Ja Amatööritekstitysten Piirteet Youtube-Sisällössä Tarkastelussa Daniel Howellin Ja Philip Lesterin Videoiden Tekstitykset

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Ja Amatööritekstitysten Piirteet Youtube-Sisällössä Tarkastelussa Daniel Howellin Ja Philip Lesterin Videoiden Tekstitykset Fani- ja amatööritekstitysten piirteet YouTube-sisällössä Tarkastelussa Daniel Howellin ja Philip Lesterin videoiden tekstitykset Iida Röksä Tampereen yliopisto Viestintätieteiden tiedekunta Monikielisen viestinnän ja käännöstieteen maisteriopinnot Saksan kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen opintosuunta Pro gradu -tutkielma Huhtikuu 2018 Tampereen yliopisto Viestintätieteiden tiedekunta Monikielisen viestinnän ja käännöstieteen maisteriopinnot Saksan kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen opintosuunta RÖKSÄ, IIDA: Fani- ja amatööritekstitysten piirteet YouTube-sisällössä. Tarkastelussa Daniel Howellin ja Philip Lesterin videoiden tekstitykset Pro gradu -tutkielma 73 sivua, saksankielinen lyhennelmä 14 sivua Huhtikuu 2018 YouTube-sisältöön tehdyistä käyttäjien tuottamista tekstityksistä ja niiden piirteistä ei ole ai- kaisempaa tutkimusta, vaikka YouTuben ja verkkokääntämisen yhä kasvavan suosion myötä niitä on syytä tarkastella. Tässä tutkielmassa tavoitteena on tutkia, minkälaisia YouTube-sisäl- lön tekstitykset ovat ja ovatko fani- ja amatööritekstityksen piirteet niissä vallitsevia. Tutkiel- man hypoteesina on, että fanitekstityksen piirteitä esiintyy YouTuben tekstityksissä, sillä käyt- täjien tuottamat tekstitykset ovat harvoin ammattilaisen käsialaa. Fani- ja amatööritekstityksen piirteet perustuvat muun muassa Boguckin (2009) amatööriteks- titysten tutkimukseen sekä Pérez-Gonzálezin (2007a) ja Díaz Cintasin ja Muñoz Sánchezin (2006) kautta myös Ferrer Simón (2005) koostamaan fanitekstitysten piirteiden listaan. Näitä piirteitä ovat lähtötekstin läheisyys, teknisten ja tilallisten rajoitteiden rikkominen, kääntäjän huomautukset ja kommentit sekä puhekielisyyden ja ohjelmatekstityksen piirteiden sekä orto- grafisten ja typografisten tehokeinojen käyttäminen. Tutkielman aineistona käytetään kolmea Daniel Howellin ja kahta Philip Lesterin videota sekä niiden englanninkielisiä, saksankielisiä ja suomenkielisiä tekstityksiä. Vertailevassa analyy- sissä tekstitysaineisto taulukoidaan kielittäin repliikkien mukaisesti, ja niitä käydään läpi aikai- sempien tutkimusten esille tuomien fani- ja amatööritekstitysten piirteiden näkökulmasta. Piir- teet kerätään talteen ja analysoidaan tarkemmin aihealueittain. Myös piirteet, jotka eivät välttä- mättä tule teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä esille, otetaan huomioon. Lisäksi aineiston tekstitys- konventioita verrataan yleisiin tekstitysohjeisiin (Díaz Cintas & Remael 2007). Tutkimus osoittaa, että YouTube-sisällön tekstityksissä esiintyy fani- ja amatööritekstityksen piirteitä ja yleisiä tekstityskonventioiden sääntöjä rikotaan usein. Teoreettisessa viitekehyk- sessä esille nousseet piirteet ovat kaikki nähtävissä aineistosta. Yllättävää on, että ohjelmateks- tityksen piirteet ovat tekstitysaineistossa vallitseva konventio, mutta niitä ei ole käsitelty aikai- semmissa tutkimuksissa juuri lainkaan. Analyysistä käy myös ilmi, että tekstityskonventiot ei- vät ole yhdenmukaisia, vaan käytännöt vaihtelevat sekä kielittäin että käyttäjien kesken. Vaikka tutkimusaineiston perusteella fani- ja amatööritekstitysten piirteet ovat YouTube-sisäl- lön tekstityksissä yleisiä, analysoitava aineisto on varsin pieni, ja siksi tutkimustulosten ei voida katsoa koskevan kaikkia YouTuben tekstityksiä. YouTube on erittäin laaja ja monipuolinen tutkimuskohde, joka on jatkuvassa muutoksessa, ja tässä tutkielmassa tarkasteltava tekstitysai- neisto on vain yhden faniyhteisön sisäinen, kapea katsaus YouTuben tekstityskonventioihin. Avainsanat: av-kääntäminen, tekstitys, amatöörikääntäminen, fanikääntäminen, fanitekstitys, yhteisöllinen kääntäminen, YouTube Sisällys 1 Johdanto ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 YouTube ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 YouTuben yhteisöllisyys .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 YouTuben kasvava suosio ................................................................................................ 5 2.3 YouTube-videosisällön kääntäminen ja tekstittäminen ................................................... 7 3 Tekstitys, ammattimaisuus ja ohjeistus .............................................................................. 9 3.1 Tekstityksen perusteet ...................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Ammattimainen tekstittäminen ...................................................................................... 11 3.3 Yleiset tekstityssuositukset ............................................................................................ 12 3.3.1 Tekniset ja tilalliset kysymykset ............................................................................. 12 3.3.2 Kieli- ja käännöstasoiset kysymykset ..................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Erilaisten kirjasinten ja merkkien käyttösuositukset ............................................... 16 3.4 YouTuben tekstitysohjeistus .......................................................................................... 17 4 Verkkokääntämisen tutkimuksen terminologiset ongelmat ........................................... 20 4.1 Yhteisöllinen kääntäminen ja käyttäjien tuottamat käännökset ..................................... 20 4.2 Talkoistettu kääntäminen ............................................................................................... 21 4.3 Amatöörikääntäminen yhteisöllisen kääntämisen piirissä ............................................. 22 4.4 Fanitekstitys yhteisöllisen kääntämisen piirissä ............................................................. 23 4.5 Ehdotetut termit .............................................................................................................. 24 5 Fani- ja amatööritekstitykset: perusteet ja piirteet ......................................................... 27 5.1 Fani- ja amatöörikääntäjistä ........................................................................................... 27 5.2 Fani- ja amatööritekstitysten tyypillisiä piirteitä ............................................................ 29 5.2.1 Lähtötekstin läheisyys ............................................................................................. 30 5.2.2 Teknisten ja tilallisten rajoitteiden rikkominen ....................................................... 30 5.2.3 Ohjelmatekstityksen piirteet .................................................................................... 31 5.2.4 Kuvassa olevien tekstielementtien huomioiminen .................................................. 32 5.2.5 Kääntäjän huomautukset ja kommentit ................................................................... 32 5.2.6 Ortografiset ja typografiset ilmaisukeinot ............................................................... 33 6 Tutkimusaineiston ja -metodin esittely ............................................................................. 35 6.1 Daniel Howell ja Philip Lester ....................................................................................... 35 6.2 YouTube-aineisto ........................................................................................................... 37 6.3 Tutkimusmetodin kuvaus ............................................................................................... 39 7 Fani- ja amatööritekstitysten piirteet tutkimusaineistossa ............................................. 41 7.1 Lähtötekstin läheisyys .................................................................................................... 42 7.2 Teknisten ja tilallisten rajoitteiden rikkominen .............................................................. 44 7.2.1 Tekstityksen fontti ja väri sekä rivi- ja merkkimäärät ............................................. 44 7.2.2 Ajastus ..................................................................................................................... 45 7.2.3 Tekstityksen jäsentely ............................................................................................. 45 7.3 Käännösvirheet ja muut kielelliset virheet ..................................................................... 46 7.4 Puhekielisyyden piirteet ................................................................................................. 48 7.4.1 Prosodisten piirteiden jäljittely................................................................................ 49 7.4.2 Puhekieliset ilmaisut ............................................................................................... 49 7.4.3 Kirosanat ................................................................................................................. 50 7.5 Ohjelmatekstityksen piirteet ........................................................................................... 52 7.5.1 Puhujien ja puheenvuorojen vaihtumisen merkitseminen ....................................... 52 7.5.2 Äänien ja tekemisen kuvailu ................................................................................... 53 7.6 Kuvassa olevien tekstielementtien huomioiminen ......................................................... 57 7.7 Kääntäjän huomautukset ja kommentit .......................................................................... 61 7.8 Ortografiset ja typografiset tehokeinot ........................................................................... 62 7.8.1 Sanojen
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