DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrated Review Plan for the Review of the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integrated Review Plan for the Review of the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards Integrated Review Plan for the Review of the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards \ EPA-452/R-19-002 August 2019 Integrated Review Plan for the Review of the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Health and Environmental Impacts Division Research Triangle Park, NC and National Center for Environmental Assessment Research Triangle Park, NC DISCLAIMER This document has been prepared by staff in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and National Center for Environmental Assessment. Any findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. This document does not represent and should not be construed to represent any Agency determination or policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Questions or comments related to this document should be addressed to Dr. Deirdre Murphy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, C504-06, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 (email: [email protected]). i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... iv 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE NAAQS REVIEW PROCESS .................................................... 1-4 1.3 PLANNED PROCESS AND PROJECTED TIMELINE FOR THIS REVIEW ............. 1-8 2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 PRIOR REVIEWS OF AIR QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS INCLUDING O3 ........................................ 2-1 2.2 AMBIENT AIR MONITORING AND DATA HANDLING CONVENTIONS FOR THE CURRENT STANDARDS ..................................................................................... 2-6 2.2.1 Monitoring Requirements and the Current Monitoring Network ............................. 2-6 2.2.2 Data Handling Conventions for Comparison to the Standards ................................ 2-9 2.3 OVERVIEW OF OZONE AIR QUALITY ..................................................................... 2-9 3 KEY POLICY-RELEVANT ISSUES FOR THE CURRENT REVIEW ..................... 3-1 3.1 THE PRIMARY STANDARD ........................................................................................ 3-2 3.1.1 Key Issues Related to the Primary Standard ............................................................ 3-2 3.1.2 Background on the Current Primary Standard (Considerations and Conclusions in the Last Review) ................................................................................................. 3-6 3.1.2.1 Considering the Need for Revision .................................................................. 3-9 3.1.2.2 Considering Revisions to the Standard .......................................................... 3-14 3.2 THE SECONDARY STANDARD ............................................................................... 3-21 3.2.1 Key Issues Related to the Secondary Standard ....................................................... 3-21 3.2.2 Background on the Current Secondary Standard (Considerations and Conclusions in the Last Review) ........................................................................... 3-25 3.2.2.1 Considering the Need for Revision ................................................................ 3-27 3.2.2.2 Considering Revisions to the Standard .......................................................... 3-30 4 SCIENCE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1 PURPOSE OF THE ISA .................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE ISA ..................................................................................... 4-1 4.3 ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................... 4-2 4.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4-2 4.3.2 Scope of the ISA ....................................................................................................... 4-4 4.3.3 Literature Search and Identification of Relevant Studies ......................................... 4-6 4.3.3.1 Systematic Literature Search .......................................................................... 4-6 ii 4.3.3.2 Initial Screening (Level 1) of Studies from Literature Search ........................ 4-7 4.3.3.3 Criteria of In-Scope Studies ............................................................................ 4-9 4.3.4 Discipline-Specific Scoping, Searching and Screening ............................................ 4-9 4.3.4.1 Atmospheric Science ....................................................................................... 4-9 4.3.4.2 Exposure Assessment....................................................................................... 4-9 4.3.4.3 Health – Experimental Studies ....................................................................... 4-10 4.3.4.4 Health – Observational (Epidemiologic) Studies .......................................... 4-12 4.3.4.5 Welfare Effects – Ecological Studies ............................................................ 4-14 4.3.4.6 Welfare – Effects on Climate ......................................................................... 4 - 1 6 4.3.5 Identification of Policy-Relevant Studies ............................................................... 4-17 4.3.6 Evaluation of Individual Study Quality .................................................................. 4-18 4.3.7 Integration of Evidence and Determination of Causality ....................................... 4-19 4.3.8 Quality Management ............................................................................................... 4-22 4.4 SPECIFIC SCIENCE ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE ISA ............................ 4-23 4.4.1 Causality Determinations from 2013 ISA............................................................... 4-24 4.4.2 Ambient Concentrations of O3 ................................................................................ 4-26 4.4.3 Human Exposure ..................................................................................................... 4-26 4.4.4 Health Effects .......................................................................................................... 4-27 4.4.5 At-Risk Lifestages and Populations and Public Health Impact .............................. 4-29 4.4.6 Welfare Effects ....................................................................................................... 4-30 4.4.6.1 Ecological Effects .......................................................................................... 4-30 4.4.6.2 Effects on Climate .......................................................................................... 4-32 4.5 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW ......................................................................... 4-33 4.5.1 Peer Input Workshop .............................................................................................. 4-33 4.5.2 Peer Review ............................................................................................................ 4-33 5 QUANTITATIVE RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ..................................... 5-1 5.1 ASSESSMENTS INFORMING REVIEW OF THE PRIMARY STANDARD .............. 5-3 5.1.1 Overview of Assessments in Last Review ................................................................ 5-5 5.1.1.1 Exposure-based Risk Analyses ....................................................................... 5-9 5.1.1.2 Air Quality Epidemiologic Study Based Risk Analyses............................... 5-15 5.1.2 Assessments for this Review ................................................................................... 5-17 5.1.2.1 Key Considerations ....................................................................................... 5-17 5.1.2.2 Initial Plans for the Current Review ............................................................. 5-18 5.2 ASSESSMENTS INFORMING REVIEW OF THE SECONDARY STANDARD .... 5-21 5.2.1 Overview of Assessments in Last Review .............................................................. 5-22 5.2.1.1 Growth-related Assessments .......................................................................... 5-23 5.2.1.2 Foliar Injury Assessments .............................................................................. 5-26 5.2.1.3 Additional Air Quality/Exposure and E-R Analyses ..................................... 5-27 5.2.2 Assessments for this Review .................................................................................. 5-29 iii 5.2.2.1 Key Considerations ......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Developing the Space Sector in the Oxford-Cambridge Arc
    REGIONAL GROWTH Developing the Space Sector in the Oxford-Cambridge Arc MARCH 2021 Catapult Open With thanks to the UK Space Agency (UKSA) for sponsoring this report Developing the Space Sector in the Oxford-Cambridge Arc Full Report Prepared for the Satellite Applications Catapult and the UK Space Agency by Red Kite Management Consulting March 2021 This is the full report of an independent review of themes and capabilities in the space and related sectors in the Oxford-Cambridge Arc, setting out a vision and action plan to maximise the potential of space-related activities across the Arc. It shows how the Arc space sector can collaborate with other Arc strengths to solve societal challenges, lift a globally significant space cluster to an even higher orbit, and export its capability and value nationally and internationally – Rising to the Challenge. Catapult Open Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 Part 1: Existing Recommendations and Activities ............................................................. 4 Introduction to Part 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Relevance Ratings .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Space -sector strategies,
    [Show full text]
  • The Militarisation of Space 14 June 2021
    By, Claire Mills The militarisation of space 14 June 2021 Summary 1 Space as a new military frontier 2 Where are military assets in space? 3 What are counterspace capabilities? 4 The regulation of space 5 Who is leading the way on counterspace capabilities? 6 The UK’s focus on space commonslibrary.parliament.uk Number 9261 The militarisation of space Contributing Authors Patrick Butchard, International Law, International Affairs and Defence Section Image Credits Earth from Space / image cropped. Photo by ActionVance on Unsplash – no copyright required. Disclaimer The Commons Library does not intend the information in our research publications and briefings to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. You should consult a suitably qualified professional if you require specific advice or information. Read our briefing ‘Legal help: where to go and how to pay’ for further information about sources of legal advice and help. This information is provided subject to the conditions of the Open Parliament Licence. Feedback Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in these publicly available briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated to reflect subsequent changes. If you have any comments on our briefings please email [email protected]. Please note that authors are not always able to engage in discussions with members of the public who express opinions about the content of our research, although we will carefully consider and correct any factual errors.
    [Show full text]
  • GC(63)/OR.3 Issued: June 2020
    Atoms for Peace and Development General Conference GC(63)/OR.3 Issued: June 2020 General Distribution Original: English Sixty-third regular session Plenary Record of the Third Meeting Held at Headquarters, Vienna, on Tuesday, 17 September 2019, at 10.05 a.m. President: Mr SIVAGURUNATHAN (Malaysia) Later: Mr GIERVELD (Netherlands) Contents Item of the Paragraphs agenda1 7 General debate and Annual Report for 2018 (continued) 1–210 Statements by the delegates of: Austria 1–8 Madagascar 9–15 Lesotho 16–23 Ethiopia 24–32 Croatia 33–39 Czech Republic 40–47 Lithuania 48–57 Norway 58–71 Cuba 72–80 Latvia 81–88 Estonia 89–97 Burkina Faso 98–108 Monaco 109–114 ___________________ 1 GC(63)/22. This record is subject to correction. Corrections should be submitted in one of the working languages, in a memorandum and/or incorporated in a copy of the record. They should be sent to the Secretariat of the Policy-Making Organs, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; fax +43 1 2600 29108; email [email protected]; or from GovAtom via the Feedback link. Corrections should be submitted within three weeks of the receipt of the record. GC(63)/OR.3 17 September 2019, Page ii Contents (continued) Paragraphs Sri Lanka 115–123 Germany 124–133 Zimbabwe 134–144 Azerbaijan 145–151 Zambia 152–160 United Republic of Tanzania 161–167 Canada 168–180 Yemen 181–191 Iraq 192–199 Uruguay 200–210 The composition of delegations attending the session is given in document GC(63)/INF/9.
    [Show full text]
  • The Integrated Review and UK Spacepower: the Search for Strategy Dr Bleddyn E
    FREEMAN AIR & SPACE INSTITUTE The Integrated Review and UK Spacepower: The Search for Strategy Dr Bleddyn E. Bowen Paper 3 About the Freeman Air and Space Institute The Freeman Air and Space Institute is an inter‑disciplinary initiative of the School of Security Studies, King’s College London. The Freeman Institute is dedicated to generating original knowledge and understanding of air and space issues. The Freeman Institute seeks to inform scholarly, policy and doctrinal debates in a rapidly evolving strategic environment characterised by transformative technological change which is increasing the complexity of the air and space domains. The Freeman Institute places a priority on identifying, developing and cultivating air and space thinkers in academic and practical contexts, as well as informing, equipping and stimulating relevant air and space education provision at King’s and beyond. The Institute is named after Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman (1888–1953), who was crucially influential in British air capability development in the late 1930s and during the Second World War, making an important contribution to the Allied victory. He played a central role in the development of successful aircraft including the Spitfire, Lancaster and Mosquito, and in planning the wartime aircraft economy – the largest state‑sponsored industrial venture in British history. FREEMAN AIR & SPACE INSTITUTE The Integrated Review and UK Spacepower: The Search for Strategy Dr Bleddyn E. Bowen About the author Abstract Dr Bleddyn Bowen is a Lecturer in International Relations This paper examines the role of spacepower and space policy at the School of History, Politics, and International in the midst of the Integrated Review, a nascent Defence Relations at the University of Leicester, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Review 2021: Summary
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 9171, 17 March 2021 Integrated Review 2021: By Claire Mills, Louisa Summary Brooke-Holland The Government published its Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy: Global Britain in a Competitive Age, on 16 March 2021. The following briefing highlights the key points of the review. Further House of Commons Library analysis will follow. 1. Prime Minister’s vision for the UK in 2030 In his introduction to the Integrated Review, the Prime Minister sets out his overarching vision for “Global Britain” within the next decade: • The UK will play “a more active part” in sustaining an international order in which open societies and economies continue to flourish. • The UK will sit at the heart of a network of “like minded countries and flexible groupings” committed to protecting human rights and upholding global norms. • The UK will embrace innovation in science and technology to boost national prosperity and strategic advantage. • The UK will be a “soft power” superpower. • The UK will continue to take a leading role in security, diplomacy and development, conflict resolution and poverty reduction. The UK aims to be a model for an integrated approach to tackling global challenges. • As a maritime trading nation, the UK will be a global champion of free and fair trade. The openness of the UK’s economy will be protected from corruption, manipulation, exploitation and the theft of intellectual property. • Climate change and tackling biodiversity loss will be a priority for the UK on the international agenda. • The UK’s diplomatic service, armed forces and security and intelligence services will be the most effective and innovative, relative to their size.
    [Show full text]
  • Snp Submission to the Integrated Review
    SNP SUBMISSION TO THE INTEGRATED REVIEW The United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union offers a chance for the UK to reflect on its role in the world: its relations with regional and global partners, its global interests and its national goals. As part of this review, HM Government must ensure that it builds consensus beyond the governing party in Westminster, beyond Whitehall and beyond London. It must look to the devolved administrations and to civil society to build a coherent foreign policy that properly represents the values and interests of Scotland and it must ensure that input from all constituent parts of the United Kingdom is given equal merit. The foreign and defence interests of Scotland have been long ignored by the UK Government. This can be seen nowhere more clearly than in the decades-long neglect of the United Kingdom’s own backyard – the North Atlantic and High North – in favour of attempting to project its power and influence globally. The era in which the United Kingdom was able to do so is long gone. Instead, the UK must demonstrate its commitment to regional and neighbourhood security while carving out a place for itself on the world stage through an active commitment to multilateral institutions and international law. At home, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has pushed human and economic security to the fore of UK policymaking, demonstrating the importance of national resilience and reminding us that fully funded public healthcare systems and a strong democracy keep the Scottish people safe from modern threats – not weapons of mass destruction harboured miles from Scotland’s biggest population centre.
    [Show full text]
  • June 10, 2021 Hearing Transcript
    HEARING ON CHINA’S NUCLEAR FORCES HEARING BEFORE THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THURSDAY, JUNE 10, 2021 Printed for use of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: www.uscc.gov UNITED STATES-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION WASHINGTON: 2021 U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION CAROLYN BARTHOLOMEW, CHAIRMAN ROBIN CLEVELAND, VICE CHAIRMAN Commissioners: BOB BOROCHOFF DEREK SCISSORS JEFFREY FIEDLER HON. JAMES M. TALENT KIMBERLY GLAS ALEX N. WONG HON. CARTE P. GOODWIN MICHAEL R. WESSEL ROY D. KAMPHAUSEN The Commission was created on October 30, 2000 by the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 106–398 (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7002), as amended by: The Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2002, Pub. L. No. 107–67 (Nov. 12, 2001) (regarding employment status of staff and changing annual report due date from March to June); The Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108–7 (Feb. 20, 2003) (regarding Commission name change, terms of Commissioners, and responsibilities of the Commission); The Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006, Pub. L. No. 109–108 (Nov. 22, 2005) (regarding responsibilities of the Commission and applicability of FACA); The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008, Pub. L. No. 110–161 (Dec. 26, 2007) (regarding submission of accounting reports; printing and binding; compensation for the executive director; changing annual report due date from June to December; and travel by members of the Commission and its staff); The Carl Levin and Howard P.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Space Report
    MIDLANDS INNOVATION SPACE GROUP SUMMARY OF EXPERTISE ® CONTENTS FOREWORD The Midlands Innovation Space Group has been formed to foster collaboration Foreword 3 across the Midlands, and beyond, in this very important sector of the UK’s research base and the UK economy. The group represents a critical mass of Introduction 3 over 900 experts in 8 institutions that span the full capability of the UK in space, in upstream, downstream, satellite applications and space-enabled businesses. These institutions also offer a variety of relevant training courses Partner expertise 4 and host a wide range of complementary facilities that can support research Aston University 4 and development in both industry and academia. Its importance is recognised by the UK Government, as highlighted in the recent Integrated Review of University of Birmingham 4 Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy and the earlier Industrial Strategy, with the aim of Cranfield University 6 developing a £40 billion UK sector, a significant share of global activity, and 100,000 new jobs by 2030. A National Space Strategy is currently being developed. Keele University 6 To make both expertise and facilities as widely accessible as possible, we have assembled this brochure to University of Leicester 8 provide a one-stop guide, summarising the capabilities of each institution. We hope that you find it useful Loughborough University 8 as a source of information and encourage you to contact us if you need support in any area of space. University of Nottingham 10 Professor Martin Barstow Chair, Midlands Innovation Space Group University of Warwick 11 Table 1. Summary of Midlands Innovation space and space-related expertise 12 Table 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Defence in a Competitive Age
    Defence in a competitive age CP 411 Defence in a competitive age Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Defence by Command of Her Majesty March 2021 CP 411 © Crown copyright 2021 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: SPOStrategy- [email protected] ISBN 978-1-5286-2462-6 CCS0221109268. 03/21 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office DEFENCE IN A COMPETITIVE AGE Foreword from the Secretary of State for Defence 01 Changing strategic context 05 02 The future battlefield 09 03 Our strategic approach 11 04 Evolving for the future 15 05 Defence’s contribution to Global Britain 27 06 Our workforce: our finest asset 35 07 Modernised forces for a competitive age 39 08 A stronger relationship with industry 61 09 Transforming our ways of working 65 Defence in a competitive age Foreword from the Secretary of State for Defence As a young officer, thirty years ago almost to the day, I was summoned to the drill square to have read aloud key decisions from the government’s defence review, Options for Change.
    [Show full text]
  • AEROSPACE Magazine App, for an Online Account and Pay Your Subscription Expanded Our E-Library Resources and Launched a Straight Away
    AE December 2020 ROSPACE SMART AIRLINER CABINS UK INTEGRATED REVIEW: ALREADY DEAD? CHANGING BUSINESS AVIATION’S IMAGE www.aerosociety.com December 2020 MARS ATTRACTS V olume 47 Number 12 RED PLANET GETS SET FOR NEW ROBOT VISITORS Royal A eronautical Society 11–15 & 19–21 JANUARY 2021 | ONLINE AN E X P A N DEXPERIENCE E D The world’s largest event for aerospace research and development just got bigger! The virtual 2021 AIAA SciTech Forum has expanded into eight days of programming over a two-week time frame. The new format offers a convenient, condensed daily schedule, allowing you to balance your work load and home life while attending a virtual event. Each day will be anchored by a high-level keynote or lecture, with 2,500+ technical presentations, panels, and special sessions scheduled throughout the forum. The forum will explore the functional role and importance of diversity in advancing the aerospace industry. Hear from high-profile industry leaders as they provide perspectives on how diversification of teams, industry sectors, technologies, and design cycles can all be leveraged toward innovation. REGISTER NOW aiaa.org/2021SciTech Volume 47 Number 12 December 2020 EDITORIAL Contents Lost Moon? Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission After a week of nail-biting excitement, last month saw a new president The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and social media feedback. elected in the US, Joe Biden. Although he is yet to be formally elected by analysis and comment. the Electoral College and inaugurated in January, it is extremely unlikely that 58 The Last Word this will be overturned.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Review: Call for Evidence
    INTEGRATED REVIEW: CALL FOR EVIDENCE 1. Introduction The Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (the Integrated Review) will define the Government’s vision for the UK’s role in the world over the next decade. Its goal is to set the long-term strategic aims of our international policy and national security, rooted in our national interests, so that our activity overseas delivers for the British people. The Review will cover all aspects of international and national security policy, such as defence, diplomacy, development and national resilience. In doing so, it will re- examine the UK’s priorities and objectives in light of the UK’s departure from the European Union and at a time when the global landscape is changing rapidly, including as a result of Covid-19. It will set the direction for a strong recovery at home and abroad, recognising that the two are closely linked. 2. Background to this Call for Evidence The Prime Minister announced the Integrated Review in February 2020. The Review reports to the Prime Minister and the National Security Council, supported by a cross-Whitehall team in the Cabinet Office and a small team in No.10. The Government paused the Review in April in order to focus on the response to Covid-19, retaining a reduced central team. It was formally recommenced in June 2020, building on the work done since its formal launch. The Integrated Review is a policy-led, evidence-driven, whole-of-government process. It goes beyond the parameters of a traditional defence and security review by considering the totality of global opportunities and challenges the UK faces and determining how government should be structured, equipped, and mobilised to meet them.
    [Show full text]
  • ESPI Insights Space Sector Watch
    ESPI Insights Space Sector Watch Issue 14 March 2021 THIS MONTH IN THE SPACE SECTOR… PERSEVERANCE AND THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN SPACE EXPLORATION........................................ 1 POLICY & PROGRAMMES............................................................................................................... 2 Joe Biden nominates Bill Nelson as new NASA administrator ............................................................... 2 The European Commission publishes 2021 DG DEFIS Management Plan ........................................... 2 CNES Board of Directors approves government subsidy agreement for space stimulus plan ........... 2 French Space Command conducts its first military space exercise with U.S. and Germany .............. 2 Russia and China sign MoU to establish future International Lunar Science Station........................... 3 Airbus selected by the French Armed forces for upgrade of Syracuse IV ground stations ................. 3 U.S. DoD awards $384 million in contracts to SpaceX and ULA for military satellites launch ............. 3 NASA awards Northrop Grumman Mars Ascent Propulsion system contract ..................................... 3 UK furthers efforts in the space sector..................................................................................................... 4 Indonesian government secures US$545 million project financing for Satria-1 satellite ..................... 4 NOAA-17 satellite breaks up in-polar orbit 8 years after decommissioning .......................................... 5 Two
    [Show full text]