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MARGINAL NOTES 79830 22 79000© 440)5© 44 Q li Mapping was begun and completed during the summer of 1972 by the authors with the assistance of K. Girard, g H. Lohse, and B. Tlttley. Field techniques consisted of S the examination of natural and man-made exposures. Air photographs at a scale of 1:40.000 were used.

Bedrock Geology: Bedrock is exposed only near Rosemont In the extreme western part of the Alliston map-area. Here blue-gray shales and interbedded limestone of the Georgian Bay Formation and red shales of the overlying Queenston Formation, both of Upper Ordovician age are found in several outcrops (Hewitt 1972; Liberty 1969). Three other units occur within the map-area but are not exposed at the surface. These are the Verulam and 99 Lindsay Formations which are limestones of Middle Ordo Ontario vician age, and gray and black shale of the Whitby Division of Mines Formation of Upper Ordovician age. Other than the few outcrops near Rosemont and southwest of Hockley, in the Alliston area, bedrock is covered by 30 to 140 metres HONOURABLE LEO BERNIER, Minister of Natural Resources (100 to 450 feet) of Quaternary sediments (Deane 1950; Sibul and Choo-Ying 1971). W. Q. MACNEE, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources C A. Jewett, Executive Director. Division of Mines E. C Pye, Director. Geological Branch Glacial Deposits: Till: All the Quaternary sediments exposed in the map-area were deposited during or after the Port Bruce PRELIMINARY MAP P.836 Stadial (Dreimanis and Karrow 1972) of the Late Wiscon 9 GEOLOGICAL SERIES sinan Substage i.e., within the last 15,000 years. Four till formations constitute the framework of the QUATERNARY GEOLOGY exposed stratigraphic succession (Gwyn 1972). Three of the tills (northern till) were deposited by the south ward and southwestward flowing Georgian Bay-Lake Simcoe NEWMARKET AREA Lobe. The fourth till unit (southern till) was deposi 96 SOUTHERN ONTARIO ted byanorthward flowing segment of the Ontario Lobe. Scale l:50.000 The Bogarttown Till is the oldest northern till (Gwyn 1972, p.145). It is a pebbly (5 percent), sandy MILES silt till, dark brown in colour (10 YR 3/3, Munsell). In Its five exposures within the area, it is massive, 95 METRES very compact,and has a strong vertical joint set. The unit is 2 to 4 metres (6 to 12 feet) thick and overlies NTS Reference: 31 D/3 ice-contact sand and gravel. but it does not occur at the surface. ODM 1973 The Newmarket Till overlies the Bogarttown Till. It is a sand to silty sand till containing 10 percent Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to pebbles and is light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4). It the Ontario Division of Mines and the material is properly is usually very compact and massive but develops a referenced. fissile structure after being exposed at the surface. This is the most prominent till in the map-area, having been traced from the Niagara Escarpment through the LEGEND Newmarket area 65 kilometres (40 miles) east to Lake CENOZOIC Scugog. The unit ranges from 0.5 metre to 12 metres QUATERNARY thick (1,5 to 40 feet), and most commonly overlies RECENT outwash sand and gravel though in four locations it directly overlies Bogarttown Till. The Newmarket Till 14 is the ©lower northern till© of White (1971). He Modern alluvlttn; unsubdlvided concluded that the Newmarket ice built both the Sing- 13 hampton and Gibraltar Moraines in the Bolton area. If Bog deposits; peat, muck, and marl this is correct, the Newmarket Till is possibly correl 12 ative with till ©N© of Karrow (1971), which was Windblown deposits; sand and silt tentatively traced to the flank of the Singhampton 11 Moraine northwest of Dundalk (Cowan 1972, p.149). Older alluvium; unsubdlvided^ PLEISTOCENE The last northern till deposited, the Kettleby Till, is usually a brown coloured (7.5YR5/2), clayey Glaciolacustrine beach, bar, and spit; gravel silt to silt till containing l percent pebbles. It is moderately compact and has a blocky structure. The till Glaciolacustrine shallow water; sand unit ranges from 0.5 metre to 12 metres thick (1.5 to 40 9b Lake Algonquin deposits feet). It typically overlies laminated or varved silt 9a Schomberg Ponds deposits and clayey silt, from which it was derived, although in several sections the Newmarket Till is directly beneath Glaciolacustrine deep water; stratified to varved it. Evidence was found for two minor advances of silt and clay Kettleby ice. Several-sections contain a thin (l metre ) 8b Lake Algonquin deposits unit of varved silts within the Kettleby Till. Kettleby 8a Schomberg Ponds deposits Till is the ©upper northern till© of White( (1971), and it appears that the ice advanced up to but did not Glaciofluvial deposits; sand and minor gravel override the Oak Ridges Moraine. Glaciofluvial deposits; gravel and minor sand The last till (southern till) to be deposited by the Ontario Lobe in the Newmarket map-area is the Halton Ice-contact stratified drift; sand and gravel (upper Leaside) Till. It is silt to sandy silt till containing 5 percent pebbles, usually moderately compact, Kettleby Till; silt to clayey silt till and weathers to a yellowish brown colour (10YR 5/6). No direct evidence was found to indicate the age relation Halton Till; silt to sandy silt till3 ship between northern and southern tills. However, the relationship suggested by White (1971, p.217) that the Newmarket Till; sand to silty sand till Halton Till is slightly older than the Kettleby Till appears correct.

Following the deposition of the Bogarttown Till the Newmarket ice first advanced to construct the Singhamp Bedrock*5 ton Moraine and advanced again to build the Gibraltar Iqu Queenston Formation Moraine (White 1971). During the retreat of Newmarket Igb Georgian Bay Formation ice p1-^-glacial lakes developed between the ice front and the drainage divide to the south. This episode was Tlll-Bedrock Complex ended by the advance of Keltleby ice up to the Oak Ridges Moraine. However it appears that it did not override the nor a i ne . Note: Deposits less than three feet thick are not shown as separate units. The Oak Ridges Moraine is a broad interlobate- moraine complex extending from Schomberg in the Bolton a. Occurs only In the Newmarket map-area, map-area (White and Karrow 1968) across the southern b. Occurs only in the Alliston map-area. part of the Newmarket area for 140 kilometres (90 miles) eastward to Colborne. The last ice to override the Oak Kidges Moraine was the Ontario Lobe during which Halton Till was deposited up to the crest of the moraine complex. The maximum extent of this advance is clearly marked by the Palgrave Moraine (White 1971) which is composed mainly of Halton Till. It was developed on the flank of the Oak Ridges Moraine and forms a part of the moraine complex.

Ice-Contact Stratified Drift: Ice-contact sand and gravel deposits in the Alliston and Newmarket areas can, SYMBOLS in general, be divided into two categories based on texture. The first group comprises small deposits Geological boundary (actual or interpreted). composed mainly of crushable material. Included are two eskers in the Newmarket area, one east of Ravenshoe Small bedrock outcrop. and one west of Blackwater, and scattered small deposits associated with drumlins, or deposits stratigraphically Sand or gravel pit. underlying till. The second category is typified by extensive areas of medium-grained to fine-grained silty Glacial fluting in till. sand with only occasional bodies of gravel. These large deposits are found in the southwestern part of the Alliston area and the southern half of the Newmarket area (Uxbridge and Whitchurch Townships). There is Esker (arrowheads show current direction). evidence that gravel is concentrated along the northern edge of the Halton Till sheet and that there is a River terrace escarpment or wave-cut bluff. general decrease in grain size northward in this deposit (P.B, Duckworth, University of Toronto, personal commu Three dimensional orientation diagram of long axis of nication). This agrees with the general northwest trend till pebbles, showing sense of plunge; 100 pebbles of paleocurrent indicators. In Uxbridge and Whitchurch were measured for each diagram. Townships the deposit has the appearance of an outwash Unit in which pebble orientation was measured. plain laid down in front of the Palgrave Moraine. The sand and gravel is directly associated with Halton Till. However, deformation structures of an ice-contact nature are ubiquitous in the sediments, and for this reason they are mapped as ice-contact stratified drift.

The sediments In the southwestern part of the Alliston area appear to have a somewhat different origin. There is no discernable trend in the distribution of sand and gravel bodies. The sediments are mainly fine silty sand to sandy silt with scattered small gravel bodies. Further, a knob and kettle topography is well developed. SOURCES OF INFORMATION This is thought to be an area where the ice stagnated, and ponds formed in which the fine-grained sediments Geology by Q.H.J. Gwyn and R.N.W. DiLabio and assistants, 1972. were deposited. Topography from Map 31 D/3 of the National Topographic Series. Aerial Photography, National Air Photo Library, Ottawa. Outwash Sand and Gravel: Outwash sediments are found throughout the map-area. The largest deposits occur Issued 1973. along the western border of the Alliston area where they form a pitted outwash plain at 975 feet above sea level. In several sections they overlie Kettleby Till. It has Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to since been partially dissected especially northwest of the Ontario Division of Mines. It is recommended that reference Everett. The material is predominantly medium-grained to this map be made in the following form: to fine-grained sand with small amounts of pebbly sand. Gravel is rarely found at the surface, usually occurr r. Gwyn, Q.H.J., and DiLabio, R.N.W. ing under a blanket of silty sand. Other moderate sized 1973: Quaternary Geology deposits of outwash gravel in the Alliston area occur of the Newmarket Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario north of Sharps Hill, south of Beeton, and south of The Div. Mines, Prelim. Map P.836, Geol. Ser., scale Hollows. In the Newmarket area, the only economically 1:50,000. Geology 1972. important outwash sand and gravel occur in the Oak Ridges Moraine. The outwash in the valleys north of the moraine in the Newmarket area is typically silty •*H0oc' sand. Numerous small outwash gravel bodies are associ-44*bO ated with drunlins and drumlinoid forms. The origin of 7903©0 these deposits has been discussed by Deane (1950).

Lacustrine and Beach Deposits: Glacial lake silt and silty sand are widespread and most of it was deposited Wind-Blovn Deposits: Wind-blown fine-grained sand is and Marsh^Deposits: Peat, marl, and organic rich Sand and gravel are the principal mineral resources. granular material , and that the reserves of such References : Quaternary Geology Gwyn, y.H.J. Pedology Middleton, R.S. during the retreat of the Newmarket and KettLeby ice. common throughout the map-area. Well developed dunes silts are important recent deposits in the map-arya. and clearly the most important deposits are in the Oak material arc not as great as might be expected in a Cowan, W.R. 1972: Quaternarv Geology of the Alliston- Hoffman, D.W. , Wicklund, R.E., and Richards, S.R. 197la: Uxbridge, Whitchurch, and Markham The oldest sediments were laid down in ponds, known as are present on the outwash plain in Nottawasaga River Large areas of the larger bogs have been developed for Ridges Moraine. Less extensive, but locally important landform of this type and proportion. Most of the Bedrock Geology and Topography 1972: Quaternary geology, Orangeville Area, West Newiuarket Area, Southern Ontario; p. 144-147 1962: Soil Survey of Simcoe County; Rept. No.29 Townships (parts of), York and Ontario early Schomberg Ponds, formed between the ice margin Valley, especially north of Dunns Hill, and on the market gardening and sod production, especially in the deposits, occur throughout the area. In 1970, the exploration work should be concentrated in Uxbridge and Hewitt, D.F. Half, and Palmerston Area, East Half, in Suroary of Field Work, 1972, by the of the Ontario Soil Survey, I09p. Counties, Airborne Broadcast-Band and the northern flank of the Oak Ridges Moraine, during lacustrine sand plain west of Baxter in the Alliston Alliston map-area. Very few of the bogs exceed 2 to 3 reported production from Uxbridge and Whitchurch Whitchurch Townships. Regional mapping and airborne 1972: Paleozoic Geology of Southern Ontario; Southern Ontario; p.148-151 in Summary of Geological Branch, edited by V.G. Milne and Accompanied by 2 maps. E-Phase R Survey Apparent Resistivity the retreat of Newmarket ice. They have been found up area. Some of the dunes in the Nottawasaga River Valley metres in depth, however, a notable exception is the Townships, which straddle the Oak Ridges Moraine, was resistivity surveys (Middleton 1971a,b) have been done, Ontario Div. Mines, GR105, 18p. Accom Field Work, 1972, by the Geological Branch, D.F. Hewitt, Ontario Div. Mines, MP53, 165p. Olding, A.B., Wicklund, R.E., and Richards, N.R. Contours; Ontario Dept. Mines and Northern to l 000 feet above sea level and a maximum of 90 varves were formed before the river had cut down to its present bog directly west of Musselman Lake in the Newmarket just over 5 million tons. In contrast, the combined It would now be useful to do detailed mapping followed panied by Map 2254, scale l inch to 16 edited by V.G. Milne and D.F. Hewitt, Ontario Karrow, P.F. 1957: Rept. No.23 of the Ontario Soil Survey, Affairs, Prelim. Map P.725, Ceophys. Ser., have been counted. The early Schomberg sediments were level and possibly while Lake Algonquin still existed. area. It lies at the very edge of the Halton Till sheet reported production in the other 12 townships, wholly or oy a drilling program. miles. Div. Mines, MP53, 165p. 1971: Quaternary Geology of the Stratford 60p. Accompanied by l map. scale l inch to 2,640 feet. Survey 1970.© overridden by Kettleby ice, and upon its retreat late Low dunes and an associated wind-blown fine-grained and it exceeds 3 metres in depth. partly within the map-area, was 0.8 million tons. The Liberty, B.A. Deane, R. E. Conestogo Area, Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, Industrial Minerals 1971b: Uxbridge, Whitchurch, and Markham Schomberg Ponds formed and massive, laminated, and sand blankets a large area of the Lake Algonquin plain, producing deposits are both outwash and ice-contact The following comnents can be made concerning 1969: Paleozoic geology of the Lake Simcoe Area, 1950: Pleistocene Geology of the Lake Simcoe Paper 70-34, lip. Accompanied by 4 maps. Guillet, G.R. Townships (parts of), York and Ontario varved silts were deposited in the ponds. These sedi l mile northeast of Alder in the Newmarket area. Thin Mineral Resources: The exposed bedrock units have not stratified drift, and most of the production in the Oak reserves in the parts of the townships within the map- Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, Memoir 355 , District, Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, White , O.L. 1967: The Clay Products Industry of Ontario; Counties, Airborne VLF E-Phase R Survey ments range in elevation from 750 feet and 1,150 feet sheets of wind-blown sand are present in scattered been exploited as building materials in the Alliston Ridges Moraine is from deposits buried under Halton area. Sufficient reserves, for local needs only, were 201p, Accompanied by Map 122SA, scale Memoir 256, 108p. Accompanied by 4 maps. 1971: Pleistocene Geology of the Bolton Area Ontario Dept. Mines, IMR22, 206p. Apparent Resistivity Contours; Ontario above sea level. It is not known whether the glacial areas burying what appear to be well developed recent area, although the Queenston shale is used by several Till. Although there is an enormous amount of granular found in Essa, Georgina, East Gwillimbury, North l inch to 4 miles. Dreimanis, A., and Karrow, P.F. (30M-13), Southern Ontario; Ontario Dept. Accompanied by Maps 2130 and 2131, scale Dept. Mines and Northern Affairs,© Prelim. lakes were lowered to the level of Glacial Lake soil profiles. brick making firms in the Hamilton-Toronto region. material, most of it is silty sand and only a small pro- Gvillimbury, West Gwillimbury, Scott, Tecumseth, and Sibul, U., and Choo-Ying, A.V. 1972: Glacial History in the Great Lakes-St. Mines and Northern Affairs, OFR5067, 249p. l inch to 16 miles. Map P.726, Geophys. Ser., scale l inch to Algonquin gradually, or in stages. However, no shore Because of differences in composition and degree of portion is crushable material. The gravel deposits have Tosorontio Townships. Both Adjala and Brock Townships 1971: Water Resources of the Upper Nottawasaga Lawrence Region, the Classification of the Accompanied by 2 maps. Hewitt } D.F. 2,640 feet. Survey 1970. line features were found in the map-areas other than weathering, selective quarrying is possible to obtain a localized and irregular distribution rather than being have sufficient gravel to support small commercial River Drainage Basin; Ontario Water Wisconsin(an) Stage, and its Correlatives; White, O.L., and Karrow, P.F. 1969: Industrial Mineral Resources of the those associated with Lake Algonquin at 740 feet. At various colouring effects using this bedrock unit widespread sheetl i ke bodies. This implies that consid- operations. Only Reach , Uxbridge , and Whitchurch Resources Commission, Water Resources Internat©l. Geol. Congress, 24th Session, 1968: Pleistocene Geology of the Bolton Area, Markham-Newmarket Area; Ontario Dept. this elevation well developed beaches, spits, and off (Guillet 1967). Except for the extreme western part of erable systematic exploration must be done for coarse Townships have sand and gravel supplies to sustain Report 3, 128p. Section 12, p.5-15. Southern Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines, Mines, IMR24, Alp. Accompanied by Map shore bars are pre^nt as well as prominent wave-cut the Alliston area, the overlying drift is usually more several large operat ions. Prelim. Hap P.477, Geol. Ser., scale 2124. scale l inch to l mile. blurf s, than 15 metres thick. 1:50,000. Geology 1962,1963,1964,1965.

ODM 4985