DOCSLIB.ORG

Williston Basin Is a Large Geologic Feature of North America That Covers More Than 300,000 Square Miles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Williston Basin Is a Large Geologic Feature of North America That Covers More Than 300,000 Square Miles The Williston Basin is a large geologic feature of North America that covers more than 300,000 square miles. Subsidence of the basin for the past 550+ million years has allowed for the accumulation of nearly EAST CROSS SECTION OF 16,000 feet of sedimentary rock near the basin center in western North Dakota. The wealth of natural resources in the Williston Basin is the product of the geologic history of the region. For example, organic material deposited in the shallow seas that repeatedly covered the area has been transformed into oil and gas. In more recent geologic time, large swamps bordering rivers accumulated thick layers of vegetation that were later buried by sediments and slowly converted to lignite coal. WILLISTON BASIN Each activity at the EERC that focuses on the subsurface is developed with a combination of local, state, and federal investment to ensure North Dakota’s resources are used in a wise, safe, and sustainable manner. WEST 67-million-year-old Triceratops skull was MONTANA excavated in 1964 and NORTH DAKOTA is on display at UND. MISSOURI 0' RIVER 75-million-year-old Mosasaur KVLY MINNESOTA COAL NORTH DAKOTA TERTIARY was excavated in 1995. Tower PROTECTED 2063’ RED DRINKING RIVER WATER CRETACEOUS SEA LEVEL JURASSIC 5000' TRIASSIC & PERMIAN PERMIAN MISSISSIPPIAN DEVONIAN Vertical Exaggeration SILURIAN Relative to its width, the Williston Basin is fairly shallow. To show detail in the vertical 10,000' ORDOVICIAN dimension as depicted in this poster, the basin depth has been vertically exaggerated UPPER CAMBRIAN by a factor of 30. If the vertical and horizontal scales were the same (i.e., no vertical exaggeration), the basin would only be this tall. GEOLOGIC 15,000' TIME LINE 600 MILLION YEARS AGO 500 400 300 200 100 0 PRECAMBRIAN CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN MISSISSIPPIAN PENNSYLVANIAN PERMIAN TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS TERTIARY PALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC Oldest Sedimentary Rocks in Sediments of the Mass Extinction Coal Humans Williston Basin Bakken Formation Arrive Sediments of the Main Saltwater Mass Extinction Deposited Oil Generation Begins in Red River Formation Disposal Target Red River Formation Oil Generation Begins in Deposited Formation Bakken Formation EOR IN UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS The need to improve the productivity of a world-class oil PIPELINE SAFETY resource and a desire to manage CO2 emissions has led To assess and, ultimately, reduce to interest in the use of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery The EERC is working with pipeline spills, the North Dakota (EOR) and associated storage in the Bakken Formation. partners to assess the feasibility Legislature asked the EERC to provide The EERC is using advanced laboratory characterization of commercial-scale geologic guidance to state authorities on best methods to better understand and quantify the storage of CO2 emissions practices in liquids gathering pipeline geologic factors that control CO2 and oil mobility and captured from coal-based energy installation and operations. The EERC determine the CO2 permeation and oil extraction rates facilities. The research is part of now manages a consortium of pipeline in the organic-rich shales of the Bakken. an ongoing effort to ensure clean, operators that focuses on and funds affordable energy and the wise new technology development targeting CO2 STORAGE use of North Dakota’s resources. small-diameter, highly networked RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS liquids gathering pipelines. MONTANA CEDAR CREE NORT DAOTA ANTICLINE BILLINS NOSE YELLOWSTONE RIVER NESSON ANTICLINE 0' MISSOURI RIVER COAL T UNION M TERTIARY PROTECTED PIERRE M PEMBINA BULLION CREE M DRININ MINNESOTA ESCARPMENT NORT DAOTA WATER NIOBRARA M RED RIVER CARLILE M EERC ELL CREE M O ILLS M INYAN ARA M SEA LEVEL CRETACEOUS SUBSURFACE PIERRE M ACTIVITIES NIOBRARA M CARLILE M REENORN M JURASSIC BELLE OURCE M MOWRY M 5000' NEWCASTLE M DAOTA TRIASSIC & PERMIAN SULL CREE M ROUP INYAN ARA M PERMIAN SWIT M RIERDON M PIPER M DUNAM SALT MISSISSIPPIAN PINE SALT OPECE SALT SPEARIS M MINNEATA M OPECE M BROOM CREE M AMSDEN M TYLER M DEVONIAN CARLES SALT BI SNOWY ROUP CARLES M SILURIAN MADISON MISSION CANYON M ROUP ORDOVICIAN LODEPOLE M 10,000' BAEN M TREE ORS M UPPER CAMBRIAN SALTWATER DISPOSAL BIRDBEAR M DUPEROW M PRAIRIE SALT SOURIS RIVER M DAWSON BAY M PRAIRIE M For more information about this or any of our other WINNIPEOSIS M exciting projects, contact: INTERLAE M Nikki Massmann | Director of Communications 701.777.5428 | [email protected] STONY MTN M STONEWALL M Energy & Environmental Research Center RED RIVER M WINNIPE M University of North Dakota 15 North 23rd Street, Stop 9018 OILASPRODUCIN ONES DEADWOOD M Grand Forks, ND 58202-9018 15,000' EOR IN CONVENTIONAL FIELDS undeerc.org © 2019 University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • L'.3350 Deposmon and DISSOLUTION of the MIDDLE DEVONIAN PRAIRIE FORMATION, Williston BASIN, NORTH DAKOTA and MONTANA By
    l'.3350 DEPOsmON AND DISSOLUTION OF THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN PRAIRIE FORMATION, WilLISTON BASIN, NORTH DAKOTA AND MONTANA by: Chris A. Oglesby T-3350 A thesis submined to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geology). Golden, Colorado Date f:" /2 7 /C''i::-- i ; Signed: Approved: Lee C. Gerhard Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado - 7 Date' .' Samuel S. Adams, Head Department of Geology and Geological Engineering II T-3350 ABSTRACf Within the Williston basin, thickness variations of the Prairie Formation are common and are interpreted to originate by two processes, differential accumulation of salt during deposition, and differential removal of salt by dissolution. Unambiguous evidence for each process is rare because the Prairie/Winnipegosis interval is seldom cored within the U.S. portion of the basin. Therefore indirect methods, utilizing well logs, provide the principal method for identifying characteristics of the two processes. The results of this study indicate that the two processes can be distinguished using correlations within the Prairie Formation. Several regionally correlative upward-brining, and probably shoaling-upward sequences occur within the Prairie Formation .. Near the basin center, the lowermost sequence is transitional with the underlying Winnipegosis Formation. This transition is characterized by thinly laminated carbonates that become increasingly interbedded with anhydrites of the basin-centered Ratner Member, the remainder of the sequence progresses up through halite and culminates in the halite-dominated Esterhazy potash beds. Two overlying sequences also brine upwards, however, these sequences lack the basal anhydrite and instead begin with halite and culminate in the Belle Plaine and Mountrail potash Members, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil and Gas Potential of the Red River Formation, Southwestern North Dakota Timothy O
    Oil and Gas Potential of the Red River Formation, Southwestern North Dakota Timothy O. Nesheim Introduction North Dakota has experienced commercial oil and gas production third highest for the state, a bronze medal so to speak, and is from 19 different geologic formations over the past 65 years. only eclipsed by the “gold” medal Bakken-Three Forks Formations Most of these productive formations have experienced spotlight (>1.2 billion barrels of oil) and the “silver” medal Madison Group attention from the oil and gas industry at one time or another, (Mission Canyon & Charles Formations, ~1 billion barrels of oil). and, whether for a few months or years, were considered a “hot Red River production is also regionally extensive and stretches play” to explore and develop. The unconventional Bakken-Three into northwestern South Dakota, eastern Montana, and southern Forks development is a current example of a play that brought Saskatchewan (fig. 1). oil and gas activity in the state to record levels and has sustained drilling activity even in a depressed oil and gas market. As the Summary of Red River Oil and Gas Production oil and gas industry transitions beyond the Bakken over time and The upper Red River consists of four, vertically stacked, oil- begins to spend more time evaluating the other 17 productive productive sedimentary rock layers referred to informally as the non-Bakken/Three Forks Formations, additional oil and gas plays “A” through “D” zones (fig. 2). Just over half of the Red River’s will emerge across western North Dakota. One formation that oil production has come from horizontal wells drilled within the has previously experienced “hot play” status and may be poised “B” zone of southwestern Bowman County, a prolific oil play to one day re-emerge into the spotlight of the oil and gas industry that emerged during the late 1990s and was North Dakota’s “hot is the deeply buried Red River Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • TGI Strat Column 2009.Cdr
    STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION CHART TGI II: Williston Basin Architecture and Hydrocarbon Potential in Eastern Saskatchewan and Western Manitoba EASTERN MANITOBA PERIOD MANITOBA SUBSURFACE SASKATCHEWAN OUTCROP ERA glacial drift glacial drift glacial drift Quaternary Wood Mountain Formation Peace Garden Peace Garden Member Tertiary Member Ravenscrag Formation CENOZOIC Formation Goodlands Member Formation Goodlands Member Turtle Mountain Turtle Mountain Turtle Frenchman Formation Whitemud Formation Boissevain Formation Boissevain Formation Eastend Formation Coulter Member Coulter Member Bearpaw Formation Odanah Member Belly River “marker” Odanah Member Belly River Formation “lower” Odanah Member Millwood Member Lea Park Formation Millwood Member MONTANA GROUP Pembina Member Pembina Member Pierre Shale Pierre Shale Milk River Formation Gammon Ferruginous Member Gammon Ferruginous Member Niobrara Formation Chalky Unit Boyne Member Boyne Member Boyne Calcareous Shale Unit Member Carlile Morden Member Carlile upper Formation Morden Member Formation Morden Member Carlile Formation Assiniboine Marco Calcarenite Assiniboine Member Member CRETACEOUS Second White Specks Laurier Limestone Beds Favel Favel Keld Keld Member Member Formation Formation Belle Fourche Formation Belle Fourche Member MESOZOIC COLORADO GROUP Belle Fourche Member upper Fish Scale Formation Fish Scale Zone upper Base of Fish Scale marker Base of Fish Scale marker Westgate Formation Westgate Member lower Westgate Member Newcastle Formation Newcastle Member lower Viking Sandstone
    [Show full text]
  • Williston Basin Project (Targeted Geoscience Initiative II): Summary Report on Paleozoic Stratigraphy, Mapping and Hydrocarbon A
    Williston Basin Project (Targeted Geoscience Initiative II): Summary report on Paleozoic stratigraphy, mapping and GP2008-2 hydrocarbon assessment, southwestern Manitoba By M.P.B. Nicolas and D. Barchyn GEOSCIENTIFIC PAPER Geoscientific Paper GP2008-2 Williston Basin Project (Targeted Geoscience Initiative II): Summary report on Paleozoic stratigraphy, mapping and hydrocarbon assessment, southwestern Manitoba by M.P.B. Nicolas and D. Barchyn Winnipeg, 2008, reprinted with minor revisions January, 2009 Science, Technology, Energy and Mines Mineral Resources Division Hon. Jim Rondeau John Fox Minister Assistant Deputy Minister John Clarkson Manitoba Geological Survey Deputy Minister E.C. Syme Director ©Queen’s Printer for Manitoba, 2008, reprinted with minor revisions, January 2009 Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this report, but Manitoba Science, Technol- ogy, Energy and Mines does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users should verify critical information. Any digital data and software accompanying this publication are supplied on the understanding that they are for the sole use of the licensee, and will not be redistributed in any form, in whole or in part, to third parties. Any references to proprietary software in the documentation and/or any use of proprietary data formats in this release do not constitute endorsement by Manitoba Science, Technology, Energy and Mines of any manufacturer’s product. When using information from this publication in other publications or presentations, due acknowledgment should be given to the Manitoba Geological Survey. The following reference format is recommended: Nicolas, M.P.B, and Barchyn, D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stonewall Formation Timothy O
    The Stonewall Formation Timothy O. Nesheim Introduction Geology The Stonewall Formation is one of numerous sedimentary strata The Stonewall Formation consists of three carbonate-evaporitic that have commercially produced oil and gas from North Dakota’s cycles deposited during Late Ordovician through Early Silurian subsurface. The Stonewall Formation is also one of many time (fig. 2). The Stonewall Formation is conformably under- geological formations being overshadowed by the prolific Bakken- lain by the Stony Mountain Formation and overlain by the In- Three Forks play. Interestingly, the first successful production terlake Formation. Each Stonewall cycle consists of three gen- test that recovered hydrocarbons (oil and gas) from the eral lithofacies: 1) bioturbated to laminated carbonate mudstone Stonewall Formation took place in 1952, less than a year after the 2) thin greyish green dolomitic and/or shaley, silty to sandy discovery of oil in North Dakota. However, sustained commercial mudstone, and 3) nodular to laminated anhydrite that is some- production from the Stonewall Formation did not take place for times interlaminated to interbedded with dolomite (fig. 3). another 27 years until 1979. Since then, the Stonewall Formation Deposition is interpreted to have taken place within a shallow has produced approximately 10 million barrels of oil equivalent marine (carbonate facies) to hypersaline (anhydrite facies) set- (MBOE) from 65 vertical wells (fig. 1). ting. The shaly sandy mudstone intervals have previously been Figure 1. Map depicting the extent of the Stonewall Formation and Stonewall productive wells in North Dakota (Carlson and Eastwood, 1962). For regulatory reasons the Stonewall Formation has been pooled together with the lower Interlake Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Control and Distribution of Porosity in the Red River C Laminated Member
    Control and distribution of porosity in the Red River C laminated member at the Brush Lake Field by James Roy Stimson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences Montana State University © Copyright by James Roy Stimson (1985) Abstract: The Red River "C" cycle at the Brush Lake field consists of three distinct informal members; 1) the anhydrite member, 2) the laminated member, and 3) the burrowed member, in descending order. This cycle can be interpreted as a tidal flat deposit with the above members representing the supratidal, intertidal, and subtidal environments, respectively. The laminated member has been thoroughly dolomitized at Brush Lake and porosity values within the dolomites change rapidly. Evidence from Brush Lake reveals that the porosity distribution is primarily the result of diagenetic controls rather than structural or depositional controls. Textural evidence from the laminated member indicates that porosity has been reduced in some parts of the laminated member by 1) early precipitation of calcite cements, 2) overdolomitization, 3) early precipitation of gypsum, 4) late precipitation of replacive anhydrite, and 5) pressure solution along low amplitude stylolites. CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF POROSITY IN THE RED RIVER "C" LAMINATED MEMBER AT THE BRUSH LAKE FIELD by James Roy Stimson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana May, 1985 St 55 Ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by James Roy Stimson This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the College of Graduate Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Bakken and Lower Lodgepole Formations (Devonian and Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota Timothy P
    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 1986 Conodont biostratigraphy of the Bakken and lower Lodgepole Formations (Devonian and Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota Timothy P. Huber University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Huber, Timothy P., "Conodont biostratigraphy of the Bakken and lower Lodgepole Formations (Devonian and Mississippian), Williston Basin, North Dakota" (1986). Theses and Dissertations. 145. https://commons.und.edu/theses/145 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE BAKKEN AND LOWER LODGEPOLE FORMATIONS (DEVONIAN AND MISSISSIPPIAN), WILLISTON BASIN, NORTH DAKOTA by Timothy P, Huber Bachelor of Arts, University of Minnesota - Morris, 1983 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 1986 This thesis submitted by Timothy P. Huber in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science from the University of North Dakota has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done, and is hereby approved. This thesis meets the standards for appearance and conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of the Upper Mississippian Big Snowy Group in the Bridger Range, Southwest Montana By
    Stratigraphy and depositional environment of the Upper Mississippian Big Snowy Group in the Bridger Range, southwest Montana by Gary Eich Guthrie A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Science Montana State University © Copyright by Gary Eich Guthrie (1984) Abstract: The Big Snowy Group is restricted to a trough which extends from southwest Montana into the Williston basin. Thickness variation of the group on the southern margin of the trough reflects movement of structural elements along an ancient structural weakness located in the central Bridget Range. Field and petrographic data are integrated to determine the depositional environment and stratigraphy of the group and to document the tectonic influence on sedimentation along this zone. The group is divided into the Kibbey Formation, with two informal members, and the Lombard facies of the Heath Formation. The lower Kibbey is supratidal algal laminated dolostone with dessication features and evaporite solution breccias were deposited at the leading edge of the transgressing Big Snowy sea. Siliciclastic intertidal channels on the sabkha are restricted to the central range where subsidence was greatest. The upper Kibbey and Lombard facies provide further evidence of a trough in the central Bridgers. The upper Kibbey is a regressive shoreface deposit composed of fine grained sandstone at the northern and southern ends of the range. Mudstone and siltstone dominate in the center of the range where deeper water and lower energy conditions prevailed. Ultimately, the Kibbey shoreface transgressed out of the area and the Lombard facies was deposited in a partially restricted shelf lagoon.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous
    GEOLOGY OF THE FOX HILLS FORMATION (LATE CRETACEOUS) IN THE WILLISTON BASIN OF NORTH DAKOTA, WITH REFERENCE TO URANIUM POTENTIAL by A. M. CVANCARA UNNERSITY OF NORTIl DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY GRAND FORKS, NORTII DAKOTA 58202 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION NO. 5S NORTH DAKOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY E. A. Noble, State Geologist 1976 PREPARED FOR mE U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION GRAND JUNCTION OFFICE UNDER CONTRACT NO. AT(05-1)-1633 G1O-1633-1 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ~ag~ INTRODUCTION . 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 STRATIGRAPHY ......................... .. .. 2 Definition and relationship to other rock units .. 2 Distribution . .. 3 Lithology and sedimentary structures .. 3 Persistence of lithologic units ... .. 7 Contacts .. ... .. .. ., 7 Thickness . .. ... .. 8 STRUcrURE ... 8 PALEONTOLOGY . 9 Fossil groups . 9 Occurrence of fossils · ..... , 9 AGE AND CORRELATION 10 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS .............................. 10 URANIUM POTENTIAL . · 12 General . .. ., 12 Fox Hills Formation . 13 REFERENCES . · 14 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Fox Hills and adjacent Formations in North Dakota (modified from Carlson, 1973) . 4 2. Schematic stratigraphic column of Fox Hills Formation in North Dakota (modified slightly from Erickson, 1974, p. 144). The Linton Member was named by Klett and Erickson (1976). 5 Plate 1. Northwest-southeast cross section (Dunn to Sioux Counties) of Fox Hills Formation in southwestern North Dakota . (in pocket) 2. Southwest-northeast cross section (Bowman to Pierce Counties) of Fox Hills Formation in western North Dakota (in pocket) 3. Southwest-northeast cross section (Adams to Burleigh Counties) of Fox Hills Formation in southwestern North Dakota (in pocket) 4. Isopach map of Fox Hills Formation in North Dakota (in pocket) ABSTRACT model is followed for the deposition of Fox Hills sediments.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambrian Deadwood Formation: Isopach
    Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Manitoba Science, Technology, Canada Canada Energy and Mines 19 48 Petroleum O O 106 00’ 0 96 00’ 0 O O O O 0 0 0 104 98 0 55 30’ O O 55 30’ 102 0 100 0 East Paint Lake Park Reserve Lac La Ronge La Ronge 70 6 O O 55 0 55 0 25 Snow Lake 106 Manitoba 25 Flin Flon 75 Saskatchewan 65 50 100 125 Grass River Provincial Park 150 39 2 125 75 50 150 60 225 10 175 Narrow Hills O O 54 0 Clearwater Lake Provincial Park 54 0 6 106 55 200 The Pas 250 Lake 50 Nipawin 55 Prince Albert Carrot River 225 Wildcat Hill Winnipeg 175 Poplar/Nanowin Rivers Park Reserve O O 53 0 53 0 60 45 Melfort Tisdale Hudson Bay 3 125 200 50 150 6 Greenwater Lake 40 6 100 10 75 Chitek Lake Park Reserve Birch Island Park Reserve Humboldt 9 Kelvington O 35 Swan River O 52 0 16 52 0 125 Wadena 2 Preeceville 175 Lanigan 75 50 Fisher Bay Park Reserve 16 Wynyard Watrous 30 Foam Lake 10 Canora Duck Mountain Provincial Park Kamsack 25 Good Spirit Lake 16 35 Davidson 150 Hecla/Grindstone Provincial Park 6 25 175 Yorkton Roblin 11 Dauphin 100 O O 51 0 51 0 175 16 Melville Riding Mountain National Park 150 Langenburg 200 20 Fort Qu’Appelle Russell 10 125 Lumsden Gimli 11 Buffalo Pound Esterhazy 100 75 Indian Head 1 Pilot Butte Balgonie 1 Regina 1 Moose Jaw 16 1 150 8 Grenfell 50 25 15 Lac du Bonnet 125 59 6 1 Minnedosa 125 Neepawa 16 Selkirk 100 Stonewall 175 Beausejour Moosomin 44 O Kipling O 50 0 Birds Hill Provincial Park 50 0 100 75 Rivers 25 Portage la Prairie 1 39 Winnipeg 15 10 1 Carberry Moose Mountain Virden Brandon 1 175 Spruce Woods Provincial Park Ste.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordovician Stony Mountain Formation: Structure Contour
    Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Manitoba Science, Technology, Canada Canada Energy and Mines 19 48 Petroleum O O 106 00’ 0 96 00’ 0 O O O O 0 0 0 104 98 0 55 30’ O O 55 30’ 102 0 100 0 East Paint Lake Park Reserve Lac La Ronge La Ronge 70 6 O O 55 0 55 0 Snow Lake 106 Manitoba Flin Flon Saskatchewan 65 Grass River Provincial Park 39 2 300 300 300 60 10 200 Narrow Hills O 200 O 54 0 Clearwater Lake Provincial Park 54 0 200 6 100 106 55 100 The Pas 0 200 200 0 -100 Lake 50 0 Nipawin 55 100 Prince Albert -200 Carrot River Wildcat Hill Winnipeg Poplar/Nanowin Rivers Park Reserve O O 53 0 53 0 60 -300 45 -100 -400 Melfort -200 Tisdale Hudson Bay 3 -300 -400 200 -200 0 -500 6 Greenwater Lake 40 0 6 100 -600 10 -300 Chitek Lake Park Reserve Birch Island Park Reserve -100 Humboldt -400 9 -200 200 100 Kelvington -500 O 35 Swan River O 52 0 16 52 0 -800 -400 Wadena Lake St. Martin 2 Preeceville Structure -700 Lanigan -300 0 Wynyard Fisher Bay Park Reserve 16 Watrous Foam Lake 10 30 -900 -600 Canora -800 Duck Mountain Provincial Park Kamsack Highrock Structure Good Spirit Lake -700 16 200 35 100 -1000 -200 -900 Davidson -500 Hecla/Grindstone Provincial Park 6 25 Yorkton Roblin -1100 -1000 11 -300 Dauphin O O 51 0 51 0 -800 -700 -300 16 -400 100 Melville -1100 -500 Riding Mountain National Park -1200 Langenburg 20 Fort Qu’Appelle -1000 -600 Russell 10 -900 Lumsden Gimli 11 Buffalo Pound Esterhazy -1200 -1300 Indian Head 1 -900 Pilot Butte Balgonie 1 Regina -100 1 Moose Jaw 16 1 -700 -1000 8 Grenfell -1300 15 59 Lac du Bonnet -1400 0 -1100 6 -800 1 Minnedosa Neepawa -1400 16 Selkirk Stonewall Beausejour -1200 Moosomin 44 -1500 -700 -300 O Kipling 100 O 50 0 Birds Hill Provincial Park 50 0 Rivers 200 -400 Portage la Prairie 1 -1600 -1300 15 -1500 39 -1200 Winnipeg 10 -800 -1600 1 -1000 Carberry -200 -1400 Moose Mountain Virden Brandon -100 -1700 1 Spruce Woods Provincial Park Ste.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bakken Formation
    The Sedimentary Record The Bakken Formation – understanding the sequence stratigraphic record of low-gradient sedimentary systems, shale depositional environments, and sea-level changes in an icehouse world Sven O. Egenhoff and Neil S. Fishman of an intracratonic basin fill during sea-level fluctuations ABSTRACT using the Bakken as an example. In this context, The Bakken Formation is a major petroleum producer characterizing the sequence stratigraphy of the Bakken, in the continental US. However, its deposition in an as well as the depositional environment of all members of intracratonic, low-gradient setting has often been the formation, are of crucial importance. They allow us to mistakenly described as “layer-cake”. This contribution is designed to highlight the time-transgressive nature of its reconstruct the dynamics of this sedimentary system and main petroleum-producer, the middle Bakken member. the relationship between the two organic-rich siliciclastic Correlation of individual parasequences reveal the subtle shales that overlie and underlie the middle member—a nature of otherwise invisible low-angle stratigraphic carbonate-siliciclastic unit. Ultimately, this understanding geometries. Sequence stratigraphically-relevant surfaces enables prediction of the characteristics of all these units. occur throughout the unit and subdivide the entire Bakken Lastly, the sea-level changes recorded in the Bakken are into 5 third-order sequences; one of them is a hidden evaluated in the context of possible glacioeustasy related to sequence at the base of the petroleum-producing middle Bakken indicating both a lowstand and a subsequent an icehouse world. transgression. The organic-rich shales above and below the middle Bakken were deposited in an oxygen-deficient GEOLOGICAL SETTING environment and show several burrow/fecal string types and The Williston Basin, an intracratonic trough formed in indications of active currents during deposition.
    [Show full text]