA- Idea Exchange; JWB Personnel Reporter; TIONAL SERVICES (formerly Jewish Occu- Mail Call. pational Council) (1940). 225 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)475-2400. Pres. Rob- , COMMISSION ON JEWISH CHAP- ert E. Greenstein; Exec. Dir. Harvey P. LAINCY (1940). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., Goldman. Acts as coordinating body for 10010. Chmn. Rabbi Judah Nadich; Dir. all Jewish agencies having programs in Rabbi Gilbert Kollin. Recruits, endorses, educational vocational guidance, job place- and serves Jewish military and Veterans ment, vocational rehabilitation, skills- Administration chaplains on behalf of the training, sheltered workshops, and occupa- American Jewish community and the three tional research. Newsletter, Information major rabbinic bodies; trains and assists bulletins. Jewish lay leaders where there are no chaplains, for service to Jewish military person- NATIONAL CONGRESS OF JEWISH DEAF nel, their families, and hospitalized veter- (1956; inc. 1961). 9102 Edmonston Court, ans. Greenbelt, Md., 20770. Exec. Dir. Alex- ander Fleischman. Congress of Jewish con- , JEWISH BOOK COUNCIL (see p. 301). gregations service organizations and as- .JEWISH Music COUNCIL (see p. 301). sociations located throughout the U.S. 326 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

advocating religious and cultural ideals N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Pres. Mor- and fellowship for the Jewish deaf. Quar- ton L. Mandell; Exec. Dir. Herbert Mill- terly. man. Serves as a council of national and continental federations of Jewish commu- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH PRISON nity centers; fosters development of the CHAPLAINS, INC. (see AMERICAN JEWISH JCC movement worldwide; provides a CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAINS ASSOCIA- forum for exchange of information among TION, INC.) centers. Newsletter. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN ZIONIST AND PRO-ISRAEL (1893). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)- 532-1740. Nat. Pres. Shirley I. Leviton; AMERICA-ISRAEL FRIENDSHIP LEAGUE Exec. Dir. Marjorie M. Cohen. Operates (1971). 134 E. 39 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- programs in education, social and legisla- 679-4822. Pres. Herbert Tenzer; Exec. Dir. tive action, and community service for liana Artman. Seeks to further the existing children and youth, the aging, the disad- goodwill between the two nations on a peo- vantaged in Jewish and general communi- ple-to-people basis, through educational ties; concerns include juvenile justice sys- exchange programs, regional conferences, tem as basis for legislative reform and and dissemination of information. community projects; deeply involved in women's issues; promotes education in Is- AMERICAN ASSOCIATES OF BEN-GURION rael through NCJW Research Institute for UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV (1973). 342 Innovation in Education at Hebrew Uni- Madison Ave., Room 1923, N.Y.C., versity, Jerusalem. NCJW Journal; Wash- 10017. (212)687-7721. Pres. Aron Chile- ington Newsletter; Children Without Jus- wich; Chmn. Exec. Com. Bobbie Abrams; tice; Women Helping Women; Symposium Exec. V. Pres. David N. Adler. Serves as on Status Offenders: Proceedings and Man- the University's publicity and fund-raising ual for Action; Windows on Day Care; In- link to the United States. The Associates nocent Victims. are committed to publicizing University activities and curriculum, securing student NATIONAL JEWISH COMMITTEE ON SCOUT- scholarships, transferring contributions, ING (1926). P.O. Box 61030, Dallas/Ft. and encouraging American interest in the Worth, Texas, 75261. (214)659-2000. University. AABGU Reporter. Chmn. Melvin B. Neisner; Exec. Dir. Harry Lasker. Seeks to stimulate Boy AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR SHAARE Scout activity among Jewish boys. Ner ZEDEK HOSPITAL IN JERUSALEM, INC. Tamid for Boy Scouts and Explorers; (1949). 49 W. 45 St., N.Y.C., 10036. (212)- Scouting in Synagogues and Centers. 354-8801. Pres. Charles Bendheim; Bd. Chmn. Ludwig Jesselson; Sec. Isaac Strahl; NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL(1899). 3800 Treas. Norbert Strauss. Raises funds for E. Colfax Ave., Denver, Colo., 80206. the various needs of the Shaare Zedek Hos- (303)333-9009. Pres. Richard N. Bluestein; pital, Jerusalem, such as equipment and Nat. Chmn. Andrew Goodman. Offers na- medical supplies, a nurses training school, tionwide, nonsectarian care for adults and research, and construction of the new children suffering from tuberculosis, Shaare Zedek Medical Center. Shaare asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, Zedek News Quarterly. cystic fibrosis, and other immunological and pulmonary disorders. New Directions. AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR THE WEIZ- MANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, INC. , NATIONAL ASTHMA CENTER (1944). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (1907). 1999 Julian St., Denver, Colo., (212)752-1300. Pres. Norman D. Cohen; 80204. (303)458-1999. Bd. Pres. Richard Chmn. of Bd. Morris L. Levinson; Exec. V. N. Bluestein; Exec. V. Pres. Jack Gersh- Pres. Harold Hill. Secures support for tenson. Administers care and treatment to basic and applied scientific research. Inter- children from the ages of 6-16 suffering face; Rehovot; Research. from chronic, intractable asthma; per- forms outpatient services for people of all AMERICAN FRIENDS OF HAIFA UNIVERSITY ages; research and dissemination of infor- (1969). 60 E. 42 St., N.Y.C., 10017. (212)- mation. 687-1722. Hon. Pres. Charles J. Bensley; Pres. Sigmund Strochlitz. Supports the de- WORLD CONFEDERATION OF JEWISH COM- velopment and maintenance of the various MUNITY CENTERS (1947). 15 E. 26 St., programs of the University of Haifa, NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 327

among them the Center for Holocaust exchange student programs and exchange Studies, Arab Jewish Center, Yiddish De- professorships in U.S. and Israel. Tel Aviv partment, Bridging the Gap project, De- University Report. partment of Management, School of Edu- cation, kibbutz movement, and Fine Arts AMERICAN-ISRAEL CULTURAL FOUNDA- Department; arranges overseas academic TION, INC. (1939). 485 Madison Ave., programs for American and Canadian stu- N.Y.C., 10022. (212)751-2700. Bd. Chmn. dents. Newsletter. Isaac Stern; Pres. William Mazer; Exec. Dir. Stanley Grayson. Membership organi- AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNI- zation supporting Israeli cultural institu- VERSITY (1925; Inc. 1931). 11 E. 69 St., tions, such as Israel Philharmonic and Is- N.Y.C., 10021. (212)472-9829. Pres. Stan- rael Chamber Orchestra, Tel Aviv ley M. Bogen; Exec. V. Pres. Seymour Museum, Rubin Academies, Bat Sheva Fishman; Chmn. of Bd. Max M. Kampel- Dance Co.; sponsors cultural exchange be- man; Chmn. Exec. Com. Julian B. Ve- tween U.S. and Israel; awards scholarships nezky. Fosters the growth, development, in all arts to young Israelis for study in and maintenance of the Hebrew University Israel and abroad. Hadashot; Tarbut. of Jerusalem; collects funds and conducts programs of information throughout the AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COM- United States interpreting the work of the MITTEE (1954). 444 North Capitol St., Hebrew University and its significance; ad- N.W., Suite 412, Washington, D.C., ministers American student programs and 20001. (202)638-2256. Pres. Lawrence arranges exchange professorships in the Weinberg; Exec. Dir. Morris J. Amitay. United States and Israel. Created, and re- Registered to lobby on behalf of legislation cruits support for, Truman Research Insti- affecting Israel, Soviet Jewry, and arms tute. American Friends Bulletin; News from sales to Middle East; represents Americans the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Scopus who believe support for a secure Israel is in Magazine. U.S. interest. AMERICAN-ISRAELI LIGHTHOUSE, INC. AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE ISRAEL MU- (1928; reorg. 1955). 30 E. 60 St., N.Y.C., SEUM (1968). 10 E. 40 St., N.Y.C., 10016. 10022. (212)838-5322. Nat. Pres. Mrs. (212)683-5190. Pres. Norbert Schimmel; Leonard F. Dank; Nat. Sec. Mrs. L.T. Exec. Dir. Michele Cohn Tocci. Raises Rosenbaum. Provides education and funds for special projects of the Israel Mu- rehabilitation for the blind and physically seum in Jerusalem; solicits contributions of handicapped in Israel to effect their social works of art for exhibition and educational and vocational integration into the seeing purposes. Newsletter. community; built and maintains Rehabili- tation Center for the Blind (Migdal Or) in AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE JERUSALEM Haifa. Tower. MENTAL HEALTH CENTER—EZRATH NASHIM, INC. (1895). 10 E. 40 St., N.Y.C., AMERICAN JEWISH LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL 10016. (212)725-8175. Pres. Joel Finkle; (1957). 595 Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Exec. Dir. Nancy S. Gitman; Bd. Chmn. (212)371-1583. Hon. Pres. Seymour R. Le- Irwin S. Meltzer. Supports research, edu- vine; Chmn. Exec. Com. Eleazar Lipsky; cation, and patient care at the Jerusalem Chmn. of Bd. Samuel Rothberg. Seeks to Mental Health Center, which includes a unite all those who, notwithstanding dif- 250-bed hospital, comprehensive out- fering philosophies of Jewish life, are patient clinic, drug abuse clinic, geriatric committed to the historical ideals of Zion- center, and the Jacob Herzog Psychiatric ism; works, independently of class or Research Center; Israel's only non-profit, party, for the welfare of Israel as a whole. voluntary psychiatric hospital; is used as a Not identified with any political parties in teaching facility by Israel's major medical Israel. Bulletin of the American Jewish schools. Progress Reports; Ezrah. League for Israel.

AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE TEL AVIV UNI- AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMEN (formerly VERSITY, INC. (1955). 342 Madison Ave., MIZRACHI WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION OF N.Y.C., 10017. (212)687-5651. Pres. M. AMERICA) (1925). 817 Broadway, Robert Hecht; V. Pres. Yona Ettinger, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)477-4720. Nat. Pres. Malcolm Rosenberg; Exec. V. Pres. Zvi Roselle Silberstein; Exec. Dir. Marvin Almog. Supports development and mainte- Leff. Conducts social service, child care, nance of the Tel Aviv University. Sponsors and vocational-educational programs in 328 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Israel in an environment of traditional AMERICAN ZIONIST FEDERATION (1939- Judaism; promotes cultural activities for reorg. 1949 and 1970). 515 Park Ave' the purpose of disseminating Zionist N.Y.C., 10022. (212)371-7750. Pres. Jo! ideals and strengthening traditional Ju- seph P. Sternstein; Exec. Dir. Carmella daism in America. The American Mizra- Carr. Consolidates the efforts of the exist- chi Woman. ing Zionist constituency in such areas as public and communal affairs, education, AMERICAN PHYSICIANS FELLOWSHIP, INC. youth and aliyah, and invites the affiliation FOR MEDICINE IN ISRAEL (1950). 2001 and participation of like-minded individu- Beacon St., Brookline, Mass., 02146. als and organizations in the community-at- (617)232-5382. Pres. Arkadi M. Rywlin; large. Seeks to conduct a Zionist program Sec. Manuel M. Glazier. Helps Israel be- designed to create a greater appreciation of come a major world medical center; se- Jewish culture within the American Jewish cures fellowships for selected Israeli physi- community in furtherance of the continu- cians and arranges lectureships in Israel by ity of Jewish life and the spiritual centrality prominent American physicians; supports of Israel as the Jewish homeland. Com- Jerusalem Academy of Medicine; super- posed of 15 National Zionist organizations; vises U.S. and Canadian medical and 10 Zionist youth movements; individual paramedical emergency volunteers in Is- members-at-large; corporate affiliates. rael; maintains Israel Institute of the His- Maintains regional offices in Pittsburgh, tory of Medicine; contributes medical Denver, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, books, periodicals, instruments, and drugs. Cleveland, Detroit, and New York. News APF News. & Views.

AMERICAN RED MAGEN DAVID FOR IS- AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH FOUNDATION, RAEL, INC. (1941). 888 7th Ave., N.Y.C., INC. (1963). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10019. (212)757-1627. Nat. Pres. Joseph 10022. (212)751-6070. Bd. Chmn. Bernard Handleman;Nat. Chmn. Emanuel Celler; S. White; Exec. Dir. Donald Adelman. Nat. Exec. V. Pres. Benjamin Saxe. An au- Sponsors educational programs and ser- thorized tax exempt organization; the sole vices for American Jewish youth including support arm in the United States of Magen tours to Israel, programs of volunteer ser- David Adorn in Israel with a national vice or study in leading institutions of sci- membership and chapter program. Edu- ence, scholarship and arts; sponsors field cates and involves its members in activities workers who promote Jewish and Zionist of Magen David Adorn, Israel's Red Cross programming on campus; prepares and Service; raises funds for MDA's emergency provides specialists who present and inter- medical services, including collection and pret the Israeli experience for community distribution of blood and blood products centers and federations throughout the for Israel's military and civilian popula- country. Activist Newsletter; Guide to Ed tion; supplies ambulances, bloodmobiles, and Programming Material; Programs in and mobile cardiac rescue units serving all Israel. hospitals and communities throughout Israel; supports MDA's 73 emergency , AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH COUN- medical clinics and helps provide train- CIL (1951). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. ing and equipment for volunteer (212)751-6070. Chmn. Craig Wasserman. emergency paramedical corps. Chapter Acts as spokesman and representative of News; Lifeline. Zionist youth in interpreting Israel to the youth of America; represents, coordinates, AMERICAN TECHNION SOCIETY (1940). 271 and implements activities of the Zionist Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889- youth movements in the U.S. 2050. Pres. Theodore H. Krengel; Exec. V. Pres. Saul Seigel. Supports the work of the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, AMPAL—AMERICAN ISRAEL CORPORATION Haifa, which trains nearly 10,000 students (1942). 10 Rockefeller Plaza, N.Y.C., in 20 departments and a medical school, 10020. (212)586-3232. Pres. Ralph Cohen; and conducts research across a broad spec- V. Pres. Shimon Topor. Finances and in- trum of science and technology. ATS vests in Israel economic enterprises; mobil- Newsletter; ATS Women's Division News- izes finance and investment capital in the letter; Technion Magazine. U.S. through sale of own debenture issues NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 329

and utilization of bank credit lines. Annual EMUNAH WOMEN OF AMERICA (formerly Report; Prospectuses; Bank Hapoalim; HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI WOMEN'S ORGA- Ampal. NIZATION) (1948). 370 Seventh Ave., N.Y.C., 10001. (212)564-9045. Nat. Pres. ARZA-ASSOCIATION OF REFORM ZIONISTS Shirley Billet; Exec. Dir. Shirley Singer. OF AMERICA (1977). 838 Fifth Ave., Maintains and supports 180 educational N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Ro- and social welfare institutions in Israel, in- land B. Gittelsohn; Exec. Dir. Ira S. cluding religious nurseries, day-care cen- Youdovin. Individual membership organi- ters, vocational and teacher training zation devoted to achieving Jewish plural- schools for the underprivileged in Israel. ism in Israel and strengthening the Israeli The Emunah Woman. Reform movement. Chapter activities in the U.S. concentrate on these issues, and FEDERATED COUNCIL OF ISRAEL INSTITU- on strengthening American public support TIONS—FCII (1940). 15 Beekman St., for Israel. ARZA Newsletter. N.Y.C., 10038. (212)227-3152. Chmn. Bd. 1 Z. Shapiro; Exec. V. Pres. Julius Novack. BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY IN ISRAEL (1955). Central fund-raising organization for over 641 Lexington Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)- 100 affiliated institutions; handles and exe- 751-6366. Pres. Emanuel Rackman; cutes estates, wills, and bequests for the Chmn. Bd. of Trustees Phillip Stollman; traditional institutions in Israel; clearing- Pres. Amer. Bd. of Overseers Mrs. Jerome house for information on budget, size, L. Stern; Exec. V. Chmn. Int. Bd. of functions, etc. of traditional educational, Overseers Rabbi Karpol Bender. A liberal welfare, and philanthropic institutions in arts and sciences institution, located in Israel, working cooperatively with the Is- Ramat-Gan, Israel, and chartered by rael government and the overseas depart- Board of Regents of State of New York. ment of the Council of Jewish Federations Bar-Ilan News; Academic Research; Philo- and Welfare Funds, New York. Annual Fi- sophia. nancial Reports and Statistics on Affiliates.

BRIT TRUMPELDOR BETAR OF AMERICA, FUND FOR HIGHER EDUCATION (1970). INC. (1935). 85-40 149 St., Briarwood, 1500 Broadway, Suite 1900, N.Y.C., N.Y., 11435. Pres. Gary Segal; V. Pres. 10036. (212)354-4660. Chmn. Louis War- Shari Olenberg. Teaches Jewish youth schaw; Pres. Amnon Barness; Sec. Richard love of the Jewish people and prepares Segal; V. Pres., Nat. Campaign Dir. Joel R. them for aliyah; emphasizes learning He- Erenberg. Supports, on a project-by- brew; keeps its members ready for mobi- project basis, institutions of higher learn- lization in times of crisis; stresses Jewish ing in Israel and the U.S. pride and self-respect; seeks to aid and protect Jewish communities everywhere. HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGA- Herut NIZATION OF AMERICA, INC. (1912). 50 W. 58 St., N.Y.C., 10019. (212)355-7900. DROR—YOUNG ZIONIST ORGANIZATION, Dir. Aline Kaplan. In America helps inter- INC. (1948). 215 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., pret Israel to the American people; pro- 10003. (212)777-9344. Pres. Yair Levy; V. vides basic Jewish education as a back- Pres. Hagai Aizenberg; Sec. Mark Cohen. ground for intelligent and creative Jewish Fosters Zionist program for youth with living; sponsors Hashachar, largest Zionist emphasis on aliyah to the Kibbutz Ha- youth movement in U.S., which has four meuchad; stresses Jewish and labor educa- divisions: Young Judaea, Intermediate Ju- tion; maintains leadership seminar and daea, Senior Judaea, and Hamagshimirn; work-study programs in Israel, summer operates eight Zionist youth camps in this camps in Canada. Sponsors two garinim in country; supports summer and all-year Israel. Igeret Dror. courses in Israel. Maintains in Israel Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical , GARIN YARDEN, THE YOUNG KIB- Center for healing, teaching, and research; BUTZ MOVEMENT (1976). Pres. Yair Hadassah Community College; Seligs- Levy; Nat. Coordinator Barbara Barell; berg/Brandeis Comprehensive High Sec. Ayiva Shapiro. Aids those interested School; and Hadassah Vocational Guid- in making aliyah to an Israeli kibbutz; affi- ance Institute. Is largest organizational liated with Kibbutz Hameuchad. New contributor to Youth Aliyah and to Jewish Horizons. National Fund for land purchase and 330 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

reclamation. Hadassah Headlines; Hadas- Eryk Spektor; Exec. Dir. Linda Fisch. Sup- sah Magazine. ports Herut policy in Israel and seeks Jabo- tinskean solutions of problems facing , HASHACHAR (formerly YOUNG JU- American, Russian, and world Jewry; as- DAEA and JUNIOR HADASSAH; org. 1909, sists in the fostering of private enterprises reorg. 1967). 50 W. 58 St., N.Y.C., 10019. and developments in Israel; fosters mini- (212)355-7900. Pres. of Senior Judaea malist Zionism among Jews in America. (high school level) Deborah Kuker; Nat. Subsidiaries: Betar Zionist Youth, Young Coordinator of Hamagshimim (college Herut Concerned Jewish Youth, Tel-Hai level) Joel Rosenfeld; Nat. Dir. Irv Fund, and For the Children of Israel. Ig- Widaen. Seeks to educate Jewish youth eret Betar; Herut Magazine. from the ages of 10-25 toward Jewish and Zionist values, active commitment to and THEODOR HERZL FOUNDATION (1954). 515 participation in the American and Israeli Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)752-0600. Jewish communities, with aliyah as a Chmn. Kalman Sultanik; Sec. Isadore prime goal; maintains summer camps and Hamlin. Cultural activities, lectures, con- summer and year programs in Israel. ferences, courses in modern Hebrew and Hamagshimim Journal: Kol Hat'una; The Jewish subjects, Israel, Zionism and Jewish Young Judaean; Da/ L 'Madrichim. history. Midstream.

HASHOMER HATZAIR, INC. 150 Fifth Ave., , THEODOR HERZL INSTITUTE. Suite 1002, N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-4955. Chmn. Jacques Torczyner. Program geared to review of contemporary prob- , AMERICANS FOR PROGRESSIVE IS- lems on Jewish scene here and abroad; pre- RAEL (1951). (212)255-8760. Nat. Chmn. sentation of Jewish heritage values in light Bernard Harkavy; Exec. Dir. Linda Rubin. of Zionist experience of the ages; study of Affiliated with Kibbutz Artzi. Believes modern Israel; and Jewish social research Zionism is the National Liberation Move- with particular consideration of history ment of the Jewish people; educates mem- and impact of Zionism. Herzl Institute Bul- bers towards an understanding of their letin. Jewishness and progressive values; promotes dignity of labor, social justice, and , HERZL PRESS. Chmn. Kalman Sul- the brotherhood of nations. Background tanik. Publishes books and pamphlets on Bulletin; Progressive Israel; Israel Hori- Israel, Zionism, and general Jewish sub- zons. jects. , SOCIALIST ZIONIST YOUTH MOVE- ICHUD HABONIM LABOR ZIONIST YOUTH MENT (1923). Nat. Sec. Tuvia Liberman; (1934). 575 Sixth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. Dir. Shlomo Margolit. Seeks to educate (212)255-1796. Sec.-Gen. Naomi Jay; Pro- Jewish youth to an understanding of Zion- gram Dir. Karyl Weicher; Ed. Dir. Steven ism as the national liberation movement of Gorosh. Fosters identification with pio- the Jewish people. Promotes aliyah to kib- neering in Israel; stimulates study of Jew- butzim. Espouses socialist ideals of peace, ish life, history, and culture; sponsors com- justice, democracy, industry, and brother- munity action projects, seven summer hood. Youth and Nation; Young Guard; La camps in North America, programs in Is- Madrich; Hayasad; Layidiatcha. rael, and garinei aliyah to Kibbutz Grofit and Kibbutz Gezer. Bagolah; Habonek HEBREW UNIVERSITY-TECHNION JOINT Hamaapil; Iggeret L'Chaverim. MAINTENANCE APPEAL (1954). 11 E. 69 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)988-8418. Chmn. ISRAEL MUSIC FOUNDATION (1948). 109 Daniel G. Ross; Dir. Clifford B. Surloff. Cedarhurst Ave., Cedarhurst, N.Y., Conducts maintenance campaigns for- 11516. (516)569-1541. Pres. Oscar Regen; merly conducted by the American Friends Sec. Oliver Sabin. Supports and stimulates of the Hebrew University and the Ameri- the growth of music in Israel, and dissemi- can Technion Society; participates in com- nates recorded Israeli music in the U.S. munity campaigns throughout the U.S., and throughout the world. excluding New York City. JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF AMERICA HERUT-U.S.A. (UNITED ZIONIST-REVI- (1901). 42 E. 69 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)- SIONISTS OF AMERICA) (1925). 41 E. 42 879-9300. Pres. William Berkowitz; Exec. St., N.Y.C., 10017. (212)687-4502. Chmn. V. Pres. Samuel I. Cohen. Exclusive fund- NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 331

raising agency of the world Zionist move- grants and to assist in the integration of ment for the afforestation, reclamation, newcomers as productive citizens in Israel; and development of the land of Israel, in- promotes an understanding of the aims and cluding the construction of roads and achievements of Israel labor among Jews preparation of sites for new settlements; and non-Jews in America. Fund-raising helps emphasize the importance of Israel in arms are: Israel Histadrut Campaign, Is- schools and synagogues throughout the rael Histadrut Foundation. world. JNF Almanac; Land and Life. , AMERICAN TRADE UNION COUN- KEREN OR, INC. (1956). 1133 Broadway, CIL FOR HISTADRUT (1947). 33 E. 67 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)255-1180. Pres. Ira N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628-1000. Chmn. Guilden; V. Pres. and Sec. Samuel I. Hen- Matthew Schoenwald. Nat. Consultant, dler; Exec. Dir. Jacob Igra. Funds the Ker- Gregory J. Bardacke. Carries on educa- en-Or Center for Multi-Handicapped tional activities among American and Ca- Blind Children; participates in the pro- nadian trade unions for health, educa- gram for such children at the Rothschild tional, and welfare activities of the Hospital in Haifa; funds entire professional Histadrut in Israel. Shalom. staff and special programs at the Jewish Institute for the Blind (established 1902) PEC ISRAEL ECONOMIC CORPORATION (for- that houses, clothes, feeds, educates, and merly PALESTINE ECONOMIC CORPORA- trains blind from childhood into adult- TION) (1926). 511 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., hood. Newsletter. 10017. (212)687-2400. Pres. Joseph Meyerhoff; Sec.-Asst. Treas. William LABOR ZIONIST ALLIANCE reorg. (formerly Gold. Investments and loans in Israel. An- FARBAND LABOR ZIONIST ORDER, now nual Report. uniting membership and branches of POALE ZION—UNITED LABOR ZIONIST PEF ISRAEL ENDOWMENT FUNDS, INC. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA and AMERI- (1922). 511 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10017. CAN HABONIM ASSOCIATION) (1913). 575 (212)687-2400. Pres. Sidney Musher; Sec. Sixth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)989-0300. Burt Allen Solomon. Uses funds for Israeli Pres. Allen Pollack; Exec. V. Pres. Ber- educational and philanthropic institutions nard M. Weisberg. Seeks to enhance Jew- and for constructive relief, modern educa- ish life, culture, and education in U.S. and tion, and scientific research in Israel. An- Canada; aids in building State of Israel as nual Report. a cooperative commonwealth, and its Labor movement organized in the Hista- PIONEER WOMEN, THE WOMEN'S LABOR drut; supports efforts toward a more demo- ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA, cratic society throughout the world; fur- INC. (1925). 200 Madison Ave., N.Y.C., thers the democratization of the Jewish 10016. (212)725-8010. Pres. Frieda Lee- community in America and the welfare of mon; Exec. Dir. Shoshonna Ebstein. Sup- Jews everywhere; works with labor and lib- ports, in cooperation with Na'amat, a eral forces in America. Alliance Newsletter. widespread network of educational, vocational, and social services for women, chil- LEAGUE FOR LABOR ISRAEL (1938; reorg. dren, and youth in Israel. Provides coun- 1961). 575 Sixth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. seling and legal aid services for women, (212)989-0300. Pres. Allen Pollack; Sec. particularly war widows. Authorized Bernard M. Weisberg. Conducts labor agency of Youth Aliyah. Foremost in Zionist educational, youth, and cultural women's rights efforts. In America, sup- activities in the American Jewish commu- ports Jewish educational, youth, cultural nity and promotes educational travel to Is- programs; participates in civic affairs. Pio- rael. neer Woman.

NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR LABOR ISRAEL POALE AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA, —ISRAEL HISTADRUT CAMPAIGN (1923). INC. (1948). 156 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 33 E. 67 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628- 10010. (212)924-9475. Pres. David B. Hol- 1000. Pres. Judah J. Shapiro; Exec. V. lander; Presidium: Alexander Herman, Pres. Bernard B. Jacobson. Provides funds Anshel Wainhaus. Aims to educate Ameri- for the social welfare, vocational, health, can Jews to the values of Orthodoxy, and cultural institutions and other services aliyah. and halutziut; supports kibbutzim, of Histadrut to benefit workers and immi- trade schools, yeshivot, teachers' college, 332 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

civic and health centers, children's homes a placement agency for Hebrew schools; in Israel. Achdut; PAI Views: PAI Bulletin. organizes summer seminars for Hebrew educators in cooperation with Torah de- , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1948). partment of Jewish Agency; conducts Presidium: Ethel Blasbalg, Sarah Iwa- Ulpan. nisky, Bertha Rittenberg. Assists Poale Agudath Israel to build and support chil- , NOAM-HAMISHMERET HATZEIRA dren's homes, kindergartens, and trade (1970). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)- schools in Israel. Yediot PAL 684-6091. Chmn. Reuven Stepansky; Exec. Dir. Sarah Craimer. Sponsors four core RASSCO ISRAEL CORPORATION AND RASSCO groups to settle in Israel; conducts summer FINANCIAL CORPORATION (1950). 535 and year volunteer and study programs to Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Pres. Israel; organizes educational programs for Shmuel Lavi; Bd. Chmn. Igal Weinstein. young adults in the U.S., through weekly Maintains ties with Western Hemisphere meetings, Shabbatonim, leadership semi- investments. nars, etc. Bechol Zot.

RELIGIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA. 25 W. 26 SOCIETY OF ISRAEL PHILATELISTS (1948). St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)889-5260. 40-67 61 St., Woodside, N.Y., 11377. (212)458-9759. Pres. Joseph Schwartz; , BNEI AKIVA OF NORTH AMERICA Exec. Sec. Irvin Girer. Promotes interest (1934). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Exec. in, and knowledge of, all phases of Israel Pres. Alan Green; Pres. Dov A. Bloom; philately through sponsorship of chapters Sec. Rafi Neeman. Seeks to interest youth and research groups, maintenance of a in aliyah to Israel and social justice philatelic library, and support of pub- through pioneering (halutziut) as an inte- lic and private exhibitions. Israel Philate- gral part of their religious observance; list. sponsors five summer camps, a leadership training camp for eleventh graders, a work- STATE OF ISRAEL BONDS (1951). 215 Park study program on a religious kibbutz for Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-9650. high school graduates, summer tours to Is- Pres. Michael Arnon; Gen. Chmn. Sam rael; establishes nuclei of college students Rothberg; Exec. V. Pres. Morris Sipser. for kibbutz or other settlement. Akivon; Seeks to provide large-scale investment Hamvaser; Pinkas Lamadrich; Daf Rayo- funds for the economic development of the not, Ma'Ohalai Torah. State of Israel through the sale of State of Israel bonds in the U.S., Canada, Western , MIZRACHI-HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI Europe and other parts of the free world. (1909; merged 1957). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Louis Bernstein; Exec. V. UNITED CHARITY INSTITUTIONS OF Pres. Israel Friedman. Dedicated to build- JERUSALEM, INC. (1903). 1141 Broadway, ing the Jewish State based on principles of NYC, 10001. Pres. Zevulun Charlop; Torah; conducts cultural work, educa- Exec. Dir. S. Gabel. Raises funds for the tional program, public relations; sponsors maintenance of schools, kitchens, clinics, NOAM and Bnei Akiva; raises funds for and dispensaries in Israel; free loan foun- religious educational institutions in Israel. dations in Israel. Horizon; Kolenu; Mizrachi News Bulletin. UNITED ISRAEL APPEAL, INC. (1925). 515 , MIZRACHI PALESTINE FUND Park Ave., NYC, 10022. (212)688-0800. (1928). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Chmn. Jerold C. Hoffberger; Exec. V. Chmn. Joseph Wilon; Sec. Israel Fried- Chmn. Irving Kessler. As principal benefi- man. Fund-raising arm of Mizrachi move- ciary of the United Jewish Appeal, serves ment. as link between American Jewish community and Jewish Agency in Israel, , NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR TORAH its operating agent; assists in resettlement EDUCATION OF MIZRACHI-HAPOEL and absorption of refugees in Israel, and HAMIZRACHI (1939). 25 W. 26 St., supervises flow and expenditures for this N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Israel Shaw; Dir. purpose. Briefings. Meyer Golombek. Organizes and supervises yeshivot and Talmud Torahs; pre- UNITED STATES COMMITTEE SPORTS FOR pares and trains teachers; publishes text- ISRAEL, INC. (1948). 823 UN Plaza, books and educational materials; conducts N.Y.C., 10017. (212)687-9625. Pres. Nat NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 333

Holman; Exec. Dir. Leonard K. Straus. WORLD ZIONIST ORGANIZATION-AMERI- Sponsors U.S. participation in, and fields CAN SECTION (1971). 515 Park Ave., and selects U.S. team for, World Mac- N.Y.C., 10022. (212)752-0600. Chmn. cabiah Games in Israel every four years; Charlotte Jacobson; Exec. V. Chmn. Isa- promotes physical education and sports dore Hamlin. As the American section of program in Israel and total fitness of Is- the overall Zionist body throughout the raeli and American Jewish youths; pro- world, it operates primarily in the field of vides funds, technical and material as- aliyah from the free countries, education in sistance to Wingate Institute for Physical the diaspora, youth and hechalutz, organi- Education and Sport in Israel; sponsors zation and information, cultural institu- U.S. coaches for training programs in Is- tions, publications, and handling activities rael and provides advanced training and of Jewish National Fund; conducts a competition in U.S. for Israel's national worldwide Hebrew cultural program in- sports teams, athletes and coaches; offers cluding special seminars and pedagogic scholarships at U.S. colleges to Israeli manuals; disperses information and assists physical education students; elects mem- in research projects concerning Israel; pro- bers of the Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, motes, publishes, and distributes books, Wingate Institute, Natanya, Israel. Re- periodicals, and pamphlets concerning de- port; Journal of the U.S. team in Israel's velopments in Israel, Zionism, and Jewish Maccabiah Games. history. Israel Digest.

.DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL, INC. (1928). CULTURE (1948). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 1860 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10023. (212)245- 10022. (212)752-0600. Dir. Moshe Avital. 8742. Pres. Violet Wiles; Chmn. Exec. Bd. Seeks to foster a wider and deeper knowl- Marilyn Schwartzman. Promotes the wel- edge of the Hebrew language and literature fare of young people in Israel, especially and a better understanding and fuller ap- young women immigrants; built and main- preciation of the role of Israel in the des- tains Y-style homes in Jerusalem, Haifa, tiny of Jewry and Judaism, to introduce the Tel Aviv and Natanya for young women; study of Israel as an integral part of the in cooperation with Ministry of Labor and Jewish school curriculum, and to initiate Social Betterment, operates live-in voca- and sponsor educational projects designed tional training center for girls, including to implement these objectives. Isra- handicapped, in Natanya, and weaving Lamed. workshop for blind. Bulletin; Israel News Digest. , NORTH AMERICAN ALIYAH MOVE- MENT (1968). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)752-0600. Pres. Daniel Levy; WORLD CONFEDERATION OF UNITED ZION- ISTS (1946; reorg. 1958). 595 Madison Exec. Dir. Moshe Berliner. Promotes and Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)371-1452. Co- facilitates aliyah and klitah from the U.S. Presidents Charlotte Jacobson, Kalman and Canada to Israel; serves as a social Sultanik, Melech Topiol. The largest dias- framework for North American immi- pora-centered Zionist grouping in the grants to Israel. Aliyon; NAAM Letter; world, distinguished from all other groups Coming Home. in the Zionist movement in that it has no , ZIONIST ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY association or affiliation with any political OF THE (1939). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., party in Israel, but derives its inspiration 10022. (212)752-0600. Dir. and Librarian and strength from the whole spectrum of Sylvia Landress. Serves as an archives and Zionist, Jewish, and Israeli life; supports projects identified with Israel; sponsors information service for material on Israel, non-party halutzic youth movements in Palestine, the Middle East, Zionism, and diaspora; promotes Zionist education and all aspects of Jewish life. strives for an Israel-oriented creative ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA Jewish survival in the diaspora. Zionist In- (1897). ZOA House, 4 E. 34 St., N.Y.C., formation Views. 10016. (212)481-1500. Pres. Ivan J. 334 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Novick; Nat. Exec. Dir. Paul Flacks. Seeks INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HILLEL to safeguard the integrity and indepen- DIRECTORS (Religious, Educational) dence of Israel by means consistent with the laws of the U.S., to assist in the eco- INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH nomic development of Israel, and to foster COMMUNAL SERVICE (Community Rela- the unity of the Jewish people and the cen- tions) trality of Israel in Jewish life in the spirit JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS ASSOCIATION of general Zionism. American Zionist; Pub- OF AMERICA, INC. (Religious, Educa- lic Affairs Memorandum; ZINS Weekly tional) News Bulletin; ZOA in Review. JEWISH TEACHERS ASSOCIATION—MORIM PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS* (Religious, Educational)

AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF CANTORS (Re- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CEN- ligious, Educational) TER WORKERS (Community Relations) AMERICAN JEWISH CORRECTIONAL CHAP- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SYNAGOGUE LAINS ASSOCIATION, INC. (Social Welfare) ADMINISTRATORS, UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, Educational) AMERICAN JEWISH PRESS ASSOCIATION (Cultural) NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEMPLE AD- MINISTRATORS, UNION OF AMERICAN AMERICAN JEWISH PUBLIC RELATIONS SO- HEBREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, CIETY (1957). 21-41 34th Ave., Astoria, Educational) NY., 11106. Pres. Riki Englander Kosut; Treas. Hyman Brickman. Advances pro- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEMPLE fessional status of workers in the public- EDUCATORS, UNION OF AMERICAN HE- relations field in Jewish communal service; BREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Edu- upholds a professional code of ethics and cational) standards; serves as a clearinghouse for employment opportunities; exchanges pro- NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH COM- fessional information and ideas; presents MUNAL SERVICE (Social Welfare) awards for excellence in professional at- NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF YESHIVA PRIN- tainments, including the "Maggid Award" CIPALS (Religious, Educational) for outstanding literary or artistic achievement which enhances Jewish life. The NATIONAL JEWISH WELFARE BOARD COM- Handout. MISSION ON JEWISH CHAPLAINCY (Social Welfare) ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CENTER WORK- ERS (Community Relations) WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS* AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMEN (Zionist and ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CHAPLAINS OF THE ARMED FORCES (Religious, Educa- Pro-Israel) tional) B'NAI B'RITH WOMEN (Social Welfare) ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY RE- BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY NATIONAL LATIONS WORKERS (Community Rela- WOMEN'S COMMITTEE (1948). Brandeis tions) University, Waltham, Mass., 02254. (617)- 647-2194. Nat. Pres. Elaine R. Lisberg; CANTORS ASSEMBLY OF AMERICA (Reli- Exec. Dir. Harriette L. Chandler. Re- gious, Educational) sponsible for support and maintenance of Brandeis University libraries; sponsors COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN University on Wheels and, through its CIVIL SERVICE (Community Relations) chapters, study-group programs based on EDUCATORS ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED faculty-prepared syllabi, volunteer work SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, in educational services, and a program of Educational) New Books for Old Sales; constitutes

*For fuller listing see under categories in parentheses. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 335

largest "Friends of a Library" group in B'NAI B'RITH HlLLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. U.S. (Religious, Educational) HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGA- B'NAI B'RITH YOUTH ORGANIZATION (Reli- NIZATION OF AMERICA, INC. (Zionist and gious, Educational) Pro-Israel) BNEI AKIVA OF NORTH AMERICA, RELI- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN GIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA (Zionist and (Social Welfare) Pro-Israel) NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE SIS- BNOS AGUDATH ISRAEL, AGUDATH ISRAEL TERHOODS, UNION OF AMERICAN OF AMERICA (Religious, Educational) HEBREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Educational) DROR YOUNG ZIONIST ORGANIZATION (Zionist and Pro-Israel) PIONEER WOMEN, THE WOMEN'S LABOR ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA HASHACHAR—WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGANI- (Zionist and Pro-Israel) ZATION OF AMERICA (Zionist and Pro- Israel) UNITED ORDER OF TRUE SISTERS (Social, Mutual Benefit) HASHOMER HATZAIR, ZIONIST YOUTH MOVEMENT (Zionist and Pro-Israel) WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT FEDERATION (Overseas Aid) ICHUD HABONIM LABOR ZIONIST YOUTH (Zionist and Pro-Israel) WOMEN'S BRANCH OF THE UNION OF OR- THODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF JEWISH STUDENT PRESS-SERVICE (1970)— AMERICA (Religious, Educational) JEWISH STUDENT EDITORIAL PROJECTS, INC. 15 East 26th St., Suite 1350, N.Y.C., WOMEN'S DIVISION OF POALE AGUDATH OF 10010. (212)679-1411. Editor Ora Kiel; AMERICA (Zionist and Pro-Israel) Admin. Dir. Nina Wacholder. Serves all Jewish student and young adult publica- WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN tions, as well as many Anglo-Jewish news- JEWISH CONGRESS (Community Rela- papers, in North America, through tions) monthly feature packets of articles and WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE JEWISH LABOR graphics. Holds annual national and local COMMITTEE (Community Relations) editors' conference for member publications. Provides technical and editorial as- WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE UNITED JEWISH sistance; keeps complete file of member APPEAL (Overseas Aid) publications since 1970; maintains Israel Bureau. Jewish Press Features. WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR CONSERVATIVE JU- DAISM (Religious, Educational) KADIMA (Religious, Educational) WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL, INC. (Zion- MASSORAH INTERCOLLEGIATES OF YOUNG ist and Pro-Israel) ISRAEL, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL (Religious, Educational) WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION OF HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI (Zionist and Pro-Israel) NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SYNAGOGUE YOUTH, UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH YESHIVA UNIVERSITY WOMEN'S ORGANI- ZATION (Religious, Educational) CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA (Religious, Educational) YOUTH AND STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS* NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE YOUTH, UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH FOUNDATION, CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Educa- INC. (Zionist and Pro-Israel) tional) , AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH COUN- NOAR MIZRACHI-HAMISHMERET (NOAM) CIL —RELIGIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA (Zionist and Pro-Israel) ATID, COLLEGE AGE ORGANIZATION, UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Reli- NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENTS AP- gious, Educational) PEAL (1971). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010.

*For fuller listing see under categories in parentheses. 336 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

(212)679-2293. Pres. Steven M. Cohen; Organizes artistic and social activities. Exec. Dir. Roberta Shiftman. Serves as Offers services of full-time field worker central fund-raising mechanism for six na- to assist in forming Yiddish courses and tional, independent, Jewish student organi- clubs throughout the U.S.A. Fum zations; insures accountability of public Khaver Tsu Khaver; Yugntruf. Jewish communal funds used by these agencies; assists Jewish students undertak- ZEIREI AGUDATH ISRAEL, AGUDATH IS- ing projects of concern to Jewish com- RAEL OF AMERICA (Religious, Educa- munities; advises and assists Jewish organi- tional) zations in determining student project feasibility and impact; fosters development CANADA of Jewish student leadership in the Jewish CANADA-ISRAEL SECURITIES, LTD., STATE community. Beneficiaries include local and OF ISRAEL BONDS (1953). 1255 University regional Jewish student projects on cam- St., Montreal, PQ, H3B 3W7. Pres. Allan puses throughout North America; founding constituents include Jewish Student Bronfman; Sec. Max Wolofsky. Sale of Press Service, North American Jewish Stu- State of Israel Bonds in Canada. Israel dents Network, Student Struggle for Soviet Bond News. Jewry, Response, Yavneh, and Yugntruf; CANADIAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABOR IS- beneficiaries include Boston area's Genesis RAEL (HISTADRUT) (1944). 4770 Kent 2, the Hillel Eastern Winter Institute, Chi- Ave., Rm. 301, Montreal, PQ, H3W 1H2. cago's Jewish Information Center at the Nat. Pres. Bernard M. Bloomfield; Nat. Hebrew Theological College, and an Israel Exec. Dir. Bernard Morris. Raises funds Bazaar at Indiana University. for Histadrut institutions in Israel, supporting their rehabilitation tasks. Hista- NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENTS' drut Foto News: Histadrut Review. NETWORK (1969). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)689-0790. Pres. Ralph Grun- CANADIAN FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- wald; Exec. Dir. Steven Bauman. Coordi- TURE (1965). 150 Beverley St., Toronto, nates information and programs among all Ont., M5T 1Y6. (416)869-3811. Pres. Jo- Jewish student organizations in North seph L. Kronick; Exec. Sec. Edmond Y. America; promotes development of stu- Lipsitz. Promotes Jewish studies at univer- dent-controlled Jewish student organiza- sity level and encourages original research tions; maintains contacts and coordinates and scholarship in Jewish subjects; awards programs with Jewish students throughout annual scholarships and grants-in-aid to the world through the World Union of scholars in Canada. Jewish Students; runs the Jewish Student Speakers Bureau; sponsors regional, na- CANADIAN FRIENDS OF THE ALLIANCE tional, and North American conferences. ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE (1958). 5711 Edgemore Ave., Montreal, PQ, H4W 1V8. NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH YOUTH COUN- (514)487-1243. Pres. Harry Batshaw; CIL (Community Relations) Exec. Sec. Marlene Salomon. Supports the educational work of the Alliance. STUDENT STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET JEWRY, INC. (Community Relations) CANADIAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNI- VERSITY (1944). 1506 Docteur Penfield UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH, UNITED SYN- AGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, Educa- Ave., Montreal, PQ, H3G 1B9. (514)932- tional) 2133. Nat. Pres. Ralph Halbert; Nat. Hon. Sec. Samuel R. Risk; Exec. Dir. Jonathan YAVNEH, NATIONAL RELIGIOUS JEWISH Livny. Represents and publicizes the He- STUDENTS ASSOCIATION (Religious, Edu- brew University in Canada; serves as fund- cational) raising arm for the University in Canada; processes Canadians for study at the Uni- YUGNTRUF YOUTH FOR YIDDISH (1964). versity. Scopus; Ha-Universita. 3328 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, N.Y., 10467. (212)654-8540. Pres. Paula Teitelbaum; CANADIAN JEWISH CONGRESS (1919; reorg. Exec. Dir. David Neal Miller. A world- 1934). 1590 Ave. Docteur Penfield, Mont- wide, non-political organization for high real, PQ, H3G 1C5. (514)931-7531. Pres. school and college students with a W. Gunther Plaut; Exec. V. Pres. Alan knowledge of, or interest in, Yiddish. Rose. The official voice of Canadian Jewry NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 337

at home and abroad. Acts on all matters Provides counseling by pedagogic experts, affecting the status, rights, and welfare of inservice teacher training courses and Canadian Jews. I.O.I.; Cercle Juif. seminars in Canada and Israel; operates teacher placement bureau, national peda- CANADIAN ORT ORGANIZATION (Organi- gogic council and research center; pub- zation of Rehabilitation Through lishes and distributes educational material Training) (1940). 5165 Sherbrooke St. W., and teaching aids; conducts annual Bible Suite 208, Montreal, PQ, H4A 1T6. (514)- contest and Hebrew language courses for 481-2787. Pres. J.A. Lyone Heppner; Exec. adults. Al Mitzpe Hahinuch. Dir. Max E. Levy. Carries on fund-raising projects in support of the worldwide voca- HADASSAH—WIZO ORGANIZATION OF tional-training school network of ORT. CANADA (1916). 1310Greene Ave., 9th fl., Canadian ORT Reporter. Montreal, PQ, H3Z 2B8. (514)937-9431. Nat. Pres. Mrs. Allen Small; Nat. Exec. V. , WOMEN'S CANADIAN ORT (1940). Pres. Lily Frank. Assists needy Israelis by 3101 Bathurst St., Suite 404, Toronto, sponsoring health, education, and social Ont., M6A 2A6. (416)787-0339. Pres. welfare services; seeks to strengthen and Dorothy Shoichet; Exec. Dir. Diane Us- perpetuate Jewish identity; encourages laner. Focus. Jewish and Hebrew culture in promoting CANADIAN SEPHARDI FEDERATION (1973). Canadian ideals of democracy and pursuit 1310 Greene Ave., 8th Floor, Montreal, of peace. Orah. PQ, H3Z 2B2. (514)934-0804. Pres. Joseph Benarrosh; Exec. Dir. Avi Shlush. Pre- JEWISH COLONIZATION ASSOCIATION OF serves and promotes Sephardic identity, CANADA (1907). 5151 Cote St. Catherine particularly among youth; works for the Rd., Montreal, PQ, H3W 1M6. Pres. Laza- unity of the Jewish people; emphasizes re- rus Phillips; Sec. Morley M. Cohen; Mgr. lations between Sephardi communities all M.J. Lister. Promotes Jewish land settle- over the world; seeks better situation for ment in Canada through loans to estab- Sephardim in Israel; supports Israel by all lished farmers; helps new immigrant farm- means. Horizon Sephardi. ers to purchase farms, or settles them on farms owned by the Association; provides CANADIAN YOUNG JUDAEA (1917). 788 agricultural advice and supervision; con- Marlee Ave., Toronto, Ont., M6B 3K1. tributes funds to Canadian Jewish Loan (416)787-5350. Nat. Pres. Richard Freed- Cassa for loans to small businessmen and man; Exec. Dir. Tina Ornstein. Strives to artisans. attract Jewish youth to Zionism, with goal of aliyah; operates nine summer camps in JEWISH IMMIGRANT AID SERVICES OF CAN- Canada and Israel; is sponsored by Cana- ADA (JIAS) (1919). 5151 Cote Ste. Cather- dian Hadassah-WIZO and Zionist Organi- ine Rd., Montreal, PQ, H3W 1M6. (514)- zation of Canada, and affiliated with Ha- 342-9351. Nat. Pres. Herb Rosenfeld; Nat. noar Hatzioni in Israel. Yedion; Judaean; Exec. V. Pres. Joseph Kage. Serves as a Mini-Mag. national agency for immigration and immigrant welfare. JIAS Bulletin; JIAS News; CANADIAN ZIONIST FEDERATION (1967). Studies and Documents on Immigration 1310 Greene Ave., Westmount, Montreal, and Integration in Canada. PQ, H3Z 2B2. (514)934-0804. Pres. Philip Givens; Exec. V. Pres. Leon Kronitz. Um- JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF CANADA brella organization of all Zionist- and Isra- (KEREN KAYEMETH LE ISRAEL, INC.) el-oriented groups in Canada; carries on (1902). 1980 Sherbrooke St. W., Suite 250, major activities in all areas of Jewish life Montreal, PQ, H3H 2M7. Nat. Pres. Na- through its departments of education and than Scott; Exec. V. Pres. Harris D. Gulko. culture, aliyah, youth and students, public Seeks to create, provide, enlarge, and ad- affairs, and fund-raising for the purpose of minister a fund to be made up of voluntary strengthening the State of Israel and the contributions from the Jewish community Canadian Jewish community. Canadian and others, to be used for charitable pur- Zionist; The Reporter. poses. JNF Bulletin.

, BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND CUL- LABOR ZIONIST MOVEMENT OF CANADA TURE (1972). Pres. Philip Givens; Exec. V. (1939). 4770 Kent Ave., Montreal, PQ, Pres. and Dir. of Ed. Leon Kronitz. H3W 1H2. Nat. Pres. Sydney L. Wax; Nat. 338 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Exec. Dir. Leo J. Moss. Disseminates in- non-Jewish communities, locally, nation- formation and publications on Israel and ally, and internationally; provides essential Jewish life; arranges special events, lec- services and stimulates and educates the tures, and seminars; coordinates commu- individual and the community through an nal and political activities of its constituent integrated program of education, service, bodies (Pioneer Women, Na'amat, Labor and social action. Keeping You Posted. Zionist Alliance, Poale Zion party, Habo- nim-Dror Youth, Israel Histadrut, affi- NATIONAL JOINT COMMUNITY RELATIONS liated Hebrew elementary and high schools COMMITTEE OF CANADIAN JEWISH CON- in Montreal and Toronto). Canadian Jew- GRESS AND B'NAI B'RITH IN CANADA ish Quarterly; Viewpoints; Brie/acts; In- (1936). 150 Beverley St., Toronto, Ont sight. M5T 1Y6. (416)869-3811. Chmn. Rabbi Jordan Pearlson; Nat. Exec. Dir. Ben G. MIZRACHI-HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI ORGANI- Kayfetz. Seeks to safeguard the status, ZATION OF CANADA (1941). 5497A Vic- rights, and welfare of Jews in Canada; to toria Ave., Suite 101, Montreal, PQ, H3W combat antisemitism and promote under- 2R1. (514)739-4748. Nat. Pres. Kurt standing and goodwill among all ethnic Rothschild; Nat. Exec. Dir. Rabbi Sender and religious groups. Shizgal; Sec. Seymour Mishkin. Promotes UNITED JEWISH TEACHERS' SEMINARY religious Zionism, aimed at making Israel (1946). 5237 Clanranald Ave., Montreal, a state based on Torah; maintains Bnei P9, H3X, 2S5. (514)489-4401. Dir. A. Akiva, a summer camp, adult education Aisenbach. Trains teachers for Yiddish program, and touring department; sup- and Hebrew schools under auspices of Ca- ports Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi and nadian Jewish Congress. Yitonenu. other religious Zionist institutions in Israel which strengthen traditional Judaism. ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF CANADA (1892; Mizrachi Newsletter; Or Hamizrach Torah reorg. 1919). 788 Marlee Ave., Toronto, Quarterly. Ont., M6B 3K1. (416)781-3571. Nat. Pres. Max Goody; Exec. V. Pres. George Liban. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN OF Furthers general Zionist aims by operating CANADA (1947). 1111 Finch Ave. W., six youth camps in Canada and one in Is- Suite 401, Downsview, Ont., M3J 2E5. rael; maintains Zionist book club; arranges (416)633-1251. Nat. Pres. Helen Marr; programs, lectures; sponsors Young Judea, Exec. Sec. Florence Greenberg. Dedicated Youth Centre Project in Jerusalem Forest, to furthering human welfare in Jewish and Israel. Jewish Federations, Welfare Funds, Community Councils1

UNITED STATES

ALABAMA ARIZONA BIRMINGHAM PHOENIX BIRMINGHAM JEWISH FEDERATION (1935; GREATER PHOENIX JEWISH FEDERATION reorg. 1971); P.O. Box 9157 (35213); (205)- (incl. surrounding communities) (1940); 1718 879-0416. Pres. David Morrison; Exec. Dir. W. Maryland Ave. (85015); (602)249-1845. Seymour Marcus. Pres. Neal Kurn; Exec. Dir. Herman Marko- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1962); P.O. witz. Box 7377, 3960 Montclair Rd. (35223); TUCSON (205)879-0411. Pres. Mayer U. Newfield; JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1942); 102 Exec. Dir. Harold E. Katz. N. Plumer (85719); (602)884-8921. Pres. S. Leonard Scheff; Exec. Dir. Charles Plot- MOBILE kin. MOBILE JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (Inc. 1966); 404 C One Office Park (36609); (205)- ARKANSAS 343-7197. Pres. Ed Zelnicker. LITTLE ROCK MONTGOMERY JEWISH FEDERATION OF LITTLE ROCK (1911); 221 Donaghey Bldg., Main at 7th JEWISH FEDERATION OF MONTGOMERY, (72201); (501)372-3571. Pres. Bonnie Nickol; INC. (1930); P.O. Box 1150 (36102); (205)- Exec. Sec. Nanci Goldman. 263-7674. Pres. Perry Mendel; Sec. Barbara Marcus. CALIFORNIA LONG BEACH TRI-CITIES JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION (1937); •TRI-CITIES JEWISH FEDERATION CHARI- (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE TIES, INC. (1933; Inc. 1956); Route 7, FUND); 3801 E. Willow Ave. (90815); (213)- Florence (35632); Pres. Mrs. M. F. Ship- 426-7601. Pres. Roselle Sommer; Exec. Dir. per. Harold Benowitz.

'This directory is based on information supplied by the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. An asterisk (*) preceding a listing indicates an organization not affiliated with CJFWF. 339 340 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

LOS ANGELES 2770. Pres. Mrs. Harry Goldman; Exec. Dir. JEWISH FEDERATION-COUNCIL OF GREAT- Nat Bent. ER Los ANGELES (1912; reorg. 1959); (spon- SANTA BARBARA sors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FUND); 6505 Wilshire Blvd. (90048); (213)852-1234. •SANTA BARBARA JEWISH FEDERATION, Pres. Lawrence Irell; Exec. V. Pres. Ted Kan- P.O. Box 3314 (93105); (805)962-0770. Pres. ner. M. Howard Goldman. OAKLAND STOCKTON JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE GREATER •STOCKTON JEWISH WELFARE FUND EAST BAY (1918); 3245 Sheffield Ave. (1972); 5105 N. El Dorado St. (95207); (209)- (94602); (415)533-7462. Pres. Fran Green- 477-9306. Pres. Joel M. Senderov; Treas. berg; Exec. V. Pres. Ernest Siegel. Harry Green. ORANGE COUNTY VENTURA JEWISH FEDERATION-COUNCIL OF OR- •VENTURA COUNTY JEWISH COUNCIL- ANGE COUNTY (1964; Inc. 1965); (sponsors TEMPLE BETH TORAH (1938); 7620 Foothill UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FUND); 3303 Rd. (93003); (805)647-4181. Pres. Paul Harbor Blvd., Costa Mesa (92626); (714)754- Karlsberg. 1944. Pres. Marvin Neban; Exec. Dir. Morti- COLORADO mer Greenberg. DENVER PALM SPRINGS ALLIED JEWISH FEDERATION OF DENVER JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF PALM (1936); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH CAM- SPRINGS-DESERT AREA (1971); 611 S. Palm PAIGN); 300 S. Dahlia St. (80222); (303)321- Canyon Dr. (92262); (714)325-7281. Pres. 3399. Pres. Gary Antonoff; Exec. Dir. Har- Zachary Pitts; Exec. Dir. Samuel J. Rosen- old Cohen. thai. CONNECTICUT SACRAMENTO JEWISH FEDERATION OF SACRAMENTO BRIDGEPORT (1948); 2351 Wyda Way (95825); (916)486- UNITED JEWISH COUNCIL OF GREATER 0906. Pres. Alan Brodovsky; Exec. Dir. BRIDGEPORT, INC. (1936); (sponsors UNIT- Ephraim Spivek. ED JEWISH CAMPAIGN); 4200 Park Ave. (06604); (203)372-6504. Pres. Martin F. SAN BERNARDINO Wolf; Exec. Dir. Michael P. Shapiro. SAN BERNARDINO UNITED JEWISH WEL- FARE FUND, INC. (1936; Inc. 1957); Congre- DANBURY gation Emanu-el, 3512 N. "E" St. (92405). JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DAN- Pres. William Russler. BURY (1945); 8 Locust Ave. (06810); (203)- 792-6353. Pres. Pearl Turk; Exec. Dir. Jona- SAN DIEGO than H. Spinner. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SAN DIEGO (1935); 5511 El Cajon Blvd. HARTFORD (92115); (714)582-2483. Pres. Arthur Levin- GREATER HARTFORD JEWISH FEDERATION son; Exec. Dir. Donald L. Gartner. (1945); 333 Bloomfield Ave., W. Hartford (06117); (203)236-3278. Pres. Bernard B. Ka- SAN FRANCISCO plan; Exec. Dir. Don Cooper. JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF SAN FRANCISCO, MARIN COUNTY AND THE PE- MERIDEN NINSULA (1910; reorg. 1955); 254 Sutter St. •MERIDEN JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (94108); (415)781-3082. Pres. Jerome I. (1944); 127 E. Main St. (06450); (203)235- Braun; Exec. Dir. Brian Lurie. 2581. Pres. Joseph Barker; Sec. Harold Rosen. SAN JOSE JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SAN NEW HAVEN JOSE (incl. Santa Clara County except Palo NEW HAVEN JEWISH FEDERATION (1928); Alto and Los Altos) (1930; reorg. 1950); 1777 (sponsors COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL) Hamilton Ave., Suite 201 (95125); (408)267- (1969); 1162 Chapel St. (06511); (203)562- JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 341

2137. Pres. Josef Adler; Exec. Dir. Arthur FT. LAUDERDALE Spiegel. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER FT. NEW LONDON LAUDERDALE (1967); 2999 N.W. 33rd Ave. (33311); (305)484-8200. Pres. Leo Goodman; JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF Exec. Dir. Leslie Gottlieb. GREATER NEW LONDON, INC. (1950; Inc. 1970); 302 State St. (06320); (203)442-8062. HOLLYWOOD Pres. Jerry Winter; Exec. Dir. Eugene F. Elander. JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTH BROWARD, INC. (1943); 2719 Hollywood Blvd. (33020); NORWALK (305)921-8810. Pres. Mrs. Theodore New- man; Exec. Dir. Sumner Kaye. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NOR- WALK (1946; reorg. 1964); Shorehaven Rd., JACKSONVILLE East Norwalk (06855); (203)853-3440. Pres. Norman J. Weinberger; Exec. Dir. Charles JACKSONVILLE JEWISH FEDERATION Vogel. (1935); 5846 Mt. Carmel Terr. (32216); (904)733-7613. Pres. Joe P. Safer; Exec. Dir. STAMFORD Gerald L. Goldsmith. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION (Reincorp. 1973); 1035 Newfield Ave. (06905); (203)322- MIAMI 6935. Pres. Charles Rosenberg; Exec. Dir. GREATER MIAMI JEWISH FEDERATION, Donald H. Klein. INC. (1938); 4200 Biscayne Blvd. (33137); (305)576-4000. Pres. L. Jules Arkin; Exec. V. WATERBURY Pres. Myron J. Brodie. JEWISH FEDERATION OF WATERBURY, INC. (1938); 1020 Country Club Rd. (06720); ORLANDO (203)758-2441. Pres. Donald Liebeskind; JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER OR- Exec. Dir. Robert Kessler. LANDO (1949); 851 N. Maitland Ave., P.O. Box 1508, Maitland (32751); (305)645-5933. DELAWARE Pres. Marcia Kerstein; Exec. Dir. Paul Jeser. WILMINGTON PALM BEACH COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION OF DELAWARE, INC. (1935); 101 Garden of Eden Rd. (19803); JEWISH FEDERATION OF PALM BEACH (302)478-6200. Pres. Bennett Epstein; Exec. COUNTY, INC. (1938); 501 S. Flagler Dr., Dir. Mike Ruvel. Suite 305, West Palm Beach (33401); (305)- 689-5900. Pres. Alan L. Shulman; Exec. Dir. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Norman J. Schimelman. WASHINGTON PENSACOLA UNITED JEWISH APPEAL—FEDERATION OF *PENSACOLA FEDERATED JEWISH CHARI- GREATER WASHINGTON, INC. (1935); 6935 TIES (1942); 1320 E. Lee St. (32503); (904)- Arlington Rd., Bethesda, Md. (20014); (301)- 438-1464. Pres. Gene Rosenbaum; Sec. Mrs. 652-6480. Pres. Jerome J. Dick; Exec. V. Harry Saffer. Pres. Elton J. Kerness. PINELLAS COUNTY (incl. Clearwater and FLORIDA St. Petersburg) BOCA RATON JEWISH FEDERATION OF PINELLAS SOUTH COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION; 3200 COUNTY, INC. (1950; reincorp. 1974); 8167 N. Federal Hwy., Suite 124 (33431); (305)- Elbow Lane, North, St. Petersburg (33710); 368-2737. Pres. James B. Baer; Exec. Dir. (813)381-2373. Pres. Reva Kent; Exec. Dir. Bruce S. Warshall. Ron Weisinger. DAYTONA SARASOTA FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF SARASOTA JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, DAYTONA BEACH; 199 Ann Rustin Drive, INC. (1959); 1900 Main Bldg., Suite 315 Ormand Beach (32074); (904)677-7552. Pres. (33577); (813)365-4410. Pres. Sol Levites; Doris Katz. Exec. Dir. Florence S. Sinclair. 342 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

TAMPA DECATUR TAMPA JEWISH FEDERATION (1941); 2808 JEWISH FEDERATION (member Central Illi- Horatio (33609); (813)872-4451. Pres. Ben nois Jewish Federation) (1942); 78 Mont- Greenbaum; Exec. Dir. Gary S. Alter. gomery PI. (62522); Pres. Don Champion. GEORGIA ELGIN ATLANTA ELGIN AREA JEWISH WELFARE CHEST ATLANTA JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (1905; (1938); 330 Division St. (60120); (312)741- reorg. 1967); 1753 Peachtree Rd., N.E. 5656. Pres. Michael Poper; Treas. Stuart (30309); (404)873-1661. Pres. Max Ritten- Hanfling. baum; Exec. Dir. David I. Sarnat. JOLIET AUGUSTA JOLIET JEWISH WELFARE CHEST (1938); FEDERATION OF JEWISH CHARITIES (1937); 250 N. Midland Ave. (60435); (815)725- P.O. Box 3251, Hill Station (30904); (404)- 7078. Pres. Bernard Kliska; Sec. Rabbi Mor- 736-1818. c/o Hillel Silver, Treas.; Pres. Ira ris M. Hershman. Schneider; Exec. Dir. Sheldon Sklar. PEORIA COLUMBUS JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF COLUM- CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERATION BUS, INC. (1941); P.O. Box 1303 (31902); (1969); 3100 N. Knoxville, Suite 17 (61603); (404)561-3953. Pres. Marshall Raff; Sec. (309)686-0611. Pres. Ted Century; Exec. Dir. David Helman. Peretz Katz. JEWISH FEDERATION OF PEORIA (member SAVANNAH CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERATION) SAVANNAH JEWISH COUNCIL (1943); (spon- (1933; Inc. 1947); 3100 N. Knoxville, Suite sors UJA-FEDERATION CAMPAIGN); P.O. 17 (61603); (309)686-0611. Pres. Saul Bork; Box 6546, 5111 Abercorn St. (31405); (912)- Exec. Dir. Peretz A. Katz. 355-8111. Pres. Arnold J. Tillinger; Exec. Dir. Stan Ramati. QUAD CITIES IDAHO JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE QUAD CITIES (incl. Rock Island, Moline, Davenport, Bet- BOISE tendorf) (1938; comb. 1973); 224-18th St., •SOUTHERN IDAHO JEWISH WELFARE Suite 511, Rock Island (61201); (309)793- FUND (1947); 1776 Commerce Ave. (83705); 1300. Pres. Sidney Greenswag; Sec. Jay Gell- (208)344-3574. Pres. Kal Sarlat; Treas. Mar- erman; Exec. Dir. Judah Segal. tin Heuman. ROCKFORD ILLINOIS ROCKFORD JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL CHAMPAIGN-URBANA (1937); 1500 Parkview Ave. (61107); (815)- FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1929); 399-5497. Pres. Harvey Share; Exec. Dir. (member Central Illinois Jewish Federation); Daniel Tannenbaum. 1707 Parkhaven Dr., Champaign (61820); (217)356-3373. Co-Chmn. Stanley Levy, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS Zelda Derber; Exec. Sec. Mrs. Donald Gins- JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN ILLI- berg; Pres. Marvin Steinberg. NOIS (incl. all of Illinois south of Carlinville and Paducah, Ky.) (1941); (618)398-6100. CHICAGO 6464 W. Main, Suite 7A, Belleville (62223); JEWISH FEDERATION OF METROPOLITAN Pres. Leonard Linkon; Exec. Dir. Bruce J. CHICAGO (1900); 1 S. Franklin St. (60606); Samborn. (312)346-6700. Pres. David Smerling; Exec. V. Pres. James P. Rice; Exec. Dir. Steven SPRINGFIELD Nasatir. SPRINGFIELD JEWISH FEDERATION (mem- JEWISH UNITED FUND OF METROPOLITAN ber CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERA- CHICAGO (1968), 1 S. Franklin St. (60606); TION) (1941); 730 E. Vine St. (62703); (217> (312)346-6700. Pres. David Smerling; Exec. 528-3446. Pres. Edith M. Myers; Exec. Sec. V. Pres. James P. Rice. Lenore Loeb. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 343

INDIANA (515)277-6321. Pres. Harold Pidgeon; Exec. Dir. Jay Yoskowitz. EVANSVILLE EVANSVILLE JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- SIOUX CITY CIL, INC. (1936; Inc. 1964); P.O. Box 5026 JEWISH FEDERATION (1921); 525 14 St. (47715); (812)476-1571. Pres. Joel Lasker; (51105); (712)258-0618. Pres. David Feiges; Exec. Sec. Maxine P. Fink. Exec. Dir. Joseph Bluestein. FORT WAYNE WATERLOO FORT WAYNE JEWISH FEDERATION (1921); WATERLOO JEWISH FEDERATION (1941); 227 E. Washington Blvd. (46802); (219)422- c/o Congregation Sons of Jacob, 411 Mitch- 8566. Pres. Janet H. Latz; Exec. Dir. Benja- ell Ave. (50702); Pres. Irving Uze. min Eisbart. KANSAS INDIANAPOLIS TOPEKA JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION, INC. *TOPEKA-LAWRENCE JEWISH FEDERATION (1905); 615 N. Alabama St. (46204); (317)- (1939); 101 Redbud Lane (66607); Pres. Wil- 637-2473. Pres. Philip D. Pecar; Exec. V. liam Rudnick. Pres. Frank H. Newman. WICHITA LAFAYETTE MID-KANSAS JEWISH WELFARE FEDERA- FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1924); TION, INC. (1935); 400 N. Woodlawn, Suite P.O. Box 676 (47902); (317)742-9081. Pres. 22 (67206); (316)686-4741. Pres. Leonard Leslie Feld; Fin. Sec. Louis Pearlman, Jr. Goldstein. MICHIGAN CITY KENTUCKY MICHIGAN CITY UNITED JEWISH WELFARE LOUISVILLE FUND; 2800 Franklin St. (46360); (219)874- 4477. Pres. Nate Winski; Treas. Harold Lein- JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF wand. LOUISVILLE, INC. (1934); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAMPAIGN); 3630 Dutchman's Lane MUNCIE (40205); (502)451-8840. Frank Lipschutz; •MUNCIE JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1945); Exec. Dir. Norbert Fruehauf. c/o Beth El Temple, P.O. Box 2792 (47302); LOUISIANA (317)284-1497. Chmn. Edward J. Dobrow; Treas. Robert Koor. ALEXANDRIA THE JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION AND NORTHWEST INDIANA COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF CENTRAL LOUI- THE JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (1941; SIANA (1938); 1261 Heyman Lane (71301); reorg. 1959); 2939 Jewett St., Highland (318)442-1264. Pres. Harold Katz; Sec- (46322); (219)972-2251. Pres. Irving Bren- Treas. Mrs. George Kuplesky. man; Exec. Dir. Barnett Labowitz. BATON ROUGE SOUTH BEND JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER BATON JEWISH FEDERATION OF ST. JOSEPH VAL- ROUGE (1971); P.O. Box 15123 (70895); LEY (1946); 804 Sherland Bldg. (46601); (504)275-9335. Pres. Felix R. Weill; Exec. (219)233-1164. Pres. Ronald Cohen; Exec. V. Dir. Ian Heller. Pres. Harold Slutsky. MONROE IOWA UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES OF NORTHEAST LOUISIANA (1938); 2400 Orrel PI. (71201); CEDAR RAPIDS (318)388-2859. Pres. Sol Rosenberg; Sec.- •JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF LINN COUNTY Treas. Herman E. Hirsch. (1941); 115 7 St. S.E. (52401); (319)366-3553. Chmn. Norman Lipsky; Treas. Jay Beecher. NEW ORLEANS JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NEW DES MOINES ORLEANS (1913; reorg. 1977); 211 Camp St. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DES (70130); (504)525-0673. Pres. Bernard D. MOINES (1914); 910 Polk Blvd. (50312); Mintz; Exec. Dir. Gerald C. Lasensky. 344 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

SHREVEPORT 879-3301. Pres. Harvey Stone; Exec. Dir. SHREVEPORT JEWISH FEDERATION (1941; Howard Kummer. Inc. 1967); 2030 Line Ave. (71104); (318)- HAVERHILL 221-4129. Pres. Abie Murov; Exec. Dir. K. Bernard Klein. •HAVERHILL UNITED JEWISH APPEAL, INC., 514 Main St. (01830); (617)373-3861. MAINE Pres. Manuel M. Epstein; Exec. Dir. Joseph H. Elgart. BANGOR •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1949); 28 HOLYOKE Somerset St. (04401); (207)945-5631. Pres. COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL OF HOLYOKE Harry A. Tabenken; Exec. Dir. Alan Coren. (1939); 378 Maple St. (01040); (413)534- 3369. Pres. Herbert Goldberg; Exec. Dir. LEWISTON-AUBURN Dov Sussman. JEWISH FEDERATION (1947); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL); 134 College St., LAWRENCE Lewiston (04240); (207)786-4201. Pres. Ber- •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF tha Allen; Exec. Dir. Howard G. Joress. GREATER LAWRENCE (1906); 580 Haverhill St. (01841); (617)686-4157. Pres. Michael PORTLAND Baker; Exec. Dir. Irving Linn. JEWISH FEDERATION COMMUNITY COUN- CIL OF SOUTHERN MAINE (1942); (sponsors LEOMINSTER UNITED JEWISH APPEAL); 66 Pearl St. LEOMINSTER JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- (04101); (207)773-7254. Pres. Cecelia Levine; CIL, INC. (1939); 30 Grove Ave. (01453); Exec. Dir. Sanford Cutler. (617)537-7906. Pres. Marc Levine; Sec.- Treas. Edith Chatkis. MARYLAND NEW BEDFORD ANNAPOLIS JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NEW •ANNAPOLIS JEWISH WELFARE FUND BEDFORD, INC. (1938; Inc. 1954); 467 Haw- (1946); 601 Ridgley Ave. (21401); Pres. thorn St., North Dartmouth (02747); (617)- Anton Grobani. 997-7471. Pres. George Friedman; Exec. Dir. BALTIMORE Gerald A. Kleinman. ASSOCIATED JEWISH CHARITIES & WEL- NORTH SHORE FARE FUND, INC. (a merger of the Associated Jewish Charities & Jewish Welfare Fund) JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE NORTH (1920; reorg. 1969); 319 W. Monument SHORE, INC. (1938); 4 Community Rd., Mar- St. (21201); (301)727-4828. Pres. LeRoy E. blehead (01945); (617)598-1810. Pres. Nor- Hoflfberger; Exec. V. Pres. Stephen D. Sol- man S. Rosenfield; Exec. Dir. Gerald S. Fer- ender. man. MASSACHUSETTS PITTSFIELD •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1940); 235 BOSTON E. St. (01201); (413)442-4360. Pres. Jeffrey COMBINED JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES OF Cook; Exec. Dir. Sanford Lubin. GREATER BOSTON, INC. (1895; reorg. 1961); 72 Franklin St. (02110); (617)542-8080. Pres. SPRINGFIELD Leo Dunn; Exec. Dir. Bernard Olshansky. SPRINGFIELD JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (1938); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FITCHBURG FUND); 1160 Dickinson (01108); (413)737- •JEWISH FEDERATION OF FITCHBURG 4313. Pres. Harold Rosen; Exec. Dir. Eli (1939); 40 Boutelle St. (01420); (617)342- Asher. 2227. Pres. Elliot L. Zide; Treas. Allen I. Rome. WORCESTER WORCESTER JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. FRAMINGHAM (1947; Inc. 1957); (sponsors JEWISH WEL- GREATER FRAMINGHAM JEWISH FEDERA- FARE FUND, 1939); 633 Salisbury St. (01609); TION (1968; Inc. 1969); 1000 Worchester (617)756-1543. Pres. Morton H. Sigel; Exec. Road, Framingham Centre (01701); (617)- Dir. Melvin S. Cohen. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 345

MICHIGAN ST. PAUL BAY CITY UNITED JEWISH FUND AND COUNCIL (1935); 790 S. Cleveland (55116); (612)690- •NORTHEASTERN MICHIGAN JEWISH WEL- 1707. Pres. Annette Newman; Exec. Dir. FARE FEDERATION (1940); 1100 Center Kimball Marsh. Ave., Apt. 305 (48706); (517)892-2338. Sec. Hanna Hertzenberg. MISSISSIPPI DETROIT JACKSON JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF DE- •JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1945); 4135 N. TROIT (1899); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH Honeysuckle Lane (39211); (601)956-6215. CAMPAIGN); Fred M. Butzel Memorial Drive Chmn. Emanuel Crystal. Bldg., 163 Madison (48226); (313)965-3939. Pres. George M. Zeltzer; Exec. Dir. Sol VICKSBURG Drachler. •JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION (1936); FLINT 1210 Washington St. (39180); (601)636-7531. Pres. Richard Marcus. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1936); 120 W. Kearsley St. (48502); (313)767-5922; MISSOURI Pres. Ira B. Marder; Exec. Dir. Arnold S. Feder. KANSAS CITY JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER KANSAS GRAND RAPIDS CITY (1933); 25 E. 12 St. (64106); (816)421- JEWISH COMMUNITY FUND OF GRAND 5808. Pres. Albert Goller; Exec. Dir. Sol Koe- RAPIDS (1930); 1121 Keneberry Way S.E. nigsberg. (49506); (616)949-5238. Pres. Joseph N. Schwartz; Sec. Mrs. William Deutsch. ST. JOSEPH UNITED JEWISH FUND OF ST. JOSEPH KALAMAZOO (1915); 2903 Sherman Ave. (64506); (816)- KALAMAZOO JEWISH FEDERATION (1949); 279-3436. Pres. Louis G. Becker; Exec. Sec. c/o Congregation of Moses, 2501 Stadium Ann Saferstein. Dr. (49008); (616)349-8396. Pres. Martin Gall. ST. LOUIS JEWISH FEDERATION OF ST. LOUIS (incl. St. LANSING Louis County) (1901); 611 Olive St., Suite GREATER LANSING JEWISH WELFARE FED- 1520 (63101); (314)621-8120. Pres. Harry ERATION (1939); 319 Hillcrest (48823); Epstein; V. Pres. David Rabinovitz. (517)351-3197. Pres. Isaac Green; Exec. Dir. Marc Shulman. NEBRASKA SAGINAW LINCOLN SAGINAW JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION LINCOLN JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION, (1939); 1424 S. Washington Ave. (48607); INC. (1931; Inc. 1961); P.O. Box 80014 (517)753-5230. Pres. Norman Rotenberg; (68501); (402)435-0230. Pres. Yale Gots- Fin. Sec. Mrs. Henry Feldman. diner; Exec. Dir. Louis B. Finkelstein. MINNESOTA OMAHA DULUTH JEWISH FEDERATION OF OMAHA (1903); 333 S. 132 St. (68154); (402)334-8200. Pres. JEWISH FEDERATION & COMMUNITY Mrs. Morris Fellman; Exec. Dir. Louis B. COUNCIL (1937); 1602 E. 2nd St. (55812); Solomon. (218)724-8857. Pres. R. L. Solon; Exec. Dir. Mrs. Arnold Nides. NEVADA MINNEAPOLIS LAS VEGAS MINNEAPOLIS FEDERATION FOR JEWISH JEWISH FEDERATION OF LAS VEGAS (1973); SERVICES (1929; Inc. 1930); 811 La Salle 1030 E. Twain Ave. (89109); (702)732-0556. Ave. (55402); (612)339-7491. Pres. Theresa Pres. Dorothy Eisenberg; Exec. Dir. Jerry Berman; Exec. Dir. Jay Jacobson. Countess. 346 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

NEW HAMPSHIRE (1971); 100 Grant Ave. (07723); (201)531- 6200. Pres. Samuel Jaffe; Exec. Dir. Marvin MANCHESTER Relkin. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF GREAT- ER MANCHESTER (1913); 698 Beech St. MORRIS COUNTY (03104); (603)627-7679. Pres. Irving Singer; UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF MORRIS- Exec. Dir. Joseph Peimer. SUSSEX; 500 Route 10, Ledgewood (07852)- (201)584-1850. Pres. Daniel Drench; Exec. NEW JERSEY Dir. Elliot Cohan. ATLANTIC COUNTY NORTH JERSEY FEDERATION OF JEWISH AGENCIES OF AT- LANTIC COUNTY (1924); 5321 Atlantic Ave., JEWISH FEDERATION OF NORTH JERSEY Ventnor City (08406); (609)822-7122. Pres. (formerly Jewish Community Council) Morton J. Grossman; Exec. Dir. Murray (1933); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL Schneier. DRIVE); 1 Pike Dr., Wayne (07470); (201)- 595-0555. Pres. Norman Zelnick; Exec. Dir. BAYONNE Richard Krieger. BAYONNE JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL; 1050 Kennedy Blvd. (07002); (201)436-6900. NORTHERN MIDDLESEX COUNTY Pres. Hyman Lebowitz; Exec. Dir. Arnold A. JEWISH FEDERATION OF NORTHERN MID- Piskin. DLESEX COUNTY (sponsors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL) (1975); 100 Menlo Park, Suite 101- BERGEN COUNTY 102, Edison (08817); (201)494-3920. Pres. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF BERGEN Alex Ossad; Exec. Dir. Arthur Eisenstein COUNTY (1953; Inc. 1978); 111 Kinder- kamack Rd., River Edge (07661); (201)488- OCEAN COUNTY 6800. Pres. Sidney Silverstein; Exec. V. Pres. OCEAN COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION; 120 James P. Young. Madison Ave., Lakewood (08701); (201)363- 0530. Pres. Lawrence Lehman; Exec. Dir. CENTRAL NEW JERSEY Marvin Relkin. JEWISH FEDERATION OF CENTRAL NEW JERSEY (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAM- PASSAIC-CLIFTON PAIGN); (1940; expanded 1973 to include JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF PASSAIC- Westfield and Plainfield); Green Lane, Union CLIFTON AND VICINITY (1933); (sponsors (07083); (201)351-5060. Pres. Sylvia B. Brai- UNITED JEWISH CAMPAIGN); 199 Scoles love; Exec. V. Pres. Burton Lazarow. Ave. (07012). (201)777-7031. Pres. Benjamin ENGLEWOOD Geller; Exec. Dir. Marden Prau. UNITED JEWISH FUND OF ENGLEWOOD RARITAN VALLEY AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES (1952); 153 Tenafly Rd. (07631); (201)569-1070. JEWISH FEDERATION OF RARITAN VALLEY Pres. Sam Lieben; Exec. Dir. George Hant- (1948); 2 South Adelaide Ave., Highland gan. Park (08904); (201)246-1905. Pres. Jacob Krishner; Exec. Dir. Howard Kieval. JERSEY CITY SOMERSET COUNTY UNITED JEWISH APPEAL (1939); 604 Bergen Ave. (07304); (201)433-4200. Chmn. Bernard JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOMERSET Kaye; Exec. Dir. Abraham Mintz. COUNTY (1960); 11 Park Ave., P.O. Box 874, Somerville (08876); (201)725-2231. Pres. METROPOLITAN NEW JERSEY Kenneth Strausfield; Exec. Dir. Burt Shima- JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION (spon- novsky. sors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL) (1923); 60 Glenwood Ave., East Orange (07017); (201)- SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY 673-6800. Pres. Horace Bier; Exec. V. Pres. JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN NEW Franklin B. Fogelson. JERSEY (incl. Camden and Burlington Coun- ties) (1922); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH AP- MONMOUTH COUNTY PEAL); 2393 W. Marlton Pike, Cherry Hill JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER MON- (08002); (609)665-6100. Pres. Alan Wechs- MOUTH COUNTY (Formerly Shore Area) ler; Exec. V. Pres. Bernard Dubin. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 347

TRENTON KINGSTON JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER TREN- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER KING- TON (1929); 999 Lower Ferry Rd., P.O. Box STON, INC. (1951); 159 Green St. (12401); 7365 (08628); (609)883-9110. Pres. David (914)338-8131. Pres. Howard Leifer; Admn. Kravitz; Exec. Dir. Mark M. Edell. Lucy Cohen. VINELAND NEW YORK CITY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES GREATER VINELAND, INC. (1971); (sponsors OF NEW YORK (incl. Greater New York, ALLIED JEWISH APPEAL); 629 Wood St. Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties) (08360); (609)696-4445. Pres. David B. (1917); 130 E. 59 St. (10022); (212)751-1000. Rosenberg; Exec. Dir. Melvin May. Pres. Harry R. Mancher; Exec. V. Pres. San- ford Solender. NEW MEXICO UNITED JEWISH APPEAL—FEDERATION OF ALBUQUERQUE JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES—JOINT CAM- PAIGN (1974); 220 W. 58 St. (10019); (212)- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF AL- BUQUERQUE, INC. (1938); 600 Louisiana 265-2200. Pres. William Rosenwald; Exec. V. Blvd., S.E. (87108); (505)266-5641. Pres. Pres. Sanford Solender; Bd. Chmn. Laurence Judy Gardenswartz; Exec. Dir. Allan Kaiser. A. Tisch. UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF GREATER NEW NEW YORK YORK, INC. (incl. Greater New York, Nas- ALBANY sau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties) (1939); 220 W. 58 St. (10019); (212)265-2200. GREATER ALBANY JEWISH FEDERATION Pres. Stephen Shalom; Exec. V. Pres. Ernest (1938); (sponsors JEWISH WELFARE FUND); W. Michel. 19 Colvin Ave. (12206); (518)459-8000. Pres. Marvin A. Freedman; Exec. Dir. Steven F. NEWBURGH-MIDDLETOWN Windmueller. JEWISH FEDERATION OF NEWBURGH AND MIDDLETOWN, INC. (1925); 360 Powell Ave. BROOME COUNTY (12550); (914)562-7860. Pres. Eugene Mul- THE JEWISH FEDERATION OF BROOME lin; Exec. Dir. Carol Rosengart. COUNTY (1937; Inc. 1958); 500 Clubhouse Rd., Binghamton (13903); (607)724-2332. NIAGARA FALLS Pres. Gerald Ansell; Exec. Dir. Stanley Bard. JEWISH FEDERATION OF NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y., INC. (1935); 209 United Office Bldg. BUFFALO (14303); (716)284-4575. Pres. Robert D. Wis- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER BUF- baum; Exec. Dir. Miriam Schaffer. FALO, INC. (1903); (sponsors UNITED JEW- ISH FUND CAMPAIGN); 787 Delaware Ave. POUGHKEEPSIE (14209); (716)886-7750. Pres. Leonard Roch- •JEWISH WELFARE FUND-DUTCHESS warger; Exec. Dir. Morris Rombro. COUNTY. (1941); 110 Grand Ave. (12603); (914)471-9811. Pres. Ruth Nosonwitz; Exec. ELMIRA Dir. Mark Baron. ELMIRA JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (1942); P.O. Box 3087, Grandview Rd. ROCHESTER (14905); (607)734-8122. Pres. Milton Jacob- JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF son; Exec. Dir. Ernest G. Budwig. ROCHESTER, NY., INC. (1937); 440 Main St. E. (14604); (716)325-3393. Pres. Irving Rud- GLENS FALLS erman; Exec. Dir. Henry M. Rosenbaum. •GLENS FALLS JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1939); 6 Arbor Dr. (12801); (518)792-3287. SCHENECTADY Chmn. Orel Friedman. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SCHE- NECTADY (1938); (sponsors SCHENECTADY HUDSON UJA AND FEDERATED WELFARE FUND); •JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF HUDSON, 2565 Balltown Rd., P.O. Box 2649 (12309); N.Y., INC. (1947); Joslen Blvd. (12534); (518)393-1136. Pres. Marvin Garfinkel; (518)828-6848. Pres. Albert Rapport. Exec. Dir. Haim Morag. 348 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

SYRACUSE 867-7850. Pres. Clifford Isroff; Exec. Dir. SYRACUSE JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. Steven Drysdale. (1918); P.O. Box 5004, 201 E. Jefferson St. CANTON (13201); (315)422-4104. Pres. Leonard S. Goldberg; Exec. Dir. Barry Silverberg. JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF CAN- TON (1935; reorg. 1955); 2631 Harvard Ave., TROY N.W. (44709); (216)453-0133. Pres. Jerald TROY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, INC. Eppy; Exec. Dir. Revella R. Kopstein. (1936); 2500 21 St. (12180); (518)274-0700. CINCINNATI Pres. Morris Massry; Exec. Dir. Gertrude Chesman. JEWISH FEDERATION OF CINCINNATI AND VICINITY (merger of the Associated Jewish UTICA Agencies and Jewish Welfare Fund) (1896; JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF UTICA, reorg. 1967); 200 West 4th St. (45202); (513)- N.Y., INC. (1933; Inc. 1950); (sponsors 381-5800. Pres. Lee S. Rosenberg; Exec. V. UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF UTICA); 2310 Pres. Harold Goldberg. Oneida St. (13501); (315)733-2343. Pres. Sid- CLEVELAND ney Gennis; Exec. Dir. Irving Epstein. JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF NORTH CAROLINA CLEVELAND (1903); 1750 Euclid Ave. ASHEVILLE (44115); (216)566-9200. Pres. Lawrence H. Williams; Exec. Dir. Stanley B. Horowitz. FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF ASHE- VILLE, INC., 236 Charlotte St. (28801); (704)- COLUMBUS 253-0701. Pres. Robert Carr; Exec. Dir. Rob- COLUMBUS JEWISH FEDERATION (1926); ert Posner. 1175 College Ave. (43209); (614)237-7686. CHARLOTTE Pres. Meyer W. Mellman; Exec. V. Pres. Ben M. Mandelkorn;Exec. Dir. Charles R. Schiff- CHARLOTTE JEWISH FEDERATION (1940); man. P.O. Box 220188 (28222); (704)366-0358. Pres. Harry Lemer; Exec. Dir. Marvin Bien- DAYTON stock. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DAY- DURHAM CHAPEL HILL TON (1943); 4501 Denlinger Rd. (45426); DURHAM CHAPEL HILL FEDERATION OF (513)854-4150. Pres. Bernard Goldman; Exec. V. Pres. Peter Wells. JEWISH CHARITIES AND COMMUNITY COUNCIL; 3442 Rugby Rd. (27707); (919)- LIMA 489-2905. Pres. Alva Daffner. FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF LIMA GREENSBORO DISTRICT (1935); 2417 West Market St. (45805); (419)224-8941. Pres. Morris Gold- GREENSBORO JEWISH FEDERATION (1940); berg. 713A N. Green St. (27401); Pres. Arthur Cassell; Exec. Dir. Sherman Harris. STEUBENVILLE HIGH POINT JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1938); P.O. Box 472 (43952); (614)282-9031. Pres. Mor- HIGH POINT JEWISH FEDERATION; 1308 ris Denmark; Exec. Sec. Mrs. Joseph Freed- Long Creek (27260); (919)431-7101. Cam- man. paign Chmn. Harry Samet. WINSTON-SALEM TOLEDO JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF WINSTON-SALEM JEWISH COMMUNITY TOLEDO, INC. (1907; reorg. 1960); 6505 Syl- COUNCIL; 710 Lichfield Rd. (27104); (919)- vania Ave., Sylvania (43560); (419)885-4461. 725-7576; Pres. Alan Andler. Pres. David Katz; Exec. Dir. Alvin S. Levin- OHIO son. AKRON WARREN AKRON JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION JEWISH FEDERATION (1938); 3893 E. Mar- (1935); 750 White Pond Dr. (44320); (216)- ket St. (44483); Pres. William Lippy. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 349

YOUNGSTOWN ERIE JEWISH FEDERATION OF YOUNGSTOWN, JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF ERIE OHIO, INC. (1935); P.O. Box 449 (44501); (1946); 32 W. 8th St., Suite 512 (16501); (216)746-3251. Pres. Bert Tamarkin; Exec. (814)455-4474. Pres. Herbert Appletree; Dir. Stanley Engel. Exec. Dir. Mrs. Stefan Berger. OKLAHOMA HARRISBURG ARDMORE UNITED JEWISH COMMUNITY OF GREATER HARRISBURG (1933); 100 Vaughn St. •JEWISH FEDERATION (1934); 23 "B" St., (17110); (717)236-9555. Pres. Jay Maisel; S.W. (73401); Chmn. Ike Fishman. Exec. Dir. Albert Hursh. OKLAHOMA CITY HAZELTON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1941); 2200 JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (I960); Lau- N. Classen Blvd., Room 710 (73106); (405)- rel & Hemlock Sts. (18201); (717)454-3528. 524-4324. Pres. Marvin Weiss; Exec. Dir. Jay Pres. Herbert Schultz; Exec. Dir. Steven B. Bachrach. Wendell. TULSA JOHNSTOWN TULSA JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF JOHNS- (1938); (sponsors TULSA UNITED JEWISH TOWN (1938); 1334 Luzerne St. (15905); CAMPAIGN); 3314 E. 51 St., Suite T (74135); (814)255-1447. Pres. Isadore Glasser. (918)749-4427. Pres. Jenny Brouse; Exec. Dir. Nathan Loshak. LANCASTER UNITED JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF OREGON LANCASTER, PA., INC. (1928); 2120 Oregon PORTLAND Pike (17601); (717)569-7352. Pres. Norman Axelrod; Exec. Dir. Lawrence Pallas. JEWISH FEDERATION OF PORTLAND (incl. state of Oregon and adjacent Washington LEVITTOWN communities) (1920; reorg. 1956); P.O. Box JEWISH FEDERATION OF LOWER BUCKS 19407, 6651 S. W. Capitol Highway (97219); COUNTY (1956; Inc. 1957); One Oxford Val- Pres. Stanley G. Marcus; Exec. Dir. David ley, Suite 602, Langhorne (19047); (215)757- Roberts. 0250. Pres. Arthur M. Abramsohn; Exec. Dir. Elliot Gershenson. PENNSYLVANIA NEW CASTLE ALLENTOWN UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF NEW CASTLE, JEWISH FEDERATION OF ALLENTOWN, INC. PA. (1967); 3218 Plank Rd. (16105); (412)- (1938; Inc. 1948); 702 N. 22nd (18104); 654-7438. Chmn. Dale Pearlman. (215)435-3571. Pres. Arnan Finkelstein; Exec. Dir. Ivan C. Schonfeld. NORRISTOWN ALTOONA JEWISH COMMUNITY CENTER (serving Cen- tral Montgomery County) (1936); Brown and FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES Powell Sts. (19401); (215)275-8797. Pres. (1920; reorg. 1940); 1308 17th St. (16601); Mark Hite; Exec. Dir. Harold M. Kamsler. (814)944-4072. Pres. Ira B. Kron. PHILADELPHIA BUTLER FEDERATION OF JEWISH AGENCIES OF BUTLER JEWISH WELFARE FUND (incl. But- GREATER PHILADELPHIA (1901; reorg. ler County) (1938); P.O. Box 992 (16001); 1956); 226 South 16 St. (19102); (215)893- (412)283-4500. Pres. Robert Brown; Sec. 5600. Pres. Ronald Rubin; Exec. Dir. Robert Maurice Horwitz. Forman. EASTON PITTSBURGH JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF EASTON, UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER PA. AND VICINITY (1939); (sponsors ALLIED PITTSBURGH (1912; reorg. 1955); 234 McKee WELFARE APPEAL); 16th and Bushkill Sts. PI. (15213); (412)681-8000. Pres. Leonard (18042); Pres. Eugene Goldman. Rudolph; Exec. V. Pres. William Kahn. 350 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

POTTSVILLE COLUMBIA UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES (1935); 2300 JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF CO- Mahantongo St. (17901); (717)622-5890. LUMBIA (I960); 4540 Trenholm Rd. (29206V Chmn. Henry Gilbert; Exec. Sec. Gertrude (803)787-2023. Pres. Jules Lindeau; Exec! Perkins. Dir. Jack Weintraub. READING SOUTH DAKOTA JEWISH FEDERATION OF READING, PA., SIOUX FALLS INC. (1935); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAMPAIGN); 1700 City Line St. (19604); JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1938); National (215)921-2766. Pres. Gerald Goodman; Reserve Bldg. (57102); (605)336-2880. Pres. Exec. Dir. Roy Stuppler. Richard M. Light; Exec. Sec. Louis R. Hur- witz. SCRANTON SCRANTON-LACKAWANNA JEWISH COUN- TENNESSEE CIL (incl. Lackawanna County) (1945); 601 CHATTANOOGA Jefferson Ave. (18510); (717)961-2300. Pres. Mrs. Seymour Bachman; Exec. Dir. Seymour CHATTANOOGA JEWISH WELFARE FEDERA- Brotman. TION (1931); 5326 Lynnland Terrace (37411); (615)894-1317. Pres. Paul Lefkoff; SHARON Exec. Dir. Alan J. Hersh. SHENANGO VALLEY JEWISH FEDERATION KNOXVILLE (1940); 840 Highland Rd. (16146); (412)346- 4754. Pres. Leon Bolotin; Treas. Irwin Yano- JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (1939); 6800 witz. Deane Hill Dr., P.O. Box 10882 (37919); (615)690-6343. Pres. Bernard Silverstein; UNIONTOWN Exec. Dir. Mike Pousman. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION (1939); 406 MEMPHIS W. Main St. (15401), c/o Jewish Community Center; (412)438-4681. Pres. Harold Cohen; JEWISH SERVICE AGENCY (incl. Shelby Sec. Morris H. Samuels. County) (1864; Inc. 1906); 6560 Poplar Ave., P. O. Box 38268 (38138); (901)767-5161. WILKES-BARRE Pres. Jerrold Graber; Exec. Dir. Jack Lieber- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER WILKES man. -BARRE (1935); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH MEMPHIS JEWISH FEDERATION (incl. APPEAL); 60 S. River St. (18701); (717)824- Shelby County) (1934); 6560 Poplar Ave., P. 4646. Pres. William Smulowitz; Exec. Dir. O. Box 38268 (38138); (901)767-5161. Pres. Monty Pomm. Samuel Weintraub; Exec. Dir. Howard Weis- YORK band. YORK COUNCIL OF JEWISH CHARITIES, NASHVILLE INC.; 120 E. Market St. (17401); (717)843- JEWISH FEDERATION OF NASHVILLE & 0918. Pres. Tim Grumbacher; Exec. Dir. MIDDLE TENNESSEE (1936); 3500 West End Alan Dameshek. Ave. (37205); (615)269-0729. Pres. Herman RHODE ISLAND Kaplan; Exec. Dir. Arthur Landa. PROVIDENCE TEXAS JEWISH FEDERATION OF RHODE ISLAND AUSTIN (1945); 130 Sessions St. (02906); (401)421- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF AUSTIN 4111. Pres. Marvin S. Holland; Exec. Dir. (1939; reorg. 1956); 5758 Balcones Dr., Suite Sanford Lupovitz. 104 (78759); (512)451-6435. Pres. Richard SOUTH CAROLINA Karotkin; Exec. Dir. Charles P. Epstein. CHARLESTON BEAUMONT JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1949); 1645 Mill- BEAUMONT JEWISH FEDERATION OF brook Dr. (29407); P.O. Box 31298; (803)- TEXAS, INC. (Org. and Inc. 1967); P. O. Box 571-6565. Pres. Stanley Wright; Exec. Dir. 1981 (77704); (713)833-5427. Pres. Edwin Nathan Shulman. Gale; Dir. Isadore Harris. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 351

CORPUS CHRISTI UTAH CORPUS CHRISTI JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1953); 750 Everhart Rd. (78411); SALT LAKE CITY (512)855-6239. Pres. Madelyn Loeb; Exec. UNITED JEWISH COUNCIL AND SALT LAKE Dir. Lillian Racusin. JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1936); 2416 E. COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL OF CORPUS 1700 South (84108); (801)581-0098. Pres. CHRISTI (1962); 750 Everhart Rd. (78411); Ralph Tannenbaum; Exec. Dir. Bernard (512)855-6239. Pres. Jule Pels; Exec. Dir. Lil- Solomon. lian Racusin. VIRGINIA DALLAS NEWPORT NEWS JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DALLAS (1911); 7800 Northaven Rd., Suite A JEWISH FEDERATION OF NEWPORT NEWS (75230); (214)369-3313. Pres. Everett M. —HAMPTON, INC. (1942); 2700 Spring Rd. Rosenberg; Exec. Dir. Morris A. Stein. (23606); P. O. Box 6680; (804)595-5544. Pres. Arthur Fass; Exec. Dir. James Wellin. EL PASO NORFOLK JEWISH FEDERATION OF EL PASO, INC. (incl. surrounding communities) (1939); 405 UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. OF Mardi Gras, P. O. Box 12097 (79912); (915)- NORFOLK AND VIRGINIA BEACH, VA. 584-4437. Pres. Aaron Wechter; Exec. Dir. (1937); 7300 Newport Ave., P. O. Box 9776 Howard Burnham. (23505); (804)489-8040. Pres. Robert O. Copeland; Exec. Dir. A. Robert Gast. FORT WORTH JEWISH FEDERATION OF FORT WORTH PORTSMOUTH (1936); 6801 Granbury Rd. (76133); (817)- PORTSMOUTH JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- 292-3081. Pres. Hortense Deifik; Exec. Dir. CIL (1919); Rm. 430, Dominion Nat'l Bank Norman A. Mogul. Bldg. (23704); (804)393-2557. Pres. Vann H. Lefcoe; Exec. Dir. Jeremy S. Neimand. GALVESTON GALVESTON COUNTY JEWISH COMMUNITY RICHMOND COUNCIL & WELFARE ASSOCIATION (1936); JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF P. O. Box 146 (77553); (713)938-7143. Pres. RICHMOND, INC. (1935); 5403 Monument Mrs. E. I. Klein; Sec. Marie Nichols. Ave., P. O. Box 8237 (23226); (804)288-0045. HOUSTON Pres. J.Y. Plotkin; Exec. Dir. Stephen M. Abramson. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER HOUS- TON, INC. (incl. neighboring communities) ROANOKE (1937); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAM- PAIGN); 5601 S. Braes wood Blvd. (77096); JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL; 2728 Colo- (713)729-7000. Pres. Joel Spira; Exec. Dir. nial Ave., S.W. (24015); (703)982-2300. Hans Mayer. Chmn. Arnold P. Masinter; Exec. Dir. Deb- bie Kaplan. SAN ANTONIO WASHINGTON JEWISH FEDERATION OF SAN ANTONIO (incl. Bexar County) (1922); 8434 Ahern Dr. SEATTLE (78216); (512)341-8234. Pres. Oscar Ehren- berg; Exec. Dir. Saul Silverman. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SEAT- TLE (incl. King County, Everett and Bremer- TYLER ton) (1926); Suite 525, Securities Bldg. •FEDERATION OF JEWISH WELFARE FUNDS (98101); (206)622-8211. Pres. Samuel N. (1938); P. O. Box 934 (75710); Pres. Ralph Stroum; Exec. Dir. Murray Shift". Davis. SPOKANE WACO •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF SPO- JEWISH WELFARE COUNCIL OF WACO KANE (incl. Spokane County) (1927); (spon- (1949); P. O. Box 8031 (76710); (817)776- sors UNITED JEWISH FUND) (1936); 401 3740. Pres. Mark Wolf; Exec. Sec. Mrs. Mau- Paulsen Bldg. (99021); (509)838-2949. Pres. rice Labens. Samuel Huppin; Sec. Robert N. Arick. 352 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

WEST VIRGINIA KENOSHA CHARLESTON KENOSHA JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1938V 6537-7th Ave. (53140); (414)658-8635. Pres! FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF Elvin Kranen; Sec.-Treas. Mrs. S. M. Lapp. CHARLESTON, INC. (1937); P. O. Box 1613 (25326); (304)342-6459. Pres. Robert Levine; MADISON Exec. Sec. Charles Cohen. MADISON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, HUNTINGTON INC. (1940); 310 N. Midvale Blvd., Suite 325 (53705); Pres. Stanley Mintz; Exec. Dir. Rob- FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1939); P. ert Gast. O. Box 947 (25713); (304)523-9326. Pres. William H. Glick; Sec. Andrew Katz. MILWAUKEE WHEELING MILWAUKEE JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (1938); 1360 N. Prospect Ave. (53202); (414)- UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF OHIO 271-8338. Pres. Esther Leah Ritz; Exec. V. VALLEY, INC. (1933); 20 Hawthorne Court Pres. Melvin S. Zaret. (26003); Pres. Harold Saferstein. WISCONSIN RACINE APPLETON RACINE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD (1946); 944 Main St. (53403); (414)633-7093. Pres. UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES OF APPLETON (1963); 3131 N. Meade St. (54911); (414)- Jess Levin; Exec. Sec. Betty Goldberg. 733-1848. Co-Chmn. Arnold Cohodas and Dov Edelstein; Treas. Mrs. Harold Rusky. SHEBOYGAN GREEN BAY JEWISH WELFARE COUNCIL OF SHEBOYGAN (1927); 1404 North Ave. (53081); Sec. Mrs. GREEN BAY JEWISH WELFARE FUND; P. O. Abe Alpert. Box 335 (54305); Pres. Stuart Milson; Treas. Herman J. Robitshek. CANADA

ALBERTA (org. 1938; reorg. 1973); 370 Hargrave St. (R3B 2K1); (204)943-0406. Pres. Marjorie CALGARY Blankstein; Exec. Dir. Izzy Peltz. CALGARY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1962); 1607 90th Ave. S.W. (T2V 4V7); ONTARIO (403)263-5650. Pres. Frank Kettner; Exec. Dir. Harry S. Shatz. HAMILTON EDMONTON HAMILTON JEWISH FEDERATION (incl. United Jewish Welfare Fund) (org. 1934; EDMONTON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, merged 1971); 57 Delaware Ave. (L8M 1T6); INC. (1954; Inc. 1965); 7200-156 St. (T5R (416)528-8570. Pres. Bernard Greenbaum; 1X3); (403)487-5120. Pres. David Grossman; Exec. Dir. Samuel Soifer. Exec. Dir. Gerald Rubin. BRITISH COLUMBIA LONDON VANCOUVER •LONDON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL •JEWISH COMMUNITY FUND & COUNCIL OF (1932); 532 Huron St. (24), (N5Y 4J5); (519)- VANCOUVER (1932); 950 W. 41 Ave. (V5Z 433-2201. Pres. Ralph Brooke; Exec. Dir. 2N7); (604)261-8101. Pres. Irvine E. Epstein; Sidney Indig. Exec. Dir. Morris Saltzman. OTTAWA MANITOBA JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF OTTAWA WINNIPEG (1934); 151 Chapel St. (KIN 7Y2); (613)- WINNIPEG JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL 232-7306. Pres. Gilbert Greenberg; Exec. V. (incl. Combined Jewish Appeal of Winnipeg) Pres. Sol B. Shinder. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 353

ST. CATHARINES Pres. Bernard Putterman; Exec. Dir. Joseph •UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF ST. Eisenberg. CATHARINES; C/O Jewish Community Cen- tre, Church St.; Pres. Jack Silverstein; Sec. QUEBEC Syd Goldford. MONTREAL TORONTO ALLIED JEWISH COMMUNITY SERVICES TORONTO JEWISH CONGRESS (1937); 150 (merger of FEDERATION OF JEWISH COM- Beverley St. (M5T 1Y6); (416)869-3811. MUNITY SERVICES AND COMBINED JEWISH Pres. Rose Wolfe; Exec. V. Pres. Irwin Gold. APPEAL) (1965); 5151 Cote St. Catherine WINDSOR Rd. (H3W 1M6); (514)735-3541. Pres. Irv- ing J. Halperin; Exec. V. Pres. Manuel G. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1938); 1641 Batshaw. Ouellette Ave. (N8X 1K9); (519)254-7558. Jewish Periodicals1

UNITED STATES

ALABAMA ISRAEL TODAY (1973). 1O34OV4 Reseda CONTEMPORARY JEWRY (1974 under the Blvd., Northridge, 91326. (213)786-4000. name JEWISH SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL Phil Blazer. Biweekly. Hebrew-Rus- RESEARCH). Dept. of Sociology, Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham, 35294. Murray B. Binderman. Semiannually. Assn. for the JEWISH OBSERVER OF THE EAST BAY Sociological Study of Jewry. (1967). 3245 Sheffield Ave., Oakland, 94602. (415)533-7462. Julie Simon Glenn. JEWISH MONITOR (1948). P. O. Box 396, Fortnightly. Jewish Federation of the Sheffield, 35660. (205)766-0508. Stanley Greater East Bay. Goldstein. Monthly. ARIZONA JEWISH SPECTATOR (1935). P.O. Box 2016, Santa Monica, 90406. (213)829-2484. ARIZONA POST (1946). 102 N. Plumer Ave., Trude Weiss-Rosmarin. Quarterly. Tucson, 85719. (602)884-8921. Sandra R. Heiman. Bimonthly. Tucson Jewish Com- JEWISH STAR (1956). 693 Mission St., #305, munity Council. San Francisco, 94105. (415)421-4874. Al- fred Berger. Monthly. PHOENIX JEWISH NEWS (1947). 1530 West Thomas Rd., Phoenix, 85015. (602)264- 0536. Pearl R. Newmark. Biweekly. SAN FRANCISCO JEWISH BULLETIN (1943). 870 Market St., San Francisco, 94102. CALIFORNIA Geoffrey Fisher. Bimonthly. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications. B'NAI B'RITH MESSENGER (1897). 2510 W. 7 St., Los Angeles, 90057. (213)380-5000. WESTERN STATES JEWISH HISTORICAL Joseph J. Cummins. Weekly. QUARTERLY (1968). 2429 23rd St., Santa Monica, 90405. (213)399-3585. Dr. Nor- HERITAGE-SOUTHWEST JEWISH PRESS ton B. Stern. Quarterly. Southern Califor- (1954). 2130 S. Vermont Ave., Los An- nia Jewish Historical Society. geles, 90007. Weekly. Dan Brin. (Also SAN DIEGO JEWISH PRESS-HERITAGE, San COLORADO Diego [weekly]; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA JEWISH HERITAGE, Sacramento and Fres- INTERMOUNTAIN JEWISH NEWS (1913). no area [monthly]; ORANGE COUNTY 1275 Sherman St., Suite 215-217, Denver, JEWISH HERITAGE, Orange County area 80203. (303)861-2234. Miriam H. Gold- [weekly].) berg. Weekly.

'The information in this directory is based on replies to questionnaires circulated by the editors. Inclusion does not necessarily imply approval of the periodicals by the publishers of the AJYB. For organizational bulletins, see the directory of Jewish organizations.

354 JEWISH PERIODICALS / 355

CONNECTICUT INDIANA CONNECTICUT JEWISH LEDGER (1929). P.O. INDIANA JEWISH POST AND OPINION Box 1688, Hartford, 06101. (203)233- (1935). 611 N. Park Ave., Indianapolis, 2148. Berthold Gaster. Weekly. 46204. (317)634-1307. Jo Ann Pinkowitz. Weekly. JEWISH DIGEST (1955). 1363 Fairfield Ave., Bridgeport, 06605. (203)384-2284. Ber- JEWISH POST AND OPINION. 611 N. Park nard Postal. Monthly. Ave., Indianapolis, 46204. (317)634-1307. Gabriel Cohen. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA KENTUCKY JEWISH VETERAN (1896). 1712 New Hamp- shire Ave., N.W., Washington, 20009. KENTUCKY JEWISH POST AND OPINION (202)265-6280. Judith Roman Eichner. Bi- (1931). 1551 Bardstown Rd., Louisville, monthly. Jewish War Veterans of the 40205. (502)459-1914. Lois Katz. Weekly. U.S.A. LOUISIANA JEWISH WEEK (1965). 774 National Press Building, Washington, 20045. (202)783- THE JEWISH CIVIC PRESS (1965). 5529'/i 7200. Joseph M. Hochstein. Weekly. Magazine St., New Orleans, 70175. (504)- 895-8784. Abner Tritt. Monthly. THE NATIONAL JEWISH MONTHLY (1886 under the name MENORAH). 1640 Rhode JEWISH TIMES (1974). 211 Camp St., Suite Island Ave., N.W., Washington, 20036. 518, New Orleans, 70130. (504)524-3147. (202)857-6645. Charles Fenyvesi. Ten Mollie Braverman. Biweekly. times a year. B'nai B'rith. MARYLAND

NEAR EAST REPORT (1957). 444 North Cap- AMERICAN JEWISH JOURNAL (1944). 1220 itol St., N.W., Suite 412, Washington, Blair Mill Rd., Silver Spring, 20910. (301)- 20001. (202)638-1225. Alan M. Tigay. 585-1756. David Mondzac. Quarterly. Weekly. Near East Research, Inc. BALTIMORE JEWISH TIMES (1919). 2104 N. FLORIDA Charles St., Baltimore, 21218. (301)752- JEWISH FLORIDIAN (1927). P.O. Box 3504. Gary Rosenblatt. Weekly. 012973, Miami, 33101. (305)373-4605. JEWISH WEEK (1965). 8630 Fenton St., Suite Fred K. Shochet. Weekly. 611, Silver Spring, 20910. (301)565-9336. SOUTHERN JEWISH WEEKLY (1924). P.O. Joseph M. Hochstein. Weekly. Box 3297, Jacksonville, 32206. (904)355- MASSACHUSETTS 3459. Isadore Moscovitz. Weekly. AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY (1893). 2 GEORGIA Thornton Road, Waltham, 02154. (617)- SOUTHERN ISRAELITE (1925). P.O. Box 891-8110. Henry L. Feingold. Quarterly. 77388, 188-15 St. N.W., Atlanta, 30357. American Jewish Historical Society. (404)876-8248. Vida Goldgar. Weekly. JEWISH ADVOCATE (1902). 251 Causeway ILLINOIS St., Boston, 02114. (617)227-5130. Joseph G. Weisberg, Alexander Brin. Weekly. CHICAGO JEWISH POST AND OPINION (1953). 6350 N. Albany, Chicago, 60659. JEWISH CHRONICLE (1976). 340 Main St., Weekly. Suite 551, Worcester, 01608. (617)752- 2512. Philip Davis. Monthly. Mar-Len JEWISH COMMUNITY NEWS (1945). 6464 Publications. West Main, Suite 7A, Belleville, 62223. (618)398-6100. Bruce Joshua Samborn. JEWISH CIVIC LEADER (1926). 11 Harvard Monthly. Jewish Federation of Southern St., Worcester, 01609. (617)791-0953. Illinois. Phyllis Goldstein. Weekly. SENTINEL (1911). 323 S. Franklin St., Chi- JEWISH REPORTER (1970). 1000 Worcester cago, 60606. 663-1101. J. I. Fishbein. Road, Framingham, 01701. (617)879- Weekly. 3300. Deanne Stone, Jehudah H. Leftin. 356 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Monthly. Greater Framingham Jewish LAS VEGAS ISRAELITE (1965). P.O. Box Federation. 14096, Las Vegas, 89114. (702) 876-1255 Don Tell. Weekly. JEWISH TIMES (1945). 118 Cypress St., Brookline, 02146. (617)566-7710. Ann NEW JERSEY Kostant. Weekly. JEWISH COMMUNITY NEWS (1963). Green JEWISH WEEKLY NEWS (1945). P.O. Box Lane, Union, 07083. (201)351-1473. Fran 1569, Springfield, 01101. (413)739-4771. Gold. Weekly. Jewish Federation of Cen- Leslie B. Kahn. Weekly. tral N.J. THE JOURNAL OF THE NORTH SHORE JEW- JEWISH COMMUNITY VOICE (1941). 2393 W. ISH COMMUNITY CENTER. 140 Washing- Marlton Pike, Cherry Hill, 08002. (609)- ton St., Salem, 01970. (617)744-5675. Ellen 665-6100. Alex B. Einbinder. Biweekly. Bob. Biweekly. Jewish Federation of Southern N.J. MOMENT (1975). 462 Boylston St., Boston, JEWISH JOURNAL (1956). 2 S. Adelaide Ave., 02116. (617)536-6252. Leonard Fein. Highland Park, 08904. (201)246-1905. Clif- Monthly except Jan.-Feb., July-August. ford B. Ross. Biweekly. Jewish Federation Jewish Educational Ventures. of Raritan Valley. MICHIGAN JEWISH NEWS (1947). 60 Glenwood Ave., JEWISH NEWS (1942). 17515 W. 9 Mile Rd., East Orange, 07017. (201)678-4955. Harry Suite 865, Southfield, 48075. (313)424- Weingast. Weekly. Jewish Community 8833. Philip Slomovitz. Weekly. Federation of Metropolitan New Jersey.

MICHIGAN JEWISH HISTORY (1960). 163 JEWISH RECORD (1939). 1537 Atlantic Ave., Madison, Detroit, 48237. (313)548-9176. Atlantic City, 08401. (609)344-5119. Mar- Phillip Applebaum. Semiannual. Jewish tin Korik. Weekly. Historical Society of Michigan. JEWISH STANDARD (1931). 40 Journal Sq., MINNESOTA Jersey City, 07306. (201)653-6330. Morris J. Janoff. Weekly. AMERICAN JEWISH WORLD (1912). 9 N. 4th St., Minneapolis, 55401. (612)332-6318. JEWISH VOICE (1975). 100 Menlo Park, Suite Norman Gold. Weekly. 101-102, Edison, 08817. (201)494-3920. Arthur Eisenstein. Biweekly. Jewish Fed- MISSOURI eration of Northern Middlesex County.

KANSAS CITY JEWISH CHRONICLE (1920). MORRIS/SUSSEX JEWISH NEWS (1972). 500 P.O. Box 8709, Kansas City, 64114. (913)- Route 10, Ledgewood, 07852, (201)584- 648-4620. Milton Firestone. Weekly. 1850. Rhoda Hasson. Monthly. United MISSOURI JEWISH POST AND OPINION Jewish Federation of Morris/Sussex. (1948). 8235 Olive St., St. Louis, 63132. NEW YORK (314)993-2842. Kathie Sutin. Weekly. ALBANY JEWISH WORLD (1965). 1104 Cen- ST. LOUIS JEWISH LIGHT (1947). 611 Olive tral Ave., Albany, 12205. (518)459-8455. St., Room 1541, St. Louis, 63101. (314)- Sam S. Clevenson. Weekly. 241-4943. Robert A. Cohn. Biweekly. Jew- ish Federation of St. Louis. BUFFALO JEWISH REVIEW (1918). 15 E. Mohawk St., BufTalo, 14203. (716)854- NEBRASKA 2192. Steve Lipman. Weekly. Kahaal JEWISH PRESS (1921). 333 S. 132 St., Omaha, Nahalot Israel. 68154. (402)334-8200. Morris Maline. Weekly. Jewish Federation of Omaha. JEWISH AMERICAN RECORD (1973). P.O. Box 1100, 275 Cadman Plaza East, Brook- NEVADA lyn, 11202. (212)646-5184. Alex Novitsky. Monthly. JEWISH REPORTER (1976). 1030 E. Twain Ave., Las Vegas, 89109. (702)732-0556. JEWISH CURRENT EVENTS (1959). 430 Kel- Jerry Countess. Monthly. Jewish Federa- ler Ave., Ehnont, L.I., 11003. Samuel tion of Las Vegas. Deutsch. Biweekly. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 357

JEWISH LEDGER (1924). 1427 Monroe Ave., THE CALL (1932). 45 E. 33 St., 10016. (212)- Rochester, 14618. (716)275-9090. Donald 889-6800. Nathan Peskin. Bimonthly. Wolin. Weekly. Workmen's Circle. LONG ISLAND JEWISH WORLD (1971). 1029 COMMENTARY (1945). 165 E. 56 St., 10022. Brighton Beach Ave., Brooklyn, 11235. (212)751-4000. Norman Podhoretz. (212)769-6000. Jerome W. Lippman. Bi- Monthly. American Jewish Committee. weekly. CONGRESS MONTHLY (1934). 15 E. 84 St., MODERN JEWISH STUDIES ANNUAL (1977). 10028. (212)879-4500. Herbert Poster. Acad. 1309, Queens College, 65-30 Kis- Monthly (except July and August). Ameri- sena Blvd., Flushing, 11367. (212)520- can Jewish Congress. 7067. Joseph C. Landis, Daniel Walden. Annual. CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM (1945). 3080 Broadway, 10027. (212)749-8000. Arthur REPORTER. 500 Clubhouse Rd., Bingham- Chiel. Quarterly. Rabbinical Assembly ton, 13903. (607)724-2332. Sylvia Horo- and Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer- witz. Weekly. Jewish Federation of ica. Broome County. ECONOMIC HORIZONS (1953). 500 Fifth SH'MA (1970). Box 567, Port Washington, Ave., 10036. (212)354-6510. Phil Opher. N.Y., 11050. (516)944-9791. Eugene B. Quarterly. American-Israel Chamber of Borowitz. Biweekly (except June, July, Commerce and Industry, Inc. Aug.). HADAROM (1957). 1250 Broadway, 10001. YUGNTRUF (1964). 3328 Bainbridge Ave., Charles B. Chavel. Semiannual. Hebrew. Bronx, 10467.(212)654-8540. GitlSchaech- Rabbinical Council of America, Inc. ter. Quarterly. Yiddish. Yugntruf Youth for Yiddish. HADASSAH MAGAZINE (formerly HADAS- SAH NEWSLETTER; 1921). (212)355-7900. NEW YORK CITY 50 W. 58 St., 10019. Jesse Zel Lurie. Monthly (except for combined issues of AFN SHVEL (1941). 200 W. 72 St., 10023. June-July and Aug.-Sept.). Hadassah, (212)787-6675. Mordkhe Schaechter. Women's Zionist Organization of Amer- Quarterly. Yiddish. League for Yiddish. ica. ALGEMEINER JOURNAL (1972). 404 Park Ave. S., 10016. (212)689-3390. Gershon HADOAR (1921). 1841 Broadway, 10023. Jacobson. Weekly. Yiddish. (212)581-5151. Itzhak Ivry. Weekly. He- brew. Histadruth Ivrith of America. AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (1899). 165 E. 56 St., 10022. (212)751-4000. Milton IMPACT (1942 under the name SYNAGOGUE Himmelfarb, David Singer. Annual. SCHOOL). 155 Fifth Ave., 10010. Morton American Jewish Committee and Jewish Siegel. Quarterly. English-Hebrew. United Publication Society. Synagogue Commission on Jewish Educa- tion. AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMAN (1925). 817 Broadway, 10003. (212)477-4720. Agatha U INSTITUTIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL KO- Leifer. Eight times yearly. American Miz- SHER PRODUCTS DIRECTORY (1967). 116 rachi Women. E. 27 St., 10016. (212)725-3415. Yaakov Lipschutz. Irregular. Union of Orthodox AMERICAN ZIONIST (1910). 4 E. 34 St., Jewish Congregations of America. 10016. (212)481-1480. Sandra Evans. Bi- monthly. Zionist Organization of America. ISRAEL HORIZONS (1952). 150 Fifth Ave., Suite 1002, 10011. (212)255-8760. Richard AUFBAU (1934). 2121 Broadway, 10023. Yaffe. Monthly (except July-August). (212)873-7400. Hans Steinitz. Weekly. Americans for Progressive Israel. English-German. New World Club, Inc. ISRAEL QUALITY (1976). 500 Fifth Ave., BITZARON (1939). P.O. Box 798, Cooper Sta- 10036. (212)354-6510. Irene Ribner. Quar- tion, 10003. (212)598-3209. Hayim Leaf. terly. American-Israel Chamber of Com- Bimonthly. Hebrew. Hebrew Literature merce and Government of Israel Trade Foundation. Center. 358 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

JEWISH ACTION (1950). 116 East 27 St., Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations 10016. (212)725-3400. Yaakov Kornreich. of America. Bimonthly. Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America. JEWISH MUSIC NOTES (1945). 15 E. 26 St., 10010. Irene Heskes. Semiannual. JWB JEWISH AMERICAN RECORD (1973). P.O. Jewish Music Council. Box 1100, 271 Cadman Plaza East, Brook- JEWISH OBSERVER (1963). 5 Beekman St., lyn, 11202. (212)646-5184. Alex Novitsky. 10038. Nisson Wolpin. (212)964-1620. Monthly. Monthly (except July and August). Agudath Israel of America. JEWISH BOOK ANNUAL (1942). 15 East 26th St., 10010. (212)532-4949. Jacob Kabakoff. JEWISH POST OF NEW YORK (1974). 101 Annual. English-Hebrew-Yiddish. JWB Fifth Ave., 10003. Charles Roth. Weekly. Jewish Book Council. JEWISH PRESS (1950). 338 3rd Ave., Brook- JEWISH BOOKS IN REVIEW (1945). 15 E. 26 lyn, 11215. (212)858-3300. Sholom Klass. St., 10010. Bimonthly. JWB Jewish Book Weekly. Council. JEWISH SOCIAL STUDIES (1939). 250 W. 57 JEWISH BRAILLE REVIEW (1931). 110 E. 30 St., 10019. Tobey B. Gitelle. Quarterly. St., 10016. (212)889-2525. Jacob Freid. Conference on Jewish Social Studies, Inc. Monthly. English-Braille. Jewish Braille Institute of America, Inc. JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY COMMU- NITY NEWS REPORTER (1962). 165 W. 46 JEWISH CURRENTS (1946). 22 E. 17 St., Suite St., Rm. 511, 10036. (212)575-9370. Mur- 601, 10003. (212)924-5740. Morris U. ray ZuckofF. Weekly. Schappes. Monthly. JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY DAILY NEWS BULLETIN (1917). 165 W. 46 St., JEWISH DAILY FORWARD (1897). 45 E. 33 Rm. 511, 10036. (212)575-9370. Murray St., 10016. (212)889-8200. Simon Weber. ZuckofT. Daily. Daily. Yiddish. Forward Association, Inc. JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY WEEKLY JEWISH EDUCATION (1928). 114 Fifth Ave., NEWS DIGEST (1933). 165 W. 46 St., Rm. 10011. (212)675-5656. Alvin I. Schiff. 511, 10036. (212)575-9370. Murray Quarterly. National Council for Jewish Zuckoff. Weekly. Education. JEWISH WEEK (1876; reorg. 1970). 1 Park JEWISH EDUCATION DIRECTORY (1951). Ave., 10016. (212)686-2320. Philip Hoch- 114 Fifth Ave., 10011. (212)675-5656. Tri- stein. Weekly. ennial. American Association for Jewish Education. JWB CIRCLE (1946). 15 E. 26 St., 10010. (212)532-4949. Lionel Koppman. Bi- JEWISH EDUCATION NEWS (1939). 114 Fifth monthly. JWB. Ave., 10011. (212)675-5656. Gary Gobetz. Irregular. American Assn. for Jewish Edu- JOURNAL OF JEWISH COMMUNAL SERVICE cation. (1899). 15 E. 26 St., 10010. (212)683-8056. Sanford N. Sherman. Quarterly. Confer- JEWISH FRONTIER (1934). 114 Fifth Ave., ence of Jewish Communal Service. 10011. (212)989-0300. Mitchell Cohen. JOURNAL OF REFORM JUDAISM. 790 Madi- Monthly. Labor Zionist Letters, Inc. son Ave., 10021. (212)734-7166. Bernard Martin. Quarterly. Central Conference of JEWISH GUARDIAN (1974). P.O. Box 2143, American Rabbis. Brooklyn, 11202. (212)384-4541. Pinchus David. Quarterly. Neturei Karta of U.S.A. JUDAISM (1952). 15 E. 84 St., 10028. (212)- 879-4500. Robert Gordis. Quarterly. JEWISH JOURNAL (1970). 16 Court St., American Jewish Congress. Brooklyn, 11241. (212)624-7991. Sylvia Adelman. Weekly. KINDER JOURNAL (1920). 3301 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, N.Y., 10467. (212)881-3588. JEWISH LIFE (1946). 116 E. 27 St., 10016. Bella Gottesman. Quarterly. Yiddish. Sho- (212)725-3400. Yaakov Jacobs. Quarterly. lem Aleichem Folk Institute, Inc. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 359

KINDER ZEITUNG (1930). 45 E. 33 St., Lewittes. Quarterly. American Associa- 10016. (212)889-6800. Joseph Mlotek, tion for Jewish Education. Jack Noskowitz, Saul Maltz, Mates Olitzky. Bimonthly. English-Yiddish. PIONEER WOMAN (1926). 200 Madison Ave., Workmen's Circle. 10016. (212)725-8010. David C. Gross, Judith A. Sokoloff. Five times a year. Eng- KOL HAT'NUAH (1943). 50 W. 58 St., 10019. lish-Yiddish-Hebrew. Pioneer Women, (212)355-7900. Aaron Horowitz. Monthly Women's Labor Zionist Organization of (Nov.-June). Hashachar. America. KOL YAVNEH (1960). 25 W. 26 St., 10010. PRESENT TENSE (1973). 165 E. 56 St., 10022. (212)679-4574. Rochel Gershon. Irregular. (212)751-4000. Murray Polner. Quarterly. Yavneh, National Religious Jewish Stu- American Jewish Committee. dents Association. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACAD- U KOSHER PRODUCTS DIRECTORY (1925). 116 E. 27 St., 10016. (212)725-3415. Yaa- EMY FOR JEWISH RESEARCH (1920). 3080 kov Lipschutz. Irregular. Union of Ortho- Broadway, 10027. Isaac E. Barzilay. An- dox Jewish Congregations of America— nual. Hebrew-Arabic-English. American Kashruth Div. Academy for Jewish Research.

KlILTUR UN LEBN—CULTURE AND LIFE RABBINICAL COUNCIL RECORD (1953). 1250 (1967). 45 E. 33 St., 10016. (212)889-6800. Broadway, 10001. Louis Bernstein. Quar- Joseph Mlotek. Quarterly. Yiddish. Work- terly. Rabbinical Council of America. men's Circle. RECONSTRUCTIONIST (1935). 432 Park Ave. LILITH-THE JEWISH WOMEN'S MAGAZINE S., 10016. (212)889-9080. Ira Eisenstein. (1976). 250 W. 57 St., 10019. (212)757- Monthly (Sept.-June). Jewish Reconstruc- 0818. Susan Weidman Schneider. Quar- tionist Foundation, Inc. terly. REFORM JUDAISM (1972; formerly DIMEN- LONG ISLAND JEWISH PRESS (1942). 95-20 SIONS IN AMERICAN JUDAISM). 838 Fifth 63 Rd., Rego Park, 11374. Abraham B. Ave., 10021. (212)249-0100. Aron Hirt- Shoulson. Monthly. Manheimer. Six times a year. Union of American Hebrew Congregations. MIDSTREAM (1955). 515 Park Ave., 10022. Joel Carmichael. (212)752-0600. Monthly RESPONSE (1967). 610 W. 113 St., 10025. (bimonthly June-Sept.). Theodor Herzl (212)222-3699. Steven M. Cohen. Quar- Foundation. terly. Jewish Educational Ventures, Inc.

MORNING FREIHEIT (1922). 22 W. 21 St., SEVEN ARTS FEATURE SYNDICATE (see 10010. (212)255-7661. Paul Novick. Three News Syndicates p. 362). times a week. Yiddish-English. SHEVILEY HAHINUCH (1939). 114 Fifth U NEWS REPORTER (1956). 116 E. 27 St., Ave., 10011. (212)675-5656. Matthew Mo- 10016. (212)725-3415. Yaakov Lipschutz. senkis. Quarterly. Hebrew. National Irregular. Union of Orthodox Jewish Con- Council for Jewish Education. gregations of America—Kashruth Div. OLOMEINU—OUR WORLD (1945). 229 Park SHMUESSEN MIT KINDER UN YUGENT Ave. S., 10003. (212)674-6700. Nosson (1942). 770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, Scherman, Yaakov Fruchter. Monthly. 11213. (212)493-9250. Nissan Mindel. English-Hebrew. Torah Umesorah Na- Monthly. Yiddish. Merkos L'Inyonei Chi- tional Society for Hebrew Day Schools. nuch, Inc. U PASSOVER PRODUCTS DIRECTORY (1923). SHOAH (1978). 250 W. 57 St., Room 216, 116 E. 27 St., 10016. (212)725-3415. Yaa- 10019. (212)582-6116. Jane Gerber. Bi- kov Lipschutz. Annual. Union of Ortho- monthly. National Jewish Resource Cen- dox Jewish Congregations of America— ter. Kashruth Div. SYNAGOGUE LIGHT (1933). 47 Beekman St., PEDAGOGIC REPORTER (1949). 114 Fifth 10038. (212)227-7800. Meyer Hager. Bi- Ave., 10011. (212)675-5656. Mordecai H. monthly. Union of Chassidic Rabbis. 360 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

TALKS AND TALES (1942). 770 Eastern Park- Quarterly. English-Yiddish. Agudas way, Brooklyn, 11213. (212)493-9250. Nis- Nshei Ub'nos Chabad. san Mindel. Monthly (also Hebrew, French and Spanish editions). Merkos YIDDISHE KULTUR (1938). 853 Broadway. L'Inyonei Chinuch, Inc. 10003. (212)228-1955. Itche Goldberg. Monthly (except June-July, Aug.-Sept.). TRADITION (1958). 1250 Broadway, Suite Yiddish. Yiddisher Kultur Farband, Inc. 802, 10001. (212)594-3780. Walter S. —YKUF. Wurzburger. Quarterly. Rabbinical Coun- cil of America. YIDISHE SHPRAKH (1941). 1048 Fifth Ave., 10028. (212)231-7905. Mordkhe Schaech- UNITED SYNAGOGUE REVIEW (1943). 155 Fifth Ave., 10010. (212)533-7800. Marvin ter. Annual. Yiddish. Yivo Institute for S. Wiener. Quarterly. United Synagogue of Jewish Research, Inc. America. Dos YIDDISHE VORT (1953). 5 Beekman St., UNSER TSAIT (1941). 25 E. 78 St., 10021. 10038. (212)964-1620. Joseph Friedenson. (212)535-0850. Jacob S. Hertz. Monthly. Monthly. Yiddish. Agudath Israel of Yiddish. World Jewish Labor Bund. America. DER WECKER (1921). 45 E. 33 St., 10016. YIDDISHER KEMFER (1906). 575 Sixth Ave., (212)686-1536. Elias Schulman. Bi- 10011. (212)741-2404. Mordechai Strigler. monthly. Yiddish. Jewish Socialist Ver- Weekly. Yiddish. Labor Zionist Letters, band of America. Inc.

WESTCHESTER JEWISH TRIBUNE (1942). YIVO ANNUAL OF JEWISH SOCIAL SCIENCE 95-20 63 Rd., Rego Park, 11374. Abraham (1946). 1048 Fifth Ave., 10028. (212)535- B. Shoulson. Monthly. 6700. David Roskies. Biannually. Yivo In- WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT REPORTER stitute for Jewish Research, Inc. (1966). 1250 Broadway, 10014. (212)594- 8500. Elie Faust-Levy. Bimonthly. YIVO BLETER (1931). 1048 Fifth Ave., Women's American ORT, Inc. 10027. (212)535-6700. Editorial board. Ir- regular. Yiddish. Yivo Institute for Jewish WOMEN'S LEAGUE OUTLOOK (1930). 48 E. Research, Inc. 74 St., 10021. (212)628-1600. Mrs. Harry I. Kiesler. Quarterly. Women's League for YOUNG ISRAEL VIEWPOINT (1952). 3 W. 16 Conservative Judaism. St., 10011. (212)929-1525. Chana Forse. Monthly (except July, August). National WORLD OVER (1940). 426 W. 58 St., 10019. Council of Young Israel. (212)245-8200. Stephen Schaffzin, Linda K. Schaffzin. Monthly. Board of Jewish YOUNG JUDAEAN (1912). 50 W. 58 St., Education, Inc. 10019. (212)355-7900. Barbara Gingold. Monthly (Nov.-June). Hadassah Zionist YAVNEH REVIEW (1963). 25 W. 26 St., Youth Commission. 10010. (212)679-4574. Shalom Canny. An- nual. Yavneh, National Religious Jewish YOUTH AND NATION (1934). 150 Fifth Ave., Students Association. 10011. (212)929-4955. Yaakov Fusfeld. YEARBOOK OF THE CENTRAL CONFERENCE Quarterly. Hashomer Hatzair Zionist OF AMERICAN RABBIS (1890). 790 Madi- Youth Movement. son Ave., 10021. (212)734-7166. Elliot L. Stevens. Annual. Central Conference of ZUKUNFT (1892). 25 E. 78 St., 10021. Hyman American Rabbis. Bass, Moshe Crystal, I. Hirshaut. Monthly (bimonthly May-Aug.). Yiddish. Congress YIDDISH (1973). Queens College, Acad. for Jewish Culture and CYCO. 1309,65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, N.Y., 11367. (212)520-7067. Joseph C. Landis. NORTH CAROLINA Quarterly. Queens College Press. AMERICAN JEWISH TIMES—OUTLOOK Di YIDDISHE HEIM (1958). 770 Eastern (1934; reorg. 1950). P.O. Box 33218, Char- Parkway, Brooklyn, 11213. (212)493- lotte, 28233. (704)372-3296. Ronald 9250. Rachel Altein, Tema Gurary. Unger. Monthly. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 361

OHIO Albert W. Bloom. Weekly. Pittsburgh Jew- THE AMERICAN ISRAELITE (1854). 906 ish Publication and Education Founda- Main St., Room SOS, Cincinnati, 4S202. tion. (513)621-3145. Henry C. Segal. Weekly. JEWISH EXPONENT (1887). 226 S. 16 St., AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES (1947). 3101 Philadelphia, 19102. (215)893-5700. Frank Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, 45220. (513)221- F. Wundohl. Weekly. Federation of Jewish 1875. Jacob R. Marcus, Abraham J. Peck. Agencies of Greater Philadelphia. Semiannually. American Jewish Archives of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW (1910). Broad of Religion. and York Sts., Philadelphia, 19132. (215)- 229-0110. Abraham I. Katsh. Quarterly. CLEVELAND JEWISH NEWS (1964). 13910 Dropsie University. Cedar Road, Cleveland, 44118. (216)371- 0800. Jerry D. Barach. Weekly. JEWISH TIMES OF THE GREATER NORTH- EAST (1925). 2417 Welsh Road, Philadel- DAYTON JEWISH CHRONICLE (1961). 118 phia, 19114. (215)464-3900. Leon E. Salem Ave., Dayton, 45406. (513)222- Brown. Weekly. Federation of Jewish 0783. Anne M. Hammerman. Weekly. Agencies of Greater Philadelphia. INDEX TO JEWISH PERIODICALS (1963). RHODE ISLAND P.O. Box 18570, Cleveland Hts., 44118. (216)321-7296. Jean H. Foxman, Miriam RHODE ISLAND JEWISH HISTORICAL NOTES Leikind, Bess Rosenfeld. Semiannually. (1954). 130 Sessions St., Providence, OHIO JEWISH CHRONICLE (1921). 2831 E. 02906. Albert Salzberg. Annual. Rhode Is- Main St., Columbus, 43209. (614)237- land Jewish Historical Assn. 4296. Milton J. Pinsky. Weekly. TENNESSEE STARK JEWISH NEWS (1920). P.O. Box HEBREW WATCHMAN (1925). 277 Jefferson 9112, Canton, 44711. (216)494-7792. Ave., Memphis, 38103. (901)526-2215. Elaine M. Garfinkle. Monthly. Herman I. Goldberger. Weekly. STUDIES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BOOKLORE (1953). 3101 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, OBSERVER (1934). P.O. Box 15431, Nash- 45220. (513)221-1875. Herbert C. Zafren. ville, 37215. (615)292-9861. Jana L. Bart. Irregular. English-Hebrew-German. Li- Bimonthly. brary of Hebrew Union College-Jewish In- TEXAS stitute of Religion. JEWISH CIVIC PRESS (1971). P.O. Box TOLEDO JEWISH NEWS (1951). 2506 Ever- 35656, Houston, 77035. Abner Tritt. green St., Toledo, 43606. Burt Silverman. Monthly. Monthly. Jewish Welfare Federation. JEWISH HERALD-VOICE (1908). P.O. Box YOUNGSTOWN JEWISH TIMES (1935). P.O. 153, Houston, 77001. (713)661-3116. Jo- Box 777, Youngstown, 44501. (216)746- seph W. and Jeanne F. Samuels. Weekly. 6192. Harry Alter. Fortnightly. OKLAHOMA TEXAS JEWISH POST (1947). P.O. Box 742, Fort Worth, 76101. 11333 N. Central Ex- SOUTHWEST JEWISH CHRONICLE (1929). pressway, Dallas, 75243. (214)692-7283. 324 N. Robinson St., Suite 313, Oklahoma Jimmy Wisch. Weekly. City, 73102. (405)236-4226. E. F. Fried- man. Quarterly. VIRGINIA TULSA JEWISH REVIEW (1930). 2205 E. 51 UJF NEWS (1946). P.O. Box 9776, Norfolk, St., Tulsa, 74105. Larry Levy. Monthly. 23505. (804)489-8040. Reba Karp. Tulsa Section, National Council of Jewish Weekly. United Jewish Federation of Nor- Women. folk and Virginia Beach. PENNSYLVANIA WASHINGTON JEWISH CHRONICLE (1962). 315 S. Bellefield JEWISH TRANSCRIPT (1924). Securities Ave., Pittsburgh, 15213. (412)687-1000. Building, Rm. 929, Seattle, 98101. (206)- 362 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

624-0136. Philip R. Scheier. Bimonthly. 1411. Ora Kiel. Monthly. Jewish Student Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle. Press Service. WISCONSIN JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY, INC (1917). 165 W. 46 St., Rm. 511, N.Y.C., WISCONSIN JEWISH CHRONICLE (1921). 10036. (212)575-9370. Murray Zuckoff. 1360 N. Prospect Ave., Milwaukee, 53202. Daily. (414)271-2992. Lawrence Hankin. Weekly. Wise. Jewish Publications Foundation.

NEWS SYNDICATES SEVEN ARTS FEATURE SYNDICATE AND WORLD WIDE NEWS SERVICE (1923). 165 JEWISH PRESS FEATURES (1970). 15 E. 26 W. 46 St., Rm. 511, N.Y.C., 10036. (212)- St., Suite 1350, N.Y.C., 10010. (212)679- 247-3595. John Kayston. Semiweekly.

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BULLETIN DU CERCLE JUIF DE LANGUE JEWISH WESTERN BULLETIN (1930). 3268 FRANCHISE DU CONGRES JUIF CANADIEN Heather St., Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 3K5. (1952). 1590 Avenue Docteur Penfield, (604)879-6575. Samuel Kaplan. Weekly. Montreal, P.Q., H3G 1C5. (514)931-0381. Charles Dadoun. Quarterly. French. Ca- KANADER ADLER-JEWISH EAGLE (1907); nadian Jewish Congress. 4180 De Courtrai, Suite 218, Montreal, P.Q., H3S 1C3. (514)735-6577. Mordco CANADIAN JEWISH HERALD (1977). 17 An- Husid. Weekly. Yiddish. Combined Jewish selme Lavigne Blvd., Dollard des Or- Organizations of Montreal. meaux, P.Q., H9A 1N3. (514)684-7667. OTTAWA JEWISH BULLETIN & REVIEW Dan Nimrod. Irregular. (1946). 151 Chapel St., Ottawa, Ont., KIN CANADIAN JEWISH NEWS (1960). 562 Eghn- 7Y2. 232-7306. Jeff Bien. Biweekly. Jewish ton Ave. E., Suite 401, Toronto, Ont., M4P Community Council of Ottawa. 1P1. 481-6434. Ralph Hyman, Maurice UNDZER VEG (1932). 272 Codsell Ave., Lucow. Weekly. Downsview, Ont., M3H 3X2. 636-4021. Joseph Kligman, Y. Tyberg. Quarterly. CANADIAN JEWISH OUTLOOK (1963). 2414 Yiddish-English. Achdut HaAvoda-Poale Main St., #4, Vancouver, B.C., V5T 3E3. Zion of Canada. (604)874-1323. Editorial Board. Monthly. VIEWPOINTS (1965). 1590 Ave. Docteur Pen- CANADIAN ZIONIST (1934). 1310 Greene field, Montreal, P.Q., H3G 1C5. (514)931- Ave., Montreal, P.Q., H3Z 2B2. (514)934- 7531. Bimonthly. Canadian Jewish Con- 0804. Dr. Leon Kronitz. Bimonthly (ex- gress. cept July-Aug.). Canadian Zionist Federa- tion. WESTERN JEWISH NEWS (1925). P.O. Box 87, 400-259 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, JEWISH POST (1925). P.O. Box 3777, St. B, Man., R3C 2G6. 942-6361. Pauline Essers. Winnipeg, Man., R2W 3R6. (204)633- Weekly. 5575. Martin Levin. Weekly. WINDSOR JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL JEWISH STANDARD (1929). 8 Colborne BULLETIN (1938). 1641 Ouellette Ave., St., Suite 507, Toronto, Ont., M5E 1E1. Windsor, Ont., N8X 1K9. (519)254-7558. (416)363-3289. Julius Hayman. Semi- Joseph Eisenberg. Monthly. Windsor Jew- monthly. ish Community Council. Necrology: United States1

ABRAMS, HARRY N., publisher, philanthro- ANGOFF, CHARLES, editor, author, educator; pist; b. London, England, Dec. 8, 1904; d. b. Minsk, Russia, Apr. 22,1902; d. N.Y.C., N.Y.C., Nov. 25, 1979; in U.S. since 1913; May 3, 1979; in U.S. since 1908; The assoc. art dir., production manager, American Mercury: managing editor, Schwab & Beatty advertising agency, 1925-34; editor, 1934-35; editor, The 1926-36; Book-of-the-Month Club: art American Spectator, 1935-36; mem. edito- dir., 1936-50; mem. bd. dirs., 1947-50; rial bd.: The Nation, 1935; The North founder, chmn., Harry N. Abrams Co., American Review, 1935-39; The Living 1950; founder, pres., Abbeville Press, 1977; Age, 1938-40; Scribner's Commentator, mem. bd. overseers, Harry N. Parsons 1939; producer: "Something to Sing School of Design; founder, supporter, Al- About," 1941; "Moment Musicale," 1943; bert Einstein Coll. of Medicine; a founder, lecturer, Amer. lit.: Hunter Coll., 1949-54; Book Publishing Div., Anti-Defamation New Hampshire U., 1949-61; exec, editor, League; mem., Book Publishing Div., Mercury Publications, 1950—53; assoc. edi- UJA-Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies; con- tor: Jewish Book Council Annual, 1953— gregation leader, hon. trustee, Central Syn- 68; The Reconstructionist, 1954; editor, agogue; supporter, Hebrew Home for the The Literary Review, since 1955; prof., lit.: Aged, Riverside. Fairleigh Dickinson U., since 1955; N.Y.U., 1957-66; lecturer, Amer. lit., AMBER, JULIUS B., attorney, communal Wagner Coll., 1961-69; editor-in-chief, leader; b. Sokoly, Poland, March 3, 1907; Fairleigh Dickinson U. Literary Review, d. Cleveland, Ohio, July 29, 1979; in U.S. since 1967; novelist-in-residence, Ca. State since 1921; sec. to Justice Roy H. Wil- Coll., 1969; visiting prof.: Stern Coll., Ye- liams, Ohio State Supreme Court, 1934- shiva U., since 1975; U. of Vermont, 1976- 42; counsel, Horwitz, Kiefer, & Harmel 78; faculty mem., B'nai B'rith Insts.; pres.. law firm, Ca., 1942; Jewish Natl. Fund of Poetry Soc. of Amer., 1969-73; adv. mem., Cleveland: sec, 1942-55; pres., 1955-79; Who's Who in America, 1969-79; mem.: trustee: Park Synagogue; Bureau of Jewish Natl. Com. on Adult Ed.; Authors League Ed.; bd. mem., various Jewish communal, of Amer.; PEN club; Manhattan Recon- educational, and social service organiza- structionist Havurah; mem. adv. bd., Jew- tions; honored at Jewish Natl. Fund an- ish Book Guild, 1949-56; bd. mem., Jewish nual dinner, 1963; in his honor: Julius B. Historical Soc. of NY.; editor: Stradivari and Alice N. Amber Forest, Israel, 1963; (1938); The World Over (1938-40); co-edi- Ohio Pylon, John F. Kennedy Memorial, tor: The American Mercury Reader (1945); Israel, 1969; recipient, JNF Distinguished The World of George Jean Nathan (1951); Service Award. Stories from Many Lands (1951); author:

'Including Jewish residents of the United States who died between January 1 and Decem- ber 31, 1979. 363 364 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 A Literary History of the American People, Germany, 1944-47; Staff Development 2 vols. (1931); Palestrina (1945); Fathersof and Student Training, Veterans Admin. Classical Music (1946); The Book of Libel Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, Social Ser- (1947); Adventures in Heaven (1947); vice Div., 1949-56; consultant, Bureau of When I Was a Boy in Boston (1948); Jour- Public Assistance, Dept. of Health, Ed. ney to the Dawn (1951); In the Morning and Welfare, 1956-57; founder, dir., Paul Light (1953); The Sun at Noon (1954); Baerwald School of Social Work, Hebrew Something about My Father and Other Peo- U., Jerusalem, 1957-62; consultant, School ple (1956); H.L. Mencken: A Portrait from of Social Work, Teheran, Iran, 1957-62 Memory (1956); Between Day and Dark 1967; Grad. School of Social Welfare, U. of (1959); The Bitter Spring (1961); Summer Ca.: dean, 1963-68; prof, emeritus, 1968- Storm (1963); The Tone of the Twenties 79; a founder, schools of social work in (1966); Memory of Autumn (1968); The Puerto Rico and Hawaii, 1963-68; consul- Bell of Time (1968); Memoranda for To- tant: "Development of New Graduate morrow (1968); Stories from the Literary Schools of Social Work" project, Natl. Review (1968); Winter Twilight (1969); Council on Social Work Ed., N.Y., 1968- George Sterling: A Centenary Memoir 70; Coll. of Social Professions, U. of Ken- (1969); African Writing Today (1969); tucky, 1972; dir., faculty social welfare Prayers at Midnight (1971); Season of programs: U. of Texas; North Texas State Mists (1971); Mid-Century (1974); recipi- U.; Pan American U., 1973; dir., Faculty ent, Daroff Fiction Award, Jewish Book Development Seminar, School of Social Council, 1954, 1969; honored by establish- Work, Va. Commonwealth U., 1973; con- ment of Charles Angoff Collection, Boston sultant, social work ed. admin., San Diego U., 1964; recipient: hon. DL, Fairleigh State U., 1974; author, numerous profes- Dickinson U., 1966; Norman Lowenthal sional papers on social work ed.; honored Award, Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies, by Israel Ambassador Avraham Harman 1969; meritorious achievement award, Di- for playing "a decisive role in the social rectory of Educational Specialists, 1970; welfare of Israel." author award, N.J. Assn. of Teachers of English, 1970, 1972; fellow, Jewish Acad- BLUESTONE, EPHRAIM M., physician, ad- emy of Arts and Sciences, 1971; recipient: ministrator, educator, communal leader; b. "Men of Achievement" award, Cam- N.Y.C., Dec. 26, 1891; d. N.Y.C., July 1, bridge, England, 1973; author award, 1979; first lieutenant, Medical Corps, U.S. Newark Coll., 1973; humanitarian award, Army, 1917-19; private practice, N.Y.C., Becton Soc, Fairleigh Dickinson U., 1973; 1919-20; asst. dir., Mt. Sinai Hosp., author award, N.J. Inst. of Technology, N.Y.C., 1920-26; dir., Hadassah Medical 1975; Ellis Island award, 1977; "Literary Org. for Palestine, Women's ZOA, 1926- Luminary of N.J." award, Alumni Assn., 28; a founder, Straus Health Center, N.J. Inst. of Technology, 1977; literary Jerusalem, 1926-28; Montefiore Hosp., award, Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies, N.Y.C.: dir., 1928-50; consultant, 1951- 1977. 79; mem., editorial bd., The Modern Hospi- tal, 1929-69; pres., Hosp. Conf. of the City AZENBERG, CHARLES J., communal leader; of N.Y., 1935-37; mem., Amer. Bd. of Pre- b. (?), England (?), 1894; d. N.Y.C., June ventive Medicine and Public Health, 1939- 28, 1979; in U.S. since 1920; worked with 79; first chmn., Medical Reference Bd., Chaim Weizmann in England, before 1920; Hadassah and Hebrew U., 1940-50; mem. active, U.S. Zionist movement; Jewish editorial council, Hospitals, 1941-43; con- Natl. Workers Alliance: staff mem., dir. of sultant, Professional Adv. Com.-, Office of summer camps. Vocational Rehabilitation, Washington, D.C., 1944-50; mem. editorial bd., Journal BLACKEY, EILEEN A., educator, social of Gerontology, 1945-60; asst. prof., hosp. worker, communal leader; b. Blackpool, admin., Columbia U., 1945-79; Amer. England, Jan. 14, 1902; d. Pinehurst, N.C., Assn. of Hosp. Consultants: v. pres., 1949- Sept. 18, 1979; in U.S. since childhood; 51; pres., 1951-53; UN rep., Internatl. staff mem.: Federal Emergency Relief Hosp. Fed., 1953-67; mem., Expert Adv. Admin., W. Va.; Fla. State Welfare Dept., Panel on Org. of Medical Care, World early 1940's; dir.: Child Search and Repa- Health Org., 1955-67; contributing editor, triation, UN Relief and Rehabilitation Hospital Management, 1957-79; prof., Admin. Displaced Persons Mission, public admin., N.Y.U., 1958-65; mem. NECROLOGY / 365 editorial bd.: Annals of Dentistry, 1962-79; ELSON, HARRY, business exec, communal The Jewish Forum; a founder, School of leader; b. Albany, N.Y., Aug. 2, 1909; d. Administrative Medicine, Columbia U.; an Palm Beach, Fla., Sept. 21, 1979; gen. organizer: Greater N.Y. Hosp. Assn.; manager, Norfolk News Agency, 1936-53; Maimonides Chapter, Amer. Red Magen Atlanta News Agency: founder, bd. chmn., David for Israel, 1974; delegate: Internatl. since 1953; pres., since 1957; exec. v. pres., Hosp. Cong.; Internatl. Gerontological Amer. Publications Overseas, since 1960; Cong.; co-chmn., Brandeis Medals; sup- pres., Airport News Corp., since 1960; porter: Beth Israel Medical Center; Jewish exec. v. pres., treas., Amer. Service Co., Home and Hosp. for the Aged; Amer. since 1961; partner, Elson Book Stores; co- Friends of Hebrew U.; contributor to nu- chmn., commercial div., Community merous health, hosp., and medical care Chest; bd. mem., past v. pres., past chmn. publications; honored by: the establish- Legal Com., Council for Periodical Dis- ment of various fellowships, scholarships, tributors; delegate, Natl. Community Re- professorships, and directorships in his lations Adv. Council; founder, first hon. name; Dentists Div., Fed. of Jewish Phi- life mem., Norfolk Jewish Community lanthropies, 1948; Social Service Div., Center; pres., Norfolk Jewish Community UJA, 1951; Greater N.Y. Fund, 1951; City Council; treas., Atlanta Jewish Commu- of San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1955; Hospital nity Council; trustee, Jewish Publication Management magazine, 1956; Hadassah, Soc. of Amer.; bd. mem.: Natl. Conf. of 1957; presentation with Bronze Medal of Christians and Jews; Jewish Children's Charleroi, Belgium, 1958; Third Belgian Service; Amer. Jewish Historical Soc; Soc. Hosp. Cong., 1958; Jewish-sponsored of Friends of Touro Synagogue; B'nai hosps. of the U.S. and Canada, 1961; B'rith; co-chmn., UJA; Amer. Jewish Amer. Hosp. Assn., 1961; Mt. Sinai Hosp., Com.: founder, first chmn., Norfolk, Va. Chicago, 1962; Greater N.Y. Hosp. Assn., branch; mem. publications com., Com- 1963; Alumni Assn., School of Adminis- mentary magazine; past pres., Vaad trative Medicine, Columbia U., 1966; Hakashruth; dir., past treas., Oheb Sholom Hosp. Soc. of N.Y., 1969; Amer. Assn. for Temple, Norfolk; trustee, Temple Israel, Hosp. Planning, 1972; Metropolitan Conf. Palm Beach; supporter, Brandeis U. of Hosp. Dental Services, 1979. EPSTEIN, MELECH (Micael), editor, author; CHILL, SAMUEL, rabbi; b. Brooklyn, N.Y., b. Rouzhany, Russia, (?), 1889; d. Miami Oct. 12, 1914; d. Jerusalem, Israel, Jan. 1, Beach, Fla., July (?), 1979; in U.S. since 1979; rabbi, Kingsway Jewish Center, 1913; Jewish Morning Freiheit: co-founder, N.Y., 1945-74; active in Vaad Hatzala, for 1922; editor, 1924-29; co-editor, Hammar resettling Jewish refugees, post-WWII; magazine, 1925-29; mem. natl. exec, com., mem.: Rabbinical Council of Amer., 1946- Icor; mem.: Amer. Communist party, 78; Flatbush Bd. of Rabbis, 1946-78. 1913-39; Proletpen; Newspaper Guild; author: numerous articles for Jewish Daily COOPER, ELIAS, educator, editor, author; b. Forward; five books in English (including Crakow, Poland, Dec. 16, 1937; d. N.Y.C., one on labor movement); Soviet Union March 21,1979; in U.S. since 1949; editor, (Yiddish; 1932); History of American The American Zionist, Zionist Org. of Working Class (Yiddish; 1935). Amer., 1969-79; prof, of history, Bronx Community Coll., CUNY; mem., Beitar FEDER-KEYFITZ, SARA, educator, sociolo- Youth Movement. gist, communal leader; b. (?), Russia, (?), 1898; d. Jerusalem, Israel, Jan. 8, 1979; in DAWIDOWICZ, SZYMON M., editor, printer; U.S. since childhood; prof, of sociology: b. Mlawa, Poland, July 29, 1895; d. Columbia U.; U. of Missouri; delegate, N.Y.C., June 1, 1979; in U.S. since 1941; White House Confs.; served on U.S. govt. lifelong mem., Jewish Socialist Bund; corns, concerning women's rights; natl. business manager, Yugnt-Veker, publica- pres., Pioneer Women, 1951-55; founder, tion of Warsaw Bund's youth div., 1924- Adult Ed. Assn., Israel; active in Na'amot, 39; head of publications, YIVO Inst. for Pioneer Women's sister org. in Israel; au- Jewish Research, 1942-77; known for thor: Yom Haatzmaut: A Family Celebra- setting standard of excellence in the pub- tion, which helped introduce the celebra- lication of Yiddish books and journals in tion of Israel Independence Day, 1963; the U.S. numerous books and articles; adult ed. 366 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 program for the literacy of women in Israel Cong.; past pres., Jewish Historical Soc. of established in her memory. Maryland; editor, Lifelong Learning Among Jews: Adult Education in Judaism FORMAN, CELIA ADLER, actress, author; b. from Biblical Times to the Twentieth Cen- N.Y.C., Dec. 8, 1899; d. N.Y.C., Feb. 1, tury and other textbooks on adult Jewish 1979; leading lady, Morris Morrison's Co., ed.; contributor to various periodicals; re- 1913; co-founder, Yiddish Art Theater, cipient: hon. DD, Brown U., 1949; hon. N.Y.C., 1918; appeared in: Eternal Wand- DD, Jewish Theological Seminary, 1950. erer, 1914; A String of Pearls, 1915; Mer- chant of Venice. 1916; The Blacksmith's GOTTESMAN, BENJAMIN, business exec., Daughter, 1919; Green Fields, 1920; The philanthropist; b. N.Y.C., Dec. 1, 1897; d. Idle Inn, 1920; The Treasure. 1920; The Martha's Vineyard, Mass., July 18, 1979; Dybbuk. 1921; Stempenu. 1927-28; Mrs. v. pres., treas., Hudson Trading Co., N.Y., Warren's Profession. 1928; Othello, 1928; 1916-32; exec. v. pres., treas., Credit Util- A Doll's House, 1928; Millions, 1930; The ity Banking Corp., 1929-49; consultant, Vow, 1934; A Flag is Born, 1946; Naked War Production Bd., 1941-42; past pres., City (motion picture), 1946; toured in one- treas., Gottesman Tree of Life Found., woman show, 1935; mem.: Hebrew Actors 1943-79; U.S. Navy: WWI; WWII; man- Union; Yiddish Theatrical Alliance; ager, numerous investment funds; trustee, Screen Actors Guild; Amer. Fed. of Televi- Yeshiva U., 1925-79; pres., Yeshiva En- sion and Radio Artists; Pioneer Women; dowment Found., 1941—79; benefactor: author: skits; monologues; The Yiddish Mendel Gottesman Library, Yeshiva U., Theater in America, 2 vols. (1960). 1969; D. Samuel Gottesman Library, Al- bert Einstein Coll. of Medicine; chmn., GOLDBERG, NATHAN, educator, author; b. Hadassah finance adv. com.; supporter: Suwalki, Poland, Dec. 19, 1903; d. N.Y.C., Yeshiva Torah Vodaath and Mesivta; Bd. Feb. 23, 1979; in U.S. since 1919; prof., of Jewish Ed. of Greater N.Y.; Amer. sociological statistician, Yeshiva U. Coll. Assn. for Jewish Ed.; UJA-Fed. of Jewish and Bernard Revel Grad. School, for 34 Philanthropies; Congregation Kehilath Je- years; appointed prof, emeritus, Yeshiva shurun, 1960-79; recipient: "Dollar-a- U., 1974; research consultant, intergroup Year Man" award, War Production Bd., relations, Amer. Jewish Com.; mem., WWII; hon. DHL, Yeshiva U., 1959. Amer. Sociological Soc; author: "Occupa- tional Patterns of American Jews"; "Jews GOTTLIEB, EDWARD, sports promoter, in Police Records, Los Angeles"; "Reli- coach; b. NYC, (?), 1898; d. Philadel- gious and Social Attitudes of Jewish Youth phia, Pa., Dec. 7, 1979; founder, Natl. Bas- in the U.S."; "Jewish Population in the ketball Assn.; promoter, Negro Natl. U.S."; "Jewish School System of Pales- League baseball; owner, coach, gen. man- tine"; "Jewish Population in America." ager, Philadelphia Warriors, 1947-62; founder, South Philadelphia Hebrew Ath- GOLDMAN, ISRAEL M., educator, rabbi, letic Soc. baseball and basketball teams, communal leader; b. (?), Poland, Feb. 13, 1917; supporter, U.S. Com. Sports for Is- 1904; d. Baltimore, Md., Feb. 10, 1979; rael; honored by inclusion in Basketball rabbi, Temple Emanu-El, Providence, Hall of Fame, Mass., 1972. R.I., 1923-48; founder, dir., Natl. Acad- emy of Adult Jewish Ed. Studies, 1940-51; GURFEIN, MURRAY I., judge, communal pres., Rabbinical Assembly of Amer., leader; b. N.Y.C., Nov. 17, 1907; d. 1946-48; Congregation Chizuk Amuno, N.Y.C., Dec. 16, 1979; legal sec. to U.S. Baltimore: rabbi, 1948-76; rabbi emeritus, Circuit Judge Julian W. Mack, 1930-31; 1976-79; lecturer: McCoy Coll., John asst. U.S. attorney, So. District, N.Y., Hopkins U., 1952-53; Jewish Theological 1931-33; private law practice, N.Y.C., Seminary of Amer.; past chmn., Baltimore 1933-35; chief asst. to Hon. Thomas E. Community Self-Study, 1952-55; v. Dewey, investigation of organized crime, chmn., Maryland Commission on Interra- 1935-38; asst. district attorney, N.Y. cial Relations, 1959—69; chmn., Interfaith County, 1938-42; It. col., chief of intelli- Council of Metropolitan Baltimore; pres., gence, Psychological Warfare Div., Su- Baltimore Bd. of Rabbis; Zionist Org. of preme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Amer.: mem. natl. administrative com.; Force, OSS and U.S. Army, 1942-45; asst. pres., Baltimore and Providence districts; to U.S. Chief Counsel at Nuremberg Tri- v. pres., Baltimore branch, Amer. Jewish als; adv., internatl. law, UN Hearings on NECROLOGY / 367 Partition; partner, law firm:Jud d & Gur- School, 1971-75; ed. dir., Young Israel of fein, 1946-54; Goldstein, Judd, & Gurfein, Brooklyn, 1940; principal, Teachers Train- 1955-68; Goldstein, Gurfein, Shames & ing School for Girls, 1940-50; chaplain, Hyde, 1968-71; mem., N.Y. State Tempo- Brooklyn House of Detention, 1947-79; rary Commission Courts, 1953-58; U.S. supervisor, Hebrew Teachers Coll. Semi- District Judge, So. District, N.Y., 1971- nary, Jerusalem, 1952; dir., Dept. of Adult 74; U.S. Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals, Ed., Div. of Communal Services, Rabbi 2nd Circuit, 1974-79; former dir. and Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, counsel, Adams & Co. Real Estate; trustee, 1954-79; visiting prof, U. of Cape Town, Citizen's Budget Com.; mem.: N.Y. South Africa, 1975; adjunct prof, Dropsie County Lawyers Assn.; Amer. Coll. Trial U.; pres., bd. mem., JWB Jewish Book Lawyers; Amer. Bar Assn.; N.Y. State Bar Council; bd. mem., Internatl. League for Assn.; Assn. of Bar, N.Y.C.; Council on the Repatriation of Russian Jews; past Foreign Relations; Phi Beta Kappa; He- pres., Amer. Correctional Chaplains brew Immigrant Aid Soc, 40 years; Amer. Assn.; supporter, Yeshiva Torah Vodaath Friends of the Hebrew U.; past pres.: and Mesivta; mem.: N.Y. Bd. of Rabbis; United Hebrew Immigrant Aid Soc. Ser- JWB Commission on Jewish Chaplaincy; vice, 10 years; Internatl. Council of Jewish Amer. Zionist Fed. and Commission; Reli- Social and Service Orgs.; mem. bd. dirs., gious Cult Com., Amer. Jewish Joint Dis- UJA-Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies; mem. tribution Com.; Rabbinical Council of administrative com., Amer. Jewish Com.; Amer.; Natl. Council of Jewish Prison trustee, Samuel Field YM-YWHA, Little Chaplains; Soc. for Old Testament Study; Neck, N.Y.; decorated by Legion of Merit; Congregation Ohab Zedek; author: Guide recipient: title of Hon. Officer, Order of the to the Prophets (1942); Jewish Beliefs and British Empire; Croix de Guerre, France; Creeds (1944); Jewish Family Purity Learned Hand Award, Amer. Jewish (1945); Supplement to the Passover Hag- Com.; Proskauer Award, Fed. of Jewish gadah (1950); Israel Haggadah (1952); Philanthropies; Liberty Award, Hebrew Manual, JWB Commission on Chaplaincy Immigrant Aid Soc; Distinguished Service (1952); The Great Sanhedrin (1953); Award, UJA. Prayer Book for Jewish Personnel in the Armed Forces of the U.S. (1958); Jewish Identity (1965); The Duty of Woman HASSENFELD, MERRILL L.; business exec, (1968); Rabbinics and Research: The communal leader; b. Providence, R.I., Feb. Scholarship of Dr. Bernard Revel (1968); 19, 1918; d. Providence, R.I., March 21, High Holiday Prayer Book (1969); con- 1979; v. chmn., chief exec, officer, Hasbro tributor: Jewish Quarterly Review, Inter- Industries, R.I., 1943-79; U.S. Army, preters Bible; Encyclopedia Britannica; fel- 1944-45; mem. bd. dirs.: Toy Manufactur- low, Natl. Endowment for the Humanities, ers Assn.; Council of Jewish Feds.; dir., 1975; recipient: "Chaplain of the Year" Com. for the Economic Growth of Israel; Award, N.Y. Bd. of Rabbis, 1973; hon. mem. exec, council, Amer.-Israel Public DHL, Yeshiva U., 1975. Affairs Com.; past pres., Jewish Fed. of R.I.; mem., R.I. Area Com., Anti-Defama- tion League; bd. mem.: Temple Emanu-El; HORNSTEIN, MOSES, business exec, philan- UJA, since 1960; Brandeis U.: a founder; thropist; b. Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 19, 1907; fellow, since 1963; hon. natl. chmn.; pres., d. Tel Aviv, Israel, Oct. 28, 1979; manager, gen. chmn., Gen. Jewish Com., Provi- Charles F. Vachris Co., 1934-45; founder, dence, R.I., 1963-66; bd. mem., Jewish past pres., Horn Construction Co.; dir.: Telegraphic Agency, since 1970; sup- Natl. Bank of North Amer., 1945-79; porter: Jewish Theological Seminary of Meadow Brook Natl. Bank, 1945-79; Amer.; Hillel Found, of Brown U.; former pres., Gen. Contractors Assn., N.Y.C.; treas., life trustee, United Israel Appeal; v. mem.: Municipal Engineers, N.Y.C.; Nas- chmn.. United Jewish Fund of R.I. sau & Suffolk Patron's Soc; bd. of ethics, Town of Hempstead; citizens' adv. com. HOENIG, SIDNEY B., educator, author, rabbi; for vocational ed., L.I., N.Y.; trustee: b. N.Y.C., Apr. 6,1907; d. N.Y.C., Dec. 9, Touro Coll.; Hofstra U., 1958-72; dele- 1979; Yeshiva U.: prof, 1934-77; chmn., gate, N.Y. State Constitutional Conven- Dept. of Jewish Studies, 1952; former tion, 1967; a founder: Hollywood-Hallan- Dean Pinkhos Churgin Prof, of Jewish dale Chapter, Amer. Friends of Hebrew History; dean, Bernard Revel Grad. U.; Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine, 368 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Yeshiva U.; Bar-Ilan U.; Ben-Gurion U. of March 25, 1979; in U.S. since 1922; Jewish the Negev; benefactor: Shiloah Inst. of Frontier: managing editor, 1938-42; edi- Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel tor, 1949-55; founder, editor, Midstream Aviv U.; Hebrew Academy of Nassau magazine, Zionist Org. of Amer., 1954-73; County; Jewish Theological Seminary; editor, Theodore Herzl Found.; active, Merrick Jewish Center, N.Y.; Torah Labor Zionist movement; editor: The Umesorah Natl. Soc. for Hebrew Day Negro and the Jew (1969); The Emissary: A Schools; building chmn., Amer. Friends of Life of Enzo Sereni (1977); author of arti- Boys Town Jerusalem; adv., Synagogue cles in: Jewish Frontier Anthology; Jewish Council of Amer.; mem. exec, com., Natl. Day; Commentary; Midstream; The New Campaign Cabinet, UJA; bd. mem.: Republic; Reconstructionist; recipient: United Israel Appeal; Amer. Jewish Joint third prize, The O. Henry Awards, 1968; Distribution Com.; former chmn., Queens Doubleday's "Distinguished Annual Liter- Div., Israel Bond Org.; v. pres., Jewish ary Event" award. Fed. of South Broward, Fla.; established Hornstein Fellowship, Jewish Theological KLEIN, ISAAC, educator, author, rabbi; b. (?), Seminary; recipient, hon. DSc, Hofstra U., Hungary, Sept. 5, 1905; d. (?), Ca., Jan. 23, NY., 1967; Moses Hornstein Campus, He- 1979; in U.S. since 1921; rabbi: Kodimoh brew Academy of Nassau County named Congregation, Springfield, Md., 1934-53; in his honor. Temple Shaarey Zedek, Buffalo, N.Y., 1953-73; chaplain: U.S. Army, 1942-46; JACOBS, ELIAS REX, publisher, editor, com- Amer. Airbases (Atlantic, Europe, North munal leader; b. Vilna, Lithuania, (?), Africa), 1953-55, 1958-59; for Hungarian 1892; d. Buffalo, N.Y., Nov. 25, 1979; in refugees, 1956; adv. to Occupation govt., U.S. since 1895; U.S. Navy, 1917; private Germany, Jewish Religious Affairs, 1958- law practice, N.Y.C., 1918-19; founder, 60; assoc. prof., Jewish law, Jewish Theo- Kansas City Jewish Chronicle, 1920; pub- logical Seminary of Amer.; visiting prof., lisher, editor, Buffalo Jewish Review, Jewish law and practice, U. of Judaism, 1921-72; past pres.: Buffalo District, Zion- Ca.; active in: United Synagogue of Amer.; ist Org. of Amer.; Montefiore Lodge, B'nai United Synagogue Youth; past pres., Rab- B'rith; past v. pres.: Amer. Jewish Press binical Assembly; author: The Ten Com- Assn.; Bureau of Jewish Ed.; mem.: exec, mandments in a Changing World (1944); com., Buffalo Area Israel Bonds; organiz- translation, introduction, commentary, ing com., Kadimah School, Buffalo; Jewish Code of Maimonides, Book XII (1951), War Veterans of the U.S.; Temple Shaarey Book VII (1972), Book IV (1973); The An- Zedek, Buffalo; Congregation Beth guish and the Ecstasy of a Jewish Chaplain Abraham, Buffalo; bd. mem., United Jew- (1974); Responsa and Studies in Halakha; ish Fed.; dir., Hebrew Benevolent Loan articles on Jewish law and ethics in schol- Assn.; recipient, Prime Minister's Medal, arly journals. Israel Bonds. KORN, BERTRAM W., educator, author, KANTER, GILBERT, attorney, communal leader; b. NYC, Dec. 15, 1915; d. rabbi; b. Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 6,1918; d. N.Y.C., March 13, 1979; U.S. Navy, 1941- New Orleans, La., Dec. 11, 1979; rabbi, 45; pres., Boy's Congregation and Sister- Congregation Shaarat Shomayim, Mobile, hood, Talmud Torah Tifereth Israel, Ala., 1943-44; chaplain, U.S. Navy, 1944- Brooklyn, NY., 1934-36; Hillcrest Jewish 46; rabbi, Temple Emanuel, Mansfield, Center: trustee, 1949-79; first v. pres., Ohio, 1946-48; Hebrew Union Coll.: asst. 1953-54; pres., 1954-56; hon. pres., 1956; prof., Amer. Jewish history; asst. to pres., founder, Golden Club, 1957; cantor for 1948-49; visiting prof., 1962-79; senior Shachrit and Minchah, High Holidays, rabbi, Reform Congregation Keneseth Is- 1957-78; leading choir mem.; Fed. of Jew- rael, Philadelphia, Pa., 1949-79; bd. mem.: ish Philanthropies: founding mem.; bd. Jewish Armed Forces Council, JWB, chmn.; pres., Commission on Synagogue 1950-79; Gratz Coll.; Jewish Reconstruc- Relations, 1961-63; honored by: UJA, tionist Found.; Reconstructionist Rabbini- 1957; State of Israel Bonds, 1961; Fed. of cal Coll.; mem.: Reconstructionist Rab- Jewish Philanthropies, 1965. binical Assn.; Central Conf. of Amer. Rabbis; JWB Commission on Jewish KATZ, SHLOMO (Shunra), editor, author; b. Chaplaincy; Amer. Jewish Historical Soc., Olgopoi, Russia, Apr. 14, 1910; d. N.Y.C., 1959-61; Com. on Jewish Americana, NECROLOGY / 369 Grand Lodge, B'nai B'rith; publications Minister's Medal; honored by Cleveland com., Jewish Publication Soc. of Amer.; branch, Jewish Natl. Fund, with the plant- Philadelphia branch, Friends of Hebrew ing of 100,000 trees in Israel in his name. U.; Jewish Historical Soc. of Israel; past pres., Assn. of Jewish Chaplains; captain, KUTASH, SAMUEL B, psychologist, educa- U.S. Navy Reserves, 1963; visiting prof., tor; b. Brooklyn, N.Y., May 12, 1912; d. Dropsie Coll., 1969-70; former State Summit, N.J., July 14, 1979; psychologist: Chaplain, Amer. Legion of Pa.; assoc. dir., N.Y. Bd. of Ed., 1934-38; N.Y.C. Dept. of Amer. Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio; Welfare, 1938-42; Woodburne Inst., N.Y., rear admiral, U.S. Navy Reserves, Chap- 1942^4; Harlem Valley State Hosp., lain Corps, 1975; adv., Amer. Antiquarian N.Y., 1944-46; VA Mental Hygiene Soc.; mem. adv. council, Civil War Centen- Clinic, N.J., 1946-52; private practice, nial Com., federal govt.; editor, Yearbook, since 1946; lecturer, psychotherapy, Central Conf. of Amer. Rabbis, 1952-53; Brooklyn Coll., 1946-53; VA Hosp., East contributing editor, Philadelphia Jewish Orange, N.J.: chief psychologist, 1952-60; Exponent; editorial adv., Civil War his- consultant, since 1960; Grad. School of tory, Jewish Digest, Iowa State U.; editor, Applied Psychology, Rutgers U.: a foun- centenary edition of Solomon Nunes Car- der, prof., since 1954; council mem., Amer. valho's Incidents of Travel and Adventure Psychology Assn., since 1956; chmn., N.J. in the Far West (1954); author: American State Bd. of Examiners, Psychology, 1967- Jewry and the Civil War (1951); Eventful 74; prof., Kean Coll., N.J., since 1972; fac- Years and Experiences: Studies in Nine- ulty mem.: Newark State Coll.; Jersey City teenth Century American Jewish History State Coll.; consultant, Peace Corps; past (1954); The American Reaction to the Mor- dir., N.J. div. of N.Y. Center for Psy- tara Case (1957); Benjamin Levy: New Or- choanalytic Training; a founder, Essex leans Printer and Publisher (1960); Jews County Psychotherapy Program, N.J.; and Negro Slavery in the Old South; Early past pres.: N.J. Psychological Assn.; Jews of New Orleans (1969); The Middle Amer. Assn. of Psychologists in Private Period of American Jewish History (He- Practice; Rorschach Assn.; mem.: Amer. brew; 1969); recipient: award, Amer. Jew- Bd. of Examiners in Professional Psychol- ish Historical Soc; hon. LLD, Temple U., ogy; Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of 1957; hon. DLitt., Delaware Valley Coll., Psychotherapy; delegate, Council of State 1967; hon. DD, Hebrew Union Coll., 1968; Psychology Assns.; trustee, Guidance hon. DLitt., Dropsie U., 1976. Clinic for Retarded Children, N.J.; mem. editorial bd., Journal of Group Psychoanal- ysis and Process; assoc. editor: Journal of KRAVITZ, JULIUS, business exec, philan- Clinical Psychopathology; Archives of thropist; b. Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 22, 1911; Criminal Psychodynamics; Journal of d. Cleveland, Ohio, May 2, 1979; bd. Criminal Psychopathology; editor, Ency- chmn., First Natl. Supermarkets, Inc.; sen- clopedia of Criminology, 1949; Amer. ior exec, Pick-n-Pay Supermarkets, div. of Friends of Hebrew U.: founder, past pres., Finast; supporter, Brandeis U.; Jewish fellow; mem., Temple Sharey Tefilo; au- Welfare Fund Appeal of Cleveland: gen. thor: Perceptual Changes in Psychopa- co-chmn., 1969, 1976; chmn., Food Div., thology (1961); chapter in Handbook of 1970, 1971; past gen. chmn., Cleveland Clinical Psychology; The Therapist's Hand- Natl. State of Israel Bonds Campaign; ac- book (1976); Violence: Perspectives on tive, Jewish Natl. Fund of Amer.; a foun- Murder and Aggression (1978); fellow: Soc. der, Israel Bond Org.; life trustee, past for Projective Techniques; Amer. Group pres., Jewish Community Center of Cleve- Psychotherapy Assn.; Amer. Orthopsy- land; life trustee, Jewish Community Fed.; chology Assn.; Amer. Assn. for the Ad- trustee, financechmn. , The Temple, Cleve- vancement of Science; Amer. Assn. on land; trustee, Mt. Sinai Hosp., Cleveland; Mental Deficiency; counseling center, He- v. pres. midwest section, Natl. Jewish Wel- brew U., Jerusalem established in his fare Bd.; recipient: Certificate of Honor, name, 1972. Assn. of Grocery Manufacturers Repre- sentatives, 1953; "Retailer of the Year" award, Cleveland Food Dealer's Assn., LANDAU, SAMUEL DAVID (Lev), artist, au- 1964; Herbert Lehman Award, Israel thor b. Warsaw, Poland, Apr. 17, 1895; d. Bonds, 1969; Humanitarian Award, Natl. N.Y.C, Jan. 7, 1979; in U.S. since 1909; B'nai B'rith, 1974; State of Israel Prime showings at: ACA Gallery, N.Y.; Gerelick 370 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Gallery, Mich.; French-Amer. Gallery, and creative Jewish life; 1979 Golden Key N.Y.; Carnegie Inst., Pa.; Academy of Fine Award, B'nai B'rith Youth Org. Arts, Pa.; Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C.; Natl. Academy; Audubon Artists; LOOKSTEIN, JOSEPH HYMAN, educator, Brooklyn Soc. of Artists; Artists in Casein; rabbi, communal leader; b. (?), Russia Silvermine Artists Guild; Dayton Art Dec. 25, 1902; d. N.Y.C., July 13, 1979; in Inst.; Amer. Soc. of Contemporary Artists; U.S. since 1910; mem. adv. com., Joint represented in: Butler Inst. of Amer. Art; Chiefs of Staff, 1945; consultant, U.S. State Norfolk Museum of Arts & Sciences; Adel- Dept., UN Conf., 1945; rabbi, Congrega- phi U.; Garden City, N.Y.; Meninger Mu- tion Kehilath Jeshurun, N.Y.C., since seum, Kansas; Tel Aviv Museum; Ain 1923; founder, principal, Hebrew Teachers Harod Museum, Israel; A. Lincoln High Training School for Girls, 1929-39; Rabbi School, N.Y.; Archives of Amer. Art, Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, Ye- Smithsonian Inst.; N.Y. Artists Equity shiva U.: prof., since 1931; past pres., Rab- Assn.: organizer; mem., since 1952; dir., binic Alumni; founder, Ramaz School, 1970-72; The Jewish Day: head translator; N.Y.C., 1937; past leader: U.S. Zionist dir. Workers Union: organizer; chmn.; movement, 1940's; Gustav Wurzweiler poems published in Yiddishe Kultur, Jew- Found.; World Council on Jewish Ed.; Or- ish Daily Forward, and other Jewish- thodox Jewish Congregations of Amer.; Amer. publications; awarded: first one- Amer. Zionist Council; dean, Orthodox man show, annual competition, ACA rabbinate in Amer.; past pres.: Rabbinical Gallery, 1943-44; first prize, oil painting, Council of Amer., 1941-43; N.Y. Bd. of 1951, second prize, oil, 1953, second prize, Rabbis, 1941-43; Mizrachi Natl. Ed. oil, 1957, Newspaper Guild annual show; Com.; chmn., Yeshiva U. planning com.; hon. mention, oil, Audubon Artists annual JWB: v. chmn., Div. of Religious Activi- show, 1952; hon. mention, oil, Artists Eq- ties, WWII; chmn., Latin-Amer. com.; uity Show at Ludwig Bauman's, 1952; first chmn., Commission on Jewish Chaplaincy; prize, oil, Brooklyn Soc. of Artists annual Bar-Ilan U., Israel: acting pres., 1958-66; show, 1954; Sudler & Hennessey Prize, chancellor, since 1966; author: Judaism in first annual show, Artists in Casein, 1955; Theory and Practice (1931); What is Ortho- second purchase prize, A. Lincoln High dox Judaism? (1940); Courage: A Collec- School show, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1956; Win- tion of Wartime Sermons (1943); Faith and sor & Newton Award, oil, annual show, Destiny of Man (1967); recipient, hon. DD, Brooklyn Soc. of Artists, 1962; hon. men- Yeshiva U., 1948. tion, oil, annual show, Amer. Soc. of Con- LUCHS, MAXWELL M., social worker, com- temporary Artists, 1964; listed in: Who's munal leader; b. N.Y.C., June 23, 1913; d. Who in American Art; One Thousand N.Y.C., Apr. 11, 1979; personnel dir., American Jewish Artists. Natl. War Labor Bd.'s emergency service unit, WWII; field sec., Michigan State Re- LEVISON, STANLEY D., attorney, business settlement Service for Refugees, mid- exec, communal leader; b. N.Y.C., May 2, 1940's; overseas personnel dir., Joint Dis- 1912; d. N.Y.C., Sept. 13, 1979; attorney, tribution Com., late 194O's; dir., Welfare N.Y.C., since 1938; U.S. Coast Guard, Funds, Amer. Jewish Cong., 1949-79; bd. WWII; Ford dealer; real estate investor; mem., Jewish Occupational Council, adv. to: Martin Luther King, Jr., Southern 1960-70's; pres., Free Synagogue of Flush- Christian Leadership Conf., 1960's; Mar- ing, 1968-70; recipient: several plaques tin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social and awards, U.S.A. Testimonial Breakfast, Change; active, Natl. Union of Hosp. & 1967; several plaques, State of Israel Bonds Health Care Employees, AFL-CIO; for- testimonial breakfast, 1969. mer natl. v. pres., Amer. Jewish Cong. MAIDENBAUM, NATHAN, business exec., au- LIPSON, ROBERT, communal leader; b. (?), thor, communal leader; b. Ostrov, Poland, U.S., (?), 1915; d. Nahariya, Israel, Sept. July 11, 1913; d. Lawrence, N.Y., June 19, 11, 1979; B'nai B'rith Internatl.: mem. bd. 1979; in U.S. since 1932; pres., bd. mem., govs.; exec, dir., District 3; insurance dir.; Associated Food Stores, N.Y.; assoe, past pres., Hillside Lodge; past pres.. Booth Tobacco; bd. mem., benefactor, fel- Northern N.J. Council; district life dele- low, Yeshiva U.; v. pres., Religious Zion- gate, Youth Org. Commission; recipient: ists of Amer.; natl. v. pres., South Shore 1977 Israel Award, for dedication to Israel chapter, Mizrachi Hapoel Hamizrachi; NECROLOGY / 371 mem., benefactor, Congregation Shaaray Negey; Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine, Tefila, Far Rockaway, N.Y.; bd. mem., Yeshiva U.; Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies; Congregation Beth Sholom, Lawrence, Amer. Jewish League for Israel; Tel Aviv N.Y.; mem., Congregation Kneseth Israel, U.; Wingate Inst.; U.S. Com. Sports for Far Rockaway, N.Y.; author, poems and Israel; Brandeis U.; Amer. Friends of essays in several Jewish publications; recip- Boystown Jerusalem; Hebrew Immigrant ient: "SURA" Scroll of Honor, 1965; cita- Aid Soc.; Yeshivah Ohel Moshe; founder, tion for work in behalf of human rights, former chmn., Amer. Israeli Paper Mills, Anti-Defamation League, 1965; awards for Ltd.; recipient: hon. doctorate, Hebrew U., outstanding leadership, Groceries & Allied Jerusalem, 1955; hon. DHL, Yeshiva U., Industries Div., UJA, 1965, 1968; award, 1960; Scopus Award, Hebrew U., 1961. Natl. Com. of Jewish Ed., 1969; Synagogue Statesman Award, Synagogue Council of MEHLER, TILLIE H., communal leader; b. Amer., 1969; Master Builder Award, N.Y.C., (?), 1896; d. N.Y.C., Nov. 3, 1979; Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Semi- Passover Relief Fund: founder, active for nary, Yeshiva U., 1971; scholarship over 25 years; Israel Aid Soc.: organizer, awards: Yeshiva Toras Chaim, South first sec., 1918; active for over 55 years; life Shore, 1975; Yeshiva Sh'or Yoshuv, 1975. mem., Amer. Mizrachi Women; trustee, United Ladies Aid Soc.; v. pres., Nachim Rachmanios Soc. MAYER, ELLEN MOERS, educator, author; b. N.Y.C., Dec. 9, 1928; d. N.Y.C., Aug. 25, MEYER, ANDRE B. M., business exec., phi- 1979; prof., Amer. and English lit.: Hunter lanthropist; b. Paris, France, Sept. 3, 1898; Coll.; Brooklyn Coll.; Barnard Coll.; Grad. d. Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 9, 1979; in Center, City U. of N.Y.; U. of Conn, in U.S. since 1940; partner, Paris Lazard Storrs, 1976; critic: N. Y. Times Book Re- firm, since 1926; organizer, Sovac Co., view; N. Y. Review of Books; The American France; senior partner, Lazard Freres, Scholar; The Saturday Review; Commen- N.Y., 1944-77; partner, Lazard Brothers tary; Book World; many scholarly jour- of London; past bd. mem.: Fiat; Chase In- nals; author: It's a Dandy (1960); Two ternatl. Investment Corp.; Radio Corp. of Dreisers (1969); Literary Women (1976); Amer.; Newmont Mining Corp.; mem. Harriet Beecher Stowe and American Liter- adv. corns.: Kennedy Admin.; Johnson ature (1978). Admin.; founder, Andre and Bella Meyer Hall of Physics, N.Y.U.; mem. bd. of MAZER, JOSEPH M., business exec, philan- managers, Memorial Hosp. for Cancer and thropist; b. N.Y.C., Oct. 29, 1899; d. Allied Diseases, until 1974; patron, Mu- N.Y.C., Feb. 4, 1979; treas., hon. chmn., seum of Modern Art, N.Y.; founder, bd. dir., Hudson Pulp & Paper Corp., Andre and Bella Meyer Physiology Lab., 1930-79; former dir, Bensonhurst Natl. Sloan-Kettering Inst.; trustee: Metropoli- Bank of Brooklyn; dir., Maimonides Hosp. tan Museum of Art, since 1968; Sloan-Ket- and Menorah Home for the Aged; mem. tering Inst. for Cancer Research; Amer. bd. govs.: N.Y. Bd. of Rabbis; Amer. Technion Soc.; Temple Emanu-El, N.Y.C.; Friends of Hebrew U.; The Jewish Center, founder, trustee, Andre Meyer Dept. of N.Y.; mem., Amer. Bd. of Overseers, Bar- Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Mt. Sinai Ilan U.; mem.: Soc. of Hosht in the U.S.A. Medical Center; founder, Bella Meyer Ad- and Israel; Prime Minister's Club, Israel vanced Technology Center, Technion- BondOrg.; mem. bd. dirs.: Amer. Com. for Israel Inst. of Technology; supporter, hon. the Weizmann Inst. of Science; Amer. Jew- chmn., Appeal for Human Relations, ish Joint Distribution Com.; trustee: Jew- Amer. Jewish Com.; benefactor: Jewish ish Communal Fund of NY.; Park Avenue Guild for the Blind; Anti-Defamation Synagogue, N.Y.; UJA of Greater N.Y.; League; UJA-Fed. of Jewish Philanthro- Yeshiva U., 32 years; natl. chmn., Natl. pies; Amer. Friends of the Alliance Israel- UJA; established: Abraham Mazer Build- ite Universelle. ing, Inst. of Jewish Studies and Abraham Mazer Scholarship, Hebrew U., Israel; MICHAEL, JAKOB, industrialist, philanthro- Abraham Mazer Endowment Fund, pist; b. Frankfurt, Germany, Feb. 28,1894; Mazer Scholarship Fund, and Abraham d. N.Y.C., Sept. 7, 1979; in U.S. since 1939; Mazer Residence Hall, Yeshiva U.; Joseph employee: Beer, Sondheimer & Co., Frank- M. Mazer Student Loan Fund, Bar-Ilan furt, 1910-13; E.J. Michael & Co. Radium U.; benefactor: Ben-Gurion U. of the & Uranium, Frankfurt, 1913; served, Ger- 372 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 man Army, 1914-17; partner, Starck, Mi- U.S. since 1929; delegate to numerous in- chael & Co., Berlin, 1917; owner, various ternatl. confs., the Hague; prof., political commercial industrial corps., Europe, science, U. of Louisville; exec, dir., Bureau 1918-38; former bd. mem., numerous Ger- of Jewish Ed., Louisville, 1948-66; Natl. man industrial corps.; co-founder, Central Council for Jewish Ed.: chmn., midwestern Information Office, Amsterdam, 1934; region, 1954-56; v. pres., 1955-57; Natl. pres.: Ore & Alloys Corp., since 1939; Assn. of Profs, of Hebrew: pres., 1962-64; Simpson Coal & Chemical Corp., since editor, Hebrew Abstracts Studies, 1972-79; 1939; N.E. Industries, Inc., since 1939; presided at first plenary session, Seventh chmn., Midwest Utilities Coal Corp., since World Cong, of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, 1952; owner, bd. chmn.: Lehigh Valley In- 1977; author: Hebraic Studies (1965); Ne- dustries, since 1954; DEFAKA chain philim Ba Maarav (1968); Israel: A Profile stores, Germany; New England Industries; (1972); over 300 articles in scholarly jour- Standard Industries; co-founder: Ahawa nals; editor: Israel: Its Politics and Philoso- Kinderheim, Berlin and Kolberg, 1920; phy (1974); Afivhar Sipurim; first Distin- Juedisches Hilfswerk, Berlin; Yeshiva guished Faculty Lecturer in Social Rabbi Hoffman, Frankfurt, 1927; trustee: Sciences, U. of Louisville, 1975; recipient, World Academy for Higher Jewish Stud- presidential citation, Dropsie U., 1976; fel- ies, Jerusalem; Women's Social Service, low, Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Tel Aviv; Yeshiva U., NY.; bd. mem., The 1978; "Outstanding Prof, of the Year," U. Jewish Center, N.Y.; mem. bd. overseers, of Louisville, 1977, 1979. founder, Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine; mem. natl. adv. com., Synagogue Council NEWHOUSE, SAMUEL I., business exec, phi- of Amer; mem. bd. dirs.: Jewish Book lanthropist; b. Bayonne, N.J., May 24, Council of Amer.; Amer. Jewish Joint Dis- 1895; d. N.Y.C., Aug. 29, 1979; attorney, tribution Com.; Keren Yaldenu, Jerusa- 1916; owner: Advance Publications (31 lem; Natl. Jewish Music Council; Ozar newspapers), since 1922; Conde Nast Pub- Hatorah; United HIAS Service; UJA of lications (U.S. and European magazines), Greater N.Y.; mem. bd. govs.: Hebrew U., since 1959; Newhouse Broadcasting Corp. Jerusalem; Weizmann Inst. of Science; (five radio stations); numerous U.S. cable- founder, mem. bd. govs., Israel Museum, television systems; Eastern Microwave, Jerusalem; founder, Jakob Michael Li- Inc.; established: S.I. Newhouse School of brary, Mosad Harav Kook Inst., Jerusa- Public Communications, Syracuse U., lem; co-founder: UJA; Harry S. Truman N.Y.; S.I. Newhouse Center for Law and Peace Center, Jerusalem; Technion, Haifa; Justice, Rutgers U., N.J.; Mitzi E. New- new campus, Hebrew U., Jerusalem; Boys house Theater, Lincoln Center, N.Y.; sup- Town Jerusalem; benefactor: Sondheimer porter: UJA-Fed. of Jewish Philanthro- Torah School for Boys, Natanya; Erna Mi- pies; Amer. Friends of Boys Town chael School for Girls, Natanya; Nevei Mi- Jerusalem; Amer. Assocs. of Ben-Gurion chael Children's Village and Elisheva Mi- U. of the Negev; dinner given in his honor chael High School, Pardess Channa, Israel; by the City of N.Y., 1964. Horeb Schools; Yeshiva Torah Um'lacha, Tel Aviv; Inst. of Nuclear Science, Weiz- mann Inst.; donated: Synagogue Vittorio PENN, ASCHER, editor, author; b. Gaisin, Veneto and Horeb Chapel and collection of Russia, Dec. 18, 1908; d. N.Y.C., Dec. 24, Jewish ceremonial objects and manuscripts 1979; in U.S. since 1935; draftsman, U.S. to Israel Museum; Jakob Michael Collec- Navy, 1941-46; founder, editor, Havaner tion of Jewish Music to Hebrew U. Natl. Lebn, Cuba's first Jewish weekly, 1932-35; Library; Inst. of Bio-Medical Research to The Day-Jewish Journal: news and city ed- Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine; Erna itor, feature writer, 1945-63; UN corre- Michael Chair in Jewish Philosophy, Erna spondent, 1947-55; feature writer, city edi- Michael Coll. of Hebraic Studies, and Eli tor, The Jewish Daily Forward, 1963-74; Michael Center for Genizah Studies to Ye- mem.: exec, com., Jewish Labor Com.; shiva U.; recipient, hon. DHL, Yeshiva U., Farband Labor Zionist Org.; Yiddish 1967. Writers Union; YIVO Inst. for Jewish Re- search; Congregation Ohab Zedek, NAAMANI, ISRAEL G., educator, editor, au- N.Y.C.; exec, sec., Assn. to Perpetuate the thor; b. Zhitomir, Russia, Nov. 3, 1915; d. Memory of Ukrainian Jews; author: Louisville, Kentucky, March 5, 1979; in Hatuey (Yiddish; 1931); Hatuey (Spanish; NECROLOGY / 373 1935); several books in Yiddish, 1934-48; of Amer, 1957; Kavor Award, 1960; cita- Judaism in America (Yiddish; 1958). tion, Jewish Theological Seminary, 1969; first Natl. Jewish Music Council Award, POTOFSKY, JACOB S., labor leader, commu- 1971; special citation of merit, Amer. Soc. nal leader; b. Radomysl, Russia, Nov. 16, of Composers, Authors, and Publishers, 1894; d. N.Y.C., Aug. 5, 1979; in U.S. since 1974. 1905; garment worker, 1910; Amal- gamated Clothing Workers of Amer.: RICHARDS, JUDAH A., business exec, com- founding mem., office manager, district munal leader; b. N.Y.C., Feb. 23, 1913; d. sec.-treas., 1913; asst. gen. sec.-treas., Great Neck, N.Y., July 14, 1979; advertis- 1916; asst. pres., 1934-40; gen. sec.-treas., ing and marketing exec: Park & Tilford, 1940-46; pres., 1946-72; a founder, active N.Y., 1935-37; Joseph Katz Advertising mem., CIO, mid-193O's-1955; v. pres., Agency, 1937-39; Executone, Inc., mem. exec, council, AFL-CIO, 1955-72; 1940-56 (consultant until 1979); consul- bd. chmn., United Housing Found.; mem. tant, Judah A. Richards Advertising bd. dirs., 807 Cooperator-Families of Hill- Agency, 1953-76; v. chmn. bd., NAACP, man Housing Corp.; pres., Sidney Hillman 1959-62; v. pres., Amer. Jewish League for Found.; active in: Retail Clothing Sales- Israel, since 1968; chmn., Boating Pollu- men's Union, Local 340; Infants & Juve- tion Control Com., Israel Maritime niles Manufacturers Assn.; N.Y. Clothing League, since 1970; chmn., Jewish Infor- Cutters Union, Local 4; Park Reservoir mation Bureau, since 1972; mem. natl. bd., Housing Corp.; Fed. of Cooperatives; City Jewish Natl. Fund, since 1972; mem., of Hope Medical Center; Shirt and Zionist Org. of Amer.; keynote speaker: Leisurewear Joint Bd.; founding dir., pres., UJA; State of Israel Bonds. pres. emeritus, 236 Cooperator-Families of Amalgamated Dwellings, Inc.; founder, RODCERS, RICHARD, composer, producer, patron, mem. bd. dirs., Amalgamated philanthropist; b. N.Y.C., June 28, 1902; d. Houses; past pres., bd. chmn.. Urban Com- N.Y.C., Dec. 30, 1979; composer: over munity Insurance Co.; past pres., dir., bd. 1,500 songs; a ballet; a nightclub revue; chmn., Amalgamated Bank of N.Y.; past eight film scores; television scores; 42 pres., chmn., trustee, Amalgamated Life Broadway musicals (including Oklahoma!, Insurance Co.; active in: Amer. Labor Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, ORT; State of Israel Bond Org.; UJA-Fed. and The Sound of Music) with Lorenz of Jewish Philanthropies; benefactor: Hart, 1918-42, and with Oscar Hammer- Amer. Friends of Hebrew U.; Histadrut; stein, 2nd, 1943-60; builder, recreation Brandeis U.; hon. alumnus, Hebrew U., center and theater, Mount Morris Park, Jerusalem; Jacob S. Potofsky Clinic, B'nai Harlem, NY., 1970; established scholar- Brak established by Histadrut and ships: Juilliard School of Music; Amer. ACTWU in his honor; Jacob S. Potofsky Theater Wing; Amer. Academy of Dra- Chair in Sociology established by Brandeis matic Art; donated SI million to finance U. in his honor. new musical productions, N.Y., 1978; mem. bd. dirs.: ASCAP; Juilliard School of PUTTERMAN, DAVID J., cantor, educator, Music; trustee: Barnard Coll.; N.Y. Phil- composer; b. N.Y.C., Aug. 29, 1900; d. harmonic; Actors' Fund of Amer.; past N.Y.C., Oct. 10, 1979; cantor, Temple Is- dir.: Amer. Theater Wing; John F. rael, Washington Heights, 1918-32; Park Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; Avenue Synagogue: cantor, 1933-76; can- Natl. Council on the Arts; Dramatists tor emeritus, 1976-79; founder, faculty Guild; pres.: N.Y. Music Theater; Lincoln mem. 25 years, Cantors Inst., Jewish Theo- Center; past pres., Natl. Inst. of Arts and logical Seminary of Amer.; founder, first Letters; Natl. Assn. for Amer. Composers exec. v. pres., Cantors Assembly of Amer.; and Conductors; mem., Authors League of mem.: Amer. Soc. for Jewish Music; Zion- Amer.; recipient: special Pulitzer award, ist Org. of Amer.; JWB; featured soloist, 1944; Motion Picture Academy Award "The Eternal Light," NBC, 25 years; com- (Oscar), 1945; Donaldson Awards, 1945, poser, synagogue liturgical pieces; author: 1948, 1949, 1952; medal of excellence, Co- Synagogue Music by Contemporary Com- lumbia U., 1949; hon. LLD, Drury Coll., posers (1947); MismorL'David (1979); first Mo., 1949; Pulitzer Prize, Drama, 1950; fellow, Cantors Inst., 1954; recipient: Solo- Antoinette Perry Awards (Tony Awards), mon Schecter Award, United Synagogue 1950, 1952, 1960, 1962; gold medal, 374 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 100-Year Assn., 1950; award, Columbia "Distinguished Achievement" award, Coll., 1952; awards, TV Academy, 1953, Philadelphia Art Alliance, 1963; hon 1962; "Distinguished Public Service" DFA, La Salle Coll., 1965; hon. DFA, award, U.S. Navy, 1953; hon. DMus, Co- Colby Coll., 1966; hon. DFA, Beaver lumbia U., 1954; hon. DHL, U. of Mass., Coll., 1966; The Philadelphia Award, 1954; Alexander Hamilton Medal, Co- 1967; hon. DFA, Philadelphia Coll. of Art, lumbia U., 1956; Christopher Award, 1968; Donald F. Hyde Award, Princeton 1956; Human Relations Award, NCCJ, U., 1968; Sir William Osier Award, The 1959; award, Advertising Fed. of Amer., Tudor and Stuart Club, Johns Hopkins U., 1960; Texaco Music Educators Award, 1968; hon. DHL, Williams Coll., 1969; Sir 1960; gold medal, Poor Richard Club, Thomas More Medal for Book Collecting, 1960; award, Broadway Assn., 1961; hon. Gleeson Library Assocs., U. of San Fran- DMus, U. of Bridgeport, 1962; hon. cisco, 1971; title of "Knight First Class," DMus, U. of Md., 1962; Mary MacArthur Royal Order of Vasa, Sweden. Memorial Award, 1963; Handel Medal- lion, City of N.Y., 1967. SANDMEL, SAMUEL, educator, author, rabbi; b. Dayton, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1911; d. Cincin- ROSENWALD, LESSING J., business exec, nati, Ohio, Nov. 4, 1979; mem.: Amer. communal leader; b. Chicago, 111., Feb. 10, Assn. of U. Profs.; Archaeological Inst.; 1891; d. Jenkintown, Pa., June 26, 1979; Assn. for Higher Ed.; Amer. Oriental Soc; Sears, Roebuck & Co.: 1911-39; bd. Conn. Academy of Arts and Sciences; Phi chmn., 1932-39; trustee, Julius Rosenwald Beta Kappa; Literary Club; The Gallery; Found., 1932^*8; mem.: Philadelphia The Bd.; lecturer: Amer. Assn. of Colls.; Labor Mediation Tribunal, 1935; bd. of ap- Christian Minister Insts.; Jewish Chatau- peals, Pa. Selective Service, 1939-41; qua Soc; rabbi, Hebrew Benevolent Con- chmn., Textiles, Minimum Wage Com., gregation, Atlanta, Ga., 1937-39; dir., Hil- 1941; dir., Conservation Div., War Pro- lel Found.: U. of N.C. and Duke U., duction Bd., 1941-43; mem. bd. dirs., 1939^2; Yale U., 1946-49; chaplain, U.S. Community Chest of Philadelphia and Vi- Navy, 1942-46; prof, of Jewish lit., Van- cinity; trustee: Lessing and Edith Rosen- derbilt U., Tenn., 1949-52; Hebrew Union wald Found.; Jefferson Hosp., Philadel- Coll., Cincinnati: prof, of Bible and Helle- phia; Abington Memorial Hosp.; Free nistic lit., 1952-66; provost, 1957-66; dis- Library of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Or- tinguished service prof., 1966-79; hon. vi- chestra Assn.; Rosenbach Found.; Print siting principal, Leo Baeck Coll., London, 1968-69; Helena Regenstein prof, of reli- Council of Amer.; Blake Trust, London; gion, U. of Chicago, Divinity School, 1979; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Natl. Gal- past pres., Soc. of Biblical Lit.; mem.: lery of Art; Inst. for Advanced Study, Amer. Academy of Jewish Research; Princeton, N.J.; benefactor: Internatl. Res- Amer. Soc. for the Study of Religion; Cen- cue Com.; Library of Congress; past pres.: tral Conf. of Amer. Rabbis; editor: Old Philobiblon Club; Friends of the U. of Pa. Testament Issues (1968); Oxford Study Libraries; mem.: Amer. Council of Edition, New English Bible (1976); Tomor- Learned Socs.; Amer. Philosophical Soc; row's American (1977); author: A Jewish Grolier Club; Amer. Antiquarian Soc; Understanding of the New Testament Royal Soc. of Arts, England; U. of Chi- (1956); Philo's Place in Judaism (1956); cago; Museum of Science and Industry, The Genius of Paul (1958); The Hebrew Chicago; former dean, Wistar Soc; pres., Scriptures: An Introduction to Their Litera- Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies, 1930-34; ture and Religious Ideas (1963); We Jews Fed. of Jewish Agencies, Philadelphia: and Jesus (1965); Herod: Profile of a Ty- mem. bd. dirs.; pres., 1930-34; Amer. rant (1967); We Jews and You Christians: Council for Judaism Philanthropic Fund: An Inquiry Into Attitudes (1967); The First mem. bd. dirs.; founder; first pres., 1943— Christian Century in Judaism and Christi- 55; co-chmn. bd., 1956-66; hon. chmn. bd., anity (1969); The Several Israels (1971); 1966-68; trustee, Congregation Kneseth Two Living Traditions: Essays in Bible and Israel, Philadelphia; recipient: hon. DHL, Religion (1972); The Enjoyment of Scrip- U. of Pa., 1947; hon. DHL, Lincoln U., ture (1972); Alone Atop the Mountain 1954; hon. DLL, Jefferson Medical Coll., (1973); A Little Book on Religion (1975); 1954; Philadelphia Award, Artists Equity When a Jew and Christian Marry (1977); Assn., 1961; position of hon. consultant in Judaism and Christian Beginnings (1978); Rare Books, Library of Congress, 1961-64; NECROLOGY / 375 Anti-Semitism in the New Testament? Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools, 1975- (1978); Philo of Alexandria: An Introduc- 79; author, Ohr Gedalia (1979). tion (1979). SCHEUER, SIMON H., business exec, philan- SCHULTZ, HENRY E., attorney, communal thropist; b. N.Y.C., Oct. 7, 1891; d. leader; b. N.Y.C., June 18, 1906; d. Miami, N.Y.C., Oct. 22, 1979; controlling stock- Fla., May 5, 1979; mem., Bd. of Higher holder, Eastern Gas & Fuel Assn., early Ed., N.Y.C., 1941-69; gen. counsel at 195O's to mid-1970's; past dir., Fla. East founding, Comics Magazine Assn. of Coast Railway; dir.: S.H. Scheuer Co.; Amer., 1954; private law practice, until London Terrace Co.; Lombardy Hotel; 1960; v. pres., gen. counsel, J.B. Williams Southdown, Inc.; CLC of Amer.; benefac- Co., Inc., 1960-75; trustee, Queens Speech tor: Columbia U.; City Coll. of N.Y.; & Hearing Center; mem. bd. dirs., Sarah Found, of Thanatology, Columbia Presby- Delano Roosevelt House; chmn. exec, terian Medical Center; established: com., Eleanor Roosevelt Cancer Found.; Scheuer House Senior Center; Scheuer Anti-Defamation League: natl. chmn., House, Coney Island; Scheuer House, 1952-63; hon. natl. chmn., since 1963; re- Manhattan Beach; S.H. & Helen R. cipient, hon. DH, W. Va. State Coll., 1961. Scheuer Swim Center & Project Outreach, Bronx House; Simon & Helen Scheuer SCHWARTZ, ARNOLD, business exec, philan- Scholarship Fund, Brandeis U.; founder, thropist; b. Brooklyn, N.Y., (?), 1905; d. benefactor, Albert Einstein Coll. of Medi- Greenwich, Conn., Sept. 6, 1979; founder, cine, Yeshiva U.; Amer. Jewish Com.: hon. past v. pres., Paragon Oil Co., 1925-59; chmn., Appeal for Human Relations; founder, Brookdale Found.; benefactor, mem., natl. exec, council; benefactor: He- past pres., Brookdale Hosp. & Medical brew Union Coll.; UJA-Fed. of Jewish Phi- Center; dir., United Hosp. Fund; estab- lanthropies; N.Y.U. Inst. of Hebrew Cul- lished: Arnold & Marie Schwartz Clinical ture & Ed.; Jewish Culture Found, of Research & Instruction Unit, Brooklyn N.Y.U.; Natl. Found, for Jewish Culture; Hosp.; A. & M. Schwartz Kidney Dialysis Jewish Assn. for Services for the Aged; Center of the Palm Beaches, St. Mary's Amer.-Israel Cultural Found.; Anti-Defa- Hosp., Fla.; A. & M. Schwartz Hall of mation League; Jewish Bd. of Family & Dental Sciences, N.Y.U.; A. & M. Children's Services; 92nd St. YM-YWHA; Schwartz Health Care Center, N.Y.U.; A. Beth Israel Medical Center; Westchester & M. Schwartz Coll. of Pharmacy & Religious Inst. & Westchester Day School; Health Sciences, Long Island U.; Howard Congregation Rodeph Sholom; mem., A. Rusk Professorship in Rehabilitation Temple Emanu-El, N.Y.C.; recipient, Dis- Research, N.Y.U.; benefactor: Brooklyn tinguished Communal Service Award, Center, Long Island U.; Cooperative Care Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies, 1977. facility, N. Y.U. Hosp.; Inst. of Rehabilita- tive Medicine, N.Y.U. Medical Center; SCHNITZER, HENRIETTE, Yiddish actress; b. Saul J. Parker Inst. for Research on Dis- (?), Rumania, (?), 1895; d. Miami Beach, eases of the Heart and Kidney, N.Y.U.; Fla., May 4, 1979; in U.S. since early trustee: N.Y.U. School of Medicine; Me- 1900's; performed: in Rumania since age 8; morial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, with the Jewish Art Theater, N.Y.C., since 1975-79; Natl. Symphony Orchestra; pa- 1918; with her own co., touring U.S. and tron, Metropolitan Opera Assn.; benefac- Europe; on "The Goldbergs" radio pro- tor, former bd. mem., Hebrew Hosp. for gram, for 15 years; on her own radio show, the Chronic Sick; benefactor: Yeshiva U.; WEVD, 1940's and 1950's; on television; Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center; Cen- in such plays as Awake and Sing, Green tral Synagogue, N.Y.C.; UJA-Fed. of Jew- Fields, and The Bronx Express. ish Philanthropies; Jewish Braille Inst. of Amer.; past chmn. exec, com., Amer. Friends of Boys Town Jerusalem; sponsor, SCHORR, GEDALIA, rabbi; b. Istrick, Poland, cantorial concerts, Jewish Ministers Can- Nov. (?), 1910; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., July 7, tors Assn. of Amer. and Canada; hon. 1979; in U.S. since 1922; dean, Mesivta mem., Temple Beth-El, Great Neck, NY.; Torah Vodaath, N.Y.; mem., presidium, named in his honor: A. & M. Schwartz Agudath Israel of Amer., 1970-79; mem. Internatl. Hall for Cancer Research, Me- bd. govs., Torah Schools for Israel, 1970- morial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; 79; mem. bd. dirs., Assn. of Advanced 376 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 residence center, Boys Town Jerusalem; public schools for young adults; Hadassah: auditorium, Central Synagogue, N.Y.C. sponsor, Young Women's Zionist branch, 1920; natl. bd. mem., since 1921; sec, SHOSTECK, ROBERT, naturalist, educator, 1921-27; pres., 1927-28, 1929-31; hon. v. author; b. Trenton, N.J., (?), 1910; d. Be- pres., 1947-79; chmn., Palestine Com.; thesda, Md., March 18, 1979; outdoors ed- fund-raiser, Hadassah Hosp., Jerusalem; itor, Washington Post, late 193O's; forest ranger, Washington State, 1939; asst. chief, former editor, Hadassah Newsletter; dir., Placement, War Manpower Commission, central depot for clothes and linen collec- 1940-45; consultant, field guide: Natl. tion; UN chmn.; delegate, first mid-winter Park Service; Md. Natl. Park & Planning conf., Israel, 1968; trustee, PEF Israel En- Commission, 1975-79; lecturer: Mont- dowment Fund; with husband, established gomery Coll.; Smithsonian Inst.; regular Robert Szold Center for Applied Science, guest, "PM Magazine," Washington, D.C. Hebrew U., Jerusalem; founding mem., TV program, 1979; founder: Wanderbirds Free Synagogue of Westchester, N.Y. Hiking Club; Capital Hiking Club; mem.: TEITELBAUM, JOEL, rabbi, communal Amer. Assn. of Museums; Amer. Assn. for leader; b. Sigut, Rumania, Jan. 13,1887; d. State & Local History; Amer. Personnel & N.Y.C, Aug. 19, 1979; in U.S. since 1946; Guidance Assn.; Manuscript Soc; dir. of founder, Satmar yeshiva movement, Ru- research, B'nai B'rith Vocational Service mania, 1906; chief rabbi: Satmar Hasidim, Bureau, 1945-57; curator, B'nai B'rith Hungary, 1904-39; Orthodox Jewish Museum (Klutznick Exhibition Halls), movement, Israel, early 1940's; Yetev Lev Washington, D.C, 1957-75; Washington Congregation, Brooklyn, N.Y., since 1946; Jewish Historical Soc: a founder; pres., leader: Neturei Karta ultra-Orthodox sect, 1960-62; mem.: Amer. Jewish Historical Jerusalem; Satmar ultra-Orthodox sect, Soc.; Soc. of Jewish Bibliophiles; Temple Williamsburg, Brooklyn; Satmar Hasidic Shalom, Chevy Chase, Md.; author: Poto- community Kiryas Joel, Monroe, N.Y., mac Trail Book (1936); Careers in Retail 1976-79; pres., Central Rabbinical Cong, Business Ownership (1946); Small Town of the U.S. and Canada. Jewry Tell Their Story (1953); College Finder (1959); College Guide for Jewish TELL, JACK, publisher, editor; b. N.Y.C, Youth (1959); Flowers and Plants; The Sept. 29, 1909; d. Las Vegas, Nev., Aug. Weekender's Guide (1969); 400 Camp 26, 1979; mem., editorial staff, Billboard Grounds From Maine to Florida; numerous magazine, 1941-44; asst. to picture editor, career guidance pamphlets and articles on N.Y. Times, 1945-55; organizer, Territo- plants and outdoor activities. rial Enterprise newspaper, Va. City, Nev., 1961; publicity dir.: Sullivan County, SOROTZKIN, BORUCH, rabbi, educator, com- NY.; Atlantic City, N.J.; N.Y. Cardiac munal leader; b. Zdziencol, Poland, Jan. Center; founder, editor, Las Vegas Israel- 23, 1918; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 10, 1979; ite, 1963-79; mem., Temple Beth Sholom, in U.S. since 1942; rabbi, Rabbinical Coll., Nev. Telshe Yeshiva, Lithuania, 1941; Rabbini- cal Coll. of Telshe, Cleveland, Ohio: as- TOUSTER, BEN, business exec, philanthro- sisted in the rebuilding, 1942; prof, of Tal- pist, communal leader; b. N.Y.C, Apr. 8, mud, since 1942; dean, since 1954; v. 1893; d. N.Y.C, Sept. 25, 1979; served, chmn., bd. of ed., Hebrew Academy of WWI; pres., Cinderella Hat Co., N.Y.C, Cleveland, since 1953; chmn., bd. of ed., since 1919; CARE: v. pres., 1953-57; Yeshiva Adath Bnei Israel, Cleveland, treas., 1957-67; bd. chmn., since 1967; since 1956; sec, Rabbinical Administrative hon. bd. chmn., until 1979; UJA-Greater Bd., Torah Umesorah; mem.: Council of N.Y.: a founder, 1939; hon. v. chmn., since Torah Sages; presidium, Agudath Israel; 1954; mem. bd. govs., adv. council, N.Y. presidium, Chinuch Atzmai, Torah Bd. of Rabbis; hon. trustee, Temple Eman- Schools Network, Israel; publisher, editor, uel, Borough Park, N.Y.; trustee, Fed. of Shiurei Rabeinu Hagrai Mitelz (1951). Jewish Philanthropies, since 1945; YM- YWHA of Borough Park: a founder; bd. SZOLD, ZIP FALK, communal leader; b. mem.; pres., 1949-55; hon. pres., since Savannah, Ga., Apr. 19, 1888; d. N.Y.C, 1955; mem. exec, bd., Amer. Jewish Com., July 12, 1979; social worker, Bloomfield, since 1950; trustee, Jewish Home & Hosp. N.J., after 1909; organized: district nursing for the Aged, N.Y., since 1952; United service; evening recreation centers in HIAS Service: pres., 1952-54; mem. exec. NECROLOGY / 377 com., since 1954; assoc. chmn. bd., 1960- Commentary, various art journals; col- 79; chmn. exec, com., Council of Jewish umn, Jewish Telegraphic Agency; Gebet Feds. & Welfare Funds, 1953-59; dir.: aus der Tiefe, poems (1935); Der Blick Amer. branch, Alliance Israelite Univer- Nach Innen, poems (1936); Richard Beer- selle, since 1953; Touro Synagogue Natl. Hoffman (1936); Alexander Watin und Die Historic Shrine; Maimonides Medical Cen- Judische Volkskunst (1937); Utrillo ter: trustee, 1956-79; v. pres., since 1958; (1952); Dufy (1953,1973); Rousseau mem.: Press Club, Jewish Welfare Bd.; (1957); Modigliani (1962); Pascin (1962); Natl. Conf. Jewish Communal Service; Barlach (1966); Chagall (1968); Degas natl. council, Amer. Jewish Joint Distribu- Pastels (1969); George Innes (1973); Max tion Com.; natl. council, Jewish Theologi- Weber (1975); Soutine; Munch. cal Seminary of Amer.; Amer. Assn. for Jewish Ed.; Brith Milah Bd., N.Y. WOHL, JOSEPH S., attorney, philanthropist; b. (?), U.S., (?), 1910; d. Long Island, NY., WALKIN, SAMUEL, rabbi, communal leader; Dec. 8, 1979; lawyer, senior partner, Wohl, b. Grusd, Russia, June 1, 1908; d. NYC, Loewe, Stettner, Krim, & Fabricant; Aug. 25, 1979; in U.S. since 1947; chief assoc, Joseph S. Cross & Brown Co.; adv., rabbi, Refugee Community, Shanghai, Joseph P. Day Realty Corp.; benefactor. China, WWII; arranged emigration papers Children's Medical Fund of N.Y.; bd. for thousands of Jewish refugees, WWII; mem.: Brooklyn Lawyers Club, UJA-Fed. chief rabbi, Congregation Beth Aaron, of Jewish Philanthropies; Old Westbury Kew Gardens, N.Y.; pres.: Poalei Agudas Hebrew Congregation; founder, trustee, Yisroel; Pinsker Soc, 1947-79; v. pres., Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Cen- Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the U.S. and ter; past v. pres., Fed. of Jewish Philan- Canada; founder, Yeshiva Bais Aaron, thropies; dir., Real Estate Div., Greater Queens, N.Y.; recipient, Israel Bonds Ser- N.Y. Com. for Israel Bonds; founder, vice Award, 1957. pres., Universal Brotherhood Program, Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer., WEISBERG, PHILIP P., business exec, philan- 1951-79; established Abraham Wohl and thropist; b. Sandusky, Ohio, Jan. 21, 1897; Yetta Wohl scholarships, Jewish Theologi- d. N.Y.C., Sept. 15, 1979; a founder: Abili- cal Seminary; a founder: Hineni org.; Bar- ties, Inc., to promote employment of the Ilan U., Tel Aviv; Boys Town Jerusalem; handicapped; natl. fraternity Phi Sigma Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine, Yeshiva Delta; a founder, chmn. building com., U.; benefactor: Metropolitan Jewish Geria- past v. pres., trustee, Long Island Jewish tric Center, N.Y.; United Synagogue of Hosp.-Hillside Medical Center, 1953-79; Amer.; past trustee, Temple Beth El, former trustee, Fed. of Jewish Philanthro- Cedarhurst, N.Y.; honored for support of pies, N.Y.; supporter, Soc. for the Ad- Israel's economic development, Greater vancement of Judaism. N.Y. Com. for Israel Bonds, 1976. WERNER, ALFRED, editor, author, educator; b. Vienna, Austria, March 30, 1911; d. YAVNEH, ZALMON, cantor, composer, com- N.Y.C., July 14, 1979; in U.S. since 1940; munal leader; b. Osipovichi, Russia, Oct. editor, Die Stimme und Gerechtigkeit. 18, 1904; d. South Fallsburg, NY., May Vienna, 1935-36; assoc., Office of War In- 28, 1979; in U.S. since 1922; cantor, cantor formation, 1943; editor, Little Book art se- emeritus, West Side Institutional Syna- ries, 1948-49; contributing editor, Arts gogue, N.Y.C., 1926-79; Jewish Ministers Magazine, since 1954; lecturer, School of Cantors Assn. of Amer. and Canada: pres., Gen. Studies, CCNY, 1955-58; visiting 1958; hon. pres. for life, 1962; guest, radio prof., art history, Rutgers U., 1973-75; programs; active in charitable visits to correspondent, Pantheon International penal insts., hosps., and homes for the magazine; lit. editor, Judische Kulturstelle. aged; recordings: "Yavneh—The N'Shomo Vienna, 1936-38; editor, Universal Jewish Cantor" (1960); "Cantor Zalmon Yavneh Encyclopedia, 1942-45; assoc. editor, Chi- in Concert" (1964); composer, several cago Jewish Forum, 1943-60; survey re- volumes of liturgical music; recipient: porter, Office of Jewish Information, award for meritorious service and dedica- Amer. Jewish Cong., 1953; lecturer, Theo- tion to Judaism, Jewish War Veterans, dore Herzl Inst.; art editor, Encyclopedia 1946; award for meritorious service, inter- Judaica, 1970-72; author: articles and re- est, and dedication, Sing Sing Prison, 1950; views in N.Y. Times, Kenyon Review, hon. cantor certification, Hebrew Union 378 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 School of Sacred Music, 1953; award for 50 correspondent, Unser Stimme, N.Y.; dir., years of dedicated service to the ministry, Free Jewish Club, 1952-70; mem. exec, Jewish Ministers Cantors Assn., 1976; bd., Freeland League, 1952-79; mem., award for 50 years of exceptional service, com. of sponsors, Benyumin Shekhter West Side Institutional Synagogue, 1976. Found, for the Advancement of Standard Yiddish, 1972-79; consultant, Jewish Mu- YOVELY, S. ZALMAN, editor, philanthropist; seum, N.Y.; helped establish Horwitz Col- b. Ustilug, Poland, Aug. 18, 1901; d. lection in B'nai B'rith headquarters, Wash- N.Y.C., Apr. 14, 1979; in U.S. since 1952; ington, D.C. and other collections of served, British Army, 1940-45; Chief of Judaica; author, articles in Menorah Jour- Archives, Police Dept., Palestine, 1945; ed- nal, U.S., 1928, and Ofn Shvel, N.Y.C., itor: Ner, Israel, 1946-53; Ihud, Israel, 1953-78. 1946-53; The Bulletin. N.Y., 1953-70; Calendars © — o> ^ \n

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CONDENSED MONTHLY CALENDAR (1980-1982)

1979, Dec. 21-Jan. 18, 1980] JEVET (29 DAYS) [5740

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Dec. F Tevet Hanukkah, Num. 28: 1-15 21 1 seventh day; 7: 48-53 New Moon, second day 22 Sa 2 Mi-kez; Gen. 41: 1^4: 17 I Kings 7: 40-50 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day 29 Sa 9 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-^7: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28 30 S 10 Fast of 10th of Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 1980 Sa 16 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12 Jan. 5 12 Sa 23 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 7 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13; 29: 22-23 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 383

1980, Jan. 19-Feb. 17] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Jan. Sa Shevat Wa-era' Exod. 6: 2-9: 35 Isaiah 66: 1-24 19 1 New Moon

26 Sa 8 Bo' Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46: 13-28 Feb. Sa 15 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17: 16 Judges 4: 4-5: 31 2 (Shirah) Judges 5: 1-31 9 Sa 22 Hamishsha-'asar Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7: 6 bi-Shevat 9: 5, 6 Yitro

16 Sa 29 Mishpatim Exod. 21-24: 18 II Kings 12: 1-17 (Shekalim) 30: 11-16 IIKings 11:17-12:17 17 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 I Samuel 20: 18, 42 first day

1980, Feb. 18-Mar. 17] ADAR (29 DAYS) [5740

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Feb. M Adar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 18 1 second day 23 Sa 6 Terumah Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13 28 Th 11 Fast of Esther Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)

Mar. Sa 13 Tezawweh Exod. 27: 20-30: 10 I Samuel 15: 2-34 1 (Zakhor) Deut. 25: 17-19 / Samuel 15: 1-34 2 S 14 Purim Exod. 17: 8-16 Book of Esther (night before and in the morning)

3 M Y5 Shushan Purim 8 Sa 20 Ki tissa' Exod. 30: 11-34: 35 Ezekiel 36: 16-38 (Parah) Num. 19: 1-22 Ezekiel 36: 16-36 15 Sa 27 Wa-yakhel, Exod. 35: 1-40: 38 Ezekiel 45: 16-46: 18 Pekude 12: 1-20 Ezekiel 45: 18-46: 15 (Ha-hodesh)

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 384 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1980, Mar. 8-Apr. 16] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Mar. T Nisan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 18 1 22 Sa 5 Wa-yikra' Levit. 1: 1-5: 26 Isaiah 43: 21-44: 23 29 Sa 12 Zaw (Ha-gadol) Levit. 6: 1-8: 36 Malachi 3: 4-24 31 M 14 Fast of the Firstborn Apr. T 15 Passover, Exod. 12: 21-51 Joshua 5: 2-6: 1, 27 1 first day Num. 28: 16-25 2 W 16 Passover, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1-9, second day Num. 28: 16-25 21-25 3 Th 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 13: 1-16 Num. 28: 19-25 4 F 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 22: 24-23: 19 Num. 28: 19-25 5 Sa 19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 37: 1-15 Num. 28: 19-25 6 S 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Num. 9: 1-14; 28: 19-25 7 M 21 Passover, Exod. 13: 17-15: 26 II Samuel 22: 1-5 seventh day Num. 28: 19-25 8 T 22 Passover, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Isaiah 10: 32-12: 6 eighth day Num. 28: 19-25 12 Sa 26 Shemini Levit. 9: 1-11:47 II Samuel 6: 1-7:17

13 S 27 Holocaust Memorial Day 16 W 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day MONTHLY CALENDAR / 385

1980, Apr. 17-May 15] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5740

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Apr. Th Iyar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 17 1 second day

19 Sa 3 Tazria', Mezora' Levit. 12: 1-15: 33 II Kings 7: 3-20 Num. 28: 9-15 26 Sa 10 Ahare Mot, Levit. 16: 1-20: 27 Amos 9: 7-15 Kedoshim Ezekiel 20: 2-20

May Sa 17 Emor Levit. 21: 1-24: 23 Ezekiel 44: 15-31 3 4 S 18 Lag Ba-'omer Israel Independence Day 10 Sa 24 Be-har, Levit. 25: 1-27: 34 Jeremiah 16: 19- Be-hukkotai 17: 14

1980, May 16-June 14] SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5740

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

May F Siwan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 16 1 17 Sa 2 Be-midbar Num. 1: 1-4: 20 Hosea 2: 1-22 21 W 6 Shavu'ot, Exod. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezekiel 1: 1-28 first day Num. 28: 26-31 3: 12 22 Th 7 Shavu'ot, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Habbakuk 3: 1-19 second day Num. 28: 26-31 Habbakuk 2: 20- 3:19

24 Sa 9 Naso' Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13: 2-25 31 Sa 16 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zechariah 2: 14—4: 7 June Sa 23 Shelah Lekha Num. 13: 1-15: 41 Joshua 2: 1-24 7

14 Sa 30 Korah Num. 16: 1-18: 32 Isaiah 66: 1-24 New Moon, Num. 28: 9-15 / Samuel 20: 18, 42 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 386 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1980, June 15-July 13] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING June S Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 15 1 second day 21 Sa 7 Hukkat Num. 19: 1-22: 1 Judges 11: 1-33 28 Sa 14 Balak Num. 22: 2-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8 July T 17 Fast of the 17th Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 1 of Tammuz 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 5 Sa 21 Pinehas Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3

12 Sa 28 Mattot, Mas'e Num. 30: 2-36: 13 Jeremiah 2: 4-28, 3:4 Jeremiah 2: 4-28, 4: 1. 2

1980, July 14-Aug. 12] AV (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING July M Av New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 14 1

19 Sa 6 Devarim Deut. 1: 1-3: 22 Isaiah 1: 1-27 (Hazon) 22 T 9 Fast of the Morning: (Lamentations is 9th of Av Deut. 4: 25^M) read the night Afternoon: before.) Exod. 32: 11-14 Jeremiah 8: 13-9: 23 34: 1-10 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8

26 Sa 13 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Isaiah 40: 1-26 (Nahamu) Aug. Sa 20 'Ekev Deut. 7: 12-11: 25 Isaiah 49: 14-51: 3 2 9 Sa 27 Re'eh Deut. 11: 26-16: 17 Isaiah 54: 11-55:5 12 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 387

1980, Aug. 13-Sept. 10] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5740

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Aug. W Elul New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 13 1 second day 16 Sa 4 Shofetim Deut. 16: 18-21: 9 Isaiah 51: 12-52: 12 23 Sa 11 Ki teze' Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Isaiah 54: 1-10 30 Sa 18 Ki tavo' Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Isaiah 60: 1-22

Sept. Sa 25 Nizzavim, Deut. 29: 9-31: 30 Isaiah 61: 10-63: 9 6 Wa-yelekh 388 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1980, Sept. 11-Oct. 10] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Sept. Th Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 21: 1-34 I Samuel 1: 1-2: 10 11 1 first day Num. 29: 1-6

12 F 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 22: 1-24 Jeremiah 31: 2-20 second day Num. 29: 1-6

13 Sa 3 Ha'azinu Deut. 32: 1-52 Hosea 14: 2-10 (Shuvah) Micah 7: 18-20 Joel 2: 15-27 Hosea 14: 2-10 Micah 7:18-20

14 S 4 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 20 Sa 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57: 14-58: 14 Levit. 16: 1-34 Jonah 1: 1-14: 11 Num. 29: 7-11 Micah 7: 18-20 Afternoon: Levit. 18: 1-30

25 Th 15 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 Zechariah 14: 1-21 first day Num. 29: 12-16

26 F 16 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 I Kings 8: 2-21 second day Num. 29: 12-16 27 Sa 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 38: 18-39: 16 Num. 29: 17-22 28 S 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Num. 29: 20-28 29 M 19 Hoi Ha-mo 'ed Num. 29: 23-31 30 T 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Num. 29: 26-34 Oct. W 21 Hosha'na Rabbah Num. 29: 26-34 1

2 Th 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 I Kings 8: 54-^6 Num. 29: 35-30: 1 3 F 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33: 1-34: 12 Joshua 1: 1-18 Gen. 1: 1-2: 3 Joshua 1:1-9 Num. 29: 35-30: 1 4 Sa 24 Be-re'shit Gen. 1: 1-6: 8 Isaiah 42: 5^*3: 10 Isaiah 42: 5-21

10 F 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

Italics are for mhardi Minhag- MONTHLY CALENDAR / 389

1980, Oct. 11-Nov. 8] HESHWAN (29 DAYS) [5741

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Oct. Sa Heshwan Noah, Gen. 6:9-11: 32 Isaiah 66: 1-24 11 1 New Moon, Num. 28: 9-15 second day

18 Sa 8 Lekh Lekha Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Isaiah 40: 27-41: 16 25 Sa 15 Wa-yera' Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 II Kings 4: 1-37 // Kings 4: 1-23 Nov. Sa 22 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31 1 8 Sa 29 Toledot Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 I Samuel 20: 18-42

1980, Nov. 9-Dec. 7] KISLEW (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date, FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Nov. S Kislew New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 9 1 15 Sa 7 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Hosea 12: 13-14: 10 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12 22 Sa 14 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32: 4-36: 43 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12 Obadiah 1: 1-21 29 Sa 21 Wa-yeshev Gen. 37: 1-W: 23 Amos 2: 6-3: 8 Dec. W 25 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 1-17 3 first day 4 Th 26 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 18-29 second day 5 F 27 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 24-35 third day 6 Sa 28 Mi-kez Gen. 41: 1^4: 17 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 30-35 fourth day

7 S 29 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 36-47 fifth day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 390 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1980, Dec. 8-Jan. 5, 981] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Dec. M Tevet Hanukkah, Num. 28: 1-15 8 ' 1 sixth day 7: 42-47 New Moon 9 T 2 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 48-59 seventh day 10 W 3 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day 13 Sa 6 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28 17 T 10 Fast of the 10th Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 20 Sa 13 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12 27 Sa 20 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13 29: 22-23 Jeremiah 1: 1-2:3 Jan. Sa 27 Wa-era' Exod. 6: 2-9: 35 Ezekiel 28: 25-29: 21 3

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 391

1981, Jan. 6-Feb. 4] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Jan. T Shevat New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 6 1 10 Sa 5 Bo' Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46: 13-28 17 Sa 12 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17 16 Judges 4: 4-5: 31 (Shabbat Shirah) Judges 5: 1-31 20 T 15 Hamishsha-'asar bi-Shevat 24 Sa 19 Yitro Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7: 6; 9: 5,6 Isaiah 6: 1-13 31 Sa 26 Mishpatim Exod. 21: 1-24: 18 Jeremiah 34: 8-22 33: 25, 26

Feb. W 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 4 first day

1981, Feb. 5-Mar. 6] ADAR I (30 DAYS) [5741

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Feb. Th Adarl New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 5 1 second day 7 Sa 3 Terumah Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13 14 Sa 10 Tezawweh Exod. 27: 20-30: 10 Ezekiel 43: 10-27 21 Sa 17 Ki tissa' Exod. 30: 11-34: 35 I Kings 18: 1-39 I Kings 18: 20-39

28 Sa 24 Wa-yakhel Exod. 35: 1-38: 20 I Kings 7: 40-50 / Kings 7: 13-27

Mar. F 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 6 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 392 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1981, Mar. 7-Apr. 4] ADAR II (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Mar. Sa Adar II Pekude, Shekalim, Exod. 38:21-40:38 II Kings 12:1-17 7 1 New Moon, Num. 28:9-15 // Kings 11:17-12:17 second day Isaiah 66:1,24 14 Sa 8 Wa-yikra, Levit. 1:1-5:26 I Samuel 15:2-34 Zakhor Deut. 25:17-19 / Samuel 15:1-34 19 Th 13 Fast of Esther Exod. 32:11-14; Isaiah 55:6-56:8 34:1-10 (afternoon only) 20 F 14 Purim Exod. 17:8-16 (Book of Esther is read the night before and in the morning.) 21 Sa 15 Zaw, Levit. 6:1-8:36 Jeremiah 7:21-8:3; Shushan Purim 9:22,23 28 Sa 22 Shemini, Parah Levit. 9:1-11:47 Ezekiel 36:16-38 Num. 19:1-22 Ezekiel 36:16-36 Apr. Sa 29 Tazria', Levit. 12:1-59 Ezekiel 45:16-46:18 4 Ha-hodesh Exod. 12:1-20 Ezekiel 45:18-46:15 I Samuel 20:18,42

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 393

1981, Apr. 5-May 4] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5741

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Apr. S Nisan New Moon Num. 28:1-15 5 1 11 Sa 7 Mezora Levit. 14:1-15:33 II Kings 7:3-20 16 Th 12 Fast of Firstborn 18 Sa 14 Ahare (Shabbat Levit. 16:1-18:30 Malachi 3:4-24 Hagadol) 19 S 15 Passover, Exod. 12:21-51 Joshua 5:2-6:1,27 first day Num. 28:16-25 20 M 16 Passover, Levit. 22:26-23:44 II Kings 23:1-9; second day Num. 28:16-25 21-25 21 T 17 Hoi Hamo'ed, Exod. 13:1-16 first day Num. 28:19-25 22 W 18 Hoi Hamo'ed Exod. 22:24-23:19 second day Num. 28:19-25 23 Th 19 Hoi Hamo'ed, Exod. 34:1-26 third day Num. 28:19-25 24 F 20 Hoi Hamo'ed, Num. 9:1-14 fourth day Num. 28:19-25 25 Sa 21 Passover, Exod. 13:17-15:26 II Samuel 22.1-51 seventh day Num. 28:19-25 26 S 22 Passover, Deut. 15:19-16:17 Isaiah 10:32-12:16 eighth day Num. 28:19-25 May Sa 28 Kedoshim Levit. 19:1-20:27 Amos 9:7-15 2 Ezekiel 20:2-20

4 M 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 394 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1981, May 5-June 2] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING May T Iyar New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 5 1 second day

9 Sa 5 Emor Levit. 21:1-24:23 Ezekiel 44:15-31 16 Sa 12 Be-har Levit. 25:1-26:2 Jeremiah 32:6-27 22 F 18 Lag Ba-'omer

23 Sa 19 Be-hukkotai Levit. 26:3-27:34 Jeremiah 16:19-17:14 30 Sa 26 Be-midbar Num. 1:1-4:20 Hosea 2:1-22

1981, June 3-July 2] SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

June W Siwan New Moon Num. 28:1-15 3 1 6 Sa 4 Naso' Num. 4:21-7:89 Judges 13:2-25 8 M 6 Shavu'ot, Exod. 19:1-20:23 Ezekiel 1:1-28; first day Num. 28:26-31 3:12 9 T 7 Shavu'ot, Deut. 15:19-16:17 Habbakuk 3:1-19 second day Num. 28:26-31 Habbakuk 2:20-3:19 13 Sa 11 Be-ha 'alotekha Num. 8:1-12:16 Zechariah 2:14^t:7

20 Sa 18 Shelah lekha Num. 13:1-15:41 Joshua 2:1-24 27 Sa 25 Korah Num. 16:1-18:32 I Samuel 11:14-12:22 July Th 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 2 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 395

1981, July 3-July 31] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

July F Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 3 1 second day 4 Sa 2 Hukkat Num. 19:1-22:1 Judges 11:1-33 11 Sa 9 Balak Num. 21:2-25:9 Micah 5:6-6:8 18 Sa 16 Pinehas Num. 25:10-30:1 I Kings 18:46-19:21 19 S 17 Fast of the 17th Exod. 32:11-14; Isaiah 55:6-56:8 of Tammuz 34:1-10 (afternoon only) 25 Sa 23 Mattot Num. 30:2-32:42 Jeremiah 1:1-2:3

1981, Aug. -Aug. 30] AV (30 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Aug. Sa Av Mas'e; Num. 33:1-36:13 Jeremiah 2:4-28; 3:4 1 1 New Moon 28:9-15 Jeremiah 2:4-28; 4:1,2

8 Sa 8 Devarim Deut. 1:1-3:22 Isaiah 1:1-27 (Shabbat Hazon) 9 S 9 Fast of the 9th Morning: (Lamentations is of Av Deut. 4:25-40 read the night Afternoon: before.) Exod. 32:11-14; Isaiah 55:6-56:8 34:1-10

15 Sa 15 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3:23-7:11 Isaiah 40:1-2b (Shabbat Nahamu) 22 Sa 22 'Ekev Deut. 7:12-11:25 Isaiah 49:14-51:3 29 Sa 29 Re'eh Deut. 11:26-16:17 Isaiah 54:11-55:5 Isaiah 54:11-55:5 I Samuel 20:18.42

30 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 396 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1981, Aug. 31-Sept. 28] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READINC READING Aug. M Elul New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 31 1 second day Sept. Sa 6 Shofetim Deut. 16:18-21:9 Isaiah 51:12-52:12 5 12 Sa 13 Ki eze' Deut. 21:10-25:19 Isaiah 54:1-10 19 Sa 20 Ki avo' Deut. 26:1-29:8 Isaiah 60:1-22 26 Sa 27 Nizzavim Deut. 29:9-30:20 Isaiah 61:10-63:9 MONTHLY CALENDAR / 397

1981, Sept. 29-Oct. 28] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Sept. T Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 21:1-34 I Samuel 1:1-2:10 29 1 first day Num. 29:1-6 30 W 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 22:1-24 Jeremiah 31:2-20 second day Num. 29:1-6

Oct. Th 3 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55:6-56:8 1 34:1-10 (afternoon only) 3 Sa 5 Wa-yelekh Deut. 31:1-30 Hosea 14:2-10 (Shabbat Shuvah) Micah 7:18-20 Joel 2:15-27 Hosea 14:2-10 Micah 7:18-20 8 Th 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57:14-58:14 Levit. 16:1-34 Jonah 1:1-4:11 Num. 29:7-11 Micah 7:18-20 Afternoon: Levit. 18:1-30 10 Sa 12 Ha'azinu Deut. 32:1-52 II Samuel 22:1-51 13 T 15 Sukkot, Levit. 22:26-23:44 Zechariah 14:1-21 first day Num. 29:12-16 14 W 16 Sukkot, Levit. 22:26-23:44 I Kings 8:2-21 second day Num. 29:12-16 15—18 Th-S 17-20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Th Num. 29:17-25 Ezekiel 38:18-39:16 F Num. 29:20-28 Sa Exod. 33:12- 34:26 Num. 29:23-28 S Num. 29:26-34

19 M 21 Hosha'na Rabbah Num. 29:26-34 20 T 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14:22-16:17 I Kings 8:54-66 Num. 29:35-30:1 21 W 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33.1-34:12 Joshua 1:1-18 Gen. 1:1-2:3 Joshua 1:1-9 Num. 29:35-30:1

24 Sa 26 Be-re'shit Gen. 1:1-6:8 Isaiah 42:5-43:10 Isaiah 42:5-21

28 W 30 Vew Moon, Num. 28:1-15 irst day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 398 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1981, Oct. 29-Nov. 26] HESHWAN (29 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Oct. Th Heshwan New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 29 1 second day

31 Sa 3 Noah Gen. 6:9-11:32 Isaiah 54:1-55:5 Isaiah 54:1-10 Nov. Sa 10 Lekh Lekha Gen. 12:1-17:27 Isaiah 40:27- 7 41:16 14 Sa 17 Wa-yera' Gen. 18:1-22:24 II Kings 4:1-37 II Kings 4:1-23 21 Sa 24 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23:1-25:18 I Kings 1:1-31

1981, Nov. 27-Dec. 26] KISLEW (30 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Nov. F Kislew New Moon Num. 28:1-15 27 1 28 Sa 2 Toledot Gen. 25:19-28:9 Malachi 1:1-2:7 Dec. Sa 9 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28:10-32:3 Hosea 12:13-14:10 5 Hosea 11:7-12:12 12 Sa 16 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32:4-36:43 Hosea 11:7-12:12 Obadiah 1:1-21 19 Sa 23 Wa-yeshev Gen. 37:1^0:23 Amos 2:6-3:8

21-25 M-F 25-29 Hanukkah, M Num. 7:1-17 first to fifth days T Num. 7:18-29 W Num. 7:24-35 Th Num. 7:30-41 F Num. 7:36-47 26 Sa 30 Mi-Kez; Gen. 41:1—44:17 Zechariah 2:14-4:7 Hanukkah, Num. 28:9-15 Zechariah 2:14-4:7 sixth day; 7:42-47 Isaiah 66:1,23 New Moon, I Samuel 20:18, 42 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 399

1981, Dec. 27-Jan. 24, 1982] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5742

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Dec. S Tevet New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 27 1 second day 7:48-53 Hanukkah, seventh day

28 M 2 Hanukkah, Num. 7:54-8:4 eighth day

Jan. Sa 7 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44:18^7:27 Ezekiel 37:15-28 3 5 T 10 Fast of the Exod. 32:11-14; Isaiah 55:6-56:8 10th of Tevet 34:1-10 (afternoon only) 9 Sa 14 Wa-yehi Gen. 47:28-50:26 I Kings 2:1-12 16 Sa 21 Shemot Exod. 1:1-6:1 Isaiah 27:6-28:13; 29:22,23 Jeremiah 1:1-2:3 23 Sa 28 Wa-era' Exod. 6:2-9:35 Ezekiel 28:25-29:21

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 400 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1982, Jan. 25-Feb. 23] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5742

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Jan. M Shevat New Moon Num. 28:1-15 25 1 30 Sa 6 Bo' Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46:13-28 Feb. Sa 13 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17: 16 Judges 4:4-5: 31 6 (Shabbat Shirah) Judges 5:1-31 8 M 15 Hamishsha-asar bi-Shevat 13 Sa 20 Yitro Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7:6; 9:5,6 Isaiah 6:1-13 20 Sa 27 Mishpatim, Exod. 21:1-24:18 II Kings 12: 1-17 Shekalim Exod. 30: 11-16 // Kings 11:17-12:17 23 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 401

1982, Feb. 24-Mar. 24] ADAR (29 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Feb. W Adar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 24 1 second day 27 Sa 4 Terumah Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5:26-6: 13

Mar. Sa 11 Tezawweh Exod. 27: 20-30: 10 I Samuel 15:2-34 6 (Zakhor) Deut. 25: 17-19 I Samuel 15:1-34 8 M 13 Fast of Esther Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 9 T 14 Purim Exod. 17: 8-16 Book of Esther (night before and in the morning) 10 W 15 Shushan Purim 13 Sa 18 Ki tissa' Exod. 30: 11-34:35 Ezekiel 36: 16-38 (Parah) Num. 19: 1-22 Ezekiel 36:16-36 20 Sa 25 Wa yakhel, Exod. 35: l^tO: 38 Ezekiel 45: 16-46: 18 Pekude Exod. 12: 1-20 Ezekiel 45:18-46:15 (Ha-hodesh)

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 402 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1982, Mar. 25-Apr. 23] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5742

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Mar. Th Nisan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 25 1 27 Sa 3 Wa-yikra' Levit. 1: 1-5:26 Isaiah 43:21-44:24 Apr. Sa 10 Zaw Levit. 6: 1-8: 36 Malachi 3: 4-24 3 (Ha-gadol) 7 W 14 Fast of Firstborn 8 Th 15 Passover, Exod. 12:21-51 Joshua 5: 2-6: 1, 27 first day Num. 28: 16-25

9 F 16 Passover, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1-9; second day Num. 28: 16-25 21-25 10 Sa 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 37: 1-14 first day Num. 28: 19-25 11 S 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 13: 1-16 second day Num. 28: 19-25 12 M 19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 22: 24-23: 19 third day Num. 28: 19-25 13 T 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Num. 9: 1-14 fourth day Num. 28: 19-25 14 W 21 Passover, Exod. 13: 17-15:26 II Samuel 22:1-51 seventh day Num. 28: 19-25 15 Th 22 Passover, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Isaiah 10: 32-12:6 eighth day Num. 28: 19-25 17 Sa 24 Shemini Levit. 9:1-11:47 II Samuel 6:1-7:17

23 F 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day MONTHLY CALENDAR / 403

1982, Apr. 24-May 22] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Apr. Sa Iyar Tazria', Mezora' Levit. 12: 1-15: 33 Isaiah 66: 1-24 24 1 New Moon, Num. 28:9-15 second day

May Sa 8 Ahare Mot, Levit. 16: 1-20: 27 Amos 9: 7-15 1 Kedoshim Ezekiel 20:2-20 8 Sa 15 Emor Levit. 21: 1-24:23 Ezekiel 44: 15-31 11 T 18 Lag Ba-'omer 15 Sa 22 Be-har, Levit. 25: 1-27: 34 Jeremiah 16: 19-17: 14 Be-hukkotai 22 Sa 29 Be-midbar Num. 1: 1^1:20 I Samuel 20: 18—42

1982, May 23-June 21] SI WAN (30 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING May S Siwan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 23 1 28 F 6 Shavu'ot, Exod. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezekiel 1: 1-28; first day Num. 28:26-31 3: 12 29 Sa 7 Shavu'ot, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Habbakuk 3: 1-19 second day Num. 28:26-31 Habbakuk 2:20-3:19 June Sa 14 Naso' Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13:2-25 5 12 Sa 21 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 19 Sa 28 Shelah lekha Num. 13: 1-15:41 Joshua 2: 1-24 21 M 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 404 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1982, June 22-July 20] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

June T Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 22 1 second day 26 Sa 5 Korah Num. 16:1-18:32 I Samuel 11:14-12:22 July Sa 12 Hukkat, Balak Num. 19: 1-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8 3 8 Th 17 Fast of 17th Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tammuz 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 10 Sa 19 Pinehas Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3

17 Sa 26 Mattot, Mas'e Num. 30:2-36:13 Jeremiah 2:4-28; 3:4 Jeremiah 2:4-28; 4:1, 2

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 405

1982, July 21-Aug. 19] AV (30 DAYS) [5742 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

July W Av New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 21 1 24 Sa 4 Devarim Deut. 1: 1-3:22 Isaiah 1: 1-27 (Hazon)

29 Th 9 Fast of 9th Morning: (Lamentations is of Av Deut. 4: 25-^0 read the night Afternoon: before.) Exod. 32: 11-14; Jeremiah 8: 13-9:23 34: 1-10 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8

31 Sa 11 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Isaiah 40: 1-26 (Nahamu)

Aug. Sa 18 •Ekev Deut. 7: 12-11:25 Isaiah 49: 14-51:3 7 14 Sa 25 Re'eh Deut. 11:26-16: 17 Isaiah 54: 11-55: 5 19 Th 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

1982, Aug. 20-Sept. 17] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5742

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Aug. F Elul New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 20 1 second day 21 Sa 2 Shofetim Deut. 16: 18-21:9 Isaiah 51: 12-52: 12 28 Sa 9 Ki teze' Deut. 21:10-25: 19 Isaiah 54: 1-10 Sept. Sa 16 Ki tavo' Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Isaiah 60: 1-22 4

11 Sa 23 Nizzavim, Deut. 29:9-31:30 Isaiah 61: 10-63:9 Wa-yelekh 406 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1982, Sept. 18-Oct. 17] TISHRI ( 30 DAYS) [5743 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Sept. Sa Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 21: 1-34 I Samuel 1: 1-2:10 18 1 first day Num. 29: 1-6

19 S 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 22: 1-24 Jeremiah 31:2-20 second day Num. 29: 1-6

20 M 3 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 25 Sa 8 Ha'azinu Deut. 32: 1-52 Hosea 14: 2-10 (Shuvah) Micah 7: 18-20 Joel 2: 15-27 Hosea 14:2-10 Micah 7:18-20

27 M 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57: 14-58:14 Levit. 16: 1-34 Jonah 1:1-14:11 Num. 29: 7-11 Micah 7: 18-20 Afternoon: Levit. 18: 1-30

Oct. Sa 15 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23:44 Zechariah 14:1-21 2 first day Num. 29: 12-16 3 S 16 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 I Kings 8: 2-21 second day Num. 29: 12-16 4-7 M-Th 17-20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed M Num. 29: 17-25 T Num. 29: 20-28 W Num. 29:23-31 Th Num. 29: 26-34

8 F 21 Hosha'na Rabbah Num. 29: 26-34

9 Sa 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 T Kings 8: 54-66 Num. 29: 35-30: 1

10 S 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33: 1-34: 12 Joshua 1:1-18 Gen. 1: 1-2:3 Joshua 1:1-9 Num. 29: 35-30: 1

16 Sa 29 Be-re'shit Gen. 1: 1-6: 8 I Samuel 20:18-42 17 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 407

1982, Oct. 18-Nov. 16] HESHWAN (30 DAYS) [5743

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

Oct. M Heshwan New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 18 1 second day 23 Sa 6 Noah Gen. 6:9-11:32 Isaiah 54: 1-55: 5 30 Sa 13 Lekh Lekha Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Isaiah 40:27-41: 16 Nov. Sa 20 Wa-yera' Gen. 18: 1-22:24 II Kings 4: 1-37 6 // Kings 4:1-23 13 Sa 27 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31 16 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

1982, Nov. 17-Dec. 16] KISLEW (30 DAYS) [5743 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Nov. W Kislew New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 17 1 second day 20 Sa 4 Toledot Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 Malachi 1:1-2:7 27 Sa 11 Wa-yeze Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Hosea 12: 13-14: 10 Hosea 11: 7-12:12 Dec. Sa 18 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32:4-36:43 Hosea 11:7-12:12 4 Obadiah 1:1-21 11 Sa 25 Wa-yeshev; Gen. 37: 1-40: 23 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 1-17 first day 12-15 S-W 26-29 Hanukkah, S Num. 7: 18-29 second to fifth M Num. 7: 24-35 days T Num. 7: 30-41 W Num. 7: 36-47

16 Th 30 Hanukkah, Num. 28:1-15 sixth day; 7: 42^»7 New Moon, first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 408 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

1982, Dec. 17-Jan. 14, 1983] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5743

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Dec. F Tevet Hanukkah, Num. 28:1-15 17 ' 1 seventh day; 7:48-53 New Moon, second day

18 Sa 2 Mi-kez; Gen. 41:1-44: 17 I Kings 7:40-50 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day

25 Sa 9 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47:27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28 26 S 10 Fast of the Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 10th of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) Jan. Sa 16 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2:1-12 2 8 Sa 23 Shetnot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27:6-28:13; 29:22, 23 Jeremiah 1:1-2:3

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. The Jewish Publication Society of America

REPORT OF NINETY-SECOND YEAR

OFFICERS (Elected June 1, 1980) President EDWARD B. SHILS Vice-Presidents ROBERT P. ABRAMS MURIEL M. BERMAN IRWIN T. HOLTZMAN MAX M. KAMPELMAN Treasurer ROBERT P. FRANKEL Secretary NORMA F. FURST Editor MAIER DESHELL Special Projects Editor CHAIM POTOK Editor Emeritus SOLOMON GRAYZEL Executive Vice-President BERNARD I. LEVINSON Executive Director Emeritus LESSER ZUSSMAN Honorary Presidents EDWIN WOLF 2nd JOSEPH M. FIRST WILLIAM S. FISHMAN JEROME J. SHESTACK A. LEO LEVIN

409 410 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Board of Trustees BERNARD G. SEGAL, Philadelphia, Life Trustee

ROBERT P. ABRAMS, Philadelphia THEODORE R. MANN, Philadelphia ARLIN M. ADAMS, Philadelphia JOSEPH L. MENDELSON, Washington MURIEL M. BERMAN, Allentown MARTIN MEYERSON, Philadelphia EDWARD J. BLOUSTEIN, New Brunswick ALAN H. MOLOD, Philadelphia BURTON CAINE, Philadelphia RELA G. MONSON, Philadelphia HAROLD CRAMER, Philadelphia NORMAN OLER, Philadelphia STUART EIZENSTAT, Washington MITCHELL E. PANZER, Philadelphia EDWARD E. ELSON, Atlanta DAVID REICHERT, Cincinnati JOSEPH M. FIRST, Philadelphia ROBERT S. RIFKIND, New York LIBBY G. FISHMAN, Philadelphia JULIUS ROSENWALD 2nd, Philadelphia WILLIAM S. FISHMAN, Philadelphia JONAS SALK, La Jolla MAX FRANKEL, New York MORRIS W. SATINSKY, Philadelphia JAMES O. FREEDMAN, Philadelphia DANIEL SEGAL, Philadelphia NORMA F. FURST, Philadelphia RUTH SEPTEE, Philadelphia J. E. GOLDMAN, Stamford IRVING S. SHAPIRO, Wilmington MICHAEL GREENBLATT, Montreal NORMA L. SHAPIRO, Philadelphia LOUIS HENKIN, New York STANLEY I. SHEERR, Philadelphia IRWIN T. HOLTZMAN, Detroit JEROME J. SHESTACK, Philadelphia LAWRENCE E. IRELL, Los Angeles EDWARD B. SHILS, Philadelphia MAX M. KAMPELMAN, Washington HARRY SILVER, Baltimore JAY I. KISLAK, Miami HARRY STARR, New York MARLENE F. LACHMAN, Philadelphia MARVIN WACHMAN, Philadelphia JACK LAPIN, Houston JERRY WAGNER, Bloomfield A. LEO LEVIN, Washington CHARLES R. WEINER, Philadelphia ROBERTA LEVY, Minneapolis EDWIN WOLF 2nd, Philadelphia RICHARD MAASS, White Plains GERALD I. WOLPE, Philadelphia

Publication Committee

YOSEF HAYIM YERUSHALMI, Chairman THEODORE K. RABB, Vice-Chairman CHAIM POTOK, Secretary ROBERT D. ABRAHAMS, Philadelphia DANIEL J. ELAZAR, Philadelphia HOWARD L. ADELSON, New York LOUIS FINKELSTEIN, New York ROBERT ALTER, Berkeley JOSEPH M. FIRST, Philadelphia ARNOLD J. BAND, Los Angeles H. LOUIS GINSBERG, New York SALO W. BARON, New York ELI GINZBERG, New York STANLEY F. CHYET, Los Angeles NAHUM N. GLATZER, Watertown ARTHUR A. COHEN, New York JUDAH I. GOLDIN, Swarthmore GERSON D. COHEN, New York ROBERT GORDIS, New York MOSHE DAVIS, Jerusalem ALFRED GOTTSCHALK, Cincinnati SAMUEL DININ, Los Angeles SOLOMON GRAYZEL, Englewood AZRIEL EISENBERG, New York MOSHE GREENBERG, Jerusalem THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 411

JONAS GREENFIELD, Jerusalem CYNTHIA OZICK, New Rochelle LEO GUZIK, New York BERNARD PUCKER, Boston ABRAHAM HALKIN, Jerusalem ELLIS RIVKIN, Cincinnati ARTHUR HERTZBERG, Englewood HOWARD M. SACHAR, Washington MILTON HINDUS, Waltham NAHUM SARNA, Waltham OSCAR I. JANOWSKY, Jamesburg JEROME J. SHESTACK, Philadelphia LOUIS L. KAPLAN, Baltimore DAVID SIDORSKY, New York ABRAHAM J. KARP, Rochester SEYMOUR SIEGEL, New York ABRAHAM KATSH, New York SHALOM SPIEGEL, New York FRANCINE KLAGSBRUN, New York HARRY STARR, New York MILTON R. KONVITZ, Ithaca ISADORE TWERSKY, Cambridge NORMAN LAMM, New York MAXWELL WHITEMAN, Philadelphia ARTHUR J. LELYVELD, Cleveland EDWIN WOLF 2nd, Philadelphia JACOB R. MARCUS, Cincinnati GERALD I. WOLPE, Philadelphia HARRY M. ORLINSKY, New York

REPORT OF THE 92ND JPS ANNUAL MEETING

The 92nd annual meeting of the Jewish Publication Society of America was held on June 1, 1980, at the Fairmont Hotel in Philadelphia, with Edward B. Shils, president of the Society, presiding. Bernard G. Segal, chairman, presented the report of the Nominating Committee. Eleven new trustees were elected to the Board of Trustees for three-year terms: Robert P. Abrams, Philadelphia, president of Williams, Brown & Earle, Inc., and chairman of the Philadelphia March of Dimes; Burton Caine, Philadelphia, professor, Temple University Law School, and chairman, Lawyers Committee, Soviet Jewry Council of Jewish Commu- nity Relations Council of Greater Philadelphia; Libby G. Fishman, Phila- delphia, senior vice-president and general counsel, Girard Bank, and chairperson, American Affairs Council; Lawrence E. Irell, Los Angeles, attorney and president, Jewish Federation-Council of Greater Los Angeles; Jay I. Kislak, Miami, president, J. I. Kislak, Inc., and general chairman, UJA, Miami; Theodore R. Mann, Philadelphia, immediate past chairman, Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations; Joseph L. Mendelson, Washington, attorney and member of the executive committee of the Jewish Theological Seminary; David Reichert, Cincinnati, attorney and president, Rockdale Temple; Daniel Segal, Philadelphia, assistant professor of law, University of Pennsylvania Law School, and chairman, Commission on Campus Projects of the Jewish Campus Activities Board; Ruth Septee, Philadelphia, vice-chairman, FJA Task Force on the Jewish 412 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Family, and past president, Museum of American Jewish History; Norma L. Shapiro, Philadelphia, U.S. district judge and member, University of Pennsylvania Law School Board of Overseers. The following trustees were reelected for an additional three-year term: Norma F. Furst, Philadelphia; Max M. Kampelman, Washington; Marlene F. Lachman, Philadelphia; Norman Oler, Philadelphia; Julius Rosenwald 2nd, Philadelphia; Jonas Salk, La Jolla; Irving S. Shapiro, Wilmington. Edward B. Shils was reelected president of the Society. Also reelected to office were: Robert P. Abrams, Irwin T. Holtzman, and Max M. Kampel- man, vice-presidents; Norma F. Furst, secretary. Muriel M. Berman was elected vice-president, and Robert P. Frankel was elected treasurer. Ber- nard I. Levinson was reelected executive vice-president, and Maier Deshell was reelected editor. Jerome J. Shestack proposed an amendment to the bylaws that the membership may elect as life trustees three persons who have given exemplary service to the Society. This motion was adopted, and Bernard G. Segal was elected the first life trustee. Chairman of Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, life trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, and life trustee of the Federation of Jewish Agencies of Greater Philadelphia, Mr. Segal has long been recognized as a leader of the Jewish community. He is a past vice- president of JPS, a member of its Executive Committee, and chairman of its Nominating Committee. Following the reports of the president, treasurer, and Nominating Com- mittee, Professor Yosef H. Yerushalmi, chairman of the Publication Com- mittee, described the deliberations of that body. Maier Deshell, editor, introduced Dr. Judah Goldin, professor of post-biblical Hebrew at the University of Pennsylvania, who addressed the Society on "The Sleuth of Slobodka and the Cortez of Kabbalah: On Harry A. Wolfson and Gershom G. Scholem."

From the Annual Report of JPS President Edward B. Shils

Fifty years ago, on March 30, 1930, at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society, the speaker, Dr. Frank I. Schechter, a member of the Board and the Publication Committee, pointed out that the functions of JPS are three- fold: (1) The obvious duty of contributing toward the education of its subscribers and readers; (2) the conservation of Jewish cultural and spiritual resources, not only in America, but abroad; and (3) the preservation of the self-respect and independence of the Jewish scholar and man of letters. The THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 413 obligation still remains upon the JPS not merely to make possible the publication of worthwhile material offered to it, but aggressively to seek out, to foster, to cherish talent and promise wherever these may be found or even suspected. The JPS looks to you and to all American Israel for your enthusi- astic and concrete support and encouragement in its efforts to preserve and perpetuate that which is finest and most eternal in Jewish learning and literature. He noted, "I am here in a dual capacity—as a member of the Publication Committee and as a Trustee. These two functions are often somewhat difficult to reconcile. As Trustees, it is, at any rate, our traditional duty to conserve our funds with as niggardly an outlay as possible. As members of the Publication Committee it is our privilege to recommend to the Trustees a generous and perhaps even reckless expenditure in the cause of Jewish Literature." Unfortunately, the dilemma of the 1930s is still with us. While only seven books were published in 1929, I am pleased to report that in 1979 we published 18 books. We distributed over 160,000 books to our members, to the general public through the trade, to libraries, and to schools (many of our books are used in the classroom in Hebrew schools, high schools, college courses, and graduate and rabbinical schools, while others are used in adult education). The JPS books play an important role in the Jewish community and have a critical place in Jewish education. Our children's program was launched with the publication of Birthday in Kishinev and The Secret of the Sabbath Fish last year, and three new books were completed early in 1980: Honi and His Magic Circle, Nicanors Gate, and A Family Passover. These books have been warmly received in the press; we are particularly gratified that the Horn Book and Library Journal gave a fine review to The Secret of the Sabbath Fish. JPS books are receiving wide acclaim. The New York Times, Commen- tary, the Los Angeles Times, Library Journal, and Kirkus Reviews lauded Norman Stillman's The Jews of Arab Lands. The St. Louis Post Dispatch and Present Tense have favorably reviewed The Jews of Argentina by Robert Weisbrot. The New Review of Books & Religion spoke highly of Essays on Human Rights, edited by David Sidorsky in collaboration with Sidney Liskofsky and Jerome J. Shestack. We are receiving comments of approbation from a number of journals on Strangers Within the Gate City, by Steven Hertzberg. Mid-America called it "a major contribution to the history of Jews in the U.S. and to the study of ethnicity in American history." 414 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 At the 35th Philadelphia Book Show, JPS received two awards for design —one was in the Juvenile category for The Secret of the Sabbath Fish, by Ben Aronin, and the other was in the Trade category for The Jews of Arab Lands, by Norman A. Stillman. We recently learned that JPS was honored in an unusual way by the late Solomon Zeitlin, who asked that the words "Author of The Rise and Fall of the Judaean State" be inscribed on his tombstone. Dr. Zeitlin wrote many books, but it appears that his greatest personal claim to fame is the publication of the three volumes of The Rise and Fall of the Judaean State, which JPS was privileged to print. It is particularly gratifying to report that Todd Endelman, the author of The Jews of Georgian England, has received a National Jewish Book Award for Jewish History. The Jewish Chronicle in London and the Jerusalem Post have both given extensive coverage to this work. Finally, it is a privilege to advise you that the Times Literary Supplement of London, in its first issue following a long strike, devoted almost a full- page review by Gershom Scholem to our book, Wolf son of Harvard. The Jerusalem Post reprinted this review. Our speaker, Judah Goldin, will be discussing this topic shortly. During the past year, our Community Trust Program has distributed some 1500 books to Hillel and college libraries throughout the country. I am particularly pleased to announce a gift to the Society by Trustee Edward Elson of Atlanta, in memory of his father Harry Elson, a former Trustee. Under the terms of this gift, we will send JPS books to college and school libraries. It is with regret that I note the passing of Rabbi Bertram Korn of Philadelphia, author and a member of our Publication Committee. Our membership at year's end was 15,167, an increase over 1978, and it is heartening to see the growth of our Campus Program. As I see more college students reading our books, my optimism in the future of the Society and in the continued vitality of our cultural heritage is heightened. John Milton defined a good book as "the precious life-blood of a master- spirit treasured up for a life beyond life." With your help, it is a privilege for me to guard and transmit such a legacy to people of all ages in many countries throughout the world.

JPS Treasurer's Report for 1979 In 1979 the revenues from sales of books and membership were $871,455, as compared to $889,716 in 1978, while expenses of $1,172,355 were down THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 415

from the $1,237,443 figure of the previous year. Income from donations and investments was $175,809, a slight drop from the previous year. Thus, expenses exceeded income by $125,091, an improvement over the $164,319 figure of 1978. During this period we published 18 books, and the spiraling inflationary costs of printing, binding, and paper have contributed to our deficit. We expect to recover this amount when the books are sold. As we move into the decade of the 1980s and the 93rd anniversary of the Jewish Publication Society, we want to assure you that our investment funds are conservatively invested, enabling us to look forward to a sound financial future in which we will continue to publish relevant, scholarly, meaningful books of Judaica.

JPS Publications

In 1979 JPS published the following new volumes:

Title and Author Printed WHOSE LITTLE BOY ARE YOU? 4,000 by Hanoch Bartov LEGENDS OF GALILEE, JORDAN AND SINAI 5,000 by Zev Vilnay BIRTHDAY IN KISHINEV 4,000 by Fannie Steinberg THE SECRET OF THE SABBATH FISH 10,000 by Ben Aronin ESSAYS ON HUMAN RIGHTS: Contemporary Issues and Jewish Perspectives 4,000 Edited by David Sidorsky with Sidney Liskofsky and Jerome J. Shestack THE JEWS OF ARGENTINA: From the Inquisition to Peron 3,000 by Robert Weisbrot VOICES OF A PEOPLE: The Story of Yiddish Folksong 3,000 by Ruth Rubin (Paperback reprint) THE JEWS OF MOSLEM SPAIN, Volume II 4,000 by Eliyahu Ashtor THE JEWS OF GEORGIAN ENGLAND 1714-1830: Tradition and Change in a Liberal Society 3,000 by Todd M. Endelman THE JEWISH-CHRISTIAN DEBATE IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: A Critical Edition of the Nizzahon Vetus 3,000 Introduction, Translation, Commentary by David Berger THE JEWS OF ARAB LANDS: A History and Source Book 5,000 by Norman A. Stillman AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, Volume 79 3,000 Edited by Morris Fine and Milton Himmelfarb 416 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

David Singer, Associate Editor (Co-published with the American Jewish Committee) THE BEST OF SHOLOM ALEICHEM 2,000 Edited by Irving Howe and Ruth Wisse (Co-published with New Republic Books) SMOKE OVER GOLAN 2,000 by Uriel Ofek (Co-published with Harper & Row) NEW YORK JEWS AND THE QUEST FOR COMMUNITY: 1,500 The Kehillah Experiment, 1908-1922 by Arthur A. Goren (Co-published with Columbia University Press) PROPHETS WITHOUT HONOUR: A Background to Freud, Kafka, 2,000 Einstein and Their World by Frederic V. Grunfeld (Co-published with Holt, Rinehart & Winston) SUMMONED TO JERUSALEM: The Life of Henrietta Szold 2,000 by Joan Dash (Co-published with Harper & Row) HOW WE LIVED: A Documentary History of the Immigrant 2,000 Jews in America, 1880-1930 by Irving Howe and Kenneth Libo (Co-published with Richard Marek)

1979 Reprints

During 1979 JPS reprinted the following books: THE PASSOVER ANTHOLOGY edited by Philip Goodman (2,000); THE HOLY SCRIPTURES (28,000); THE JEWISH CATALOG compiled and edited by Rich- ard Siegel, Michael and Sharon Strassfeld (15,000); MEKILTA DE-RABBI ISH- MAEL translated by Jacob Z. Lauterbach (2,000); SABBATH: THE DAY OF DELIGHT edited by Abraham E. Millgram (1,500); THE MAN WHO LOVED LAUGHTER by Louis Falstein (1,500); LEGENDS OF THE JEWS-Volumes III, IV, V, VI by Louis Ginzberg (1,500); THE YOM KIPPUR ANTHOLOGY edited by Philip Goodman (2,000); THE FIVE MEGILLOTH AND THE BOOK OF JONAH (3,000); NOTES ON THE NEW TRANSLATION OF THE TORAH edited by Harry Orlinsky (1,500); PATHWAYS THROUGH THE BIBLE by Mortimer J. Cohen (5,000); HAYM SALOMON by Shirley Milgrim (2,000); THE TORAH (10,000). SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-80 OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Acquisition of Political and Social Rights Oscar and Mary F. Handlin by the Jews in the United States 56:43-98 The American Jew: Some Demographic Ben B. Seligman 51:3-52 Features

American Jewish Tercentenary David Bernstein 57:101-18 American Jewry, 1970: Sidney Goldstein 72:3-88 A Demographic Profile

Antisemitism as a Policy Tool in the Maurice Friedberg 71:123^40 Soviet Bloc A Century of Reform Sefton D. Temkin 74:3-75 Judaism in America

The Church and the Jews: Judith Herschcopf 66:99-136 The Struggle at Vatican II 67:45-77 Concerning Jewish Theology in North Lou H. Silberman 70:37-58 America: Some Notes on a Decade The Condition of American Jewry in Henry L. Feingold 76:3-39 Historical Perspective: A Bicentennial Assessment

Conference on Jewish Material Claims Lucy S. Dawidowicz Against Germany 54:471-85 61:110-27

Economic Status and Occupational Structure Eli E. Cohen 51:53-70

Eichmann Trial European Jewry Before and After Hitler Salo W. Baron 63:3-53 The Proceedings Leon Poliakov 63:54-84 America's Response George Salomon 63:85-103 The Judgment Sidney Liskofsky 63:104-19 Text of the Indictment 63:120-31

417 418 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1 981 Intermarriage in the United States Arnold Schwartz 71:101-21 Israel and the United Nations: Shabtai Rosenne Changed Perspectives, 1945-1976 78:3-59 Israelis in the United States: Dov Elizur 80:53-67 Motives, Attitudes, and Intentions Jewish Academics in the United States: Seymour Martin Lipset and Their Achievements, Culture and Politics Everett Carll Ladd, Jr. 72:89-128 Jewish Education—For What? Walter I. Ackerman 70:3-36 Jewish Fertility in the United States Erich Rosenthal 62:3-27 Jewish Labor Movement in the United States Will Herberg 53:3-74 Jewish Social Work in the United States, Herman D. Stein 57:3-98 1654-1954 Jewish Studies in American Liberal-Arts Arnold J. Band 67:3-30 Colleges and Universities The Jews in Western Europe Today Arnold Mandel 68:3-28 Jews, Nazis, and Civil Liberties David G. Dalin 80:3-28 Leadership and Decision-making in a Charles S. Liebman Jewish Federation: The New York 79:3-76 Federation of Jewish Philanthropies The Legal Status of the Daniel J. Elazar and American Jewish Community Stephen R. Goldstein 73:3-94 Library Resources for Jewish Studies Charles Berlin 75:3-54 in the United States North American Settlers in Israel Gerald Engel 71:161-87 Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life Charles S. Liebman 66:21-97 Yitzchak Leybush Peretz: An Appreciation S. Niger 54:542-49 Professional Personnel in the Social Services Arnulf M. Pins 64:203-35 of the Jewish Community SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-80 / 419 The Purposes of the Jewish Community Carl Urbont 68:29-59 Center Movement: An Appraisal of Their Operation

Reconstructionism in American Jewish Life Charles S. Liebman 71:3-99 Religion in Israel Zvi Yaron 76:41-90 The Sephardim of the United States: Marc D. Angel 74:77-138 An Exploratory Study

Social Characteristics of American Jews, Nathan Glazer 56:3-41 1654-1954

The Soviet Jewish Problem at the United Ronald I. Rubin 71:141-59 Nations Soviet Jewry Since the Death of Stalin: Leon Shapiro A Twenty-five Year Perspective 79:77-103 Spiritual Life of American Jewry, 1654-1954 Joseph L. Blau 56:99-170 Studies of Jewish Intermarriage in the United States Erich Rosenthal 64:3-53 Three Centuries of Jewish Life in England, S. D. Temkin 58:3-63 1656-1956 The Training of American Rabbis Charles S. Liebman 69:3-112 Trends in Jewish Philanthropy Steven Martin Cohen 80:29-51

Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada, Louis Rosenberg 62:28-49 1760-1960 "Who Hast Not Made Me a Man": Anne Lapidus Lerner The Movement for Equal Rights for Women 77:3-38 in American Jewry

OBITUARIES Leo Baeck By Max Gruenewald 59:478-82 Jacob Blaustein By John Slawson 72:547-57 Martin Buber By Seymour Siegel 67:37-43 Abraham Cahan By Mendel Osherowitch 53:527-29 420 / AMERICAN J EWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981 Albert Einstein By Jacob Bronowski 58:480-85 Felix Frankfurter By Paul A. Freund 67:31-36 Louis Ginzberg By Louis Finkelstein 56:573-79 Jacob Glatstein By Shmuel Lapin 73:611-17 Hayim Greenberg By Marie Syrkin 56:589-94 Abraham Joshua Heschel By Fritz A. Rothschild 74:533-44 Horace Meyer Kallen By Milton R. Konvitz 75:55-80 Herbert H. Lehman By Louis Finkelstein 66:3-20 Judah L. Magnes By James Marshall 51:512-15 Alexander Marx By Abraham S. Halkin 56:580-88 Reinhold Niebuhr By Seymour Siegel 73:605-10 Joseph Proskauer By David Sher 73:618-28 Maurice Samuel By Milton H. Hindus 74:545-53 Leo Strauss By Ralph Lerner 76:91-97 Max Weinreich By Lucy S. Dawidowicz 70:59-68 Chaim Weizmann By Harry Sacher 55:462-69 Stephen S. Wise By Philip S. Bernstein 51:515-18 Harry Austryn Wolfson By Isadore Twersky 76:99-111 Index

Abelson, Jack, 283 Aleichem, Sholem, 243 Abrams, Harry N., 363 Algemeiner Journal, 357 Abramsky, Chimen, 200 Algeria, 206, 211, 288 Abt Museum (South Africa), 281 AH, Hassan, 253 Achdut Ha'avodah (Israel), 271 All-Soviet Council of Evangelical Chris- Academy for Jewish Studies (W. Ger- tians and Baptists, 237 many), 222 Allgemeine Judische Wochenzeitung, Adam, Uwe Dietrich, 227 231 Adams, Michael, 194 Allon, Yigal, 138, 266, 267, 271, 274 Adler, H. G., 226 Almog, Ze'ev, 273 Advancedata, 18n, 19n, 112 Almonds and Raisins, 200 Afghanistan, 134, 143, 144, 145, 148, Alpert, Carl, 229 183, 238 Alter, Israel, 283 AFL-CIO, 127 Altmann, Alexander, 230 African National Congress (South Alufovitz, Solomon, 282 Africa), 277 Amber, Julius B., 363 Afrikaanerstudentebond (ASB; South Ambivalent American Jew, The, 159n Africa), 276 AMC Cancer Research Center and Hos- Afro, 125 pital, 323 Agudas Israel World Organization, 305 National Council of Auxiliaries, 323 Agudat Israel, 271 America-Israel Friendship League, 326 Agudath Israel of America, 305 American Academy for Jewish Re- Children's Division—Pirchei search, 299 Agudath Israel, 305 American and European Friends of Girls' Division—Bnos Agudath Is- ORT (see American ORT Federa- rael, 305 tion, Inc.) Women's Division—N'Shei Agudath American Arab Relations Committee, Israel of America, 305 126 Youth Division—Zeirei Agudath Is- American Associates of Ben-Gurion rael, 305 University of the Negev, 326 AfnShvel, 357 American Association for European Akhmadulina, Bella, 236 Jews, 321 Aksenov, Mikhail Meerson, 241 American Association for Jewish Edu- Aksenov, Vasily, 236 cation, 305 Albany Jewish World, 356 American Association of English Jewish Albert Einstein, 230 Newspapers (see American Jewish Albert Einstein College of Medicine (see Press Association) Yeshiva University) American Association of Rabbis, 305 421 422 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

American Bar Association, 141 Union College—Jewish Institute of American Biblical Encyclopedia Soci- Religion) ety, 299 American Jewish Committee, 25, 28n, American Civil Liberties Union, 129, 122, 123, 128, 134, 140, 296 132 American Jewish Conference on Soviet American Committee for Shaare Zedek Jewry (see National Conference on Hospital in Jerusalem, Inc., 326 Soviet Jewry) American Committee for the Weizmann American Jewish Congress, 122, 123, Institute of Science, Inc., 327 124, 129, 139, 296 American Conference of Cantors (see American Jewish Congress, Women's Union of American Hebrew Con- Division of, 296 gregations) American Jewish Correctional Chap- American Council for Judaism, 295 lains Association, Inc., 323 American Council for Judaism Philan- American Jewish Historical Society, 299 thropic Fund, 302 American Jewish History, 355 American Federation of Jewish Fight- American Jewish Joint Distribution ers, Camp Inmates and Nazi Vic- Committee, Inc.—JDC, 303 tims, Inc., 321 American Jewish Journal, 355 American Federation of Jews from Cen- American Jewish League for Israel, 327 tral Europe, 321 American Jewish Periodical Center (see American Friends of Haifa University, Hebrew Union College—Jewish 326-27 Institute of Religion) American Friends of the Alliance Israel- American Jewish Press Association, 299 ite Universelle, Inc., 302-03 American Jewish Public Relations Soci- American Friends of the Hebrew Uni- ety, 334 versity, 327 American Jewish Society for Service, American Friends of the Israel Mu- Inc., 323 seum, 327 American Jewish Times—Outlook, American Friends of the Jerusalem 360 Mental Health Center—Ezrath American Jewish World, 356 Nashim, Inc., 327 American Jewish Year Book, 3n, 4, 4n, American Friends of the Tel Aviv Uni- 5n, 6, 6n, 7, 9n, 17n, 3 In, 32, 32n, versity, 327 45n, 49n, 54n, 87n, 89n, 109, 134, American Friends of Young Israel 163n, 170n, 194, 196, 246,252,254, Synagogues of America (see Na- 255, 257, 260, 261, 265, 266, 271, tional Council of Young Israel) 273, 357 American Histadrut Cultural Exchange American Joint Distribution Commit- Institute, 299 tee, 273 American-Israel Cultural Foundation, American Journal of Sociology, 20n, 48n Inc., 327 American Labor ORT (see American American-Israel Lighthouse, Inc., 327 ORT Federation, Inc.) American Israel Public Affairs Commit- American Mizrachi Woman, 357 tee, 327 American Mizrachi Women, 327 The American Israelite, 361 American Nazi Party, 131, 132 American Jewish Alternatives to Zion- American ORT Federation, Inc., 303 ism, 295 American and European Friends of American Jewish Archives, 361 ORT, 303 American Jewish Archives (see Hebrew American Labor ORT, 303 INDEX / 423

Business and Professional ORT, 303 Antisemitism, National Socialism and National ORT League, 303 Neo-Nazism, 227 Women's American ORT, 303 Antonovsky, Aaron, 48n American Physicians Fellowship, Inc. Anus Mundi: Five Years in Auschwitz, for Medicine in Israel, 328 228 American Red Magen David for Israel, Apel, Hans, 210 Inc., 328 Arab-American Congress for Palestine American Sephardi Federation, 321-22 Human Rights Campaign, 126 American Society for Jewish Music, 299 Arab League, 135 American Sociological Review, 40n, 5In Arab Monetary Fund, 135 American Student Center in Jerusalem Arafat, Yasir, 125, 127, 142, 204, 213, (see Jewish Theological Seminary 234, 258 of America) Arajs, Viktor, 219 American Technion Society, 328 L'Arche (France), 204 American Trade Union Council for His- Are Germans Fascistoid?, 228 tadrut (see National Committee for Are We All Nazis? On the Potential of Labor Israel—Israel Histadrut Inhumanity, 227 Campaign) Arenson, Walter, 282 American Veterans of Israel, 322 Argentina, 80, 82, 101, 110, 111, 285, American Yeshiva Student Union (see 286, 289 P'eylim) A.R.I.F.—Association Pour Le Reta- American Zionist, 357 blissement Des Institutions et American Zionist Federation, 328 Oeuvres Israelites en France, Inc., American Zionist Youth Foundation, 303 Inc., 328 Aris, Helmut, 233 American Zionist Youth Council, 328 Arizona Post, 354 Americans for Progressive Israel (see Arnold, Abe, 190 Hashomer Hatzair, Inc.) Arnsberg, Paul, 231 America's Jews, 156n Artukovic, Andrija, 132 Amin, Hafizullah, 143, 238 ARZA—Association of Reform Zion- Amin, Idi, 126, 137 ists of America, 35 Amnesty International, 237 Asbestos Corporation, 183 Amnesty International Canada, 184 Askenasy, Hans, 227 Ampal—American Israel Corporation, Aspen Institute (W. Germany), 225 328-29 al-Assad, Hafez, 145 Amsterdam News, 122 Associated Hebrew Schools, 189 Andrews, Donald, 185 Association for Jewish Studies, 305 Anglo-Israel Chamber of Commerce Association for the Sociological Study (Great Britain), 194 of Jewry, 299-300 Angoff, Charles, 363-64 Association of American Jewish Mu- Anne Frank: A Documentation, 227 seums, 299 Anne Frank Foundation, 227 Association of Arab-American Univer- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith sity Graduates, 126 (see B'nai B'rith) Association of Arab Jews (France), Anti-Nazi League (Great Britain), 192 206 Antiquities of the Jews, 229 Association of Ethiopian Jews, 272 Anti-semitism in British Society, 1876- Association of Jewish Center Workers, 1939, 199 296 424 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Association of Jewish Chaplains of the Bank Leumi Leisrael, 274 Armed Forces, 305-06 Bank of England, 194 Association of Jewish Community Rela- Bank of Israel, 274 tions Workers, 296 Banks, Lynne Reid, 199 Association of Jewish Day Schools, 189 Bannister, Maurice, 201 Association of Jewish Family and Chil- Baptist Ministers Conference of Har- dren's Agencies, 323 lem, 121 Association of Jewish Libraries, 300 Bar Ilan University, 282, 329 Association of Jewish Publishers, Bar-Lev, Hayim, 261, 266 300 Barkai, Michael, 273 Association of Orthodox Jewish Scien- Barnett, Ben Lewis, 201 tists, 306 Baron, Salo, lOn Association of Reform Zionists of Baron de Hirsch Fund, 323 America (see AZRA) Bartelmus, Riidiger, 229 Association of Survivors of Nazi Op- Bascohen, Mukhtaran, 194 pression, 186 Baskin, Bernard, 191 Association of Yugoslav Jews in the Bass, Bedrich, 250 United States, Inc., 322 Baum, Gerhart Rudolf, 209 Association Pour Le Retablissement Bavarian Order of Merit, 231 Des Institutions et Oeuvres Israe- Bayefsky, Aba, 190 lites en France, Inc. (see A.R.I.F.) Bednarova, Ota, 250 Atid (see United Synagogue of America) Begin, Menachem, 134, 135, 137, 138, Atlanta Journal, 130 141, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, Aufbau, 357 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, Auschwitz, 219, 225, 244, 248 273 Auschwitz: Testimony and Reports, 226 Behrend-Rosenfeld, Else, 227 Austin, Jack, 190 Beinart, Ben Zion, 201 Australia, 62, 65, 67, 78, 80, 101, 110, Being Jewish in America, 160n 111, 112, 189, 284, 287 Belfer Graduate School (see Yeshiva Austria, 258 University) Autumn Songs, 243 Belfer Institute for Advanced Biomedi- Axelrod, Morris, 23n, 34n 53n cal Studies (see Yeshiva University) Avi-Hai, Abraham, 221 Belgium, 110, 209, 285 Azenberg, Charles J., 364 Bell Canada Limited, 185 Ben-Ami, Abraham, 204 Babi-Yar, 244 Ben-Chorin, Shalom, 229, 231 Babiuch, Edward, 246 Ben-Elissar, Eliahu, 254, 274 Bachi, R., 63n Ben Gurion University, 279 Backdoor to Heaven, A, 200 Ben-Natan, Asher, 225 Baeck, Leo, 230 Ben-Zvi, Rahel Yanait, 274 Bagrit, Leon, 200 Benda, Vaclaw, 250 Bakels, Floris, 226 Benjamin, Malvyn, 196 Bakhtiar, Shahpour, 142 Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Bakke case, 122, 125 (see Yeshiva University) Bal-Shem Tov. 243 Bensimon, D., 110, HOn Baldwin, James, 126 Berger, Dov, 198 Ball, Melvyn, 190 Berger, Peter, 150, 150n Banai Party (Israel), 266 Bergman, Elihu, 9n INDEX / 425

Berlin Golden Bear, 226 International Association of Hillel Berlin Philharmonic, 215 Directors, Berman, Yitzhak, 266 Youth Organization, 306 Bermant, Chaim, 200, 282 B'nai B'rith (Canada), 184, 185 Bermel, Alfred, 200 B'nai B'rith (Great Britain), 195, 199 Bernard Lazare, 199 B'nai B'rith Messenger, 354 Bernard Revel Graduate School (see Bnai Zion—The American Fraternal Yeshiva University) Zionist Organization, 322 Bernhard, June Tarshis, 190 Bnei Akiva of North America (see Reli- Betar, 191 gious Zionists of America) Beth Medrosh Elyon (Academy of Bnos Agudath Israel, (see Agudath Is- Higher Learning and Research), rael of America) 306 Board for Jewish Sport (Great Britain), BethTzedec, 189 196 Bethell, Nicholas, 199 Board of Deputies of British Jews, 192, Between Smiles and Tears, 190 195, 196, 197, 201 Bick, Myer, 185 "Boat people", 258 Bielenberg, Christabel, 227 Bok, W., 110, HOn Bienstock, Herbert, 55 Bonham, Gordon Scott, 18n, 19n Bir Zeit University, 262, 263 Book of Daniel, The, 200 Birchlands Jewish Hospital (Great Brit- Bonn, Manfred, 210 ain), 196 Bornstein, Abba, 201 Birmingham University, 201 Borowitz, Eugene, 166n, 167n Birnbaum, Shlomo, 190 Bosch, M., 227 Birobidzhaner Shtern (Soviet Union), Botha, Pieter, 275, 276 244 Bottcher, Hermine, 218 Bischoff, Hermann, 219 Brailovsky, Irina, 242 Bishara, Abdallah Yaccoub, 138 Brailovsky, Viktor, 242 Bitzaron, 357 Brandeis-Bardin Institute, 306 Blackey, Eileen A., 364 Brandeis University, 149n Blank, Bertram, 215 Brandeis University National Women's Bloch, Alfred, 200 Committee, 334-35 Bloch, Fritz, 231 Brandt, Willy, 213, 214, 258 Bloch, Sonnie, 201 Brauer, Amric, 230 Blood of the Other, 206 Brazil, 217 Blue, Lionel, 200 Brennan, William, Jr., 122 Bluestone, Ephraim, 364-65 Brezhnev, Leonid, 144, 235, 238, 243 Blum, Virgil, 129 Breznitz, Shlomo, 282 Blum, Yehuda, 123, 125, 139, 147 Bright Star of Exile, 200 Blumenfeld, Erik, 213 Brink, A. J., 279 B'nai B'rith, 52, 128, 221, 281, 296, 323, Brit Trumpeldor Betar of America, Inc., 324 329 Anti-Defamation League of, 122, 123, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 199 127, 128, 129, 131, 139, 140, 143, Brith Abraham, 322 296 Brith Sholom, 322 B'nai B'rith Women, 324 Brod, Max, 230 Career and Counseling Services, 324 Broder, Henryk, 228, 230 Hillel Foundations, Inc., 306 Brodey, Arthur, 191 426 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Brodie, Israel, 199, 200 Canadian Human Rights Commission, Brodie, Neville, 283 185 Brookes, Reuben, 201 Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), 184, Brott, Alexander, 190 185, 190, 336, 337 Brown, S.E.D., 279 Canadian Jewish Herald, 362 Brown, Tony, 126 Canadian Jewish News, 184, 187, 189, Brown Battalion, The, 212 362 Bruins, Siert, 219 Canadian Jewish Outlook, 362 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 140, 142 Canadian ORT Organization, Women's Buber, Martin, 226 Canadian ORT, 191, 337 Buber-Rosenzweig Medal, 225 Canadian Sephardi Federation, 337 Buchenwald, 225, 233 Canadian Travel Courier, 184 Buchwald, Harold, 186 Canadian Young Judea, 337 Buckwold, Sidney, 190 Canadian Zionist, 362 Buffalo Jewish Review, 356 Canadian Zionist Federation (CZF), Bulgaria, 249 185, 188, 189 Bulletin du Cercle, 362 Bureau of Education and Culture, Burg, Yosef, 255, 270 337 Burger, Warren, 122 Cantors Assembly, 306 Busch, Eberhard, 227 Cantors Institute and Seminary College Business and Professional ORT (see of Jewish Music, (see Jewish Theo- American ORT Federation, Inc.) logical Seminary of America) Buthelezi, Gatsha, 276 Cape Society of Chartered Accountants Byer, Lord, 194 (South Africa), 282 Byrd, Robert, 124 Carleton College, 149n Carlowe, Melvyn, 195 The Call, 357 Carmi, Joseph, 190 Callaghan, James, 193, 200 Carrington, Lord, 193 Cambridge University, 200 Carstens, Karl, 208 Campbell, Arthur, 4n Carter, Billy, 130, 131 Canada, 8, 65, 66, 78, 80, 82, 86n, 101, Carter, G. Emmett, 185 102, 109, 111, 112, 183-191, 286, Carter, Jimmy, 123, 124, 126, 128, 132, 289 134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 144, Canada-Israel Committee (CIC), 185, 145, 147, 148, 238, 248, 254, 256, 186 258 Canada-Israel Securities, Ltd., State of Cassirer, Heinz, 200 Israel Bonds, 336 Castelli, Jim, 129 Canadian Association for Labor Israel CBS News, 129 (Histadrut), 336 CCJO (see Consultative Council of Jew- Canadian Council of Christians and ish Organizations) Jews, 191 Ceadel, Eric, 200 Canadian Foundation for Jewish Cul- Center for Holocaust Studies, 300 ture, 336 Center for Jewish Community Studies, Canadian Friends of the Hebrew Uni- 296 versity, 336 Central Board of Jewish Communities Canadian Holocaust Remembrance As- (Hungary), 249 sociation, 185 Central California Jewish Heritage, 354 INDEX / 427

Central Conference of American Rab- Cleveland Jewish News, 361 bis, 306 Clore, Charles, 201 Central Council for Jewish Social Ser- Coat of Many Colors: Jewish Subcom- vices (Great Britain), 196 munities in the United States, 35n Central Council of Jews in Germany, Coat of Many Colours. A, 200 215, 216, 220, 221, 222 Cohen, Carl, 122 Central Sephardic Jewish Community Cohen, Geula, 266 of America, 322 Cohen, John, 200 Central Yeshiva Beth Joseph Rabbinical Cohen, Joseph, 190 Seminary, 306 Cohen, Mark, 282 Central Yiddish Culture Organization, Cohen, Reuben, 190 (CYCO), 300 Cohen, Steven, 21, 2In, 28n, 149n, 163, Chagall, Marc, 241 163n Chain, Ernst Boris, 201 Colorful Israel, 229 Chalmers, Bill, 279 COLPA (see National Jewish Commis- Characteristics of a Jewish Community, sion on Law and Public Affairs) 40n Comet, Ted, 149n Charbey, Ann, 228 Commentary, 27n, 122, 357 Charish, Howard, 149n Commission on Social Action of Reform Chavurah, The, 155n Judaism (see Union of American Chenkin, Alvin, 4n, 6n, 7n, 23n, 24n, Hebrew Congregations) 28n, 3In, 32n, 43n, 45n, 49n, 54n, Commission on the Holocaust, 248 87n, 88n, 89n, 171 Committee for Soviet Jewry (Canada), Cherrick, Bernard, 282 186 Chicago Jewish Post and Opinion, 355 Communist (Soviet Union), 244 Chill, Samuel, 365 Communist Party (Czechoslovakia), China, 147 249 Christian Democratic Union (CDU; Communist Party (France), 202, 203, West Germany), 208, 216 205 Christian Science Monitor, The, 126 Communist Party (Hungary), 248 Christian Social Union (CSU; West Communist Party (Poland), 246 Germany), 208, 216, 218 Communist Party (Soviet Union), 245 Christians and Jews, 225 Communist Workers Party, 131 Christmann, Kurt, 219 Community and Polity, 149n Church and National Socialism in Ger- Community of Religious Congregations many and Austria, The, 227 (Czechoslovakia), 250 Citizens' and Farmers' Initiative (W. Conference of Presidents of Major Jew- Germany), 209 ish Organizations, 123, 124, 296 City of Hope—A National Medical Conference of Rabbis in the Federal Re- Center Under Jewish Auspices, 324 public, 222 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 122 Conference of Solidarity with Israel Civilisations of the Holy Land, 200 (Great Britain), 196 Clark, Joe, 183, 184 Conference on Jewish Communal Ser- Clark, Kenneth, 125 vice, 324 Classical Judaism, 229 Conference on Jewish Material Claims Clemens, Fritz, 226 Against Germany, 215, 303 Cleveland College of Jewish Studies, 306 Conference on Jewish Relations, Inc. 428 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

(see Conference on Jewish Social Culture and Life (see Kultur un Lebn) Studies, Inc.) Current Population Reports, 4n Conference on Jewish Social Studies, Current Population Study, 4 Inc., 300 Current Population Survey, 77, 85,112n Congress for Jewish Culture, 300 CYCO (see Central Yiddish Culture Or- Congress Monthly, 34n, 357 ganization) Congressional Black Caucus, 133 Czechoslovakia, 144, 146, 245,248,249, Connecticut Jewish Ledger, 355 250, 251, 285 Conscience, 197 Conservative Judaism, 357 Dachau, 223 Conservative Party (Canada), 183 Dahm, Volker, 227 Conservative Party (Great Britain), 192, Daimler-Benz, 215 193, 197 Daisenberger, Joseph Alois, 224 Consultative Council of Jewish Organi- Dallas Jewish Community Study, The, zations (CCJO), 296-297 17n, 37n Consumers Association of Canada, 185 Dark Memories of a Polish Jew Born in Contemporary Jewry, 354 France, 203 Contraceptive Revolution, The, 13n David, 226 Controlled Fertility, 12n Davidovic, Emil, 222 Convention for the Preservation of Dawidowicz, Szymon M., 365 World Cultural and Natural Heri- Dayan, Moshe, 214, 253, 254, 255, 258, tage, 248 259, 261, 264, 265 Conyer, Lionel, 282 Dayton Jewish Chronicle, 361 Cook, Samuel, 188 Deadly Love, 230 Cooper, Elias, 365 Death of a Salesman, 247 Coordinating Board of Jewish Organi- de Benoist, Alain, 202 zations, 297 Deep South, 206 Corne, David, 191 DeFunis case, 125 Corren, Asher, 196 Delia Pergola, Sergio, 16, 16n, 18, 88n, Coscas, Marco, 206 89n, 109n, 110, HOn, 111, 11 In, Council for the Advancement of Arab- 112n British Understanding, 194 Democratic Movement (Israel), 255, Council of Europe, 203 260, 261, 263, 266, 267, 271 Council of Jewish Federations and Wel- Democratic Tumhalle Alliance (South fare Funds, 4, 6n, 109, 151, 153n, Africa), 277 324 Demography, 6n, 109, 112 Council of Jewish Organizations in Civil Demography of the Jews in The Nether- Service, Inc., 297 lands, llOn Council of Jewish Religious Communi- Der Spiegel, 143 ties in Czech Lands (CJRC), 250, Der Wecker, 360 251 d'Estaing, Giscard, 202, 205 Cracks in the Ice, 200 Detroit Jewish Community Geographic Cramer, Erich, 228 Mobility: 1963-1965, 37n Cramer, Ernst, 231 Deutsche National-Zeitung (W. Ger- Croll, David, 190 many), 209, 217 Cross of Merit (W. Germany), 231 Deutschkron, Inge, 231 Crossfire—The Holocaust TV Film, 228 Development of Population and Demo- Cry Without Answer, 227 graphic Policy, The, 239 INDEX / 429 Di Yiddishe Heim. 360 Effron, Mark, 47n Diamond, Denis, 282, 283 Egged, 215 Diamond, Jack, 34n, 190 Egides, Piotr, 236 Diasporas, 190 Eglin, Colin, 277 Dienstbier, Jiri, 250 Egypt, 134, 135, 136, 138,141, 142, 145, el-Din Murtada, Sa'ad, 254 147, 148, 193, 204, 213, 252, 253, Dinitz, Simcha, 280 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, Distinguished Service Cross of the Fed- 266, 278, 281, 288 eral Order of Merit (W. Germany), Ehrenthal, Julius, 250 225 Ehrlich, Simcha, 264, 265, 266, 278 Dobryd:A Polish Childhood. 1940-1950, Einstein, Albert, 230, 233 228 Eisenstat, Stuart, 123 Doctor Zhivago, 242 Eisner, Stefan, 230 Dohanyi Synagogue (Hungary), 249 Eitan, Rafael, 261, 270 Dole, Robert, 128 El Al Israel Airlines, 135, 254 Dolejs, Svatopluk, 250 Elazar, Daniel, 149n, 156n, 168n Donner, Herbert, 229 Elghanian, Habib, 194 Dorfman, Saville, 283 Eliezer, Binyamin, 263 Doron, Aharon, 280 Elon, Amos, 227 Dos Yiddishe Vort, 360 Else Lasker-Schiiler in Jerusalem—Late Drakensberg Boys Choir (South Years and Farewell, 230 Africa), 279 Elson, Harry, 365 Driz, Shika, 243 Emergency Powers Law (Israel), 263 Drobless, Matiyahu, 260, 262 Emory University, 126 Dropsie University, 306-07 Empire Kosher Products, 198 Alumni Association of, 307 Emunah Women of America, 35 Dror—Young Zionist Organization, Encyclopaedia Judaica Yearbook, 1975- 329 76, 112n Garin Yarden, The Young Kibbutz Enke, Elly, 226 Movement, 329 Epstein, Melech, 365 Dubb, A.A., 110 Erel, Shlomo, 229 Dubb, Allie, 280 Erickson, Judith, 17n, 34n Dubs, Adolph, 143 Essence of Judaism, The, 230 Dultzin, Arye Leon, 273 Eternal Measure, 243 Diirrenmatt, Friedrich, 230 Ethiopia, 272, 288 Dwor, Richard, 191 Eugenics Quarterly, lln Dymshits, Mark, 237 European Council of Jewish Communal Dymshits, Veniamin, 242 Service, 250 Dynamics of Faith, 166n European Economic Community, 193, 214, 258 Ebla: An Archeological Enigma, 200 Everything in the Window, 190 Echo. The, 230 Evseev, Evgenii, 241 Eckart, Wolf-Dieter, 212 Exile: Literary and Political Texts from Economic Council of Canada, 183 the German Exile, 1933-1945, Economic Horizons, 357 228 Economic Structure of U.S. Jewry: Re- Ezrath Nashim (see American Friends cent Trends, 54 of the Jerusalem Mental Health Editions Ramsay, 206 Center) 430 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Face of Terror, The, 199 Fisher, Samuel, Lord of Camden, 192, Faculty of Letters (France), 206 193, 201 Faerber, Meir, 230 Fishman, Iakov, 240, 241 Faessler, Shirley, 190 Fishman, William, 200 Falwell, Jerry, 130 Flatto-Sharon, Samuel, 271 Family Growth in Metropolitan America, Flomin, Yehezke'el, 264 4n Folkerts, Marion, 211 Family Planning, Sterility, and Popula- Folks-sztyme (Poland), 247 tion Growth, 4n Footnotes to Holocaust, 227 Farnborough, Louis Henry, 221 Ford, Kathleen, 19n Fasching, Herbert, 229 Forman, Celia Adler, 366 Fauman, J., 115n Fdrster, Johann, 219 Fauntroy, Walter, 125, 127 Fowler, Floyd, 23n, 24n, 34n, 37n, 42n, Feder-Keyfitz, Sara, 365 53n, 154n Federal Association of Jewish Students Fox, Avi, 149n in Germany, 221 France, 66, 101, 202-207, 209,258, 272, Federal Order of Merit, 231 275, 285, 289 Federal Republic of Germany, 110, 111, Frank, Anne, 212 113n, 132, 203, 208-231, 233, 285 Frankel, Leslie, 282 Federated Council of Israel Institutions Free Democratic Party (FDP; West —FCII, 329 Germany), 208, 214, 216 Federation of Jewish Communities in Free Sons of Israel, 322 the DDR, 232, 233 Freedman, Ronald, 4n Federation of Protestant Churches (W. Freeland League (see League for Yid- Germany), 225 dish) Federation of Synagogues (Great Brit- Freiman, Grigorii, 242 ain), 198 Frenzel, Ivo, 228 Federation of Synagogues, (South Freres University, 263 Africa), 282 Frey, Gerhard, 209, 217 Federation of Women Zionists, 200, 201 Frey, Sonia, 244 Federenko, Feodor, 132 Friecke-Finkelnburg, Rolf, 228 Feldberg, Leon, 283 Friedberg, Benjamin, 189 Ferkauf Graduate School of Humanti- Friedlander, Albert, 225 ties and Social Studies (see Yeshiva Friedlander, Saul, 230 University) Friedman, Murray, 133 Fertility and Family Planning in the Friends of Israel, 148 United States, 4n From Shtetl to Steelmaking, 282 Festival of Russian Winter, 243 From the Diary of a Kibbutz Secretary, Fields, Harvey, 188 229 Fight for the Diaspora (France), 206 Frosh, Sidney, 196 Filiatrault, Nolan, 187 Frum, Barbara, 190 Final Journey: The Fate of the Jews in Fullick, Roy, 199 Nazi Europe, 199 Fullilove v. Kreps, 122 Finelsztein, Moses, 247 Fund for Higher Education, 329 Finkelstein, Louis, 8n Fiinnten, Ferdinand aus ser, 218 Firkovich, Avram, 244 Fisch, Harold, 282 Gabor, Dennis, 200 Fischer, Franz, 218 Galinski, Heinz, 217, 221, 231 Fisher, Alan, 133 Gallop poll, 127 INDEX / 431

Galpern, Myer, 200 Glazer, Nathan, 52, 52n Gamm, Hans Jochen, 229 Glikson, P., 88n, 89n, 109n, 11 In Gardyn, Yaacov, 201 Glock, Charles, 130 Garin Yarden, (see Dror—Young Zion- Gluckstein, Louis Halle, 201 ist Organization) Glushko, V., 243 Gazit, Shlomo, 273 Gluz, Mikhail, 243 Geis, Immanuel, 227 Gold, Bertram, 47, 140 Geiss, Edgar Werner, 212 Gold, Irwin, 186 Gelb, Julius, 282 Goldberg, Albert, 188 Geller, Rakhel, 244 Goldberg, Arthur, 188 General Dynamics Corporation, 183 Goldberg, Nathan, 9n, 366 General Social Surveys, 16n Goldbloom, Victor, 191 Generation Gone Astray, A, 230 Goldenberg, Carl, 190 Geneva Conference, 194 Goldman, Israel M., 366 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 213 Goldman, Nicole, 204 German Citizens' Initiative (W. Ger- Goldman, Pierre, 203 many), 209 Goldscheider, Calvin, 8n, 20, 20n, 25n, German Communist Party (DKP; West 43n Germany), 208 Goldstein, Isai, 242 German Conference of Catholic Bish- Goldstein, Sidney, article by, 3-59, 5n, ops, 223 lln, 13n, 17n, 22n, 23n, 24n, 25n, German Democratic Republic, 209, 33n, 34n, 40n, 42n, 43n, 45n, 48n, 213, 232, 233, 234, 285 52n, 56, 79n German Federation of Labor Unions, Gom, Alfred, 259 216 Goodman, Brian, 186 German-Israeli Society, 213 Goldman, Richard, 199 German Janusz Korczak Society, 226 Goldmann, Nahum, 225 German Opera, 215 Goldschmidt, Hermann Levin, 221 German Policy in Poland, 1939-1945, Goodman, Lewis, 194 227 Gorbachev, Mikhai, 235 German Soldiers' Combat League (W. Gordon, Shmul, 243 Germany), 209, 210 Gottesman, Benjamin, 366 Germany Awakes, 228 Gottlieb, David, 17n Gero, Erno, 249 Gottlieb, Edward, 366 Gershonson, Moshe, 243 Gould, S.J., 11 In Gerstein, Reva, 190 Grade, Leslie, 201 Geshen, Israel, 283 Gram, Boris, 240 Gewer, Arnold, 283 Granatstein, Samuel, 191 Ghali, Butros, 253 Gratz College, 307 Gibbon, David, 229 Gray, Herb, 185 Gierek, Edward, 246 Grayek, Stefan, 244 Gifford, Bernard, 126 Great Britain, 66, 192-201, 222, 272, Gilbert, Martin, 199 285, 289 Gilboa, Moshe, 280 Great Britain, Department of Trade, Ginnosar, Rose, 274 194 Ginsburg, Alexander, 222 Great Synagogue of Johannesburg, 283 Ginzburg, Aleksandr, 237 Greater Manchester Council (Great Gitkind, Mune, 244 Britain), 197 Givens, Phil, 188 Greeley, Andrew, 129 432 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Green and Sea Point Hebrew Congrega- Harris, Arnold, 200 tion (South Africa), 282 Harris, Louis, 121, 129, 130 Greenberg, Maxwell, 143 Hasenkamp, Georg, 219 Grosser, Alfred, 228 Hashachar (see Hadassah, The Group for the Defense of the Unjustly Women's Zionist Organization of Persecuted, 250 America) Gruen, George, 148 Hashomer Hatzair, Inc., 330 Guberman, Igor, 242 Americans for Progressive Israel, Gudansky, Berty, 200 330 Guide to the Sources for the Study of Socialist Zionist Youth Movement, Canadian Jewry, 189 330 Gurfein, Murray L., 366-67 Hassenfeld, Merrill L., 367 Gurin, Arnold, 23n, 34n, 53n Hatch, Orrin, 130 Gush Emumim, 260, 261, 262 Hatcher, Richard, 124 Gutkowska, Ruia, 247 Hausner, Hans Erik, 227 Gutmann, Joseph, 200 Havel, Vaclaw, 250 Guyana, 128 Hayenu (South Africa), 283 Heber, Imre, 249 Haag, Siegfried, 211 Hebrew Arts School for Music and Ha'Aretz (Israel), 271 Dance, 300 Habe, Hans, 230 Hebrew College, 307 Habermehl, Werner, 228 Hebrew Culture Foundation, 300 Hadarom, 357 Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Orga- (HIAS), 8n, 273, 303, 304 nization of America, 329-30 Hebrew Manuscript Painting, 200 Hashachar, 330 Hebrew Order of David, 281 Hadassah Hospital, 260 Hebrew Theological College, 307 Hadassah Magazine, 357 Hebrew Union College—Jewish Insti- Hadassah—WIZO Organization of tute of Religion, 307-08 Canada, 337 American Jewish Archives, 307 Haddad, Sa'ad, 145, 257 American Jewish Periodical Center, Hadoar, 357 307 Hagen, Herbert, 218 Edgar F. Magnin School of Graduate Haifa Technion Society, 282 Studies, 308 Haifa University Cultural Exchange So- Jerome H. Louchheim School of ciety, 282 Judaic Studies, 308 Hajdenberg, Henri, 204 Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Ar- Halevi, Yehuda, 242 chaeology, 308 Halikowski, Boguslaw, 226 Rhea Hirsch School of Education, Hall, Emmett, 186 308 Haller, Daniel, 228 School of Education, 308 Halvorson, Peter, 32n School of Graduate Studies, 308 Hammerson House (Great Britain), 195 School of Jewish Communal Service, Hapoel Hamizrachi Women's Organiza- 308 tion (see Emunah Women' of School of Jewish Studies, 308 America) Skriball Museum, 14 Hari Krishna, 128 Hebrew University, 110, 215, 224, 231, Harmelin, Joseph, 279 268, 280, 282 INDEX / 433

Hebrew University—Technion Joint Hoffman, Karl-Heinz, 210 Maintenance Appeal, 330 Hoffmann, Peter, 227 Hebrew Watchman, 361 Hofmeier, Rolf, 228 Heim, Aribert, 218 Holmes, Colin, 199 Heinemeyer, Kurt, 219 Holocaust, 61, 63, 66, 78, 93, 98, 100, Heinrichsohn, Ernst, 218 132, 133, 185, 186, 187, 190, 247 Helms, Jesse, 128 "Holocaust." 203, 211, 216, 220, 221, Henig, Mark, 200 222, 223, 233 Henig, Sheila, 191 Holocaust: A Media Event and the Pub- Henrix, Hans Hermann, 229 lic, 228 Heritage Southwest Jewish Press, 354 Holocaust Remembrance Week, 132 Herstigte Nationale Party (HNP; South Holocaust Resource Center (see Na- Africa), 276 tional Jewish Conference Center— Hertzberg, Arthur, 160, 160n, 161 Zachor) Herut (Great Britain), 196 Holy Blossom Temple, 188 Herut Party (Israel), 260, 265 Holy Land, The, 229 Herut-Likud Party (Israel), 266 Holzer, Vilma, 251 Herut-U.S.A. (United Zionist-Revision- Hooks, Benjamin, 127 ists of America) Hope Center for the Retarded, 324 Theodor Herzl Foundation, 330 Horn, Maurizi, 247 Theodor Herzl Institute, 330 Hornstein, Moses, 367-68 Herzl Press, 330 Horowitz, David, 274 Herzliah-Jewish Teachers Seminary, Horwitz, Elinor, 47n 308-09 House of Commons (Great Britain), 200 Graduate Division, 308-09 Hovev, Amos, 282 Herzliah Hebrew Teachers Institute, How Was It Possible? The Reality of Na- Inc., 309 tional Socialism, 228 Jewish Teachers Seminary and Peo- Huber, Antje, 215 ple's University, 309 Human Biology, 115n Music Division, 309 Human Rights Past and Present, 184 Herzog, Sara, 274 Hungary, 144, 245, 247, 248, 249, 285 Hesselbach, Walter, 215 Hurvitz, Yigael, 265, 266, 268 Heubner, C, 227 Husak, Gustav, 249 HIAS (see Hebrew Immigrant Aid Soci- Hussein, King of Jordan, 141 ety) Huyser, Robert, 142 Hillel, Shlomo, 272 Hymovitz, Zev, 273 Hilsenrath, Edgar, 230 Himmelfarb, Harold, 162, 162n / Did Not Stand Alone, 227 Histadrut, 253 / Live in Jerusalem, 229 Histadruth Ivrith of America, 300-01 / Survived: An Inmate Reports on Maj- Hitchcock, James, 129 danek, 227 Hitler, Adolph, 133, 209, 223 Ichud Habonim Labor Zionist Youth, Hitlers Antisemitism and the 'Frankfurt 330 School', 228 Igud Habonim (see Rabbinical Alliance History of the Jewish People in the Age of of America) Jesus Christ, vol. II, The, 200 Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim, 271 Hochwald, Abraham, 222 Illyes, Gyula, 248 Hoenig, Sidney B., 367 Impact, 357 434 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

In Various Times, 243 Israel Broadcasting Authority, 273 Index to Jewish Periodicals, 361 Israel Electricity Board, 194 India, 143, 287 Israel Horizons, 357 Indiana Jewish Post and Opinion, 355 Israel Music Foundation, 330 Ingster, Henryk, 231 Israel Quality, 357 Intermountain Jewish News, 354 Israel: The People and the Land, 229 International Association of Hillel Di- Israel Today. 354 rectors, 309 Israel United Appeal (IUA), 280 International Auschwitz Committee, Israeli Air Force Story, The, 199 216 Israelite Congregation (Switzerland), International Conference of Jewish 222 Communal Service, 297 Israelite Congregation (W. Germany), International Conference on Political 222, 231 Science, 238 Italy, 102, 111, 112 International Council of Christians and Jews, 226 Jablonski, Henryk, 246 International Council of Women, 283 Jackson, Jesse, 124, 125, 126 International Council on Jewish Social Jacob, Isaac Hai, 200 and Welfare Services, 324-25 Jacobmeyer, Wolfgang, 227 International Film Festival, 226 Jacobs, Elias Rex, 368 International Jewish Committee on Re- Jacobs, June, 197 ligious Consultation, 224 Jacobson, Charlotte, 124 International League for the Repatria- Jacobson, Jay, 149n tion of Russian Jews, 304 Jacoby, Hilla, 199 Interval, 230 Jacoby, Max, 199 Intruder, The, 200 Jakobovits, Immanuel, 198 Invisable Jewish Poor, The, 46, 46n Janner, Greville, 195 Iran, 78, 111, 134, 142, 143, 144, 145, Jaroczewicz, Piotr, 246 148, 183, 194, 211, 236, 272, 278, Javits, Jacob, 124 287 JDC (see American Jewish Joint Distri- Iraq, 135, 145, 183, 258 bution Committee, Inc.) Isaacson, Margaretha, 282 Jerusalem Arab Students' Committee, Israel, 8, 62, 93, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 269 107, 108, 112, 115, 121, 123, 124, Jerusalem Electric Corporation, 269 125, 126, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, Jerusalem—Paradox and Promise, 229 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, Jessel, Richard, 201 147, 148, 167, 168, 183, 184, 185, Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences, 186, 189, 193, 194, 198, 199, 203, 301 204, 205, 213, 214, 215, 221, 222, Jewish Action, 358 225, 228, 238, 240, 247, 250, 252- Jewish Advocate, 355 274, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 287, Jewish Affairs (South Africa), 280 289 Jewish Agency, 204, 205, 260, 272, 273, Knesset, 252, 255, 259, 261, 263, 265, 281, 282 266, 270, 271, 274 Jewish American Record, 356, 358 Israel: A Travel and Cultural Guide, 229 Jewish Americans: Three Generations in Israel Aliyah Center, 188 a Jewish Community, 25n Israel and Neighboring Areas, 228 Jewish and Mixed Marriages in Milan, Israel Bonds, 194, 282 112n INDEX / 435 Jewish Blind Society (Great Britain), Jewish Immigrant Aid Services (JIAS), 196 186, 337 Jewish Book Annual, 358 Jewish Information Bureau, Inc., 301 Jewish Book Council of JWB (see Jew- Jewish Journal, 356, 358 ish Welfare Board) Jewish Journal of Sociology, 11 In Jewish Books in Review, 358 Jewish Labor Committee, 297 Jewish Books in the Third Reich, 227 National Trade Union Council for Jewish Braille Institute of America, 325 Human Rights, 297 Jewish Braille Review, 358 Women's Division of, 297 Jewish Chautauqua Society, Inc., 309 Workmen's Circle Division of, 297, Jewish Children's Welfare Organization 323 (Great Britain), 196 Jewish Labor Fund, 322 Jewish Chronicle, 355, 361 Jewish Ledger, 357 Jewish Chronicle—Harold H. Wingate Jewish Life, 358 Literary Awards, 199 Jewish Life in Canada, 190 Jewish Civic Leader, 355 Jewish Liturgy, 229 The Jewish Civic Press, 355, 361 Jewish Ministers Cantors Association of Jewish Colonization Association of America, Inc., 309 Canada, 337 Jewish Monitor, 354 Jewish Community News, 355, 356 Jewish Museum, (see Jewish Theologi- Jewish Community of Greater Min- cal Seminary of America) neapolis, 17n, 34n Jewish Museum of the West (see Judah Jewish Community Voice, 356 L. Magnes Memorial Museum) Jewish Conciliation Board of America, Jewish Music Council of JWB. (see Jew- Inc., 325 ish Welfare Board) Jewish Cultural and Social Union Jewish Music Notes, 358 (JCSU; Poland), 247 Jewish National Fund of America, Jewish Current Events, 356 330-31 Jewish Currents, 358 Jewish National Fund of Canada Jewish Daily Forward, 358 (Keren Kayemeth Le Israel, Inc.), Jewish Defense Organization (France), 337 203 Jewish News, 356 Jewish Digest, 355 Jewish Observer, 358 Jewish Education, 358 Jewish Observer of the East Bay, 354 Jewish Education Directory, 358 Jewish Peace Fellowship, 322 Jewish Education News, 358 Jewish People, Past and Present, The, 9n Jewish Educational Development Trust Jewish Population of Charleston, W. Va., (Great Britain), 198, 199 35n, 36 Jewish Exponent, 361 Jewish Population Study of the Greater Jewish Floridian, 355 Kansas City Area, 17n, 37n Jewish Frontier, 358 Jewish Post (Canada), 362 Jewish Guardian, 358 Jewish Post and Opinion, 355 Jewish Headmasters Association, 281 Jewish Post of New York, 358 Jewish Herald Voice, 361 Jewish Press (Nebraska), 356 Jewish Historical Institute (Poland), Jewish Press (New York), 358 247 Jewish Press Features, 362 Jewish Historical Society of Western Jewish Publication Society of America, Canada, 189 301, 409-416 436 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Jewish Quarterly Review, 361 Institute for Advanced Study in the Jewish Rabbinical Seminary (Hungary), Humanities, 310 240 Institute for Religious and Social Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, Studies, 310 309 Jewish Museum, 301 Reconstructionist Federation of Con- Melton Research Center, 310 gregations and Fellowships, 309 Schocken Institute for Jewish Re- Reconstructionist Rabbinical Associ- search, 310 ation, 309 Seminary College of Jewish Studies— Jewish Record, 356 Teachers Institute, 310 Jewish Renewal (France), 204, 205 University of Judaism, 310 Jewish Reporter. 355, 356 Jewish Times, 355, 356 Jewish Resistance Fighters, 244 Jewish Times of the Greater Northeast, Jewish Restitution Successor Organiza- 361 tion, 304 Jewish Transcript, 361-62 Jewish Social Studies, 358 Jewish Veteran, 355 Jewish Socialist Verband of America, Jewish Vocational Service (Canada), 322-23 186 Jewish Spectator, 354 Jewish Voice, 356 Jewish Standard. 356, 362 Jewish War Veterans of the United Jewish Star, 354 States of America, 297-298 Jewish Student Editorial Projects (see National Memorial, Inc.; National Jewish Student Press Service) Shrine to the Jewish War Dead, Jewish Student Press Service—Jewish 298 Student Editorial Projects, 335 Jewish Week, 355, 358 Jewish Students' Union—Hillel (Can- Jewish Weekly News, 356 ada), 186 Jewish Welfare Board (Great Britain), Jewish Teachers Association—Morim, 195 309 JWB, 325 Jewish Teachers Seminary and People's Commission on Jewish Chaplaincy, University (see Herzliah—Jewish 325 Teacher's Seminary) Jewish Book Council, 301 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Inc., 362 Jewish Music Council, 301 Jewish Telegraphic Agency Community Jewish Western Bulletin, 362 News Reporter. 358 Jewish World, The. 200 Jewish Telegraphic Agency Daily News Jewish Writings of the Hellenistic- Bulletin. 358 Roman Era, 229 Jewish Telegraphic Agency Weekly News Jews, The. 8n, 48n Digest, 358 Jews and Christians in the Shadow of the Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer- Third Reich. 227 ica, 309-10 Jews' College (Great Britain), 198, 199 American Student Center in Jerusa- Jews in the United States: Perspectives lem, 310 From Demography, 3-59 Cantors Institute and Seminary Col- Jews in the USSR, 242 lege of Jewish Music, 310 Jews of Toronto: A History to 1937, The, Department of Radio and Television, 190 310 Johnson, Paul, 200 Fannie and Maxwell Abbel Research Joint Distribution Committee, 273 Institute in Rabbinics, 310 Jordan, 135, 138, 194, 213, 262 INDEX / 437 Jordan, Vernon, Jr., 127 Katz, Isidor, 250 Joseph, Dov Bernard, 274 Katz, Israel, 215, 221 Josephus, Flavius, 229 Katz, Shlomo, 368 Journal for the Scientific Study of Reli- Katz, Walter, 231 gion, 32n, IS In Katz, Zev, 238 Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 167n Kawasma, Fahd, 264 Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Kedourie, Elie, 200 358 Keenan, Itzhak, 280 Journal of Reform Judaism, 358 Kentucky Jewish Post and Opinion, 355 The Journal of the North Shore Jewish Keren Hayesod, 221 Community Center, 356 Keren Kayemet Le'Yisrael (W. Ger- Journey into our Heritage, A, 189 many), 221 Judah L. Magnes Memorial Museum— Keren Or, Inc., 331 Jewish Museum of the West, 301 Kessel, Joseph, 207 Judaism. 200, 358 Khadafy, Moammar, 126 Judaism: An Introduction, 230 Khalaf, Karim, 264 JWB Circle, 358 Khalil, Mustafa, 253, 256 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 134, Kach organization (Israel), 263 141, 142, 143, 144 Kadar, Janos, 248, 249 Kielar, Wieslaw, 228 Kadar, M. Z., 282 Kinder Journal, 358 Kadima (see United Synagogue of Kinder Zeitung, 359 America) King, Martin Luther, Jr., 121, 126 Kahane, Meir, 263, 268 King David's Children, 229 Kahn, Benjamin, 35n Kipnis, Itsik, 243 Kahn, Leon, 190 Kirshblum, Mordechai, 280 Kahn-Freund, Otto, 201 Kiser, Clyde, 12n Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Com- Kishon, Ephraim, 230 pany, 122 Kissinger, Henry, 138, 230 Kamhi, David, 200 Klarsfeld, Beate, 218 Kaminska, Esther Rachel, 247 Klarsfeld, Serge, 218 Kanader Alder-Jewish Eagle, 362 Klein, Isaac, 368 Kaniel, Michael, 200 Klemm, Ludwig, 220 Kansas City Jewish Chronicle, 356 Kligman, Paul, 189 Kanter, Gilbert, 368 Knop, Walter, 219 Kapelus, Freda, 282 Knox, Israel, 282 Kaplan, Jacob, 205 Koch, Edward, 121, 122, 127 Kaplan, Mendel, 280 Kochan, Lionel, 201 Kaplan, Tankhum, 243 Kochan, Miriam, 201 Kaplan Center of Jewish Studies and Kogon, Eugen, 225 Research (South Africa), 281, 282 Kohn, Hans, 230 Kaplan-Kushlik Foundation (South Kohut, Pavel, 250 Africa), 281 KolHat'nuah, 359 Karmal, Babrak, 143 Kol Yavneh, 359 Karpas, Jessie, 283 Kollek, Teddy, 269 Kashrus Commission (Great Britain), Kolman, Arnost, 230 198 Kompaneets, Zinovii, 243 Kates, Joseph, 190 Kook, Zvi Yehuda, 262 Kattan, Nairn, 190 Koor, 253 438 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Koornhof, Piet, 275, 276 Lang, Michel, 230 Korn, Bertram W., 368-69 Langbein, Hermann, 226 Korner, Rudolf, 219 Language of Friendship and Cooper- Kosygin, Aleksei, 235 ation of the People of the USSR, Kotalla, Joseph, 218 238 Kravitz, Julius, 369 Lapide, Yosef, 273 Kravtsov, Gershon, 243 Lapidoth, Ruth, 280 Kreiner, Louis, 282 Lapple, Alfred, 227 Kreisky, Bruno, 213, 214, 258 Las Vegas Israelite, 356 Kremers, Heinz, 229 Laski, Sissie, 200 Krivoruski, Peisach, 243 Laskin, Bora, 188 Krizons, Helmut, 219 Laubscher, Friedrich, 229 Kruger, Jan, 275 Lauck, Gerhard (Gary), 210, 212 Ku Klux Klan, 127, 131, 132 Lavender, Abraham, 35n Kiihnen, Michael, 210 Lawrence, Allan, 187 Kulbak, Moishe, 243 Lazarus, David, 282 Kultur un Lebn—Culture and Life, Lazarus, Mitchel, 17n, 34n 359 Lazerwitz, Bernard, 6n, 109, 162, 162n Kiimmel, Werner Georg, 229 Lazerwitz, D., 89n Kurelek, William, 190 League for Labor Israel, 331 Kuron, Jacek, 246 League for Yiddish, 304 Kussel, Sallie, 283 League of Arab States, 126 Kutasil, Samuel B., 369 League of Brain-damaged Persons (W. Kuwait, 135 Germany), 231 Kuznets, Simon, 8, 53, 54n League of Jewish Youth (W. Germany), Kuznetsov, Anatoly, 244 221 Kuznetsov, Edward, 237 Lebanon, 125, 138, 142, 145, 146, 147, 211, 213, 252, 257, 259, 287 La'am Party (Israel), 265 Lebzelter, Gisela, 199 La'am-Likud Party (Israel), 266 Lee, Ronald, 2In Labor Party (Great Britain), 192, 194, Le Foyer Medicis, 203 197, 200 Left Against Zion, The, 199 Labor Party (Israel), 252, 255, 258, 260, Lehmann, Ernst, 274 261, 266, 271 Le Monde. 143 Labor Alignment (Israel), 263, 267 Lenge, Josef, 219 Labor-Mapam Alighment, 267 Leningrad Ballet Ensemble, 236 Labor Zionist Alliance, 331 Leningrad Museum, 243 Labowitz, Barnett, 149n Leningrad University, 242 Lacocque, Andre, 200 Lenski, Gerhard, 39n Lador, Mordecai, 259 Leo Baeck College, 198 Lahat, Shlomo, 225 Leo Baeck Housing Association (Great Lamm, Hans, 231 Britain), 196 Land of Israel The, 199 Leo Baeck Institute, 226, 301 Land of Love, 207 Leo N. Levi National Arthritis Hospi- Landau, Felix, 281 tal, 325 Landau, Julian, 229 Leonard, James, 256 Landau, Samuel David (Lev), 369-70 Lert, Raisa, 236 Landes, Judah, 281 Leslie, Adam, 283 INDEX / 439

Lestchinsky, Jacob, 8n London Jewish Housing Committee, Lester, Julius, 126 195 Let Us All Together. 243 Long Island Jewish Press. 359 Letters to my Israeli Sons, 199 Long Island Jewish World, 357 Lever, Harold, 200 Lookstein, Joseph Hyman, 370 Levine, Gene, 28n Lopian, Leib, 201 Levine, Montague, 200 Lost Tribe, The, 200 Levinger, Israel Meir, 222 Louvish, Misha, article by, 274 Levinger, Moshe, Mrs., 261 Lowery, Joseph, 125, 126 Levison, Stanley D., 370 Lubavitch, 205, 281 Levitin-Krasnov, A., 241 Lubliner, Manfred, 221 Levy, David, 273 Luchs, Maxwell M., 370 Levy, Harold, 282 Luckner, Gertrud, 226 Lewin, Nathan, 122 Lewis, David, 196 Maariv, 194 Lewy, Hermann, 231 Machne Israel, Inc., 311 Liberal Party (Israel), 263, 265, 266 MacKenzie, Sheila, 279 Liberation (France), 203, 204 Magen David Adorn, 221 Libya, 126, 130, 135, 137, 288 Magid, Lionel, 282 Lichtenstein, Heiner, 226 Magzhorian, Lidiia, 242 Lichtigfeld, I. E., 231 Maidanek: Report on a Trial, 226 Lieberman, Samuel, 9, 9n Maidenbaum, Nathan, 370-71 Liebman, Charles, 149n, 159n, 168, Maimonides School (France), 205 168n Maisel, Hodda, 283 Likud Party (Israel), 252, 261, 265, 266, Malinowski-Probog, Romuald, 226 267, 271 Maloney, Arthur, 186 Likud-Herat Party (Israel), 255 Man is Good, 243 Likud-Liberal Party (Israel), 255, 266 Mandel, Arnold, 207 Lilienthal, Peter, 226 Mankowitz, Wolf, 200 Lilith—The Jewish Women s Magazine, Mann, Theodore, 124 359 March for Life, 128 Lindner, Karl-Heinz, 210 Marchais, Georges, 202 Linfield, H.S., 3In Marshall, Jack, 190 Lingens-Reiner, Ella, 226 Martesheimer, Peter, 228 Linowitz, Sol, 138, 256 Martin Buber: His Work and Times, 230 Lipinski, Edward, 246 Marx, Leopold, 230 Lipinski, Ignaz, 231 Mask Jews Wear, The, 166n Lipskar, Mendal, 281 Massarik, Fred, 4n, 23n, 24n, 27, 28, Lipson, Robert, 370 28n, 43n, 45n, 49n, 54n, 87n, 88n, Lischka, Kurt, 203, 218 89n, 109n, 153n Little Land, The, 243 Massorah Intercollegiates of Young Is- Litvinoff, Emanuel, 199 rael (see National Council of Livingstone, Isaace, 201 Young Israel—Intercollegiate Loewy, Ernst, 228 Council and Young Single Adults) Londan, Jack R., 190 Matt, Danny, 263 London Beth Din, 198 Mayer, A.J., 115n London Board for Jewish Religious Ed- Mayer, Egon, 25, 25n, 26 ucation, 199 Mayer, Ellen Moers, 371 440 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Mayer, Jack, 149n Miran, Maynard, 6n, 7n, 3In, 171 Mayer, Roland, 211 Miransky, Peretz, 190 Mayhew, Christopher, 194 Mirrer Yeshiva Central Institute, 311 Maynard, Betty, 17, 37n Misheiker, Ronald, 282 Mayne, Seymour, 190 Mishler, Eliot, 4n, 13n Mazar, Benjamin, 229 Missions to the Jews Today?, 229 Mazer, Joseph M., 371 Missouri Jewish Post and Opinion. 356 McCrae v. Califano, 129 Mitchell, Yvonne, 200 McGill Symphony Orchestra, 190 Mitterrand, Francois, 202 McHenry, Donald, 277 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi (see Reli- McMurtry, Roy, 187 gious Zionists of America) Mechoulam, Henri, 206 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi Federa- Medzini, Meron, 280 tion, 196 Mehdi, M. T, 126 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi Organi- Mehler, Tillie H., 371 zation of Canada, 338 Melton Research Center (see Jewish Mizrachi Palestine Fund (see Religious Theological Seminary of America) Zionists of America) Melzer, Kurt, 233 Mizrahi, Bezalel, 271 Memoirs, 1969-1973, 230 Mobility, 37n, 38n Memorial Foundation for Jewish Cul- Modai, Yitzhak, 266 ture, Inc., 301 Modern Jewish Fertility, 13n, 79n Mendelsohn, Eva, 230 Modern Jewish Studies Annual, 357 Mendelssohn, Moses, 221, 233 Moment, 356 Menuhin, Yehudi, 230, 231 Mondale, Walter, 140 Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, Inc., Montreal Holocaust Memorial Center, 311 186, 187 Meron, Moshe, 225 Monumenta Hungariae Judaica, 249 Meshel, Yeruham, 253 Moonman, Eric, 193 Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin Moral Majority, 130 Rabbinical Academy, 311 Morim (see Jewish Teachers Associa- Metropolitan Toronto Police Associa- tion) tion, 184 Morning Freiheit, 359 Meyer, A., 227 Morocco, 288 Meyer, Alwin, 228 Moross, Hyman, 282, 283 Meyer, Andre, 371 Moroz, Valentin, 237 Meyer, Charlotte, 218 Morris, Horace, 140 Meyer, Gerhard, 217 Morris/Sussex Jewish News, 356 Michael, Jakob, 371-72 Moscow Radio, 238 Michaelis, Meir, 199 Moscow University, 242, 244 Michalsky, Josef, 219 Moscow Yiddish Drama Ensemble, 243 Michigan Jewish History, 356 Moses Maimonides, 221 Middle East, Square of Crisis, 228 Mosco, Maisie, 200 Midstream, 9n, 168n, 359 Moscovitz, Shalom, 274 Mikelberg, Iakov, 240 Moses Mendelssohn, 230 Miksch, Rudolf, 233 Mosse, Georg, 226 Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Mountain of the Lord, The, 229 12n Moynihan, Patrick, 129 Millar, Fergus, 200 Mudge, Dirk, 277 Milshtein, Mikhail, 242 Mulder, Cornelius, 275 INDEX / 441

Munich Motet Choir, 215 National Catholic News Service, 129 Nicholas M. and Hedy J. Munk Geria- National Center for Health Statistics, tric Award, 190 13n, 112 Muslim News (South Africa), 279 National Coal Board (Great Britain), Mussner, Franz, 229 194 Mussolini and the Jews, 199 National Committee for Furtherance of Muzorewa, Abel, 277 Jewish Education, 311 My Prison Has Many Walls, 229 National Committee for Labor Israel— Israel Histadrut Campaign, 331 NAACP (see National Association for American Trade Union Council for the Advancement of Colored Peo- Histadrut, 331 ple) National Conference of Catholic Bish- Naamani, Israel G., 372 ops, 130 Nachmann, Werner, 220 National Conference of Christians and Nachrichtenblatt (E. Germany), 233 Jews, 121, 130 Nam, Charles, 5In National Conference of Yeshiva Princi- Nasser, Gamel Abdel, 147 pals (see Torah Umesorah—Na- Nathan, Abie, 259 tional Society for Hebrew Day Nation, The, 126 Schools) Natal Jewry, 282 National Conference on Soviet Jewry, National Association for the Advance- 298 ment of Colored People (NAACP), Soviet Jewry Research Bureau, 298 124, 126, 127 National Conference on Yiddish (Can- National Association of Hebrew Day ada), 189 School Administrators (see Torah National Congress of Jewish Deaf, Umesorah—National Society for 325 Hebrew Day Schools) National Council for Jewish Education, National Association of Hebrew Day 311 School Parent-Teachers Associa- National Council for Soviet Jewry tions (see Torah Umesorah—Na- (NCSJ), 197 tional Society for Hebrew Day National Council for Torah Education Schools) of Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi National Association of Jewish Family, (see Religious Zionists of America) Children's and Health Profession- National Council of Auxiliaries (see als, 325 AMC Cancer Research Center and National Association of Jewish Homes Hospital) for the Aged, 325 National Council of Beth Jacob Schools, National Association of Jewish Voca- Inc., 311 tional Services, 325 National Council of Catholic Bishops, National Association of Synagogue Ad- 132 ministrators, (see United Syna- National Council of Churches, 132 gogue of America) National Council of Jewish Prison National Association of Temple Ad- Chaplains (see American Jewish ministrators (see Union of Ameri- Correctional Chaplains) can Hebrew Congregations) National Council of Jewish Women, 326 National Association of Temple Educa- National Council of Jewish Women in tors (see Union of American He- Canada, 190, 338 brew Congregations) National Council of Shechita Boards National Cathedral, 132 (Great Britain), 198 442 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

National Council of Women, 279, 283 79n, 85, 87, 88, 88n, 89n, 96, 109, National Council of Young Israel, 115n, 171 311-12 National Jewish Population Survey, American Friends of Young Israel 153, 154 Synagogues in Israel, 312 National Jewish Youth Council (Great Armed Forces Bureau, 312 Britain), 196 Employment Bureau, 312 National Joint Community Relations Institute for Jewish Studies, 312 Committee of Canadian Jewish Intercollegiate Council and Young Congress and B'nai B'rith in Can- Single Adults, 312 ada, 338 Yisrael Hatzair, 312 National Memorial, Inc. (see Jewish National Democratic Party (NPD; War Veterans of the United States West Germany), 208, 209, 210 of America) National Federation of Jewish Men's National Natality Surveys, 13n, 15n Clubs, Inc., 312 National Opinion Research Census, 16 National Federation of Temple Brother- National Opinion Research Center, 16n hoods (see Union of American He- National Opinion Research Corpora- brew Congregations) tion, 4n National Federation of Temple Sister- National ORT League (see American hoods (see Union of American He- ORT Federation, Inc.) brew Congregations) National Party (South Africa), 275, 276 National Federation of Temple Youth, National Religious Party (NRP; Israel), 188 255 National Foundation for Jewish Cul- National Right Wing for Liberty (W. ture, 301-02 Germany), 209 National Front (Great Britain), 192,193 National Shrine to the Jewish War Dead National Hebrew Culture Council, 302 (see Jewish War Veterans of the National Jewish Commission on Law United States of America) and Public Affairs (COLPA), 298 National Socialism and the Schools, 228 National Jewish Committee on Scout- National Socialists' Action Front (W. ing, 326 Germany), 210 National Jewish Community Relations National Society for Hebrew Day Advisory Council, 132, 298 Schools (see Torah Umesorah) National Jewish Conference Center, 312 National Survey of Family Growth, 18, Zachor: The Holocaust Resource 79n Center, 312 National Trade Union Council for National Jewish Hospital, 326 Human Rights (see Jewish Labor National Asthma Center, 326 Committee) National Jewish Hospitality Committee, National Yeshiva Teachers Board of Li- 312-13 cense (see Torah Umesorah—Na- National Jewish Information Service for tional Society for Hebrew Day' the Propagation of Judaism, Inc., Schools) 313 Nationalist Party (Canada), 185 The National Jewish Monthly, 355 Natural History of Population, The, 12n National Jewish Population Study Navon, Yitzhak, 216, 253 (NJPS), 4, 5, 6, 6n, 7, 14, 15n, 16, Nazi Annihilation Camps As Mirrored in 17, 23, 24, 25, 27, 27n, 28, 32, 36, Criminal Trials in Germany, 228 37, 39, 42, 43, 44, 48, 54, 77, 78, NBC, 132 INDEX / 443

Near East Report, 355 North American Jewish Students Net- Ne'eman, Yaakov, 273 work, 336 Ne'eman, Yuval, 266 North American Jewish Youth Council, Nefertiti Airline, 254 298 Nekipelov, Viktor, 237 Norwood Homes for Jewish Children Nemcova, Dana, 250 (Great Britain), 196 Nemetz, Charles, 190 Notestein, Frank, 12n Nephesh Theatre Group (Canada), 189 N'Shei Agudath Israel of America (see Ner Israel Rabbinical College, 313 Agudath Israel of America) Nestadt, Morris, 282 Nudel, Ida, 197 Netherlands, 110, 111, 112, 209, 222 Nurgetz, Nathan, 190 Neues Deutschland (E. Germany), 233 Neuhauser, August, 219 Oberammergau passion play, 224 New Republic, 122 Observer, 361 New Right (France), 202, 203 Odal (South Africa), 279 New York Daily News, 125 Oelbaum, Yitzhok, 190 New York Federation of Jewish Philan- Ohio Jewish Chronicle, 361 thropies, 171 Ohler, Annemarie, 229 New York Times, 2n, 35n, 52n, 55n, Olde, Max, 219 123, 124, 125, 129, 139 Oleska, Esther, 283 New York Urban League, 121, 123, Olomeinu—Our World, 359 140 Oman, 135 New Zealand, 284, 287 On the Way, 243 Newhouse, Samuel I., 372 One People, one Reich, one Fiihrer, 226 Newman, William, 32n Ontario Art College (Canada), 190 Newsweek, 124, 127 Ontario Commission on Election Fi- NFTY (see Union of American Hebrew nances, 185 Congregations—North American OPEC, 254 Federation of Temple Youth) Opinions and Attitudes of the New Or- Niemeier, Heinrich, 219 leans Jewish Community, 45n Nigeria, 259 Orange County Jewish Heritage, 354 Night and Fog, 226 Orbach, Maurice, 200 Night in Day, 190 Order of Canada, 190 Nightingale House (Great Britain), 196 Organization of African Unity (OAU), Nikolaii I, Tsar, 242 136, 137 Nissim, Moshe, 255, 265 Organization of Arab Petroleum Ex- NJCRAC (see National Jewish Com- porting Countries, 135 munity Relations Advisory Coun- Ottawa Jewish Bulletin, 362 cil) Our Time Will Come, 228 No Time to Mourn, 190 Out of My Later Years, 230 Noam Hamishmeret Hatzeira (see Reli- Ozar Hatorah, Inc., 313 gious Zionists of America) Nomachi, Kazuyoshi, 229 Pahlavi, Mohammed Rez, Shah of Iran, North American Federation of Temple 134, 141, 142, 143 Youth (see Union of American He- Paisner, Leslie, 200 brew Congregations) Pakistan, 144 North American Jewish Students Ap- Palestine Liberation Organization, 123, peal, 335-36 125, 126, 127, 136, 137, 138, 139, 444 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 184, Pimen, Patriarch, 241 193, 194, 204, 211, 213, 214, 222, Pincus, Stephen, 282 234, 238, 257, 258, 259, 265, 269 Pioneer Woman, 359 Palestine National Council, 269 Pioneer Women, The Women's Labor Palestine Triangle, The, 199 Zionist Organization of Ameirca, Palmer, Lilli, 230 Inc., 331 Papers in Jewish Demography, 88n, 89n, Pirchei Agudath Israel (see Agudath Is- 109n, HOn rael of America) Paradise Newly for Rent. 230 Pius XI and National Socialism, 227 Paris Interlude, 190 Plaut, Gunther, 188, 190 Parti Quebecois (Canada), 183 Plunge, Ionas Mecislovas, 244 Partouche, Maurice, 206 Poale Agudath Israel of America, Inc., Passions, 230 331-32 Passover Haggadah, The, 230 Women's Division of, 332 Pasternak, Boris, 242 Poale Zion, 196 Pasternak, Leonid, 242 Pohl, Michael, 212 Patterson, John, 4n Poiski (Soviet Union), 236 Patzschke, Erika, 226 Poland, 245-249, 285 Paul, Richard, 219 Policy toward Jews in the Third Reich, Pauwels, Louis, 202 227 Pawlak, Zaeheusz, 226 Polish Chief Commission for the Prose- Peace Now (Israel), 261 cution of Nazi Crimes, 219 Peace Prize of the Organization of Ger- Polish Communist Party (PPRZ), 246 man Booksellers, 231 Political Anti-semitism in England, "Peace Ship", 259 1918-1939. 199 Pearl, Raymond, 12n Political Dictionary of the Middle East, Pearlson, Jordan, 185 228 PEC Israel Economic Corporation, 331 Pollard, William, 127 Pedagogic Reporter, 359 Popular Front for the Liberation of PEF Israel Endowment Funds, Inc., Palestine, 259 331 Popular Movement for a General Am- Peled, Moshe, 273 nesty (W. Germany), 217 Penn, Ascher, 372 Population and Development Review, People United to Save Humanity 21n (PUSH), 124, 126 Population Survey, A, 37n Peres, Shimon, 188, 255, 258, 266, 267 Population Trends of World Jewry, 63n Perla, Shlomo, 191 Posnansky, Anne, 201 Perlmutter, Nathan, 123, 140 Potofsky, Jakob S., 373 Persecution and Self-Preservation, 227 Potter, Robert, Jr., 4n, 13n Perspectives in American History, 8n Powell, Geoffrey, 199 Petree, Richard, 146 Powell, Jody, 131 P'eylim—American Yeshiva Student Present Tense, 359 Union, 313 Presidential Commission on the Holo- Pharmaceutical Society of South Africa, caust, 132 282 Priem Action Group (W. Germany), Phoenix Jewish News, 354 212 Pieplow, J., 227 Primor, Avi, 204 Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 229 Princess Margaret, 195 INDEX / 445 Princeton Fertility Studies, 13 Raphael, Chaim, 200 Prinz, Joachim, 221 Raphael, Frederic, 200 Proceedings of the American Academy Rashi Association for the Preservation for Jewish Research, 359 of Jewish Cultural Movements in Progressive Federal Party (PFP; South Europe, 222 Africa), 276, 277 Raspberry Reich. 200 Progressive National Baptist Conven- Rassco Israel Corporation and Rassco tion, 127 Finaicial Corporation, 332 Progressive National Movement, 269 Rattner, H., 109, 109n Project Renewal, 273 Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal, 224 Promised Land: Encounter With Israel, Ravenswood Village (Great Britain), 229 196 Protocols of the Elders ofZion, 241 Reconstructionist, 359 Providence Sunday Journal, 26n Reconstructionist Federation of Con- Proxmire, William, 145 gregations and Fellowships (see Public Archives of Canada, 189 Jewish Reconstructionist Founda- Public Committee for the Jews of Ethi- tion) opia, 273 Reconstructionist Rabbinical Associa- Publish It Not: The Middle East Cover tion (see Jewish Reconstructionist Up, 194 Foundation) Puls, Klaus-Dieter, 210 Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Putterman, David J., 373 313-14 Redbridge (Great Britain), 196 Quinley, Harold, 130 Reform Judaism, 359 Reform Synagogues of Great Britain, Rabbinat Sepharade du Quebec, 187 198 Rabbinical Alliance of America (Igud Reif, Stefan C, 200 Habonim), 313 Reisman, Bernard, 149n, 155, 155n Rabbinical Assembly, 129 Religious Zionists of America, 332 Rabbinical College of Telshe, Inc., 313 Bnai Akiva of North America, 332 Rabbinical Council of America, Inc., Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi, 332 313 Mizrachi Palestine Fund, 332 Rabbinical Council Record, 359 National Council for Torah Educa- Rabe, Karl Klaus, 228 tion of Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizra- Rabi, Wladimir, 207 chi, 332 Rabin, Iosif, 243 Noam Hamishmeret Hatzeira, 332 Rabin, Yitzhak, 266, 267, 271 RendtorfT, Rolf, 229 Rabinove, Samuel, 122 Reporter, 357 Rabinowitz, L. I., 282 Representative Council of Jewish Insti- Rabinowitz, Yehoshua, 274 tutions in France (CRIF), 204 Rabson, Ronald, 199 Reproduction in the United States, 4n Rackman, Emanuel, 282 Research and Study Group on Civiliza- Radvanski, Artur, 250 tion (France), 203 Raem, Heinz Albert, 227 Research Foundation for Jewish Immi- Rahav, Asher, 186 gration, Inc., 302 Rajk, Lazlo, 248 Research Institute of Religious Jewry, Rajzman, Samuel, 191 Inc., 314 A. Philip Randolph Institute, 127 Reshef, Amnon, 273 446 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Resistance Against Hitler, 227 Rubin, Iasha, 244 Resistance in the Third Reich, 227 Ruckerl, Adalbert, 217, 228 Response, 359 Rudolf Kiistermeier Prize, 231 Reuveni, Prince of the Jews, 230 Rudolph, Jeanne, 282 Rhapsody on Jewish Themes, 243 Rule of Injustice, The, 227 Rhode Island Herald, 32n, 47n, 50n Rumania, 285 Rhode Island Jewish Historical Notes, Rustin, Bayard, 126, 127 361 Ryder, Norman, 4n, 13, 13n Rhodes, A. Lewis, 5In Rhodesia, 277, 278 SA Board of Jewish Education, 283 Rhoodie, Eschel, 275 SA Jewish Times (South Africa), 283 Richards, Judah A., 373 SA Observer (South Africa), 279 Richter, Werner, 228 SA Zionist Record, 283 Right to Life Party, 130 Saar, Papa Koli, 259 Riklin, Joseph, 243 Sabatello, E.F., 111, 11 In Ritterband, Paul, 13n Sabbah, David, 187 Ritual Process, The, 150n Sachs, Jonathan, 199 Robotnik (Poland), 246 Sachser, Friedo, articles by, 231, 234 Rocard, Pierre, 202 Sacred Canopy, The, 150n Rodgers, Richard, 373-74 Sadat, Anwar, 134, 135, 136, 138, 141, Rogers, Claude, 200 142, 252, 253, 254, 256 Rogovski, Marian, 231 Ben Sadowski Award, 190 Rohwer, Uwe, 210 Sagi, Philip, 4n, 13n Role of the Hero in Israel and Its World, Saguy, Yehoshua, 273 A, 229 St. Louis Jewish Light, 356 Ronder, Jack, 200, 201 St. Patrick's Cathedral, 128 Rosen, David, 282 Sakharov, Andrei, 235, 236, 237 Rosen, Harry, 280 Samizdat Pedlice Press, 250 Rosenau, Helen, 200 Samuel, Emil, 231 Rosenfeld, Lulla, 200 San Diego Jewish Press-Heritage, 354 Rosenfeld, Nathan, 282 San Francisco Jewish Bulletin, 354 Rosenkranz, Herbert, 227 Sandberg, Neil, 28n Rosenne, Meir, 204 Sandmel, Samuel, 374 Rosenthal, Chayele, 283 Santa Katerina Monastery, 253 Rosenthal, Eric, 22, 22n, 25 Sartawi, Issam, 138 Rosenwaike, Ira, 6, 7, 7n, 8n Saudi Arabia, 135, 138, 140, 144, 145, Rosenwald, Lessing J., 374 148, 185, 257 Rotary Foundation of South Africa, 282 Schafer, Helmut, 214 Rotbaum, Jacob, 247 Scheel, Walter, 208 Rotenberg, David, 187 Scheiber, Alexander, 249 Roth, Heinz, 212 Schempp, Erika, 226 de Rothschild, David, 204 Scheuer, Simon H., 375 Rothschild, Eli, 229 Schindler, Alexander, 26, 188 Rothschild, James, Mrs., 200 Schmelz, U.O., 88n, 89n, 109n, 11 In Rothschilds at Waddesdon Manor, 200 Schmidt, Heinrich, 218 Rowina, Hanna, 274 Schmidt, Helmut, 208, 213, 214, 216, Rubens, Bernice, 200 224 Rubenstein, Murray, 199 Schmitz, Sabine, 211 INDEX / 447

Schmude, Jiirgen, 215 Shak'a, Bassam, 261, 263 Schmuessen Mil Kinder Un Yugent. 359 Shalom Square—Israeli Pavilion, 189 Schneider, Lambert, 227 Shamir, Moshe, 266 Schnitzer, Henriette, 375 Shamir, Yitzhak, 266 Schocken Institute for Jewish Research Shapiro, Dov, 187 (see Jewish Theological Seminary Shapiro, Leon, articles by, 244, 251, 292 of America) Shapiro, Lev, 244 Schoenfeld, Eugene, 35n Sharon, Ariel, 186, 255, 260, 266 Schoeps, Julius, 230 Sharon, Moshe, 269 Schonborn, Erwin, 210, 212 Shayevich, Adolf, 240 Schonborn, Mathias, 228 Sheinberg, Sheila, 17n School for Eastern Languages (France), Shelkov, Vladimir, 241 206 Shenklman, Belle, 190 Schorr, Gedalia, 375 Sheviley Hahinuch, 359 Schulte, Lothar-Harold, 210 Shinnar, Felix, 231 Schultz, Henry E., 375 Sh'ma, 357 Schiirer, Emil, 200 Shmuelevitz, Mattityahu, 274 Schumann, Arno, 233 Shoah, 359 Schuster, David, 231 Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute, Inc., Schiitz, Klaus, 225 314 Schwarberg, Giinther, 228 Shostak, Eliezer, 271 Schwartz, Arnold, 375 Shosteck, Robert, 376 Schwarz, Stefan, 231 Shulman, Sam, 17n Schwend, Friedrich, 219 Signs of Life: Seen in Auschwitz, 227 Science Council of Canada, 190 Silverman, Alan, 195 Scotland, 192 Sima, Miron, 230 Second Vatican Council, 224 Simon, Ernst, 231 Second World War, 1939-1945, The, Sinai: Land of Promise, 229 227 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 230 Seifer, I., Mrs., 249 Six-Day War, 147, 256 Seifert, Jiirgen, 227 Skirball Museum (see Hebrew Union Seigewasser, Hans, 232 College—Jewish Institute of Reli- Seligman, Paul, 48n gion) Seminary College of Jewish Studies— Sklare, Marshall, 27, 27n, 48n, 52n, 156, Teachers Institute (see Jewish The- 156n ological Seminary of America) Sleeps Six, 200 Senegal, 259 Sloma, Jesper Yehoshua, 263 Sentinel, 355 Smart, Ted, 229 Sephardi Kashrut Authority (Great Smith, Ian, 278 Britain), 198 Snopkowski, Simon, 231 Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of Amer- Sobell, Michael, 196 ica, Inc., 323 Social and Religious History of the Jews, Seven Arts Feature Syndicate, 359, 362 A. lOn Shaar Hashomayim Synagogue, 189 Social Democratic Party (SDP; West Shaarei Shomayim Synagogue, 187 Germany), 208, 216 Shabbethai Sofer and his Prayer-Book, Social Forces, 162n 200 Socialist International (W. Germany), Shafir, Herzl, 274 213 448 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Socialist Party (France), 202 Southwest Jewish Chronicle, 361 Socialist Unity Party (SED; E. Ger- Sovetish Heimland, 241, 243, 244 many), 233 Soviet Jewry Research Bureau (see Na- Socialist Unity (Great Britain), 192 tional Conference on Soviet Jewry) Socialist Workers' Party (Great Brit- Soviet Union, 29, 66, 78, 92, 98, 101, ain), 192 102, 111, 112, 134, 136, 143, 144, Socialist Zionist Youth Movement (see 145, 146, 147, 148, 186, 197, 232, Hashomer Hatzair, Inc.) 235-244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 254, Society, 133 272, 273, 284, 285, 289 Society for the History of Czechoslovak Speisman, Stephen, 190 Jews, Inc., 302 Speitel, Angelika, 211 Society of Friends of the Touro Syna- Sperber, Manes, 225 gogue, National Historic Schrine, Spertus College of Judaica, 314 Inc., 314 Spokojny, Julius, 231 Society of Israel Philatelists, 332 Spring Sonata, 200 Sociological and Demographic Survey of Springer, Axel, 231 the Jewish Community of Houston, Squadron, Howard, 125, 139 17n SS Physician and the Children, The, 228 Sokolovskaia, Lia, 243 SSSJ (see Student Struggle for Soviet Solomans, Miriam, 283 Jewry) Solomons, Jack, 201 Stalin, Josef, 133, 235, 237 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 237 Stanislawski, Howard, 185 Sorotzkin, Boruch, 376 Stark, Ethel, 190 South Africa, 62, 65, 66, 67, 78, 82, 96, Stark Jewish News, 361 101, 102, 110, 112, 275-283, 288, State of Israel Bonds, 332 289 Steinbach, Udo, 228 South Africa-Israel Chamber of Eco- Steinhom, E. J., 282 nomic Relations, 278 Stellenbosch University, 278, 279 South African Broadcasting Corpora- Stemberger, Giinter, 229 tion, 279 Stix, R.K., 12n South African Christian Leadership As- Strangers in Their Own Land, 230 sembly, 276 Strangl, Franz, 217 South African Friends of the Hebrew Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty University, 282 (SALT), 238, 241 South African Jewish Board of Deputies Strauss, Franz Josef, 208 (SAJBD), 279, 281, 282, 283 Strauss, George, 200 South African Union of Jewish Students Strauss, Robert, 138, 140, 141, 256, 257 (SAUJS), 279, 280, 281 Streets of the East End, The, 200 South African Zionist Federation Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SAZF), 280, 281, 282 (SSSJ), 186, 298 South West Africa (Namibia), 277 Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, South West African People's Organiza- 361 tion (SWAPO), 277 Studies in Jewish Demography, 11 In South Yemen, 144 Stuttgart Acknowledgment of Guilt, Southern Christian Leadership Confer- 225 ence (SCLC), 125, 127 Sudan, 135 Southern Israelite, 355 Suez: The Double War, 199 Southern Jewish Weekly, 355 Sullivan, William, 141, 142 INDEX / 449

Super, Arthur Saul, 274, 283 Theory and Practice of Hell, 225 Superfluous People on the Earth, A, 206 Third Child, The, 4n Surdin, Morris, 191 Third Reich, 223, 233 Suss, Rosa, 218 Three Across the Border, 230 Suzman, Helen, 282 Thant, U, 147 Svetlanov, Evgenii, 243 Ticho, Anna, 274 Svoboda, Ludvik, 251 Tikhonov, Nikolai, 235 Switzerland, 82, 111, 211, 222, 278 Tillich, Paul, 166n Synagogue Council of America, 128, Time to Embrace, A, 230 316 Tindall, Gillian, 200 Institute for Jewish Policy Planning Tobias, Philip, 282 and Research of, 314 al-Tohami, Hassan, 252 Synagogue Light, 359 Toledo Jewish News, 361 Syria, 138, 145, 147, 194, 213, 257, 287 Torah Umesorah—National Society for Szchory, Elizer, 190 Hebrew Day Schools, 314-15 Szold, Zip Falk, 376 Institute for Professional Enrich- Szurmiej, Szymon, 247 ment, 314 National Association of Hebrew Day Tafler, Sydney, 201 School Administrators, 314-15 Talks and Tales, 360 National Association of Hebrew Day Talmon, Shemaryahu, 224 School Parent-Teacher Associa- al-Tamimi, Rajud Bayud, 264 tions, 315 Tamir, Shmuel, 255, 259 National Conference of Yeshiva Prin- Tapper, Lawrence, 189 cipals, 315 Tara Hospital (South Africa), 283 National Yeshiva Teachers Board of Tarak, Nur Mohammed, 238 License, 315 Tatimov, M. B., 239 Samuel A. Fryer Educational Foun- Taube, Richard, 212 dation, 315 Tavor, Haim, 270 Torczyner, Jacques, 225 Tavori, Hayim, 274 Toronto Association of Reform Rabbis, Tawil, Ibrahim, 262 188 Tawil, Raymonda, 228 Toronto Board of Jewish Education, Tchernin, Vladimir, 244 188 Tchichelnitskii, Iekhiel, 244 Toronto Jewish Congress (TJC), 186, Teff, Solomon, 201 187 Tehiya Movement, 266 Toronto Zionist Council, 185 Teitelbaum, Joel, 376 Touro College, 315 Teitz, Pinhas, 240 Touster, Ben, 376-77 Tel Aviv University, 215, 281 Tradition, 360 Tell, Jack, 376 Treatise on the Jews, A, 229 Tenenblat, T., 247 Tretiakov Gallery, 242 Terminal Beef, 187 Treurnicht, Andries, 275 Termination of Pregnancy Law, 271 Tribuna (Czechoslovakia), 250 Terzi, Zehdi Labib, 123, 124, 125, 138, Trifa, Valerian, 132 139 Trudeau, Pierre, 185 Texas Jewish Post, 361 Tuck, Raphael, 200 Thailand, 259 Tulsa Jewish Review, 361 Thatcher, Margaret, 192, 193, 197 Tunisia, 288 450 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Turkey, 148, 211, 284 National Conference of Synagogue Turner, Victor, 150, 150n Youth, 316 Two Prague Haggadahs, 200 Women's Branch, 316-17 Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United U Institutional and Industrial Kosher States and Canada, 317 Products Directory, 357 Union of Religious Congregations U Kosher Products Directory, 359 (URC; Poland), 247 U News Reporter, 359 Union of Sephardic Congregations, U Passover Products Directory, 359 317 Uhl, Peter, 250 Union of Soviet Writers, 236 Uhlenberg, Peter, 20, 20n Union of Teachers and Scholars (W. UJA (see United Jewish Appeal) Germany), 220 UJFNews, 361 Union of Liberal and Progressive Syna- Undzer Veg, 362 gogues (Great Britain), 198 Unfinished Journey, 230 United Charity Institutions of Jerusa- Unification Church, 128 lem, Inc., 332 Union of American Hebrew Congrega- United Communal Fund, 281 tions, 188, 315, 316 United Federation of Zionists, 196 American Conference of Cantors, 315 United Israel Appeal, Inc., 332 Commission on Social Action of Re- United Jewish Appeal (UJA), 149, form Judaism, 294, 296 149n, 150, 151, 153, 156, 160, 165, National Association of Temple Ad- 167, 168 ministrators of, 315 Faculty Advisory Cabinet, 304 National Association of Temple Leadership Development, 150, 151, Educators, 315 152, 152n, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, National Federation of Temple 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167, Brotherhoods, 316 168 National Federation of Temple Sister- Rabbinic Cabinet, 304 hoods, 188, 316 University Programs Dept, 304 North American Federation of Tem- Women's Division of, 304 ple Youth (NFTY) Young Leadership Cabinet, 304 and Central Conference of American Young Women's Leadership Cabinet, Rabbis Commission on Jewish Ed- 304 ucation, 316 United Jewish Philanthropic Fund and Central Conference of American (FSJU, France), 204, 205 Rabbis Joint Commission on Syna- United Kibbutz Movement, 271 gogue Administration, 316 United Kingdom Palestine Coordina- Union of Councils for Soviet Jewry, 298 tion, 193 Union of Jewish Religious Communities United Lubavitcher Yeshivoth, 317 in Slovakia, 250 United Nations, 121, 132, 136, 138, 193, Union of Jewish Students (Great Brit- 194, 238, 254, 277 ain), 196 Disengagement Observer Force Union of Jewish Women of South Africa (UNDOF), 147 (UJW), 281, 282, 283 General Assembly, 137, 147 Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congrega- Security Council, 123, 138, 140, 145, tions (Great Britain), 198 146, 147, 148, 254, 258 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congrega- Security Council, Resolution 242, tions of America, 316-17 138, 140, 141, 193, 242, 257 INDEX / 451

Security Council, Resolution 338, 141 United Zionists-Revisionists of America UNESCO, 248 (see Herut-U.S.A.) United Nations Demographic Yearbook, University Center for Jewish Studies 113 (CUEJ, France), 206 United Nations Emergency Force University of California Medical School (UNEF), 147, 253, 254 at Davis, 122 United Nations Interim Force in Leba- University of Cape Town, 281 non (UNIFIL), 145, 146, 257, 259 University of Heidelberg, 222 United Nations Truce Supervisory Or- University of Judaism (see Jewish Theo- ganization (UNTSO), 147, 148,254 logical Seminary of America) United Order True Sisters, Inc., 323 University of Manitoba, 190 United Progressive Jewish Congrega- University of Michigan, 122 tions, 281, 282, 283 University of Pretoria, 279, 282 United States, University of the Witwatersrand, 282 Defense Department, 131 University of Waterloo, 190 Department of Commerce, Bureau of University of Western Ontario, 190 Census, 4n, 6, 7, 11, lln, 22, 22n, Unna, Itzhak, 278 3In, 33n, 49n, 54n, 77, 170, 173n Unser Tsait. 360 Department of Education, 128 Urban League, 127 House of Representatives, 128, 129, 132, 133 van der Bergh, Gert, 275 Immigration and Naturalization Ser- van Kampen, Wilhelm, 228 vice, 132 van Praag, Ph., HOn Internal Revenue Service, 130 van Roon, Ger, 227 Senate, 128, 129, 132, 238 van Zyl Slabbert, Frederik, 277 State Department, 123, 124, 139, 141, Vance, Cyrus, 124, 139, 141, 253 142, 147, 257 Vatican Secretariat for Religious Rela- United States Army Corps of Engineers, tions with Jews, 224 252 Veil, Simone, 203 United States Committee Sports for Is- Verbit, Mervin, 40n rael, 332-33 Vergelis, Aron, 241, 243 United Steelworkers of America v. Vermes, Geza, 200 Weber, 122 Vestnik (Czechoslovakia), 251 United Synagogue (Great Britain), 198, Viewpoint, 362 199 Viljoen, Marais, 275 United Synagogue of America, 317-18 Village Voice, 126 Atid, College Age Organization, 317 Vilno Yiddish Folk Theater, 243 Commission on Jewish Education, Vins, Georgii, 237 Vision of the Temple, 200 317 Vital and Health Statistics, 19n Jewish Educators Assembly of, 317 Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 210 Joint Commission on Social Action, Vogel, Rolf, 230 317 Voices From Israel, 230 Kadima of, 317-18 Volkswagenwerk Foundation, 215, 226 National Association of Synagogue von Imhoff, Christoph, 228 Administrators of, 318 Vorster, Balthazar John, 275 United Synagogue Youth of, 318 Votjtyla, Karol Cardinal, 246 United Synagogue Review, 360 Voznesensky, Andreii, 241 United Teachers Seminary, 338 452 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Wagner, Gustav Franz, 217 Wilkins, Roger, 125 Wagner, Rolf Clemens, 211 Williams, Hosea, 126 Waldheim, Kurt, 14S, 146, 194 Wilsker, Leib, 243 Wales, 192 Wilson, Nelly, 199 Walkin, Samuel, 377 Windsor Jewish Community Council, Wallenberg, Raoul, 197, 222 362 Walton, Isidore, 201 Winegarten, Asher, 201 Warchavski, Max, 205 Wingate, Harold Hyam, 201 Wardair, 186 Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle, 362 Warsaw University, 247 WiseofChelm, The. 243 Wasserstein, Bernard, 199 Wiseman, Gordon, 189 Watch Out, Comrade Mandelbaum. 230 Wistrich, Robert, 199 We Other Jews, 207 Witty, Irwin, 188 Weber case, 122, 123, 125 WIZO, 274 Webster, Neil, 278 WIZO Prize, 207 Wegener, Lutz, 210 Wohl, Joseph S., 377 Weinfeld, Morton, 9, 9n Wohlrabe, Jiirgen, 213 Weinstein, Julius, 280, 282 Wolf, Milton, 138, 258 Weisberg, Philips P., 377 Wolfe, Ann, 46, 46n, 47n Weitz, Raaan, 260 Wolkind and Mishcon reports (Great Weitzman, Michael, 200 Britain), 195 Weizman, Ezer, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, Women's American ORT (see Ameri- 261, 263, 264, 265 can ORT Federation) Weizmann Institute of Science, 215 Women's American ORT Reporter, 360 Werner, Alfred, 377 Women's Campaign for Soviet Jewry West Coast Talmudical Seminary (Ye- (Great Britain), 197 shiva Ohr Elchonon Chabad), 318 Women's Canadian Ort (see Canadian West Germany (see Federal Republic of ORT Organization) Germany) Women's League for Conservative Ju- Westchester Jewish Tribune, 360 daism, 318 Westerheide, Wilhelm, 219 Women's League for Israel, Inc., 333 Western Guard Party (Canada), 185 Women's League Outlook, 360 Western Jewish News, 362 Women's Social Service for Israel, Western Jewish News (Canada), 191 304-05 Western States Jewish Historical Quar- Women's United Communal Fund, 282 terly, 354 Women's Zionist Council of South Westlon Housing Association (Great Africa, 280, 281 Britain), 195 Woocher, Jonathan, 149n, 169 Westmount (Great Britain), 195 Woolf, Harry Kenneth, 200 Westoff, Charles, 4n, 13, 13n, 37n Workers Defense Committee (Poland), Whelan, Eugene, 186 246 Whelpton, Pascal, 4n, 12n Workmen's Circle (see Jewish Labor When I was a German. 1934-1945, Committee) 227 World Bible Society of South Africa, When Memory Comes .... 230 282 Where Once There Were Birch Trees, World Confederation of Jewish Com- 226 munity Centers, 326 Who's After the Rabbi?. 190 World Confederation of United Zion- Wiesel, Elie, 132 ists, 333 INDEX / 453

World Council of Synagogues 318 Ferkauf Graduate School of Humani- World Jewish Congress, 204, 221, 280, ties and Social Sciences, 320 298, 299 Harry Fischel School for Higher Jew- World Over, 360 ish Studies, 320 World Union for Progressive Judaism, Marcos and Abina Katz Kollel, 320 222, 318 Isaac Elchanan Theological Semi- World Union of Jewish Students, 196 nary, 320 World Zionist Organization, 124, 204, Society of the Founders of the Albert 225, 260 Einstein College of Medicine, 320 World Zionist Organization—Ameri- Women's Organization, 320-21 can Section, 333 Wurzweiler School of Social Work, Department of Education and Cul- 321 ture, 333 Yeshiva University Gerontological North American Aliyah Movement, Institute, 321 333 Yeshiva University of Los Los An- Zionist Archives and Library, 333 geles, 321 Wouk, Herman, 282 Yeshiva University Museum, 302 Wurzweiler School of Social Work (see Yeshivath Torah Vodaath and Mesivta Yeshiva University) Rabbinical Assembly, 321 Wiitscher, Franziska, 226 Yiddish, 360 Wyszinski, Stefan Cardinal, 246 Yiddish, a Survey and a Grammar, 190 Yiddish Chamber Theater (Soviet Yadin, Yigael, 253, 263, 265, 273 Union), 243 Yavneh, Hebrew Theological Seminary, Yiddish Festival of Theatre and Song 318 (Canada), 189 Yavneh, National Religious Jewish Stu- Yiddish State Theater (Poland), 247 dents Association, 318-19 Yiddishe Kultur. 360 Yavneh, Zalmon, 377 Yiddisher Kemfer. 360 Yavneh Review, 360 Yiddisher Kultur Farband—YKUF, Yearbook of the Central Conference of 302 American Rabbis, 360 Yidishe Shprakh, 360 Yehoshuah, My Son, 230 Yisrael Hatzair (see National Council of Yeshayahu, Israel, 274 Young Israel) Yeshiva College in Johannesburg, 282 YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science, Yeshiva Ohr Elchonon Chabad (see 360 United Synagogue of America) YIVO Bleter, 360 Yeshiva University, 240, 319-321 YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 3n, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 302 319 Max Weinrich Center for Advanced Alumni Office, 319 Jewish Studies, 302 Belfer Graduate School of, 319-20 YKUF (see Yiddisher Kultur Farband) Belfer Institute for Advanced Bi- Yod, HOn omedical Studies, 320 Yom Kippur War, 254 Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, York University, 184 320 Young, Andrew, 121, 123, 124, 125, Bernard Revel Graduate School, 320 126, 127, 138, 139, 146, 258 Cantonal Training Institute, 320 Young, Stuart, 196 Caroline and Joseph S. Grass Insti- Young Israel Viewpoint, 360 tute in Jerusalem, 320 Young Judean, 360 454 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1981

Young Kibbutz Movement (see Dror— Zeirei Agudath Israel (see Agudath Is- Young Zionist Organization) rael of America) Young National Democrats, (W. Ger- Zelle, Johanne, 219 many), 209 Zentner, Christian, 227 Youngstown Jewish Times, 361 Zibes, Asher, 247 Youth and Nation, 360 Zimmer, Basil, 40n Yovely, S. Zalman, 378 Zimmerman, Maish, 282 Yuchtman, Sam, 191 Zionism as a Form of Racism and Racist Yugntruf, 357 Discrimination, 242 Yugntruf Youth for Yiddish, 336 Zionism in the Cause of Imperialism, 241 Zachor: The Holocaust Resource Cen- Zionist Federation, 193, 194, 196 ter, (see National Jewish Confer- Zionist Organization of America, ence Center) 333-34 Zaks, Yecheskiel, 242 Zionist Organization of Canada, 338 Zalmanson, Israel, 186 Zionist Organization of Germany, 221 Zalmonson, Wulf, 197 Zippori, Mordecai, 263 Zamir, Yitzhak, 271 Zukunft, 360 Zapis (Poland), 246 Zywulska, Krystyna, 226

(Continued from front flap)

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